PT J
AU Loureiro, J
   Lilley, BN
   Spooner, E
   Noriega, V
   Tortorella, D
   Ploegh, HL
AF Loureiro, Joana
   Lilley, Brendan N.
   Spooner, Eric
   Noriega, Vanessa
   Tortorella, Domenico
   Ploegh, Hidde L.
TI Signal peptide peptidase is required for dislocation from the endoplasmic reticulum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID i membrane-protein; complex class-i; intramembrane proteolysis; misfolded proteins; aspartic proteases; cytosol; er; differentiation; glycoprotein; destruction
AB Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV) prevents the display of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) peptide complexes at the surface of infected cells as a means of escaping immune detection(1). Two HCMV-encoded immunoevasins, US2 and US11, induce the dislocation of class I MHC heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and target them for proteasomal degradation in the cytosol(2,3). Although the outcome of the dislocation reactions catalysed is similar, US2 and US11 operate differently: Derlin-1 is a key component of the US11 but not the US2 pathway(4). So far, proteins essential for US2-dependent dislocation have not been identified. Here we compare interacting partners of wild-type US2 with those of a dislocation-incompetent US2 mutant, and identify signal peptide peptidase (SPP) as a partner for the active form of US2. We show that a decrease in SPP levels by RNA-mediated interference inhibits heavy-chain dislocation by US2 but not by US11. Our data implicate SPP in the US2 pathway and indicate the possibility of a previously unknown function for this intramembrane-cleaving aspartic protease in dislocation from the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Pathol Funct Proteom Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Ploegh, HL (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM ploegh@wi.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 119
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 894
EP 897
DI 10.1038/nature04830
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100047
PM 16738546
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Campbell, DB
   Campbell, BA
   Carter, LM
   Margot, JL
   Stacy, NJS
AF Campbell, Donald B.
   Campbell, Bruce A.
   Carter, Lynn M.
   Margot, Jean-Luc
   Stacy, Nicholas J. S.
TI No evidence for thick deposits of ice at the lunar south pole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water ice; radar; mercury; satellites; regolith; surface; moon
AB Shackleton crater at the Moon's south pole has been suggested as a possible site of concentrated deposits of water ice, on the basis of modelling of bi-static radar polarization properties and interpretations of earlier Earth-based radar images(1,2). This suggestion, and parallel assumptions about other topographic cold traps, is a significant element in planning for future lunar landings. Hydrogen enhancements have been identified in the polar regions(3), but these data do not identify the host species or its local distribution. The earlier Earth-based radar data lack the resolution and coverage for detailed studies of the relationship between radar scattering properties, cold traps in permanently shadowed areas, and local terrain features such as the walls and ejecta of small craters. Here we present new 20-m resolution, 13-cm-wavelength radar images that show no evidence for concentrated deposits of water ice in Shackleton crater or elsewhere at the south pole. The polarization properties normally associated with reflections from icy surfaces in the Solar System(4-6) were found at all the observed latitudes and are strongly correlated with the rockstrewn walls and ejecta of young craters, including the inner wall of Shackleton. There is no correlation between the polarization properties and the degree of solar illumination. If the hydrogen enhancement observed by the Lunar Prospector orbiter(3) indicates the presence of water ice, then our data are consistent with the ice being present only as disseminated grains in the lunar regolith.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Smithsonian Inst, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20013 USA.
   Def Sci & Technol Org, Edinburgh, SA 5111, Australia.
C3 Cornell University; Smithsonian Institution; Defence Science & Technology
RP Campbell, DB (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM campbell@astro.cornell.edu
NR 24
TC 146
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 835
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature05167
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700046
PM 17051213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elachi, C
   Wall, S
   Janssen, M
   Stofan, E
   Lopes, R
   Kirk, R
   Lorenz, R
   Lunine, J
   Paganelli, F
   Soderblom, L
   Wood, C
   Wye, L
   Zebker, H
   Anderson, Y
   Ostro, S
   Allison, M
   Boehmer, R
   Callahan, P
   Encrenaz, P
   Flamini, E
   Francescetti, G
   Gim, Y
   Hamilton, G
   Hensley, S
   Johnson, W
   Kelleher, K
   Muhleman, D
   Picardi, G
   Posa, F
   Roth, L
   Seu, R
   Shaffer, S
   Stiles, B
   Vetrella, S
   West, R
AF Elachi, C.
   Wall, S.
   Janssen, M.
   Stofan, E.
   Lopes, R.
   Kirk, R.
   Lorenz, R.
   Lunine, J.
   Paganelli, F.
   Soderblom, L.
   Wood, C.
   Wye, L.
   Zebker, H.
   Anderson, Y.
   Ostro, S.
   Allison, M.
   Boehmer, R.
   Callahan, P.
   Encrenaz, P.
   Flamini, E.
   Francescetti, G.
   Gim, Y.
   Hamilton, G.
   Hensley, S.
   Johnson, W.
   Kelleher, K.
   Muhleman, D.
   Picardi, G.
   Posa, F.
   Roth, L.
   Seu, R.
   Shaffer, S.
   Stiles, B.
   Vetrella, S.
   West, R.
TI Titan Radar Mapper observations from Cassini's T3 fly-by
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID winds
AB Cassini's Titan Radar Mapper imaged the surface of Saturn's moon Titan on its February 2005 fly-by ( denoted T-3), collecting high-resolution synthetic-aperture radar and larger-scale radiometry and scatterometry data. These data provide the first definitive identification of impact craters on the surface of Titan, networks of fluvial channels and surficial dark streaks that may be longitudinal dunes. Here we describe this great diversity of landforms. We conclude that much of the surface thus far imaged by radar of the haze-shrouded Titan is very young, with persistent geologic activity.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Proxemy Res, Bowie, MD 20715 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   IFSI INAF, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Alenia Aerosp, I-00131 Rome, Italy.
   Fac Ingn, I-80125 Naples, Italy.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
   Politecn Bari, INFM, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
   Politecn Bari, Dipartimento Interateneo Fis, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Arizona; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Stanford University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Leonardo; California Institute of Technology; Sapienza University Rome; Politecnico di Bari; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Politecnico di Bari
RP Wall, S (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM steve.wall@jpl.nasa.gov
NR 17
TC 90
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 709
EP 713
DI 10.1038/nature04786
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100044
PM 16760968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schall, P
   Cohen, I
   Weitz, DA
   Spaepen, F
AF Schall, P
   Cohen, I
   Weitz, DA
   Spaepen, F
TI Visualizing dislocation nucleation by indenting colloidal crystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID incipient plasticity; nanoindentation; deformation; indentation; dynamics
AB The formation of dislocations is central to our understanding of yield, work hardening, fracture, and fatigue(1) of crystalline materials. While dislocations have been studied extensively in conventional materials, recent results have shown that colloidal crystals offer a potential model system for visualizing their structure and dynamics directly in real space(2). Although thermal fluctuations are thought to play a critical role in the nucleation of these defects, it is difficult to observe them directly. Nano-indentation, during which a small tip deforms a crystalline film, is a common tool for introducing dislocations into a small volume that is initially defect-free(3-10). Here, we show that an analogue of nano- indentation performed on a colloidal crystal provides direct images of defect formation in real time and on the single particle level, allowing us to probe the effects of thermal fluctuations. We implement a new method to determine the strain tensor of a distorted crystal lattice and we measure the critical dislocation loop size and the rate of dislocation nucleation directly. Using continuum models, we elucidate the relation between thermal fluctuations and the applied strain that governs defect nucleation. Moreover, we estimate that although bond energies between particles are about fifty times larger in atomic systems, the difference in attempt frequencies makes the effects of thermal fluctuations remarkably similar, so that our results are also relevant for atomic crystals.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Schall, P (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Van der Waals Zeeman Inst, Valckenierstr 65, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM pschall@science.uva.nl
NR 20
TC 200
Z9 231
U1 1
U2 151
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 319
EP 323
DI 10.1038/nature04557
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600049
PM 16541069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Renner, FU
   Stierle, A
   Dosch, H
   Kolb, DM
   Lee, TL
   Zegenhagen, J
AF Renner, FU
   Stierle, A
   Dosch, H
   Kolb, DM
   Lee, TL
   Zegenhagen, J
TI Initial corrosion observed on the atomic scale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-diffraction; selective dissolution; evolution; alloys
AB Corrosion destroys more than three per cent of the world's GDP(1). Recently, the electrochemical decomposition of metal alloys has been more productively harnessed to produce porous materials with diverse technological potential(2,3). High-resolution insight into structure formation during electrocorrosion is a prerequisite for an atomistic understanding and control of such electrochemical surface processes. Here we report atomic-scale observations of the initial stages of corrosion of a Cu3Au(111) single crystal alloy within a sulphuric acid solution. We monitor, by in situ X-ray diffraction with picometre-scale resolution, the structure and chemical composition of the electrolyte/alloy interface as the material decomposes. We reveal the microscopic structural changes associated with a general passivation phenomenon of which the origin has been hitherto unclear. We observe the formation of a gold-enriched single-crystal layer that is two to three monolayers thick, and has an unexpected inverted (CBA-) stacking sequence. At higher potentials, we find that this protective passivation layer dewets and pure gold islands are formed; such structures form the templates for the growth of nanoporous metals(2). Our experiments are carried out on a model single-crystal system. However, the insights should equally apply within a crystalline grain of an associated polycrystalline electrode fabricated from many other alloys exhibiting a large difference in the standard potential of their constituents(4), such as stainless steel ( see ref. 5 for example) or alloys used for marine applications, such as CuZn or CuAl.
C1 Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   European Synchrotron Radiat Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Ulm, Abt Elektrochem, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Ulm University
RP Renner, FU (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Met Res, Heisenbergstr 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM renner@esrf.fr
NR 26
TC 233
Z9 257
U1 3
U2 300
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/nature04465
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100040
PM 16467834
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pellegrini, M
   Celeste, A
   Difilippantonio, S
   Guo, R
   Wang, WD
   Feigenbaum, L
   Nussenzweig, A
AF Pellegrini, Manuela
   Celeste, Arkady
   Difilippantonio, Simone
   Guo, Rong
   Wang, Weidong
   Feigenbaum, Lionel
   Nussenzweig, Andre
TI Autophosphorylation at serine 1987 is dispensable for murine Atm activation in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID telangiectasia mutated atm; double-strand breaks; dna-damage; mre11-rad50-nbs1 complex; checkpoint; kinase; sites; cells; nbs1; phosphorylation
AB The ATM ( ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein kinase is activated under physiological and pathological conditions that induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Loss of ATM or failure of its activation in humans and mice lead to defective cellular responses to DSBs, such as cell cycle checkpoints, radiation sensitivity, immune dysfunction, infertility and cancer predisposition. A widely used biological marker to identify the active form of ATM is the autophosphorylation of ATM at a single, conserved serine residue (Ser 1981 in humans; Ser 1987 in mouse)(1). Here we show that Atm-dependent responses are functional at the organismal and cellular level in mice that express a mutant form of Atm ( mutation of Ser to Ala at position 1987) as their sole Atm species. Moreover, the mutant protein does not exhibit dominant-negative interfering activity when expressed physiologically or overexpressed in the context of Atm heterozygous mice. These results suggest an alternative mode for stimulation of Atm by DSBs in which Atm autophosphorylation at Ser 1987, like transphosphorylation of downstream substrates, is a consequence rather than a cause of Atm activation.
C1 NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIA, Genet Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   NCI, SAIC Frederick, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
RP Nussenzweig, A (corresponding author), NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM andre_nussenzweig@nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [ZICBC009255, ZIABC010283] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; National Institute on Aging [ZIAAG000657, ZIAAG000688] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 160
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 222
EP 225
DI 10.1038/nature05112
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000049
PM 16906133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mandel, CR
   Kaneko, S
   Zhang, HL
   Gebauer, D
   Vethantham, V
   Manley, JL
   Tong, L
AF Mandel, Corey R.
   Kaneko, Syuzo
   Zhang, Hailong
   Gebauer, Damara
   Vethantham, Vasupradha
   Manley, James L.
   Tong, Liang
TI Polyadenylation factor CPSF-73 is the pre-mRNA 3′-end-processing endonuclease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metallo-beta-lactamase; crystal-structure; protein; cleavage; fold; recombination; transcription; eukaryotes; polymerase; mechanism
AB Most eukaryotic messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs) undergo extensive maturational processing, including cleavage and polyadenylation at the 3'-end(1-8). Despite the characterization of many proteins that are required for the cleavage reaction, the identity of the endonuclease is not known(4,9,10). Recent analyses indicated that the 73-kDa subunit of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF-73) might be the endonuclease for this and related reactions(10-15), although no direct data confirmed this. Here we report the crystal structures of human CPSF-73 at 2.1 angstrom resolution, complexed with zinc ions and a sulphate that might mimic the phosphate group of the substrate, and the related yeast protein CPSF-100 (Ydh1) at 2.5 angstrom resolution. Both CPSF-73 and CPSF-100 contain two domains, a metallo-beta-lactamase domain and a novel beta-CASP ( named for metallo-beta-lactamase, CPSF, Artemis, Snm1, Pso2) domain(12). The active site of CPSF-73, with two zinc ions, is located at the interface of the two domains. Purified recombinant CPSF-73 possesses RNA endonuclease activity, and mutations that disrupt zinc binding in the active site abolish this activity. Our studies provide the first direct experimental evidence that CPSF-73 is the pre-mRNA 3'-end-processing endonuclease.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
RP Tong, L (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM ltong@columbia.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM077175] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 363
Z9 492
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 953
EP 956
DI 10.1038/nature05363
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400062
PM 17128255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janssen, BJC
   Christodoulidou, A
   McCarthy, A
   Lambris, JD
   Gros, P
AF Janssen, Bert J. C.
   Christodoulidou, Agni
   McCarthy, Andrew
   Lambris, John D.
   Gros, Piet
TI Structure of C3b reveals conformational changes that underlie complement activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3rd component; factor-h; binding-site; receptor 2; immunity; cr-1; c-3; identification; pathogens; residues
AB Resistance to infection and clearance of cell debris in mammals depend on the activation of the complement system, which is an important component of innate and adaptive immunity(1,2). Central to the complement system is the activated form of C3, called C3b, which attaches covalently to target surfaces(3) to amplify complement response, label cells for phagocytosis and stimulate the adaptive immune response. C3b consists of 1,560 amino-acid residues and has 12 domains. It binds various proteins and receptors to effect its functions(4). However, it is not known how C3 changes its conformation into C3b and thereby exposes its many binding sites. Here we present the crystal structure at 4-angstrom resolution of the activated complement protein C3b and describe the conformational rearrangements of the 12 domains that take place upon proteolytic activation. In the activated form the thioester is fully exposed for covalent attachment to target surfaces and is more than 85 angstrom away from the buried site in native C3 (ref. 5). Marked domain rearrangements in the alpha-chain present an altered molecular surface, exposing hidden and cryptic sites that are consistent with known putative binding sites of factor B and several complement regulators. The structural data indicate that the large conformational changes in the proteolytic activation and regulation of C3 take place mainly in the first conversion step, from C3 to C3b. These insights are important for the development of strategies to treat immune disorders that involve complement-mediated inflammation.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Bijvoet Ctr Biomol Res, Fac Sci, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   European Mol Biol Lab, Grenoble Outstn, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Utrecht University; University of Pennsylvania; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Gros, P (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Bijvoet Ctr Biomol Res, Fac Sci, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM p.gros@chem.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 311
Z9 347
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 213
EP 216
DI 10.1038/nature05172
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200042
PM 17051160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Göhlich, UB
   Chiappe, LM
AF Göhlich, UB
   Chiappe, LM
TI A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theropod dinosaur; yixian formation
AB Small Late Jurassic theropod dinosaurs are rare worldwide. In Europe these carnivorous dinosaurs are represented primarily by only two skeletons of Compsognathus(1,2), neither of which is well preserved. Here we describe a small new theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Schamhaupten in southern Germany(3,4). Being exquisitely preserved and complete from the snout to the distal third of the tail, the new fossil is the best- preserved predatory, non- avian dinosaur in Europe. It possesses a suite of characters that support its identification as a basal coelurosaur. A cladistic analysis indicates that the new taxon is closer to maniraptorans than to tyrannosauroids, grouping it with taxa often considered to be compsognathids. Large portions of integument are preserved along its tail. The absence of feathers or feather- like structures in a fossil phylogenetically nested within feathered theropods(5,6) indicates that the evolution of these integumentary structures might be more complex than previously thought.
C1 Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Dinosaur Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
   Univ Munich, Dept Geo & Environm Sci, Sect Paleontol, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Munich
RP Chiappe, LM (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Dinosaur Inst, 900 Exposit Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
EM chiappe@nhm.org
NR 28
TC 75
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 329
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature04579
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600051
PM 16541071
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nimmo, F
   Pappalardo, RT
AF Nimmo, Francis
   Pappalardo, Robert T.
TI Diapir-induced reorientation of Saturn's moon Enceladus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID europa; miranda; topography; tectonics; models; origin
AB Enceladus is a small icy satellite of Saturn. Its south polar region consists of young, tectonically deformed terrain and has an anomalously high heat flux(1,2). This heat flux is probably due to localized tidal dissipation within either the ice shell(3) or the underlying silicate core(4). The surface deformation is plausibly due to upwelling of low-density material (diapirism(5)) as a result of this tidal heating. Here we show that the current polar location of the hotspot can be explained by reorientation of the satellite's rotation axis because of the presence of a low-density diapir. If the diapir is in the ice shell, then the shell must be relatively thick and maintain significant rigidity (elastic thickness greater than similar to 0.5 km); if the diapir is in the silicate core, then Enceladus cannot possess a global subsurface ocean, because the core must be coupled to the overlying ice for reorientation to occur. The reorientation generates large (similar to 10 MPa) tectonic stress patterns(6) that are compatible with the observed deformation of the south polar region(2). We predict that the distribution of impact craters on the surface will not show the usual leading hemisphere trailing hemisphere asymmetry. A low-density diapir also yields a potentially observable negative gravity anomaly.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Nimmo, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM fnimmo@es.ucsc.edu
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 120
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 614
EP 616
DI 10.1038/nature04821
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800042
PM 16738654
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chai, Q
   Arndt, JW
   Dong, M
   Tepp, WH
   Johnson, EA
   Chapman, ER
   Stevens, RC
AF Chai, Qing
   Arndt, Joseph W.
   Dong, Min
   Tepp, William H.
   Johnson, Eric A.
   Chapman, Edwin R.
   Stevens, Raymond C.
TI Structural basis of cell surface receptor recognition by botulinum neurotoxin B
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-cc-domain; crystal-structure; synaptotagmin-i; binding-sites; tetanus; toxin; identification; gangliosides; fragment; gt1b
AB Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent bacterial toxins that cause paralysis at femtomolar concentrations 1 by blocking neurotransmitter release. A 'double receptor' model has been proposed in which BoNTs recognize nerve terminals via interactions with both gangliosides and protein receptors that mediate their entry(2). Of seven BoNTs (subtypes A-G), the putative receptors for BoNT/A(3,4), BoNT/B-5,B-6 and BoNT/G(7) have been identified, but the molecular details that govern recognition remain undefined. Here we report the crystal structure of full-length BoNT/B in complex with the synaptotagmin II (Syt-II) recognition domain at 2.6 angstrom resolution. The structure of the complex reveals that Syt-II forms a short helix that binds to a hydrophobic groove within the binding domain of BoNT/B. In addition, mutagenesis of amino acid residues within this interface on Syt-II affects binding of BoNT/B. Structural and sequence analysis reveals that this hydrophobic groove is conserved in the BoNT/G and BoNT/B subtypes, but varies in other clostridial neurotoxins. Furthermore, molecular docking studies using the ganglioside G(T1b) indicate that its binding site is more extensive than previously proposed and might form contacts with both BoNT/B and synaptotagmin. The results provide structural insights into how BoNTs recognize protein receptors and reveal a promising target for blocking toxin-receptor recognition.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Physiol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Stevens, RC (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM chapman@physiology.wisc.edu; stevens@scripps.edu
NR 29
TC 173
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1096
EP 1100
DI 10.1038/nature05411
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100062
PM 17167418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, B
   Edstrom, WC
   Benach, J
   Hamuro, Y
   Weber, PC
   Gibney, BR
   Hunt, JF
AF Yu, B
   Edstrom, WC
   Benach, J
   Hamuro, Y
   Weber, PC
   Gibney, BR
   Hunt, JF
TI Crystal structures of catalytic complexes of the oxidative DNA/RNA repair enzyme AlkB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; alkylation damage; dna; dioxygenase; bacterial; 3-methylthymine; demethylation; mechanism; proteins; iron
AB Nucleic acid damage by environmental and endogenous alkylation reagents creates lesions that are both mutagenic and cytotoxic, with the latter effect accounting for their widespread use in clinical cancer chemotherapy(1,2). Escherichia coli AlkB(3-9) and the homologous human proteins ABH2 and ABH3 (refs 5, 7) promiscuously repair DNA and RNA bases damaged by S(N)2 alkylation reagents, which attach hydrocarbons to endocyclic ring nitrogen atoms (N1 of adenine and guanine and N3 of thymine and cytosine)(3,4,10-15). Although the role of AlkB in DNA repair has long been established based on phenotypic studies, its exact biochemical activity was only elucidated recently after sequence profile analysis revealed it to be a member of the Fe-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. These enzymes use an Fe(II) cofactor and 2-oxoglutarate co-substrate to oxidize organic substrates. AlkB hydroxylates an alkylated nucleotide base to produce an unstable product that releases an aldehyde to regenerate the unmodified base. Here we have determined crystal structures of substrate and product complexes of E. coli AlkB at resolutions from 1.8 to 2.3 angstrom. Whereas the Fe-2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase core matches that in other superfamily members, a unique subdomain holds a methylated trinucleotide substrate into the active site through contacts to the polynucleotide backbone. Amide hydrogen exchange studies and crystallographic analyses suggest that this substrate-binding 'lid' is conformationally flexible, which may enable docking of diverse alkylated nucleotide substrates in optimal catalytic geometry. Different crystal structures show open and closed states of a tunnel putatively gating O(2) diffusion into the active site. Exposing crystals of the anaerobic Michaelis complex to air yields slow but substantial oxidation of 2-oxoglutarate that is inefficiently coupled to nucleotide oxidation. These observations suggest that protein dynamics modulate redox chemistry and that a hypothesized migration of the reactive oxy-ferryl ligand on the catalytic Fe ion may be impeded when the protein is constrained in the crystal lattice.
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Fairchild Ctr 702A, NE Struct Genom Consortium, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   ExSAR Corp, Monmouth Jct, NJ 08852 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Hunt, JF (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Biol Sci, MC2434, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM jfhunt@biology.columbia.edu
NR 28
TC 211
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 879
EP 884
DI 10.1038/nature04561
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600057
PM 16482161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ridgway, J
   Zhang, G
   Wu, Y
   Stawicki, S
   Liang, WC
   Chanthery, Y
   Kowalski, J
   Watts, RJ
   Callahan, C
   Kasman, I
   Singh, M
   Chien, M
   Tan, C
   Hongo, JAS
   de Sauvage, F
   Plowman, G
   Yan, MH
AF Ridgway, John
   Zhang, Gu
   Wu, Yan
   Stawicki, Scott
   Liang, Wei-Ching
   Chanthery, Yvan
   Kowalski, Joe
   Watts, Ryan J.
   Callahan, Christopher
   Kasman, Ian
   Singh, Mallika
   Chien, May
   Tan, Christine
   Hongo, Jo-Anne S.
   de Sauvage, Fred
   Plowman, Greg
   Yan, Minhong
TI Inhibition of Dll4 signalling inhibits tumour growth by deregulating angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial-cell function; vascular development; up-regulation; vegf; differentiation; expression; antibody; lethality; arterial; pathway
AB Haploinsufficiency of DII4, a vascular-specific Notch ligand, has shown that it is essential for embryonic vascular development and arteriogenesis(1-3). Mechanistically, it is unclear how the DII4-mediated Notch pathway contributes to complex vascular processes that demand meticulous coordination of multiple signalling pathways. Here we show that DII4-mediated Notch signalling has a unique role in regulating endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Neutralizing DII4 with a DII4-selective antibody rendered endothelial cells hyperproliferative, and caused defective cell fate specification or differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, blocking DII4 inhibited tumour growth in several tumour models. Remarkably, antibodies against DII4 and antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) had paradoxically distinct effects on tumour vasculature. Our data also indicate that DII4-mediated Notch signalling is crucial during active vascularization, but less important for normal vessel maintenance. Furthermore, unlike blocking Notch signalling globally, neutralizing DII4 had no discernable impact on intestinal goblet cell differentiation(4,5), supporting the idea that DII4-mediated Notch signalling is largely restricted to the vascular compartment. Therefore, targeting DII4 might represent a broadly efficacious and well-tolerated approach for the treatment of solid tumours.
C1 Genentech Inc, Tumor Biol & Angiogenesis, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Antibody Engn, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Pathol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Mol Biol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA
RP Yan, MH (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Tumor Biol & Angiogenesis, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM minhong@gene.com
NR 22
TC 816
Z9 1065
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1083
EP 1087
DI 10.1038/nature05313
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100059
PM 17183323
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, KM
   Rog, O
   Cooper, JP
AF Miller, KM
   Rog, O
   Cooper, JP
TI Semi-conservative DNA replication through telomeres requires Taz1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; fork reversal; protein; recombination; helicase; length; cells; origins
AB Telomere replication is achieved through the combined action of the conventional DNA replication machinery and the reverse transcriptase, telomerase. Telomere-binding proteins have crucial roles in controlling telomerase activity; however, little is known about their role in controlling semi-conservative replication, which synthesizes the bulk of telomeric DNA(1). Telomere repeats in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe are bound by Taz1, a regulator of diverse telomere functions(2-4). It is generally assumed that telomere-binding proteins impede replication fork progression. Here we show that, on the contrary, Taz1 is crucial for efficient replication fork progression through the telomere. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis(5), we find that loss of Taz1 leads to stalled replication forks at telomeres and internally placed telomere sequences, regardless of whether the telomeric G-rich strand is replicated by leading-or lagging-strand synthesis. In contrast, the Taz1-interacting protein Rap1 is dispensable for efficient telomeric fork progression. Upon loss of telomerase, taz1 Delta telomeres are lost precipitously, suggesting that maintenance of taz1 Delta telomere repeats cannot be sustained through semi-conservative replication. As the human telomere proteins TRF1 and TRF2 are Taz1 orthologues, we predict that one or both of the human TRFs may orchestrate fork passage through human telomeres. Stalled forks at dysfunctional human telomeres are likely to accelerate the genomic instability that drives tumorigenesis.
C1 Canc Res UK, Telomere Biol Lab, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 Cancer Research UK
RP Cooper, JP (corresponding author), Canc Res UK, Telomere Biol Lab, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
EM julie.cooper@cancer.org.uk
NR 28
TC 216
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 824
EP 828
DI 10.1038/nature04638
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400047
PM 16598261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, FJ
   Vought, BW
   Satterlee, JS
   Walker, AK
   Sun, ZYJ
   Watts, JL
   DeBeaumont, R
   Saito, RM
   Hyberts, SG
   Yang, S
   Macol, C
   Iyer, L
   Tjian, R
   van den Heuvel, S
   Hart, AC
   Wagner, G
   Näar, AM
AF Yang, Fajun
   Vought, Bryan W.
   Satterlee, John S.
   Walker, Amy K.
   Sun, Z. -Y. Jim
   Watts, Jennifer L.
   DeBeaumont, Rosalie
   Saito, R. Mako
   Hyberts, Sven G.
   Yang, Shaosong
   Macol, Christine
   Iyer, Lakshmanan
   Tjian, Robert
   van den Heuvel, Sander
   Hart, Anne C.
   Wagner, Gerhard
   Naar, Anders M.
TI An ARC/Mediator subunit required for SREBP control of cholesterol and lipid homeostasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor-binding; caenorhabditis-elegans; kix domain; transactivation domain; secondary structure; protein cbp; c-elegans; coactivator; activation; creb
AB The sterol regulatory element binding protein ( SREBP) family of transcription activators are critical regulators of cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis(1,2). We previously demonstrated that human SREBPs bind the CREB- binding protein ( CBP)/ p300 acetyltransferase KIX domain and recruit activator- recruited co- factor ( ARC)/ Mediator co- activator complexes through unknown mechanisms(3-5). Here we show that SREBPs use the evolutionarily conserved ARC105 ( also called MED15) subunit to activate target genes. Structural analysis of the SREBP- binding domain in ARC105 by NMR revealed a three- helix bundle with marked similarity to the CBP/ p300 KIX domain. In contrast to SREBPs, the CREB and c- Myb activators do not bind the ARC105 KIX domain, although they interact with the CBP KIX domain, revealing a surprising specificity among structurally related activator- binding domains. The Caenorhabditis elegans SREBP homologue SBP- 1 promotes fatty acid homeostasis by regulating the expression of lipogenic enzymes(6,7). We found that, like SBP- 1, the C. elegans ARC105 homologue MDT- 15 is required for fatty acid homeostasis, and show that both SBP- 1 and MDT- 15 control transcription of genes governing desaturation of stearic acid to oleic acid. Notably, dietary addition of oleic acid significantly rescued various defects of nematodes targeted with RNA interference against sbp- 1 and mdt- 15, including impaired intestinal fat storage, infertility, decreased size and slow locomotion, suggesting that regulation of oleic acid levels represents a physiologically critical function of SBP- 1 and MDT- 15. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that ARC105 is a key effector of SREBP-dependent gene regulation and control of lipid homeostasis in metazoans.
C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Bauer Ctr Genom Res, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Washington State University; Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Näar, AM (corresponding author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Canc, Bldg 149,13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
EM naar@helix.mgh.harvard.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA127990] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK074114] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 331
Z9 433
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 700
EP 704
DI 10.1038/nature04942
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200049
PM 16799563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerr, B
   Neuhauser, C
   Bohannan, BJM
   Dean, AM
AF Kerr, B
   Neuhauser, C
   Bohannan, BJM
   Dean, AM
TI Local migration promotes competitive restraint in a host-pathogen 'tragedy of the commons'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-structure; virulence; evolution; metapopulation; persistence; prey; parasite; bacteriophage; transmission; extinction
AB Fragmented populations possess an intriguing duplicity: even if subpopulations are reliably extinction-prone, asynchrony in local extinctions and recolonizations makes global persistence possible(1-8). Migration is a double-edged sword in such cases: too little migration prevents recolonization of extinct patches, whereas too much synchronizes subpopulations, raising the likelihood of global extinction. Both edges of this proverbial sword have been explored by manipulating the rate of migration within experimental populations(1,3-6,8). However, few experiments have examined how the evolutionary ecology of fragmented populations depends on the pattern of migration(5). Here, we show that the migration pattern affects both coexistence and evolution within a community of bacterial hosts (Escherichia coli) and viral pathogens (T4 coliphage) distributed across a large network of subpopulations. In particular, different patterns of migration select for distinct pathogen strategies, which we term 'rapacious' and 'prudent'. These strategies define a 'tragedy of the commons'(9): rapacious phage displace prudent variants for shared host resources, but prudent phage are more productive when alone. We find that prudent phage dominate when migration is spatially restricted, while rapacious phage evolve under unrestricted migration. Thus, migration pattern alone can determine whether a de novo tragedy of the commons is resolved in favour of restraint.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Stanford University
RP Kerr, B (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM kerrb@u.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 299
Z9 338
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature04864
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500039
PM 16823452
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erler, JT
   Bennewith, KL
   Nicolau, M
   Dornhöfer, N
   Kong, C
   Le, QT
   Chi, JTA
   Jeffrey, SS
   Giaccia, AJ
AF Erler, JT
   Bennewith, KL
   Nicolau, M
   Dornhöfer, N
   Kong, C
   Le, QT
   Chi, JTA
   Jeffrey, SS
   Giaccia, AJ
TI RETRACTED: Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis (Retracted article. See vol. 579, pg. 456, 2020)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID gene-expression; cell invasion; cancer; specificity; mechanisms; migration; tumors; ras
AB Metastasis is a multistep process responsible for most cancer deaths, and it can be influenced by both the immediate microenvironment (cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions) and the extended tumour microenvironment (for example vascularization)(1). Hypoxia (low oxygen) is clinically associated with metastasis and poor patient outcome, although the underlying processes remain unclear(2). Microarray studies have shown the expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX) to be elevated in hypoxic human tumour cells(3). Paradoxically, LOX expression is associated with both tumour suppression and tumour progression, and its role in tumorigenesis seems dependent on cellular location, cell type and transformation status(4-9). Here we show that LOX expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and is associated with hypoxia in human breast and head and neck tumours. Patients with high LOX-expressing tumours have poor distant metastasis-free and overall survivals. Inhibition of LOX eliminates metastasis in mice with orthotopically grown breast cancer tumours. Mechanistically, secreted LOX is responsible for the invasive properties of hypoxic human cancer cells through focal adhesion kinase activity and cell to matrix adhesion. Furthermore, LOX may be required to create a niche permissive for metastatic growth. Our findings indicate that LOX is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis and is a good therapeutic target for preventing and treating metastases.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Leipzig, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Duke Univ, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Leipzig University; Duke University
RP Giaccia, AJ (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM giaccia@stanford.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [T32 CA009151] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 1125
Z9 1344
U1 0
U2 161
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1222
EP 1226
DI 10.1038/nature04695
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000052
PM 16642001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christensen, UR
AF Christensen, Ulrich R.
TI A deep dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convection; geodynamo; shell; core; reversals
AB Mercury has a global magnetic field of internal origin and it is thought that a dynamo operating in the fluid part of Mercury's large iron core is the most probable cause. However, the low intensity of Mercury's magnetic field-about 1% the strength of the Earth's field-cannot be reconciled with an Earth-like dynamo. With the common assumption that Coriolis and Lorentz forces balance in planetary dynamos(1), a field thirty times stronger is expected. Here I present a numerical model of a dynamo driven by thermo-compositional convection associated with inner core solidification. The thermal gradient at the core mantle boundary is subadiabatic(2,3), and hence the outer region of the liquid core is stably stratified with the dynamo operating only at depth, where a strong field is generated. Because of the planet's slow rotation the resulting magnetic field is dominated by small-scale components that fluctuate rapidly with time. The dynamo field diffuses through the stable conducting region, where rapidly varying parts are strongly attenuated by the skin effect, while the slowly varying dipole and quadrupole components pass to some degree. The model explains the observed structure and strength of Mercury's surface magnetic field and makes predictions that are testable with space missions both presently flying and planned.
C1 Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Christensen, UR (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Solar Syst Res, Max Planck Str 2, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
EM christensen@mps.mpg.de
NR 22
TC 196
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1056
EP 1058
DI 10.1038/nature05342
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100052
PM 17183319
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Camilo, F
   Ransom, SM
   Halpern, JP
   Reynolds, J
   Helfand, DJ
   Zimmerman, N
   Sarkissian, J
AF Camilo, Fernando
   Ransom, Scott M.
   Halpern, Jules P.
   Reynolds, John
   Helfand, David J.
   Zimmerman, Neil
   Sarkissian, John
TI Transient pulsed radio emission from a magnetar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray pulsars; xte j1810-197; xte-j1810-197; discovery; electrodynamics; counterpart; repeaters; bank
AB Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are slowly rotating neutron stars with very bright and highly variable X-ray emission that are believed to be powered by ultra-strong magnetic fields of >10(14) G, according to the 'magnetar' model(1). The radio pulsations that have been observed from more than 1,700 neutron stars with weaker magnetic fields have never been detected from any of the dozen known magnetars. The X-ray pulsar XTE J1810-197 was revealed ( in 2003) as the first AXP with transient emission when its luminosity increased 100-fold from the quiescent level(2); a coincident radio source of unknown origin was detected one year later(3). Here we show that XTE J1810-197 emits bright, narrow, highly linearly polarized radio pulses, observed at every rotation, thereby establishing that magnetars can be radio pulsars. There is no evidence of radio emission before the 2003 X-ray outburst ( unlike ordinary pulsars, which emit radio pulses all the time), and the flux varies from day to day. The flux at all radio frequencies is approximately equal - and at > 20 GHz XTE J1810-197 is currently the brightest neutron star known. These observations link magnetars to ordinary radio pulsars, rule out alternative accretion models for AXPs, and provide a new window into the coronae of magnetars.
C1 Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   CSIRO, Parkes Observ, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Parkes, NSW 2870, Australia.
C3 Columbia University; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility
RP Camilo, F (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, 550 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM fernando@astro.columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 362
Z9 413
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 892
EP 895
DI 10.1038/nature04986
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500031
PM 16929292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baur, JA
   Pearson, KJ
   Price, NL
   Jamieson, HA
   Lerin, C
   Kalra, A
   Prabhu, VV
   Allard, JS
   Lopez-Lluch, G
   Lewis, K
   Pistell, PJ
   Poosala, S
   Becker, KG
   Boss, O
   Gwinn, D
   Wang, MY
   Ramaswamy, S
   Fishbein, KW
   Spencer, RG
   Lakatta, EG
   Le Couteur, D
   Shaw, RJ
   Navas, P
   Puigserver, P
   Ingram, DK
   de Cabo, R
   Sinclair, DA
AF Baur, Joseph A.
   Pearson, Kevin J.
   Price, Nathan L.
   Jamieson, Hamish A.
   Lerin, Carles
   Kalra, Avash
   Prabhu, Vinayakumar V.
   Allard, Joanne S.
   Lopez-Lluch, Guillermo
   Lewis, Kaitlyn
   Pistell, Paul J.
   Poosala, Suresh
   Becker, Kevin G.
   Boss, Olivier
   Gwinn, Dana
   Wang, Mingyi
   Ramaswamy, Sharan
   Fishbein, Kenneth W.
   Spencer, Richard G.
   Lakatta, Edward G.
   Le Couteur, David
   Shaw, Reuben J.
   Navas, Placido
   Puigserver, Pere
   Ingram, Donald K.
   de Cabo, Rafael
   Sinclair, David A.
TI Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; replicative life-span; gene set enrichment; mitochondrial biogenesis; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; caenorhabditis-elegans; restriction mimetics; coactivator pgc-1; deficient mice; c-elegans
AB Resveratrol ( 3,5,4'- trihydroxystilbene) extends the lifespan of diverse species including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. In these organisms, lifespan extension is dependent on Sir2, a conserved deacetylase proposed to underlie the beneficial effects of caloric restriction. Here we show that resveratrol shifts the physiology of middle- aged mice on a high- calorie diet towards that of mice on a standard diet and significantly increases their survival. Resveratrol produces changes associated with longer lifespan, including increased insulin sensitivity, reduced insulin- like growth factor- 1 ( IGF- I) levels, increased AMP- activated protein kinase ( AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha ( PGC- 1 alpha) activity, increased mitochondrial number, and improved motor function. Parametric analysis of gene set enrichment revealed that resveratrol opposed the effects of the high- calorie diet in 144 out of 153 significantly altered pathways. These data show that improving general health in mammals using small molecules is an attainable goal, and point to new approaches for treating obesity- related disorders and diseases of ageing.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Paul F Glenn Labs Biol Mech Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NIA, Lab Expt Gerontol, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   NIA, Gene Express & Genom Unit, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   NIA, Res Resources Branch, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   NIA, Cardiovasc Sci Lab, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   NIA, Clin Invest Lab, Res Resources Branch, Gerontol Res Ctr,NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA.
   Univ Sydney, ANZAC Res Inst, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Ctr Educ, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Pablo Olavide, CSIC, Ctr andaluz Biol Desarrollo, Seville 41013, Spain.
   Sirtris Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol & Cell Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Louisiana State Univ, Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Nutr Neurosci & Aging Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA); University of Sydney; ANZAC Research Institute; University of Sydney; Johns Hopkins University; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universidad Pablo de Olavide; CSIC - Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology (CABD); Salk Institute; Louisiana State University System; Louisiana State University; Pennington Biomedical Research Center
RP de Cabo, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Paul F Glenn Labs Biol Mech Aging, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM deCaboRa@grc.nia.nih.gov; david_sinclair@hms.harvard.edu
FU National Institute on Aging [R37AG028730, R01AG019719] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG019972, P01 AG027916, R37 AG028730, R01 AG019719, R01 AG028730] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM068072] Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 3649
Z9 4199
U1 12
U2 851
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 337
EP 342
DI 10.1038/nature05354
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300041
PM 17086191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Check, E
AF Check, Erika
TI Human evolution: How Africa learned to love the cow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lactase-persistence
NR 6
TC 6
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 994
EP 996
DI 10.1038/444994a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100022
PM 17183288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmitt, AM
   Shi, J
   Wolf, AM
   Lu, CC
   King, LA
   Zou, YM
AF Schmitt, AM
   Shi, J
   Wolf, AM
   Lu, CC
   King, LA
   Zou, YM
TI Wnt-Ryk signalling mediates medial-lateral retinotectal topographic mapping
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinases; visual-system; axon guidance; cell-surface; growth; requirement; connections; projection; proteins; molecule
AB Computational modelling has suggested that at least two counteracting forces are required for establishing topographic maps. Ephrin-family proteins are required for both anterior - posterior and medial - lateral topographic mapping, but the opposing forces have not been well characterized. Wnt-family proteins are recently discovered axon guidance cues. We find that Wnt3 is expressed in a medial - lateral decreasing gradient in chick optic tectum and mouse superior colliculus. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons from different dorsal - ventral positions showed graded and biphasic response to Wnt3 in a concentration-dependent manner. Wnt3 repulsion is mediated by Ryk, expressed in a ventral-to-dorsal decreasing gradient, whereas attraction of dorsal axons at lower Wnt3 concentrations is mediated by Frizzled(s). Overexpression of Wnt3 in the lateral tectum repelled the termination zones of dorsal RGC axons in vivo. Expression of a dominant-negative Ryk in dorsal RGC axons caused a medial shift of the termination zones, promoting medially directed interstitial branches and eliminating laterally directed branches. Therefore, a classical morphogen, Wnt3, acting as an axon guidance molecule, plays a role in retinotectal mapping along the medial - lateral axis, counterbalancing the medial-directed EphrinB1-EphB activity.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Neurobiol Pharmacol & Physiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Comm Dev Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Comm Neurobiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Zou, YM (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Neurobiol Pharmacol & Physiol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM yzou@bsd.uchicago.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS047484] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 231
Z9 305
U1 2
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 31
EP 37
DI 10.1038/nature04334
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700027
PM 16280981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stemmler, K
   Ammann, M
   Donders, C
   Kleffmann, J
   George, C
AF Stemmler, K
   Ammann, M
   Donders, C
   Kleffmann, J
   George, C
TI Photosensitized reduction of nitrogen dioxide on humic acid as a source of nitrous acid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID differential optical-absorption; photochemical oxidant formation; simulated vertical profiles; heterogeneous hydrolysis; southern switzerland; urban atmosphere; boundary-layer; hono; chemistry; photolysis
AB Nitrous acid is a significant photochemical precursor of the hydroxyl radical(1-13), the key oxidant in the degradation of most air pollutants in the troposphere. The sources of nitrous acid in the troposphere, however, are still poorly understood. Recent atmospheric measurements(7,10-17) revealed a strongly enhanced formation of nitrous acid during daytime via unknown mechanisms. Here we expose humic acid films to nitrogen dioxide in an irradiated tubular gas flow reactor and find that reduction of nitrogen dioxide on light-activated humic acids is an important source of gaseous nitrous acid. Our findings indicate that soil and other surfaces containing humic acid exhibit an organic surface photochemistry that produces reductive surface species, which react selectively with nitrogen dioxide. The observed rate of nitrous acid formation could explain the recently observed high daytime concentrations of nitrous acid in the boundary layer, the photolysis of which accounts for up to 60 per cent of the integrated hydroxyl radical source strengths(3,6-13). We suggest that this photoinduced nitrous acid production on humic acid could have a potentially significant impact on the chemistry of the lowermost troposphere.
C1 Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radio & Environm Chem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Berg Univ Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
   Univ Bern, Dept Chem & Biochem, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   UCBL, CNRS, Lab Applicat Chim Environm, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of Wuppertal; University of Bern; Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Stemmler, K (corresponding author), Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Radio & Environm Chem, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
EM konrad.stemmler@psi.ch
NR 30
TC 443
Z9 505
U1 4
U2 328
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 195
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature04603
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500042
PM 16525469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bräuer, SL
   Cadillo-Quiroz, H
   Yashiro, E
   Yavitt, JB
   Zinder, SH
AF Braeuer, Suzanna L.
   Cadillo-Quiroz, Hinsby
   Yashiro, Erika
   Yavitt, Joseph B.
   Zinder, Stephen H.
TI Isolation of a novel acidiphilic methanogen from an acidic peat bog
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oligotrophic fen; new-york; bacteria; community; populations; peatlands; diversity
AB Acidic peatlands are among the largest natural sources of atmospheric methane and harbour a large diversity of methanogenic Archaea(1). Despite the ubiquity of methanogens in these peatlands, indigenous methanogens capable of growth at acidic pH values have resisted culture and isolation(2-4); these recalcitrant methanogens include members of an uncultured family-level clade in the Methanomicrobiales prevalent in many acidic peat bogs in the Northern Hemisphere(1,5,6). However, we recently succeeded in obtaining a mixed enrichment culture of a member of this clade(7). Here we describe its isolation and initial characterization. We demonstrate that the optimum pH for methanogenesis by this organism is lower than that of any previously described methanogen.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Zinder, SH (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM shz1@cornell.edu
NR 25
TC 134
Z9 163
U1 2
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 192
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature04810
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700045
PM 16699521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shlyk-Kerner, O
   Samish, I
   Kaftan, D
   Holland, N
   Sai, PSM
   Kless, H
   Scherz, A
AF Shlyk-Kerner, Oksana
   Samish, Ilan
   Kaftan, David
   Holland, Neta
   Sai, P. S. Maruthi
   Kless, Hadar
   Scherz, Avigdor
TI Protein flexibility acclimatizes photosynthetic energy conversion to the ambient temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID helical membrane-proteins; thermophilic alcohol-dehydrogenase; oxygen-evolving center; electron-transfer; reaction centers; photosystem-ii; rhodobacter-sphaeroides; proton; fluorescence; architecture
AB Adjustment of catalytic activity in response to diverse ambient temperatures is fundamental to life on Earth. A crucial example of this is photosynthesis, where solar energy is converted into electrochemical potential that drives oxygen and biomass generation at temperatures ranging from those of frigid Antarctica to those of scalding hot springs. The energy conversion proceeds by concerted mobilization of electrons and protons on photoexcitation of reaction centre protein complexes(1-3). Following physicochemical paradigms, the rates of imperative steps in this process were predicted to increase exponentially with rising temperatures, resulting in different yields of solar energy conversion at the distinct growth temperatures of photosynthetic mesophiles and extremophiles. In contrast, here we show a meticulous adjustment of energy conversion rate, resulting in similar yields from mesophiles and thermophiles. The key molecular players in the temperature adjustment process consist of a cluster of hitherto unrecognized protein cavities and an adjacent packing motif that jointly impart local flexibility crucial to the reaction centre proteins. Mutations within the packing motif of mesophiles that increase the bulkiness of the amino-acid side chains, and thus reduce the size of the cavities, promote thermophilic behaviour. This novel biomechanical mechanism accounts for the slowing of the catalytic reaction above physiological temperatures in contradiction to the classical Arrhenius paradigm. The mechanism provides new guidelines for manipulating the acclimatization of enzymes to the ambient temperatures of diverse habitats. More generally, it reveals novel protein elements that are of potential significance for modulating structure - activity relationships in membrane and globular proteins alike.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Scherz, A (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM Avigdor.Scherz@weizmann.ac.il
NR 30
TC 47
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 827
EP 830
DI 10.1038/nature04947
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700049
PM 16862124
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, G
   Seiler, H
   Wen, A
   Zars, T
   Ito, K
   Wolf, R
   Heisenberg, M
   Liu, L
AF Liu, G
   Seiler, H
   Wen, A
   Zars, T
   Ito, K
   Wolf, R
   Heisenberg, M
   Liu, L
TI Distinct memory traces for two visual features in the Drosophila brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central complex; pattern recognition; adenylyl-cyclase; olfactory memory; yaw torque; expression; operant; gene; consolidation; melanogaster
AB The fly Drosophila melanogaster can discriminate and remember visual landmarks. It analyses selected parts of its visual environment according to a small number of pattern parameters such as size, colour or contour orientation, and stores particular parameter values. Like humans, flies recognize patterns independently of the retinal position during acquisition of the pattern ( translation invariance). Here we show that the central-most part of the fly brain, the fan-shaped body, contains parts of a network mediating visual pattern recognition. We have identified short-term memory traces of two pattern parameters - elevation in the panorama and contour orientation. These can be localized to two groups of neurons extending branches as parallel, horizontal strata in the fan-shaped body. The central location of this memory store is well suited to mediate translational invariance.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, State Key Lab Brain & Cognit Sci, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Grad Sch, Beijing 100039, Peoples R China.
   Theodor Boveri Inst Biowissensch, Lehrstuhl Genet & Neurobiol, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany.
   Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biophysics, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Tokyo
RP Liu, L (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, State Key Lab Brain & Cognit Sci, 15 Datun Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
EM heisenberg@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de; liuli@sun5.ibp.ac.cn
NR 37
TC 330
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 551
EP 556
DI 10.1038/nature04381
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900032
PM 16452971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pilcher, H
AF Pilcher, Helen
TI IVF in africa: Fertility on a shoestring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 5
TC 24
Z9 27
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 975
EP 977
DI 10.1038/442975a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000022
PM 16943815
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Darios, F
   Davletov, B
AF Darios, F
   Davletov, B
TI Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids stimulate cell membrane expansion by acting on syntaxin 3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; phospholipase a(2) activity; arachidonic-acid; docosahexaenoic acid; neurite outgrowth; snare complexes; plasma-membrane; axonal growth; in-vitro; protein
AB Growth of neurite processes from the cell body is the critical step in neuronal development and involves a large increase in cell membrane surface area(1). Arachidonic-acid-releasing phospholipases are highly enriched in nerve growth cones and have previously been implicated in neurite outgrowth(2,3). Cell membrane expansion is achieved through the fusion of transport organelles with the plasma membrane(4); however, the identity of the molecular target of arachidonic acid has remained elusive. Here we show that syntaxin 3 (STX3), a plasma membrane protein, has an important role in the growth of neurites, and also serves as a direct target for omega-6 arachidonic acid. By using syntaxin 3 in a screening assay, we determined that the dietary omega-3 linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids can efficiently substitute for arachidonic acid in activating syntaxin 3. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the previously established action of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane expansion at the growth cones, and represent the first identification of a single effector molecule for these essential nutrients.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Davletov, B (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM email@bazbek.com
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105178791] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U105178791] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105178791] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 294
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 813
EP 817
DI 10.1038/nature04598
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400045
PM 16598260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peña, PV
   Davrazou, F
   Shi, XB
   Walter, KL
   Verkhusha, VV
   Gozani, O
   Zhao, R
   Kutateladze, TG
AF Pena, Pedro V.
   Davrazou, Foteini
   Shi, Xiaobing
   Walter, Kay L.
   Verkhusha, Vladislav V.
   Gozani, Or
   Zhao, Rui
   Kutateladze, Tatiana G.
TI Molecular mechanism of histone H3K4me3 recognition by plant homeodomain of ING2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor p33(ing1); lysine-4 methylation; h3 tail; binding; chromodomain; bromodomain; proteins; acetylation; finger; growth
AB Covalent modifications of histone tails have a key role in regulating chromatin structure and controlling transcriptional activity. In eukaryotes, histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is associated with active chromatin and gene expression(1-4). We recently found that plant homeodomain (PHD) finger of tumour suppressor ING2 (inhibitor of growth 2) binds H3K4me3 and represents a new family of modules that target this epigenetic mark(5). The molecular mechanism of H3K4me3 recognition, however, remains unknown. Here we report a 2.0 angstrom resolution structure of the mouse ING2 PHD finger in complex with a histone H3 peptide trimethylated at lysine 4. The H3K4me3 tail is bound in an extended conformation in a deep and extensive binding site consisting of elements that are conserved among the ING family of proteins. The trimethylammonium group of Lys 4 is recognized by the aromatic side chains of Y215 and W238 residues, whereas the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding and complementary surface interactions, involving Ala 1, Arg 2, Thr 3 and Thr 6 of the peptide, account for the PHD finger's high specificity and affinity. Substitution of the binding site residues disrupts H3K4me3 interaction in vitro and impairs the ability of ING2 to induce apoptosis in vivo. Strong binding of other ING and YNG PHD fingers suggests that the recognition of H3K4me3 histone code is a general feature of the ING/YNG proteins. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this novel function of PHD fingers provides a basis for deciphering the role of the ING family of tumour suppressors in chromatin regulation and signalling.
C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Anat & Struct Biol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Stanford University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Yeshiva University
RP Kutateladze, TG (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pharmacol, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
EM Tatiana.Kutateladze@uchsc.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA113472] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM071424] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 587
Z9 713
U1 3
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 100
EP 103
DI 10.1038/nature04814
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500045
PM 16728977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lesné, S
   Koh, MT
   Kotilinek, L
   Kayed, R
   Glabe, CG
   Yang, A
   Gallagher, M
   Ashe, KH
AF Lesné, S
   Koh, MT
   Kotilinek, L
   Kayed, R
   Glabe, CG
   Yang, A
   Gallagher, M
   Ashe, KH
TI RETRACTED: A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory (Retracted Article)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID alzheimers-disease; mouse model; a-beta; precursor protein; age; oligomers; plaques; deficits; decline; risk
AB Memory function often declines with age(1), and is believed to deteriorate initially because of changes in synaptic function rather than loss of neurons(2). Some individuals then go on to develop Alzheimer's disease with neurodegeneration. Here we use Tg2576 mice, which express a human amyloid-beta precursor protein ( APP) variant linked to Alzheimer's disease, to investigate the cause of memory decline in the absence of neurodegeneration or amyloid-beta protein amyloidosis. Young Tg2576 mice (< 6 months old) have normal memory and lack neuropathology, middle- aged mice ( 6 - 14 months old) develop memory deficits without neuronal loss, and old mice (> 14 months old) form abundant neuritic plaques containing amyloid-beta ( refs 3 - 6). We found that memory deficits in middle- aged Tg2576 mice are caused by the extracellular accumulation of a 56- kDa soluble amyloid-beta assembly, which we term A beta* 56 ( A beta star 56). A beta* 56 purified from the brains of impaired Tg2576 mice disrupts memory when administered to young rats. We propose that A beta*56 impairs memory independently of plaques or neuronal loss, and may contribute to cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Grad Program Neurosci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Psychol & Brain Sci, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Minneapolis VA Med Ctr, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Johns Hopkins University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Minneapolis VA Health Care System; Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Southern California
RP Ashe, KH (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM hsiao005@umn.edu
NR 28
TC 2396
Z9 2852
U1 15
U2 607
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 352
EP 357
DI 10.1038/nature04533
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600056
PM 16541076
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dloniak, SM
   French, JA
   Holekamp, KE
AF Dloniak, SM
   French, JA
   Holekamp, KE
TI Rank-related maternal effects of androgens on behaviour in wild spotted hyaenas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hyena crocuta-crocuta; social-status; fetal life; testosterone; masculinization; yolk; reproduction; aggression; dominance; females
AB Within any hierarchical society, an individual's social rank can have profound effects on its health and reproductive success(1,2), and rank-related variation in these traits is often mediated by variation in endocrine function(2). Maternal effects mediated by prenatal hormone exposure are potentially important for non-genetic inheritance of phenotypic traits related to social rank(3), and thus for shaping individual variation in behaviour and social structure. Here we show that androgen concentrations in wild female spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) are higher during late gestation in dominant females than in subordinate females. Furthermore, both male and female cubs born to mothers with high concentrations of androgens in late pregnancy exhibit higher rates of aggression and mounting behaviour than cubs born to mothers with lower androgen concentrations. Both behaviours are strongly affected in other mammals by organizational effects of androgens(4), and both have important effects on fitness in hyaenas. Therefore, our results suggest that rank-related maternal effects of prenatal androgen exposure can adaptively influence offspring phenotype in mammals, as has previously been shown to occur in birds. They also suggest an organizational mechanism for the development of female dominance and aggressiveness in spotted hyaenas, traits that may offset the costs of extreme virilization.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Psychol, Omaha, NE 68182 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol, Omaha, NE 68182 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska System
RP Dloniak, SM (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM dloniak@kenyaweb.co
NR 27
TC 147
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1190
EP 1193
DI 10.1038/nature04540
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000045
PM 16641996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mukha, I
   Roeckl, E
   Batist, L
   Blazhev, A
   Döring, J
   Grawe, H
   Grigorenko, L
   Huyse, M
   Janas, Z
   Kirchner, R
   La Commara, M
   Mazzocchi, C
   Tabor, SL
   Van Duppen, P
AF Mukha, I
   Roeckl, E
   Batist, L
   Blazhev, A
   Döring, J
   Grawe, H
   Grigorenko, L
   Huyse, M
   Janas, Z
   Kirchner, R
   La Commara, M
   Mazzocchi, C
   Tabor, SL
   Van Duppen, P
TI Proton-proton correlations observed in two-proton radioactivity of 94Ag
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decay; emission; isotopes; nuclei; fe-45; state
AB The stability and spontaneous decay of naturally occurring atomic nuclei have been much studied ever since Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity in 1896. In 1960, proton-rich nuclei with an odd or an even atomic number Z were predicted(1) to decay through one- and two-proton radioactivity, respectively. The experimental observation of one- proton radioactivity was first reported(2) in 1982, and two-proton radioactivity has now also been detected by experimentally studying the decay properties of Fe-45 (refs 3, 4) and Zn-54 (ref. 5). Here we report proton-proton correlations observed during the radioactive decay of a spinning long-lived state of the lightest known isotope of silver(6), Ag-94, which is known to undergo one- proton decay(7). We infer from these correlations that the long-lived state must also decay through simultaneous two-proton emission, making Ag-94 the first nucleus to exhibit one-as well as two-proton radioactivity. We attribute the two-proton emission behaviour and the unexpectedly large probability for this decay mechanism to a very large deformation of the parent nucleus into a prolate (cigar-like) shape, which facilitates emission of protons either from the same or from opposite ends of the 'cigar'.
C1 Gesell Schwerionenforsch mbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Kern & Stralingsfys, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, RU-123184 Moscow, Russia.
   St Petersburg Nucl Phys Inst, RU-188350 Gatchina, Russia.
   Univ Sofia, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
   Joint Inst Nucl Res Dubna, Flerov Lab Nucl React, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia.
   Univ Warsaw, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland.
   Univ Naples Federico 2, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
   Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
C3 Helmholtz Association; GSI Helmholtz-Center for Heavy Ion Research; KU Leuven; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute; University of Sofia; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - Russia; University of Warsaw; University of Naples Federico II; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Mukha, I (corresponding author), Univ Seville, ES-41080 Seville, Spain.
EM I.Mukha@gsi.de
NR 30
TC 136
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 298
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature04453
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100036
PM 16421564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Soderberg, AM
   Kulkarni, SR
   Nakar, E
   Berger, E
   Cameron, PB
   Fox, DB
   Frail, D
   Gal-Yam, A
   Sari, R
   Cenko, SB
   Kasliwal, M
   Chevalier, RA
   Piran, T
   Price, PA
   Schmidt, BP
   Pooley, G
   Moon, DS
   Penprase, BE
   Ofek, E
   Rau, A
   Gehrels, N
   Nousek, JA
   Burrows, DN
   Persson, SE
   McCarthy, PJ
AF Soderberg, A. M.
   Kulkarni, S. R.
   Nakar, E.
   Berger, E.
   Cameron, P. B.
   Fox, D. B.
   Frail, D.
   Gal-Yam, A.
   Sari, R.
   Cenko, S. B.
   Kasliwal, M.
   Chevalier, R. A.
   Piran, T.
   Price, P. A.
   Schmidt, B. P.
   Pooley, G.
   Moon, D. -S.
   Penprase, B. E.
   Ofek, E.
   Rau, A.
   Gehrels, N.
   Nousek, J. A.
   Burrows, D. N.
   Persson, S. E.
   McCarthy, P. J.
TI Relativistic ejecta from X-ray flash XRF 060218 and the rate of cosmic explosions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 25 april 1998; unusual supernova; burst; progenitors; grb-980425; luminosity; emission; pulsar
AB Over the past decade, long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) - including the subclass of X-ray flashes (XRFs) - have been revealed(1-3) to be a rare variety of type Ibc supernova. Although all these events result from the death of massive stars, the electromagnetic luminosities of GRBs and XRFs exceed those of ordinary type Ibc supernovae by many orders of magnitude. The essential physical process that causes a dying star to produce a GRB or XRF, and not just a supernova, is still unknown. Here we report radio and X-ray observations of XRF 060218 ( associated(4) with supernova SN 2006aj), the second-nearest(5,6) GRB identified until now. We show that this event is a hundred times less energetic but ten times more common than cosmological GRBs. Moreover, it is distinguished from ordinary type Ibc supernovae by the presence of 10(48) erg coupled to mildly relativistic ejecta, along with a central engine ( an accretion-fed, rapidly rotating compact source) that produces X-rays for weeks after the explosion. This suggests that the production of relativistic ejecta is the key physical distinction between GRBs or XRFs and ordinary supernovae, while the nature of the central engine ( black hole or magnetar) may distinguish typical bursts from low-luminosity, spherical events like XRF 060218.
C1 CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab 220 47, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Carnegie Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   ANU, Mt Stromlo Observ, RSAA, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Mullard Radio Astron Observ, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
   Pomona Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Carnegie Institution for Science; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University of Virginia; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of Hawaii System; Australian National University; University of Cambridge; Claremont Colleges; Pomona College; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Soderberg, AM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Caltech Opt Observ 105 24, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM ams@astro.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 464
Z9 494
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1014
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/nature05087
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000043
PM 16943832
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, SC
   Crawford, WC
   Carton, H
   Seher, T
   Combier, V
   Cannat, M
   Canales, JP
   Düsünür, D
   Escartin, J
   Miranda, JM
AF Singh, Satish C.
   Crawford, Wayne C.
   Carton, Helene
   Seher, Tim
   Combier, Violaine
   Cannat, Mathilde
   Canales, Juan Pablo
   Duesuenuer, Doga
   Escartin, Javier
   Miranda, J. Miguel
TI Discovery of a magma chamber and faults beneath a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rift-valley; crustal thickness; oceanic-crust; mark area; azores; melt; images
AB Crust at slow-spreading ridges is formed by a combination of magmatic and tectonic processes, with magmatic accretion possibly involving short-lived crustal magma chambers(1). The reflections of seismic waves from crustal magma chambers have been observed beneath intermediate(2,3) and fast-spreading centres(4,5), but it has been difficult to image such magma chambers beneath slow-spreading centres(6,7), owing to rough seafloor topography and associated seafloor scattering(7,8). In the absence of any images of magma chambers(6) or of subsurface near-axis faults, it has been difficult to characterize the interplay of magmatic and tectonic processes in crustal accretion and hydrothermal circulation at slow-spreading ridges. Here we report the presence of a crustal magma chamber beneath the slow-spreading Lucky Strike segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The reflection from the top of the magma chamber, centred beneath the Lucky Strike volcano and hydrothermal field, is approximately 3 km beneath the sea floor, 3 - 4 km wide and extends up to 7 km along-axis. We suggest that this magma chamber provides the heat for the active hydrothermal vent field above it. We also observe axial valley bounding faults that seem to penetrate down to the magma chamber depth as well as a set of inward-dipping faults cutting through the volcanic edifice, suggesting continuous interactions between tectonic and magmatic processes.
C1 Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geosci Marines, F-75252 Paris, France.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Lisbon, Ctr Geofis, P-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Universidade de Lisboa
RP Singh, SC (corresponding author), Inst Phys Globe, Lab Geosci Marines, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.
EM singh@ipgp.jussieu.fr
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 251
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1029
EP 1032
DI 10.1038/nature05105
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000047
PM 16943836
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rieseberg, LH
   Wood, TE
   Baack, EJ
AF Rieseberg, LH
   Wood, TE
   Baack, EJ
TI The nature of plant species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postzygotic isolation; patterns; evolution; diversity
AB Many botanists doubt the existence of plant species(1-5), viewing them as arbitrary constructs of the human mind, as opposed to discrete, objective entities that represent reproductively independent lineages or 'units of evolution'. However, the discreteness of plant species and their correspondence with reproductive communities have not been tested quantitatively, allowing zoologists to argue that botanists have been overly influenced by a few 'botanical horror stories', such as dandelions, blackberries and oaks(6,7). Here we analyse phenetic and/or crossing relationships in over 400 genera of plants and animals. We show that although discrete phenotypic clusters exist in most genera (>80%), the correspondence of taxonomic species to these clusters is poor (<60%) and no different between plants and animals. Lack of congruence is caused by polyploidy, asexual reproduction and over-differentiation by taxonomists, but not by contemporary hybridization. Nonetheless, crossability data indicate that 70% of taxonomic species and 75% of phenotypic clusters in plants correspond to reproductively independent lineages (as measured by postmating isolation), and thus represent biologically real entities. Contrary to conventional wisdom(8), plant species are more likely than animal species to represent reproductively independent lineages.
C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Rieseberg, LH (corresponding author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
EM lriesebe@indiana.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM059065] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 260
U1 7
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 524
EP 527
DI 10.1038/nature04402
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100055
PM 16554818
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, FS
   Hasegawa, H
   Schmitt-Ulms, G
   Kawarai, T
   Bohm, C
   Katayama, T
   Gu, YJ
   Sanjo, N
   Glista, M
   Rogaeva, E
   Wakutani, Y
   Pardossi-Piquard, R
   Ruan, XY
   Tandon, A
   Checler, F
   Marambaud, P
   Hansen, K
   Westaway, D
   St George-Hyslop, P
   Fraser, P
AF Chen, FS
   Hasegawa, H
   Schmitt-Ulms, G
   Kawarai, T
   Bohm, C
   Katayama, T
   Gu, YJ
   Sanjo, N
   Glista, M
   Rogaeva, E
   Wakutani, Y
   Pardossi-Piquard, R
   Ruan, XY
   Tandon, A
   Checler, F
   Marambaud, P
   Hansen, K
   Westaway, D
   St George-Hyslop, P
   Fraser, P
TI TMP21 is a presenilin complex component that modulates γ-secretase but not ε-secretase activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid precursor protein; familial alzheimers-disease; caenorhabditis-elegans; missense mutations; p24 proteins; beta-app; membrane; cleavage; notch; nicastrin
AB The presenilin proteins (PS1 and PS2)(1,2) and their interacting partners nicastrin(3), aph-1 (refs 4, 5) and pen-2 (ref. 5) forma series of high-molecular-mass, membrane-bound protein complexes(6-8) that are necessary for gamma-secretase and epsilon-secretase cleavage of selected type 1 transmembrane proteins, including the amyloid precursor protein(9), Notch(10) and cadherins(11). Modest cleavage activity can be generated by reconstituting these four proteins in yeast and Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells(12-14). However, a critical but unanswered question about the biology of the presenilin complexes is how their activity is modulated in terms of substrate specificity and/or relative activities at the gamma and epsilon sites. A corollary to this question is whether additional proteins in the presenilin complexes might subsume these putative regulatory functions. The hypothesis that additional proteins might exist in the presenilin complexes is supported by the fact that enzymatically active complexes have a mass that is much greater than predicted for a 1:1:1:1 stoichiometric complex (at least 650 kDa observed, compared with about 220 kDa predicted)(6-8). To address these questions we undertook a search for presenilin-interacting proteins that differentially affected gamma- and epsilon-site cleavage events. Here we report that TMP21, a member of the p24 cargo protein family, is a component of presenilin complexes and differentially regulates gamma-secretase cleavage without affecting epsilon-secretase activity.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Ctr Res Neurodegenerat Dis, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
   UNSA, Equipe Labellisee FRM, Inst Pharmacol Mol & Cellulaire, CNRS,UMR6097, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
   Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.
   N Shore LIJ Inst Med Res, Litwin Zucker Res Ctr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Hlth Sci Ctr, Proteom Core, Aurora, CO 80045 USA.
   Univ Hlth Network, Toronto Western Hosp, Res Inst, Dept Med,Div Neurol, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Universite Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Northwell Health; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto
RP St George-Hyslop, P (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
EM p.hyslop@utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 265
Z9 321
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1208
EP 1212
DI 10.1038/nature04667
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000049
PM 16641999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montange, RK
   Batey, RT
AF Montange, Rebecca K.
   Batey, Robert T.
TI Structure of the S-adenosylmethionine riboswitch regulatory mRNA element
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription termination control; crystal-structure; gene-expression; binding riboswitches; ribosomal-subunit; ribozyme; system; metabolism; methionine; bacteria
AB Riboswitches are cis-acting genetic regulatory elements found in the 5'-untranslated regions of messenger RNAs that control gene expression through their ability to bind small molecule metabolites directly(1,2). Regulation occurs through the interplay of two domains of the RNA: an aptamer domain that responds to intracellular metabolite concentrations and an expression platform that uses two mutually exclusive secondary structures to direct a decision-making process. In Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus species, riboswitches control the expression of more than 2% of all genes through their ability to respond to a diverse set of metabolites including amino acids, nucleobases and protein cofactors(1,2). Here we report the 2.9-angstrom resolution crystal structure of an S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-responsive riboswitch from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis complexed with S-adenosylmethionine, an RNA element that controls the expression of several genes involved in sulphur and methionine metabolism(3-6). This RNA folds into a complex three-dimensional architecture that recognizes almost every functional group of the ligand through a combination of direct and indirect readout mechanisms. Ligand binding induces the formation of a series of tertiary interactions with one of the helices, serving as a communication link between the aptamer and expression platform domains.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Batey, RT (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM robert.batey@colorado.edu
NR 29
TC 344
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1172
EP 1175
DI 10.1038/nature04819
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500055
PM 16810258
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strous, M
   Pelletier, E
   Mangenot, S
   Rattei, T
   Lehner, A
   Taylor, MW
   Horn, M
   Daims, H
   Bartol-Mavel, D
   Wincker, P
   Barbe, V
   Fonknechten, N
   Vallenet, D
   Segurens, B
   Schenowitz-Truong, C
   Médigue, C
   Collingro, A
   Snel, B
   Dutilh, BE
   Op den Camp, HJM
   van der Drift, C
   Cirpus, I
   van de Pas-Schoonen, KT
   Harhangi, HR
   van Niftrik, L
   Schmid, M
   Keltjens, J
   van de Vossenberg, J
   Kartal, B
   Meier, H
   Frishman, D
   Huynen, MA
   Mewes, HW
   Weissenbach, J
   Jetten, MSM
   Wagner, M
   Le Paslier, D
AF Strous, M
   Pelletier, E
   Mangenot, S
   Rattei, T
   Lehner, A
   Taylor, MW
   Horn, M
   Daims, H
   Bartol-Mavel, D
   Wincker, P
   Barbe, V
   Fonknechten, N
   Vallenet, D
   Segurens, B
   Schenowitz-Truong, C
   Médigue, C
   Collingro, A
   Snel, B
   Dutilh, BE
   Op den Camp, HJM
   van der Drift, C
   Cirpus, I
   van de Pas-Schoonen, KT
   Harhangi, HR
   van Niftrik, L
   Schmid, M
   Keltjens, J
   van de Vossenberg, J
   Kartal, B
   Meier, H
   Frishman, D
   Huynen, MA
   Mewes, HW
   Weissenbach, J
   Jetten, MSM
   Wagner, M
   Le Paslier, D
TI Deciphering the evolution and metabolism of an anammox bacterium from a community genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence; oxidation
AB Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has become a main focus in oceanography and wastewater treatment(1,2). It is also the nitrogen cycle's major remaining biochemical enigma. Among its features, the occurrence of hydrazine as a free intermediate of catabolism(3,4), the biosynthesis of ladderane lipids(5,6) and the role of cytoplasm differentiation(7) are unique in biology. Here we use environmental genomics(8,9) - the reconstruction of genomic data directly from the environment - to assemble the genome of the uncultured anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis(10) from a complex bioreactor community. The genome data illuminate the evolutionary history of the Planctomycetes and allow us to expose the genetic blueprint of the organism's special properties. Most significantly, we identified candidate genes responsible for ladderane biosynthesis and biological hydrazine metabolism, and discovered unexpected metabolic versatility.
C1 Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Microbiol, IWWR, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Tech Univ Munich, Dept Genome Oriented Bioinformat, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany.
   Univ Vienna, Dept Microbial Ecol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Lebensmittelsicherheit & Hyg, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen Med Ctr, Ctr Mol & Biomol Informat, Nijmegen Ctr Mol Life Sci, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Delft Univ Technol, Kluyver Lab Biotechnol, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands.
   Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Rechnertech & Rechnerorg Parallelrechne, Inst Informat, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Bioinformat, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Technical University of Munich; University of Vienna; University of Zurich; Radboud University Nijmegen; Delft University of Technology; Technical University of Munich; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
RP Jetten, MSM (corresponding author), Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Microbiol, IWWR, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM m.jetten@science.ru.nl; wagner@microbial-ecology.net
NR 30
TC 1061
Z9 1337
U1 48
U2 1479
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 790
EP 794
DI 10.1038/nature04647
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400040
PM 16598256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Broadhead, R
   Dawe, HR
   Farr, H
   Griffiths, S
   Hart, SR
   Portman, N
   Shaw, MK
   Ginger, ML
   Gaskell, SJ
   McKean, PG
   Gull, K
AF Broadhead, R
   Dawe, HR
   Farr, H
   Griffiths, S
   Hart, SR
   Portman, N
   Shaw, MK
   Ginger, ML
   Gaskell, SJ
   McKean, PG
   Gull, K
TI Flagellar motility is required for the viability of the bloodstream trypanosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteomic analysis; paraflagellar rod; brucei; gene; protein; cilia; identification; expression; genomics; protozoa
AB The 9+2 microtubule axoneme of flagella and cilia represents one of the most iconic structures built by eukaryotic cells and organisms. Both unity and diversity are present among cilia and flagella on the evolutionary as well as the developmental scale. Some cilia are motile, whereas others function as sensory organelles and can variously possess 9+2 and 9+0 axonemes and other associated structures(1). How such unity and diversity are reflected in molecular repertoires is unclear. The flagellated protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, causing devastating disease in humans and other animals(2). There is little hope of a vaccine for African sleeping sickness and a desperate need for modern drug therapies(3). Here we present a detailed proteomic analysis of the trypanosome flagellum. RNA interference (RNAi)-based interrogation of this proteome provides functional insights into human ciliary diseases and establishes that flagellar function is essential to the bloodstream-form trypanosome. We show that RNAi-mediated ablation of various proteins identified in the trypanosome flagellar proteome leads to a rapid and marked failure of cytokinesis in bloodstream-form ( but not procyclic insect-form) trypanosomes, suggesting that impairment of flagellar function may provide a method of disease control. A postgenomic meta-analysis, comparing the evolutionarily ancient trypanosome with other eukaryotes including humans, identifies numerous trypanosome-specific flagellar proteins, suggesting new avenues for selective intervention.
C1 Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
   Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Chem, Michael Barber Ctr Mass Spectrometry, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Lancaster University; University of Manchester
RP Gull, K (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
EM keith.gull@path.ox.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [EGH17741] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [EGH17741] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 398
Z9 466
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 224
EP 227
DI 10.1038/nature04541
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500049
PM 16525475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kinoshita, T
   Wenger, T
   Weiss, DS
AF Kinoshita, T
   Wenger, T
   Weiss, DS
TI A quantum Newton's cradle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tonks-girardeau gas; impenetrable bosons; scattering
AB It is a fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics that a closed system with many degrees of freedom ergodically samples all equal energy points in phase space. To understand the limits of this assumption, it is important to find and study systems that are not ergodic, and thus do not reach thermal equilibrium. A few complex systems have been proposed that are expected not to thermalize because their dynamics are integrable(1,2). Some nearly integrable systems of many particles have been studied numerically, and shown not to ergodically sample phase space(3). However, there has been no experimental demonstration of such a system with many degrees of freedom that does not approach thermal equilibrium. Here we report the preparation of out-of-equilibrium arrays of trapped one-dimensional (1D) Bose gases, each containing from 40 to 250 (87)Rb atoms, which do not noticeably equilibrate even after thousands of collisions. Our results are probably explainable by the well-known fact that a homogeneous 1D Bose gas with point-like collisional interactions is integrable. Until now, however, the time evolution of out-of-equilibrium 1D Bose gases has been a theoretically unsettled issue(4-6), as practical factors such as harmonic trapping and imperfectly point-like interactions may compromise integrability. The absence of damping in 1D Bose gases may lead to potential applications in force sensing and atom interferometry.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Weiss, DS (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM dsweiss@phys.psu.edu
NR 30
TC 1648
Z9 1763
U1 2
U2 114
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 900
EP 903
DI 10.1038/nature04693
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700033
PM 16612376
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Numata, T
   Ikeuchi, Y
   Fukai, S
   Suzuki, T
   Nureki, O
AF Numata, Tomoyuki
   Ikeuchi, Yoshiho
   Fukai, Shuya
   Suzuki, Tsutomu
   Nureki, Osamu
TI Snapshots of tRNA sulphuration via an adenylated intermediate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; molecular-mechanism; biosynthesis; 4-thiouridine; synthetase; initiation; complex; mnma; loop; thii
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Dept Biol Informat, Midori Ku, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   PRESTO, JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   RIKEN, Genom Sci Ctr, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); RIKEN
RP Nureki, O (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Dept Biol Informat, Midori Ku, 4259 Nagatsuta Cho, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
EM nureki@bio.titech.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 121
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 419
EP 424
DI 10.1038/nature04896
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900035
PM 16871210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Micu, I
   Jiang, Q
   Coderre, E
   Ridsdale, A
   Zhang, L
   Woulfe, J
   Yin, X
   Trapp, BD
   McRory, JE
   Rehak, R
   Zamponi, GW
   Wang, W
   Stys, PK
AF Micu, I
   Jiang, Q
   Coderre, E
   Ridsdale, A
   Zhang, L
   Woulfe, J
   Yin, X
   Trapp, BD
   McRory, JE
   Rehak, R
   Zamponi, GW
   Wang, W
   Stys, PK
TI NMDA receptors mediate calcium accumulation in myelin during chemical ischaemia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID white-matter; glial-cells; glutamate; excitotoxicity; oligodendrocytes; mechanisms; disorders; glycine; injury
AB Central nervous system myelin is a specialized structure produced by oligodendrocytes that ensheaths axons, allowing rapid and efficient saltatory conduction of action potentials(1). Many disorders promote damage to and eventual loss of the myelin sheath, which often results in significant neurological morbidity. However, little is known about the fundamental mechanisms that initiate myelin damage, with the assumption being that its fate follows that of the parent oligodendrocyte. Here we show that NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) glutamate receptors mediate Ca2+ accumulation in central myelin in response to chemical ischaemia in vitro. Using two-photon microscopy, we imaged fluorescence of the Ca2+ indicator X-rhod-1 loaded into oligodendrocytes and the cytoplasmic compartment of the myelin sheath in adult rat optic nerves. The AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)/kainate receptor antagonist NBQX(2) completely blocked the ischaemic Ca2+ increase in oligodendroglial cell bodies, but only modestly reduced the Ca2+ increase in myelin. In contrast, the Ca2+ increase in myelin was abolished by broad-spectrum NMDA receptor antagonists (MK-801, 7-chlorokynurenic acid, D-AP5(3,4)), but not by more selective blockers of NR2A and NR2B subunit-containing receptors (NVP-AAM077(5) and ifenprodil(2,4)). In vitro ischaemia causes ultrastructural damage to both axon cylinders and myelin(6). NMDA receptor antagonism greatly reduced the damage to myelin. NR1, NR2 and NR3 subunits were detected in myelin by immunohistochemistry and immunoprecipitation, indicating that all necessary subunits are present for the formation of functional NMDA receptors. Our data show that the mature myelin sheath can respond independently to injurious stimuli. Given that axons are known to release glutamate(7-9), our finding that the Ca2+ increase was mediated in large part by activation of myelinic NMDA receptors suggests a new mechanism of axo-myelinic signalling. Such a mechanism may represent a potentially important therapeutic target in disorders in which demyelination is a prominent feature, such as multiple sclerosis, neurotrauma, infections (for example, HIV encephalomyelopathy) and aspects of ischaemic brain injury.
C1 Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Hlth Res Inst, Div Neurosci, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4K9, Canada.
   Univ Ottawa, Dept Cellular & Mol Med, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4K9, Canada.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Neurosci, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Univ Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Inst, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
C3 University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; University of Calgary
RP Stys, PK (corresponding author), Univ Ottawa, Ottawa Hlth Res Inst, Div Neurosci, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4K9, Canada.
EM pstys@ohri.ca
NR 30
TC 410
Z9 475
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 988
EP 992
DI 10.1038/nature04474
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100050
PM 16372019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bartkova, J
   Rezaei, N
   Liontos, M
   Karakaidos, P
   Kletsas, D
   Issaeva, N
   Vassiliou, LVF
   Kolettas, E
   Niforou, K
   Zoumpourlis, VC
   Takaoka, M
   Nakagawa, H
   Tort, F
   Fugger, K
   Johansson, F
   Sehested, M
   Andersen, CL
   Dyrskjot, L
   Orntoft, T
   Lukas, J
   Kittas, C
   Helleday, T
   Halazonetis, TD
   Bartek, J
   Gorgoulis, VG
AF Bartkova, Jirina
   Rezaei, Nousin
   Liontos, Michalis
   Karakaidos, Panagiotis
   Kletsas, Dimitris
   Issaeva, Natalia
   Vassiliou, Leandros-Vassilios F.
   Kolettas, Evangelos
   Niforou, Katerina
   Zoumpourlis, Vassilis C.
   Takaoka, Munenori
   Nakagawa, Hiroshi
   Tort, Frederic
   Fugger, Kasper
   Johansson, Fredrik
   Sehested, Maxwell
   Andersen, Claus L.
   Dyrskjot, Lars
   Orntoft, Torben
   Lukas, Jiri
   Kittas, Christos
   Helleday, Thomas
   Halazonetis, Thanos D.
   Bartek, Jiri
   Gorgoulis, Vassilis G.
TI Oncogene-induced senescence is part of the tumorigenesis barrier imposed by DNA damage checkpoints
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID premature senescence; cellular senescence; human-cells; replication; atm; p53; suppression; instability; p16(ink4a); activation
AB Recent studies have indicated the existence of tumorigenesis barriers that slow or inhibit the progression of preneoplastic lesions to neoplasia. One such barrier involves DNA replication stress, which leads to activation of the DNA damage checkpoint and thereby to apoptosis or cell cycle arrest(1,2), whereas a second barrier is mediated by oncogene-induced senescence(3-6). The relationship between these two barriers, if any, has not been elucidated. Here we show that oncogene-induced senescence is associated with signs of DNA replication stress, including prematurely terminated DNA replication forks and DNA double-strand breaks. Inhibiting the DNA double-strand break response kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) suppressed the induction of senescence and in a mouse model led to increased tumour size and invasiveness. Analysis of human precancerous lesions further indicated that DNA damage and senescence markers cosegregate closely. Thus, senescence in human preneoplastic lesions is a manifestation of oncogene-induced DNA replication stress and, together with apoptosis, provides a barrier to malignant progression.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Danish Canc Soc, Ctr Genotox Stress Res, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Athens, Sch Med, Dept Histol & Embryol, GR-11527 Athens, Greece.
   Demokritos Natl Ctr Sci Res, Inst Biol, GR-15310 Athens, Greece.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Genet Microbiol & Toxicol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Ioannina, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
   Natl Hellen Res Fdn, Inst Biol Res & Biotechnol, GR-11635 Athens, Greece.
   Univ Penn, Dept Med, Div Gastroenterol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen Hosp, Dept Pathol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
   Univ Sheffield, Inst Canc Studies, Sheffield S10 2RX, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Mol Biol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 The Wistar Institute; Danish Cancer Society; Danish Cancer Society; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos; Stockholm University; University of Ioannina; National Hellenic Research Foundation; University of Pennsylvania; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen University Hospital; Aarhus University; University of Sheffield; University of Geneva
RP Halazonetis, TD (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM Thanos.Halazonetis@molbio.unige.ch; jb@cancer.dk
NR 30
TC 1624
Z9 1921
U1 0
U2 124
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 633
EP 637
DI 10.1038/nature05268
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600051
PM 17136093
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tarchini, B
   Duboule, D
   Kmita, M
AF Tarchini, Basile
   Duboule, Denis
   Kmita, Marie
TI Regulatory constraints in the evolution of the tetrapod limb anterior-posterior polarity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positive feedback loop; sonic-hedgehog; vertebrate limb; hoxd complex; genes; zpa; bud; expression; forelimb; growth
AB The anterior to posterior (A - P) polarity of the tetrapod limb is determined by the confined expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) at the posterior margin of developing early limb buds(1,2), under the control of HOX proteins encoded by gene members of both the HoxA and HoxD clusters(3-6). Here, we use a set of partial deletions to show that only the last four Hox paralogy groups can elicit this response: that is, precisely those genes whose expression is excluded from most anterior limb bud cells owing to their collinear transcriptional activation. We propose that the limb A - P polarity is produced as a collateral effect of Hox gene collinearity, a process highly constrained by its crucial importance during trunk development. In this view, the co-option of the trunk collinear mechanism, along with the emergence of limbs, imposed an A - P polarity to these structures as the most parsimonious solution. This in turn further contributed to stabilize the architecture and operational mode of this genetic system.
C1 Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Natl Res Ctr Frontiers Genet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Geneva
RP Duboule, D (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, Dept Zool & Anim Biol, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
EM denis.duboule@zoo.unige.ch
NR 27
TC 102
Z9 134
U1 1
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 985
EP 988
DI 10.1038/nature05247
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400053
PM 17066034
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taddei, A
   Van Houwe, G
   Hediger, F
   Kalck, V
   Cubizolles, F
   Schober, H
   Gasser, SM
AF Taddei, Angela
   Van Houwe, Griet
   Hediger, Florence
   Kalck, Veronique
   Cubizolles, Fabien
   Schober, Heiko
   Gasser, Susan M.
TI Nuclear pore association confers optimal expression levels for an inducible yeast gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID localization; telomeres; repression; proteins; dynamics; sir4
AB The organization of the nucleus into subcompartments creates microenvironments that are thought to facilitate distinct nuclear functions(1). In budding yeast, regions of silent chromatin, such as those at telomeres and mating-type loci, cluster at the nuclear envelope creating zones that favour gene repression(1,2). Other reports indicate that gene transcription occurs at the nuclear periphery, apparently owing to association of the gene with nuclear pore complexes(3-5). Here we report that transcriptional activation of a subtelomeric gene, HXK1 ( hexokinase isoenzyme 1), by growth on a non-glucose carbon source led to its relocalization to nuclear pores. This relocation required the 30 untranslated region ( UTR), which is essential for efficient messenger RNA processing and export, consistent with an accompanying report(6). However, activation of HXK1 by an alternative pathway based on the transactivator VP16 moved the locus away from the nuclear periphery and abrogated the normal induction of HXK1 by galactose. Notably, when we interfered with HXK1 localization by either antagonizing or promoting association with the pore, transcript levels were reduced or enhanced, respectively. From this we conclude that nuclear position has an active role in determining optimal gene expression levels.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Inst Curie, CNRS, Sect Rech, UMR 218, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Univ Geneva, NCCR Frontiers Genet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; Universite PSL; UNICANCER; Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Geneva
RP Gasser, SM (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, Maulbeerstr 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
EM susan.gasser@fmi.ch
NR 27
TC 327
Z9 403
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 774
EP 778
DI 10.1038/nature04845
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100060
PM 16760983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wolff, EW
   Fischer, H
   Fundel, F
   Ruth, U
   Twarloh, B
   Littot, GC
   Mulvaney, R
   Röthlisberger, R
   de Angelis, M
   Boutron, CF
   Hansson, M
   Jonsell, U
   Hutterli, MA
   Lambert, F
   Kaufmann, P
   Stauffer, B
   Stocker, TF
   Steffensen, JP
   Bigler, M
   Siggaard-Andersen, ML
   Udisti, R
   Becagli, S
   Castellano, E
   Severi, M
   Wagenbach, D
   Barbante, C
   Gabrielli, P
   Gaspari, V
AF Wolff, EW
   Fischer, H
   Fundel, F
   Ruth, U
   Twarloh, B
   Littot, GC
   Mulvaney, R
   Röthlisberger, R
   de Angelis, M
   Boutron, CF
   Hansson, M
   Jonsell, U
   Hutterli, MA
   Lambert, F
   Kaufmann, P
   Stauffer, B
   Stocker, TF
   Steffensen, JP
   Bigler, M
   Siggaard-Andersen, ML
   Udisti, R
   Becagli, S
   Castellano, E
   Severi, M
   Wagenbach, D
   Barbante, C
   Gabrielli, P
   Gaspari, V
TI Southern Ocean sea-ice extent, productivity and iron flux over the past eight glacial cycles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dome-c; east antarctica; salt aerosol; dust; epica; core; climate; maximum; vostok; co2
AB Sea ice and dust flux increased greatly in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period. Palaeorecords provide contradictory evidence about marine productivity in this region, but beyond one glacial cycle, data were sparse. Here we present continuous chemical proxy data spanning the last eight glacial cycles (740,000 years) from the Dome C Antarctic ice core. These data constrain winter sea-ice extent in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean biogenic productivity and Patagonian climatic conditions. We found that maximum sea-ice extent is closely tied to Antarctic temperature on multi-millennial timescales, but less so on shorter timescales. Biological dimethylsulphide emissions south of the polar front seem to have changed little with climate, suggesting that sulphur compounds were not active in climate regulation. We observe large glacial-interglacial contrasts in iron deposition, which we infer reflects strongly changing Patagonian conditions. During glacial terminations, changes in Patagonia apparently preceded sea-ice reduction, indicating that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for different phases of CO2 increase during glacial terminations. We observe no changes in internal climatic feedbacks that could have caused the change in amplitude of Antarctic temperature variations observed 440,000 years ago.
C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Quaternary Geol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Univ Copenhagen, Dept Geophys, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Univ Florence, Dept Chem, Analyt Chem Sect, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Venice, Dept Environm Sci, I-30123 Venice, Italy.
   Univ Venice, CNR, Inst Dynam Environm Proc, I-30123 Venice, Italy.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Stockholm University; University of Bern; University of Copenhagen; University of Florence; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Universita Ca Foscari Venezia; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali (IDPA-CNR); Universita Ca Foscari Venezia
RP Wolff, EW (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
EM ewwo@bas.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [bas010016] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [bas010016] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 50
TC 433
Z9 502
U1 2
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 491
EP 496
DI 10.1038/nature04614
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100047
PM 16554810
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hogan, J
AF Hogan, J
TI Let the games begin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 268
EP 269
DI 10.1038/440268a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600020
PM 16541042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Asphaug, E
   Agnor, CB
   Williams, Q
AF Asphaug, E
   Agnor, CB
   Williams, Q
TI Hit-and-run planetary collisions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID space-telescope images; tidal disruption; asteroids; planetesimals; evolution; impacts; density; history; liquids; origin
AB Terrestrial planet formation is believed to have concluded in our Solar System with about 10 million to 100 million years of giant impacts, where hundreds of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos acquired random velocities through gravitational encounters and resonances with one another and with Jupiter. This led to planet-crossing orbits and collisions that produced the four terrestrial planets, the Moon and asteroids. But here we show that colliding planets do not simply merge, as is commonly assumed. In many cases, the smaller planet escapes from the collision highly deformed, spun up, depressurized from equilibrium, stripped of its outer layers, and sometimes pulled apart into a chain of diverse objects. Remnants of these '\hit-and-run' collisions are predicted to be common among remnant planet-forming populations, and thus to be relevant to asteroid formation and meteorite petrogenesis.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Asphaug, E (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM asphaug@pmc.ucsc.edu
NR 44
TC 259
Z9 291
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 155
EP 160
DI 10.1038/nature04311
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400030
PM 16407944
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bukanov, NO
   Smith, LA
   Klinger, KW
   Ledbetter, SR
   Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya, O
AF Bukanov, Nikolay O.
   Smith, Laurie A.
   Klinger, Katherine W.
   Ledbetter, Steven R.
   Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya, Oxana
TI Long-lasting arrest of murine polycystic kidney disease with CDK inhibitor roscovitine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle; r-roscovitine; in-vitro; protein; progression; encodes; gene; apoptosis; pathway; kinase
AB Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are primarily characterized by the growth of fluid-filled cysts in renal tubules leading to end-stage renal disease(1-3). Mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes lead to autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), a slowly developing adult form(4,5). Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease results from mutations in the PKHD1 gene, affects newborn infants and progresses very rapidly(6,7). No effective treatment is currently available for PKD. A previously unrecognized site of subcellular localization was recently discovered for all proteins known to be disrupted in PKD: primary cilia(8,9). Because ciliary functions seem to be involved in cell cycle regulation, disruption of proteins associated with cilia or centrioles may directly affect the cell cycle and proliferation, resulting in cystic disease(10-12). We therefore reasoned that the dysregulated cell cycle may be the most proximal cause of cystogenesis, and that intervention targeted at this point could provide significant therapeutic benefit for PKD. Here we show that treatment with the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor (R)-roscovitine does indeed yield effective arrest of cystic disease in jck and cpk mouse models of PKD. Continuous daily administration of the drug is not required to achieve efficacy; pulse treatment provides a robust, long-lasting effect, indicating potential clinical benefits for a lifelong therapy. Molecular studies of the mechanism of action reveal effective cell-cycle arrest, transcriptional inhibition and attenuation of apoptosis. We found that roscovitine is active against cysts originating from different parts of the nephron, a desirable feature for the treatment of ADPKD, in which cysts form in multiple nephron segments. Our results indicate that inhibition of CDK is a new and effective approach to the treatment of PKD.
C1 Genzyme Corp, Cell Biol, Framingham, MA 01701 USA.
   Genzyme Corp, Genet & Genom, Framingham, MA 01701 USA.
C3 Sanofi-Aventis; Genzyme Corporation; Sanofi-Aventis; Genzyme Corporation
RP Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya, O (corresponding author), Genzyme Corp, Cell Biol, 5 Mt Rd, Framingham, MA 01701 USA.
EM oxana.beskrovnaya@genzyme.com
NR 30
TC 218
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 949
EP 952
DI 10.1038/nature05348
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400061
PM 17122773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, Y
   Bor, YC
   Misawa, Y
   Xue, YM
   Rekosh, D
   Hammarskjöld, ML
AF Li, Ying
   Bor, Yeou-cherng
   Misawa, Yukiko
   Xue, Yuming
   Rekosh, David
   Hammarskjold, Marie-Louise
TI An intron with a constitutive transport element is retained in a Tap messenger RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retention events; mammalian-cells; nuclear export; expression; protein; cte; translation; prediction; isoform
AB Alternative splicing is a key factor contributing to genetic diversity and evolution(1). Intron retention, one form of alternative splicing, is common in plants(2) but rare in higher eukaryotes(3-8), because messenger RNAs with retained introns are subject to cellular restriction at the level of cytoplasmic export and expression(9,10). Often, retention of internal introns restricts the export of these mRNAs and makes them the targets for degradation by the cellular nonsense-mediated decay machinery if they contain premature stop codons(11,12). In fact, many of the database entries for complementary DNAs with retained introns represent them as artefacts that would not affect the proteome(11). Retroviruses are important model systems in studies of regulation of RNAs with retained introns, because their genomic and mRNAs contain one or more unspliced introns(10). For example, Mason - Pfizer monkey virus overcomes cellular restrictions by using a cis-acting RNA element known as the constitutive transport element (CTE)(13). The CTE interacts directly with the Tap protein ( also known as nuclear RNA export factor 1, encoded by NXF1), which is thought to be a principal export receptor for cellular mRNA(14), leading to the hypothesis that cellular mRNAs with retained introns use cellular CTE equivalents to overcome restrictions to their expression(10). Here we show that the Tap gene contains a functional CTE in its alternatively spliced intron 10. Tap mRNA containing this intron is exported to the cytoplasm and is present in polyribosomes. A small Tap protein is encoded by this mRNA and can be detected in human and monkey cells. Our results indicate that Tap regulates expression of its own intron-containing RNA through a CTE-mediated mechanism. Thus, CTEs are likely to be important elements that facilitate efficient expression of mammalian mRNAs with retained introns.
C1 Univ Virginia, Myles H thaler Ctr AIDS & Human Retrovirus Res, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Microbiol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of Virginia
RP Hammarskjöld, ML (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Myles H thaler Ctr AIDS & Human Retrovirus Res, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
EM mh7g@virginia.edu
NR 29
TC 103
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 234
EP 237
DI 10.1038/nature05107
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000052
PM 16971948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daniels, MA
   Teixeiro, E
   Gill, J
   Hausmann, B
   Roubaty, D
   Holmberg, K
   Werlen, G
   Holländer, GA
   Gascoigne, NRJ
   Palmer, E
AF Daniels, Mark A.
   Teixeiro, Emma
   Gill, Jason
   Hausmann, Barbara
   Roubaty, Dominique
   Holmberg, Kaisa
   Werlen, Guy
   Hollaender, Georg A.
   Gascoigne, Nicholas R. J.
   Palmer, Ed
TI Thymic selection threshold defined by compartmentalization of Ras/MAPK signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell-receptor; thymocyte positive selection; class-i molecules; negative selection; cd4(+)cd8(+) thymocytes; antigen-receptor; immune-response; ligand; self; cd8
AB A healthy individual can mount an immune response to exogenous pathogens while avoiding an autoimmune attack on normal tissues. The ability to distinguish between self and non-self is called 'immunological tolerance' and, for T lymphocytes, involves the generation of a diverse pool of functional T cells through positive selection and the removal of overtly self-reactive thymocytes by negative selection during T-cell ontogeny. To elucidate how thymocytes arrive at these cell fate decisions, here we have identified ligands that define an extremely narrow gap spanning the threshold that distinguishes positive from negative selection. We show that, at the selection threshold, a small increase in ligand affinity for the T-cell antigen receptor leads to a marked change in the activation and subcellular localization of Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK) signalling intermediates and the induction of negative selection. The ability to compartmentalize signalling molecules differentially in the cell endows the thymocyte with the ability to convert a small change in analogue input ( affinity) into a digital output ( positive versus negative selection) and provides the basis for establishing central tolerance.
C1 Univ Basel Hosp, Dept Res, Lab Transplantat Immunol & Nephrol, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Childrens Hosp basel, Ctr Biomed, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Immunol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 University of Basel; University of Basel; Scripps Research Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Palmer, E (corresponding author), Univ Basel Hosp, Dept Res, Lab Transplantat Immunol & Nephrol, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
EM ed.palmer@unibas.ch
NR 50
TC 484
Z9 623
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 724
EP 729
DI 10.1038/nature05269
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100052
PM 17086201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woods, NB
   Bottero, V
   Schmidt, M
   von Kalle, C
   Verma, IM
AF Woods, NB
   Bottero, V
   Schmidt, M
   von Kalle, C
   Verma, IM
TI Therapeutic gene causing lymphoma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID severe combined immunodeficiency; common gamma-chain; cytokine receptor; bone-marrow; mice; lymphocytes; cells; model
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Natl Ctr Tumor Dis Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   German Canc Res Ctr, Dept Translat Oncol, Otto Meyerhof Zentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Hosp, Dept Internal Med 1, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Mol Med & Cell Res, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Salk Institute; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Freiburg; University of Freiburg
RP Woods, NB (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM verma@salk.edu
NR 12
TC 232
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1123
EP 1123
DI 10.1038/4401123a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000027
PM 16641981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hozumi, S
   Maeda, R
   Taniguchi, K
   Kanai, M
   Shirakabe, S
   Sasamura, T
   Spéder, P
   Noselli, S
   Aigaki, T
   Murakami, R
   Matsuno, K
AF Hozumi, S
   Maeda, R
   Taniguchi, K
   Kanai, M
   Shirakabe, S
   Sasamura, T
   Spéder, P
   Noselli, S
   Aigaki, T
   Murakami, R
   Matsuno, K
TI An unconventional myosin in Drosophila reverses the default handedness in visceral organs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; dynamics; embryo; cytoskeleton; expression; polarity; hindgut; gtpases; tissue; memory
AB The internal organs of animals often have left - right asymmetry(1,2). Although the formation of the anterior - posterior and dorsal ventral axes in Drosophila is well understood, left - right asymmetry has not been extensively studied. Here we find that the handedness of the embryonic gut and the adult gut and testes is reversed ( not randomized) in viable and fertile homozygous Myo31DF mutants. Myo31DF encodes an unconventional myosin, Drosophila MyoIA ( also referred to as MyoID in mammals; refs 3, 4), and is the first actin-based motor protein to be implicated in left - right patterning. We find that Myo31DF is required in the hindgut epithelium for normal embryonic handedness. Disruption of actin filaments in the hindgut epithelium randomizes the handedness of the embryonic gut, suggesting that Myo31DF function requires the actin cytoskeleton. Consistent with this, we find that Myo31DF colocalizes with the cytoskeleton. Overexpression of Myo61F, another myosin I ( ref. 4), reverses the handedness of the embryonic gut, and its knockdown also causes a left - right patterning defect. These two unconventional myosin I proteins may have antagonistic functions in left - right patterning. We suggest that the actin cytoskeleton and myosin I proteins may be crucial for generating left - right asymmetry in invertebrates.
C1 Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Biol Sci & Technol, Chiba 2788510, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Sci, Genome & Drug Res Ctr, Chiba 2788510, Japan.
   Univ Nice, Inst Signalling Dev Biol & Canc, CNRS, UMR6543, F-06108 Nice 2, France.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   Yamaguchi Univ, Dept Phys Biol & Informat, Yamaguchi 7538512, Japan.
C3 Tokyo University of Science; Tokyo University of Science; Universite Cote d'Azur; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Tokyo Metropolitan University; Yamaguchi University
RP Matsuno, K (corresponding author), Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Biol Sci & Technol, 2641 Yamazaki, Chiba 2788510, Japan.
EM matsuno@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 167
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 798
EP 802
DI 10.1038/nature04625
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400042
PM 16598258
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bousquet, P
   Ciais, P
   Miller, JB
   Dlugokencky, EJ
   Hauglustaine, DA
   Prigent, C
   Van der Werf, GR
   Peylin, P
   Brunke, EG
   Carouge, C
   Langenfelds, RL
   Lathière, J
   Papa, F
   Ramonet, M
   Schmidt, M
   Steele, LP
   Tyler, SC
   White, J
AF Bousquet, P.
   Ciais, P.
   Miller, J. B.
   Dlugokencky, E. J.
   Hauglustaine, D. A.
   Prigent, C.
   Van der Werf, G. R.
   Peylin, P.
   Brunke, E. -G.
   Carouge, C.
   Langenfelds, R. L.
   Lathiere, J.
   Papa, F.
   Ramonet, M.
   Schmidt, M.
   Steele, L. P.
   Tyler, S. C.
   White, J.
TI Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interannual growth-rate; isotopic composition; ch4; emissions; transport; air; co2; inversion; pinatubo; period
AB Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and its atmospheric concentration has nearly tripled since pre-industrial times(1). The growth rate of atmospheric methane is determined by the balance between surface emissions and photochemical destruction by the hydroxyl radical, the major atmospheric oxidant. Remarkably, this growth rate has decreased(2) markedly since the early 1990s, and the level of methane has remained relatively constant since 1999, leading to a downward revision of its projected influence on global temperatures. Large fluctuations in the growth rate of atmospheric methane are also observed from one year to the next(2), but their causes remain uncertain(2-13). Here we quantify the processes that controlled variations in methane emissions between 1984 and 2003 using an inversion model of atmospheric transport and chemistry. Our results indicate that wetland emissions dominated the inter-annual variability of methane sources, whereas fire emissions played a smaller role, except during the 1997 - 1998 El Nino event. These top-down estimates of changes in wetland and fire emissions are in good agreement with independent estimates based on remote sensing information and biogeochemical models. On longer timescales, our results show that the decrease in atmospheric methane growth during the 1990s was caused by a decline in anthropogenic emissions. Since 1999, however, they indicate that anthropogenic emissions of methane have risen again. The effect of this increase on the growth rate of atmospheric methane has been masked by a coincident decrease in wetland emissions, but atmospheric methane levels may increase in the near future if wetland emissions return to their mean 1990s levels.
C1 UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, IPSL,LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Versailles, F-78035 Versailles, France.
   NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Global Monitoring Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Observ Paris, LERMA, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   LBI, F-78026 Versailles, France.
   S African Weather Serv, ZA-7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa.
   CSIRO, Mordialloc, Vic 3195, Australia.
   Columbia Univ, NASA, GISS, New York, NY 10025 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Earth Syst Sci Dept, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Cite; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Columbia University; University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Bousquet, P (corresponding author), UVSQ, CNRS, CEA, IPSL,LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM philippe.bousquet@cea.fr
NR 33
TC 737
Z9 874
U1 6
U2 443
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 439
EP 443
DI 10.1038/nature05132
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800042
PM 17006511
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dumont, S
   Cheng, W
   Serebrov, V
   Beran, RK
   Tinoco, I Jr
   Pyle, AM
   Bustamante, C
AF Dumont, S
   Cheng, W
   Serebrov, V
   Beran, RK
   Tinoco, I Jr
   Pyle, AM
   Bustamante, C
TI RNA translocation and unwinding mechanism of HCVNS3 helicase and its coordination by ATP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-c virus; dna helicase; step-size; crystal-structure; molecules; protein; oligonucleotide; processivity; reveals; binding
AB Helicases are a ubiquitous class of enzymes involved in nearly all aspects of DNA and RNA metabolism. Despite recent progress in understanding their mechanism of action, limited resolution has left inaccessible the detailed mechanisms by which these enzymes couple the rearrangement of nucleic acid structures to the binding and hydrolysis of ATP(1,2). Observing individual mechanistic cycles of these motor proteins is central to understanding their cellular functions. Here we follow in real time, at a resolution of two base pairs and 20 ms, the RNA translocation and unwinding cycles of a hepatitis C virus helicase (NS3) monomer. NS3 is a representative superfamily-2 helicase essential for viral replication(3), and therefore a potentially important drug target(4). We show that the cyclic movement of NS3 is coordinated by ATP in discrete steps of 11 +/- 3 base pairs, and that actual unwinding occurs in rapid smaller substeps of 3.6 +/- 1.3 base pairs, also triggered by ATP binding, indicating that NS3 might move like an inchworm(5,6). This ATP-coupling mechanism is likely to be applicable to other non-hexameric helicases involved in many essential cellular functions. The assay developed here should be useful in investigating a broad range of nucleic acid translocation motors.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Biophys Grad Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Biophys Grad Grp, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM carlos@alice.berkeley.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM010840] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 301
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 105
EP 108
DI 10.1038/nature04331
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700043
PM 16397502
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fynbo, JPU
   Watson, D
   Thöne, CC
   Sollerman, J
   Bloom, JS
   Davis, TM
   Hjorth, J
   Jakobsson, P
   Jorgensen, UG
   Graham, JF
   Fruchter, AS
   Bersier, D
   Kewley, L
   Cassan, A
   Cerón, JMC
   Foley, S
   Gorosabel, J
   Hinse, TC
   Horne, KD
   Jensen, BL
   Klose, S
   Kocevski, D
   Marquette, JB
   Perley, D
   Ramirez-Ruiz, E
   Stritzinger, MD
   Vreeswijk, PM
   Wijers, RAM
   Woller, KG
   Xu, D
   Zub, M
AF Fynbo, Johan P. U.
   Watson, Darach
   Thone, Christina C.
   Sollerman, Jesper
   Bloom, Joshua S.
   Davis, Tamara M.
   Hjorth, Jens
   Jakobsson, Pall
   Jorgensen, Uffe G.
   Graham, John F.
   Fruchter, Andrew S.
   Bersier, David
   Kewley, Lisa
   Cassan, Arnaud
   Ceron, Jose Maria Castro
   Foley, Suzanne
   Gorosabel, Javier
   Hinse, Tobias C.
   Horne, Keith D.
   Jensen, Brian L.
   Klose, Sylvio
   Kocevski, Daniel
   Marquette, Jean-Baptiste
   Perley, Daniel
   Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
   Stritzinger, Maximilian D.
   Vreeswijk, Paul M.
   Wijers, Ralph A. M.
   Woller, Kristian G.
   Xu, Dong
   Zub, Marta
TI No supernovae associated with two long-duration γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emission; collapse; light; disks; hst
AB It is now accepted that long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced during the collapse of a massive star(1,2). The standard 'collapsar' model(3) predicts that a broad-lined and luminous type Ic core-collapse supernova accompanies every long- duration GRB(4). This association has been confirmed in observations of several nearby GRBs(5-9). Here we report that GRB 060505 ( ref. 10) and GRB 060614 ( ref. 11) were not accompanied by supernova emission down to limits hundreds of times fainter than the archetypal supernova SN 1998bw that accompanied GRB 980425, and fainter than any type Ic supernova ever observed(12). Multi-band observations of the early afterglows, as well as spectroscopy of the host galaxies, exclude the possibility of significant dust obscuration and show that the bursts originated in actively star-forming regions. The absence of a supernova to such deep limits is qualitatively different from all previous nearby long- duration GRBs and suggests a new phenomenological type of massive stellar death.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Dark Cosmol Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Stockholm, AlbaNova, Dept Astron, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Heidelberg ZAH, Zentrum AStron, ARI, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Coll Dublin, Sch Phys, Dublin 4, Ireland.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ St Andrews, SUPA Phys Astron, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 70951, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Chile, Dept Astron, Santiago, Chile.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, Fac Sci, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Stockholm University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Hertfordshire; Space Telescope Science Institute; Liverpool John Moores University; University of Hawaii System; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University College Dublin; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); University of St Andrews; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Universidad de Chile; University of Amsterdam
RP Fynbo, JPU (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Dark Cosmol Ctr, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM jfynbo@dark-cosmology.dk
FU STFC [PP/D000890/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D000890/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 425
Z9 458
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1047
EP 1049
DI 10.1038/nature05375
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100049
PM 17183316
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vogeli, KM
   Jin, SW
   Martin, GR
   Stainier, DYR
AF Vogeli, Kevin M.
   Jin, Suk-Won
   Martin, Gail R.
   Stainier, Didier Y. R.
TI A common progenitor for haematopoietic and endothelial lineages in the zebrafish gastrula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells; hemangioblast; organization; commitment; origin
AB It has been proposed that haematopoietic and endothelial cells share a common progenitor, termed the haemangioblast. This idea was initially conceived as a result of the observation that these two cell types develop in close proximity to each other within the embryo(1,2). Support for this hypothesis was provided by studies on single-cell-derived colonies that can produce both haematopoietic and endothelial cells in vitro(3-7). Although these data point towards the existence of a common progenitor for these two lineages, the presence of a bipotential progenitor cell has yet to be demonstrated in vivo. Through the construction of single-cell-resolution fate maps of the zebrafish late blastula and gastrula, we demonstrate that individual cells can give rise to both haematopoietic and endothelial cells. These bipotential progenitors arise along the entire extent of the ventral mesoderm and contribute solely to haematopoietic and endothelial cells. We also find that only a subset of haematopoietic and endothelial cells arise from haemangioblasts. The endothelial descendants of the haemangioblasts all clustered in a specific region of the axial vessels regardless of the location of their progenitors. Our results provide in vivo evidence supporting the existence of the haemangioblast and reveal distinct features of this cell population.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Anat, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Stainier, DYR (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, 1550 4th St, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
EM didier_stainier@biochem.ucsf.edu
NR 18
TC 241
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 337
EP 339
DI 10.1038/nature05045
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000046
PM 16988712
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutko, AR
   Lay, T
   Garnero, EJ
   Revenaugh, J
AF Hutko, AR
   Lay, T
   Garnero, EJ
   Revenaugh, J
TI Seismic detection of folded, subducted lithosphere at the core-mantle boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID post-perovskite phase; shear velocity structure; beneath
AB Seismic tomography has been used to infer that some descending slabs of oceanic lithosphere plunge deep into the Earth's lower mantle(1,2). The fate of these slabs has remained unresolved, but it has been postulated that their ultimate destination is the lower-most few hundred kilometres of the mantle, known as the D '' region. Relatively cold slab material may account for high seismic velocities imaged in D '' beneath areas of long-lived plate subduction, and for reflections from a seismic velocity discontinuity just above the anomalously high wave speed regions(3,4). The D '' discontinuity itself is probably the result of a phase change in relatively low-temperature magnesium silicate perovskite(5,6). Here, we present images of the D '' region beneath the Cocos plate using Kirchhoff migration of horizontally polarized shear waves, and find a 100-km vertical step occurring over less than 100 km laterally in an otherwise flat D '' shear velocity discontinuity. Folding and piling of a cold slab that has reached the core - mantle boundary, as observed in numerical and experimental models, can account for the step by a 100-km elevation of the post-perovskite phase boundary due to a 700 degrees C lateral temperature reduction in the folded slab. We detect localized low velocities at the edge of the slab material, which may result from upwellings caused by the slab laterally displacing a thin hot thermal boundary layer.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Hutko, AR (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM ahutko@pmc.ucsc.edu
NR 27
TC 121
Z9 142
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/nature04757
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200044
PM 16710418
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bulatov, VV
   Hsiung, LL
   Tang, M
   Arsenlis, A
   Bartelt, MC
   Cai, W
   Florando, JN
   Hiratani, M
   Rhee, M
   Hommes, G
   Pierce, TG
   de la Rubia, TD
AF Bulatov, VV
   Hsiung, LL
   Tang, M
   Arsenlis, A
   Bartelt, MC
   Cai, W
   Florando, JN
   Hiratani, M
   Rhee, M
   Hommes, G
   Pierce, TG
   de la Rubia, TD
TI Dislocation multi-junctions and strain hardening
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB At the microscopic scale, the strength of a crystal derives from the motion, multiplication and interaction of distinctive line defects called dislocations. First proposed theoretically in 1934 (refs 1-3) to explain low magnitudes of crystal strength observed experimentally, the existence of dislocations was confirmed two decades later(4,5). Much of the research in dislocation physics has since focused on dislocation interactions and their role in strain hardening, a common phenomenon in which continued deformation increases a crystal's strength. The existing theory relates strain hardening to pair-wise dislocation reactions in which two intersecting dislocations form junctions that tie the dislocations together(6,7). Here we report that interactions among three dislocations result in the formation of unusual elements of dislocation network topology, termed 'multi-junctions'. We first predict the existence of multi-junctions using dislocation dynamics and atomistic simulations and then confirm their existence by transmission electron microscopy experiments in single-crystal molybdenum. In large-scale dislocation dynamics simulations, multi-junctions present very strong, nearly indestructible, obstacles to dislocation motion and furnish new sources for dislocation multiplication, thereby playing an essential role in the evolution of dislocation microstructure and strength of deforming crystals(8). Simulation analyses conclude that multi-junctions are responsible for the strong orientation dependence of strain hardening in body-centred cubic crystals.
C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Stanford University
RP Bulatov, VV (corresponding author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
EM bulatov1@llnl.gov
NR 20
TC 307
Z9 362
U1 6
U2 190
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1174
EP 1178
DI 10.1038/nature04658
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000041
PM 16641992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tiscareno, MS
   Burns, JA
   Hedman, MM
   Porco, CC
   Weiss, JW
   Dones, L
   Richardson, DC
   Murray, CD
AF Tiscareno, MS
   Burns, JA
   Hedman, MM
   Porco, CC
   Weiss, JW
   Dones, L
   Richardson, DC
   Murray, CD
TI 100-metre-diameter moonlets in Saturn's A ring from observations of 'propeller' structures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cassini imaging science; stellar occultation; planetary rings; particles; satellites; disks
AB Saturn's main rings are composed predominantly of water-ice particles ranging between about 1 centimetre and 10 metres in radius. Above this size range, the number of particles drops sharply, according to the interpretation of spacecraft(1) and stellar(2) occultations. Other than the gap moons Pan and Daphnis ( the provisional name of S/2005 S1), which have sizes of several kilometres, no individual bodies in the rings have been directly observed, and the population of ring particles larger than ten metres has been essentially unknown. Here we report the observation of four longitudinal double-streaks in an otherwise bland part of the mid-A ring. We infer that these 'propeller'-shaped perturbations(3-5) arise from the effects of embedded moonlets approximately 40 to 120 m in diameter. Direct observation of this phenomenon validates models of proto-planetary disks in which similar processes are posited(4,6). A population of moonlets, as implied by the size distribution that we find, could help explain gaps in the more tenuous regions of the Cassini division and the C ring(7). The existence of such large embedded moonlets is most naturally compatible with a ring originating in the break-up of a larger body(8-11), but accretion from a circumplanetary disk(12) is also plausible if subsequent growth onto large particles occurs after the primary accretion phase has concluded(13,14).
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Theoret & Appl Mech, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   CICLOPS, Space Sci Inst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Queen Mary Univ London, Astron Unit, London E1 4NS, England.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Tiscareno, MS (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM matthewt@astro.cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 84
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 648
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature04581
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400038
PM 16572165
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zimmermann, TS
   Lee, ACH
   Akinc, A
   Bramlage, B
   Bumcrot, D
   Fedoruk, MN
   Harborth, J
   Heyes, JA
   Jeffs, LB
   John, M
   Judge, AD
   Lam, K
   McClintock, K
   Nechev, LV
   Palmer, LR
   Racie, T
   Röhl, I
   Seiffert, S
   Shanmugam, S
   Sood, V
   Soutschek, J
   Toudjarska, I
   Wheat, AJ
   Yaworski, E
   Zedalis, W
   Koteliansky, V
   Manoharan, M
   Vornlocher, HP
   MacLachlan, I
AF Zimmermann, TS
   Lee, ACH
   Akinc, A
   Bramlage, B
   Bumcrot, D
   Fedoruk, MN
   Harborth, J
   Heyes, JA
   Jeffs, LB
   John, M
   Judge, AD
   Lam, K
   McClintock, K
   Nechev, LV
   Palmer, LR
   Racie, T
   Röhl, I
   Seiffert, S
   Shanmugam, S
   Sood, V
   Soutschek, J
   Toudjarska, I
   Wheat, AJ
   Yaworski, E
   Zedalis, W
   Koteliansky, V
   Manoharan, M
   Vornlocher, HP
   MacLachlan, I
TI RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interfering rna; modified sirnas; pharmacokinetics; cholesterol; inhibition; potent; mice; cell
AB The opportunity to harness the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to silence disease-causing genes holds great promise for the development of therapeutics directed against targets that are otherwise not addressable with current medicines(1,2). Although there are numerous examples of in vivo silencing of target genes after local delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)(3-5), there remain only a few reports of RNAi-mediated silencing in response to systemic delivery of siRNA(6-8), and there are no reports of systemic efficacy in non-rodent species. Here we show that siRNAs, when delivered systemically in a liposomal formulation, can silence the disease target apolipoprotein B (ApoB) in non-human primates. APOB-specific siRNAs were encapsulated in stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALP) and administered by intravenous injection to cynomolgus monkeys at doses of 1 or 2.5 mg kg(-1). A single siRNA injection resulted in dose-dependent silencing of APOB messenger RNA expression in the liver 48 h after administration, with maximal silencing of >90%. This silencing effect occurred as a result of APOB mRNA cleavage at precisely the site predicted for the RNAi mechanism. Significant reductions in ApoB protein, serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were observed as early as 24 h after treatment and lasted for 11 days at the highest siRNA dose, thus demonstrating an immediate, potent and lasting biological effect of siRNA treatment. Our findings show clinically relevant RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates, supporting RNAi therapeutics as a potential new class of drugs.
C1 Alnylam Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Protiva Biotherapeut Inc, Burnaby, BC V5G 4Y1, Canada.
   Alnylam Europe AG, D-95326 Kulmbach, Germany.
C3 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals
RP Zimmermann, TS (corresponding author), Alnylam Pharmaceut Inc, 300 3rd St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM tzimmermann@alnylam.com; ian@protivabio.com
NR 19
TC 1183
Z9 1713
U1 3
U2 226
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 111
EP 114
DI 10.1038/nature04688
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600043
PM 16565705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kash, JC
   Tumpey, TM
   Proll, SC
   Carter, V
   Perwitasari, O
   Thomas, MJ
   Basler, CF
   Palese, P
   Taubenberger, JK
   García-Sastre, A
   Swayne, DE
   Katze, MG
AF Kash, John C.
   Tumpey, Terrence M.
   Proll, Sean C.
   Carter, Victoria
   Perwitasari, Olivia
   Thomas, Matthew J.
   Basler, Christopher F.
   Palese, Peter
   Taubenberger, Jeffery K.
   Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo
   Swayne, David E.
   Katze, Michael G.
TI Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pandemic virus; a virus; enhanced virulence; genes; macrophages; hemagglutinin; mice; pathogenesis; mortality; segment
AB The influenza pandemic of 1918 - 19 was responsible for about 50 million deaths worldwide(1). Modern histopathological analysis of autopsy samples from human influenza cases from 1918 revealed significant damage to the lungs with acute, focal bronchitis and alveolitis associated with massive pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage and rapid destruction of the respiratory epithelium(2). The contribution of the host immune response leading to this severe pathology remains largely unknown. Here we show, in a comprehensive analysis of the global host response induced by the 1918 influenza virus, that mice infected with the reconstructed 1918 influenza virus displayed an increased and accelerated activation of host immune response genes associated with severe pulmonary pathology. We found that mice infected with a virus containing all eight genes from the pandemic virus showed marked activation of pro-inflammatory and cell-death pathways by 24 h after infection that remained unabated until death on day 5. This was in contrast with smaller host immune responses as measured at the genomic level, accompanied by less severe disease pathology and delays in death in mice infected with influenza viruses containing only subsets of 1918 genes. The results indicate a cooperative interaction between the 1918 influenza genes and show that study of the virulence of the 1918 influenza virus requires the use of the fully reconstructed virus. With recent concerns about the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses into humans and their potential to cause a worldwide pandemic with disastrous health and economic consequences, a comprehensive understanding of the global host response to the 1918 virus is crucial. Moreover, understanding the contribution of host immune responses to virulent influenza virus infections is an important starting point for the identification of prognostic indicators and the development of novel antiviral therapies.
C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   NCID, Influenza Branch, DVRD, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
   Washington Natl Primate Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
   Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Mol Pathol, Dept Cellular Pathol & Genet, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Agr Res Lab, Athens, GA 30606 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention - USA; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; United States Department of Defense; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
RP Kash, JC (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM jkash@u.washington.edu
FU Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 AI000986] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 464
Z9 541
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 578
EP 581
DI 10.1038/nature05181
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200044
PM 17006449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bordignon, C
AF Bordignon, Claudio
TI Stem-cell therapies for blood diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID severe combined immunodeficiency; gene-therapy; bone-marrow; transplantation; lymphocytes
AB For decades, transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells-either unmodified, or genetically modified to correct genetic disorders-has been used to treat disorders of the blood and immune systems. The present challenge is to reduce the risk of such transplants and increase the number of patients who can safely access this treatment. In developing countries, such 'one-shot' treatments are highly desirable because chronic treatments are difficult to sustain. To make these therapies more accessible and effective it will be important to improve clinical protocols and gene-delivery vectors, and to gain a deeper understanding of stem cells.
C1 Univ Vita Salute, Ist Sci San Raffaele, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele
RP Bordignon, C (corresponding author), Univ Vita Salute, Ist Sci San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
EM bordignon.claudio@hsr.it
NR 26
TC 54
Z9 76
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1100
EP 1102
DI 10.1038/nature04962
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500039
PM 16810247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arnold, K
   Zuberbühler, K
AF Arnold, K
   Zuberbühler, K
TI Semantic combinations in primate calls
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkeys
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, St Andrews KY16 9JP, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Arnold, K (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Psychol, St Andrews KY16 9JP, Fife, Scotland.
EM kz3@st-and.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 280
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 120
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 303
EP 303
DI 10.1038/441303a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200035
PM 16710411
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gonzalez, S
   Klatt, P
   Delgado, S
   Conde, E
   Lopez-Rios, F
   Sanchez-Cespedes, M
   Mendez, J
   Antequera, F
   Serrano, M
AF Gonzalez, S
   Klatt, P
   Delgado, S
   Conde, E
   Lopez-Rios, F
   Sanchez-Cespedes, M
   Mendez, J
   Antequera, F
   Serrano, M
TI RETRACTED: Oncogenic activity of Cdc6 through repression of the INK4/ARF locus (Retracted article. See vol. 547, pg. 246, 2017)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID origin recognition complex; dna-replication; human-cells; initiation sites; tumor; proteins; identification; transcription; methylation; p16(ink4a)
AB The INK4/ARF locus encodes three tumour suppressors (p15(INK4b), ARF and p16(INK4a)) and is among the most frequently inactivated loci in human cancer(1,2). However, little is known about the mechanisms that govern the expression of this locus. Here we have identified a putative DNA replication origin at the INK4/ARF locus that assembles a multiprotein complex containing Cdc6, Orc2 and MCMs, and that coincides with a conserved noncoding DNA element ( regulatory domain RDINK4/ARF). Targeted and localized RNA-interference-induced heterochromatinization of RDINK4/ARF results in transcriptional repression of the locus, revealing that RDINK4/ARF is a relevant transcriptional regulatory element. Cdc6 is overexpressed in human cancers, where it might have roles in addition to DNA replication(3-5). We have found that high levels of Cdc6 result in RDINK4/ARF-dependent transcriptional repression, recruitment of histone deacetylases and heterochromatinization of the INK4/ARF locus, and a concomitant decrease in the expression of the three tumour suppressors encoded by this locus. This mechanism is reminiscent of the silencing of the mating-type HM loci in yeast by replication factors(6). Consistent with its ability to repress the INK4/ARF locus, Cdc6 has cellular immortalization activity and neoplastic transformation capacity in cooperation with oncogenic Ras. Furthermore, human lung carcinomas with high levels of Cdc6 are associated with low levels of p16(INK4a). We conclude that aberrant expression of Cdc6 is oncogenic by directly repressing the INK4/ARF locus through the RDINK4/ARF element.
C1 Spanish Natl Canc Res Ctr CNIO, Tumor Suppress Grp, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
   Spanish Natl Canc Res Ctr CNIO, Lung Canc Grp, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
   Spanish Natl Canc Res Ctr CNIO, DNA Replicat Grp, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Salamanca, CSIC, Inst Microbiol Bioquim, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
   Hosp Univ 12 Octubre, Dept Anat Patol, E-28041 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC-USAL - Instituto de Biologia Funcional y Genomica (IBFG); University of Salamanca; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre
RP Serrano, M (corresponding author), Spanish Natl Canc Res Ctr CNIO, Tumor Suppress Grp, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
EM mserrano@cnio.es
NR 28
TC 150
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 702
EP 706
DI 10.1038/nature04585
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400051
PM 16572177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McLaughlin, MA
   Lyne, AG
   Lorimer, DR
   Kramer, M
   Faulkner, AJ
   Manchester, RN
   Cordes, JM
   Camilo, F
   Possenti, A
   Stairs, IH
   Hobbs, G
   D'Amico, N
   Burgay, M
   O'Brien, JT
AF McLaughlin, MA
   Lyne, AG
   Lorimer, DR
   Kramer, M
   Faulkner, AJ
   Manchester, RN
   Cordes, JM
   Camilo, F
   Possenti, A
   Stairs, IH
   Hobbs, G
   D'Amico, N
   Burgay, M
   O'Brien, JT
TI Transient radio bursts from rotating neutron stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multibeam pulsar survey; giant pulses; discovery
AB The radio sky is relatively unexplored for transient signals(1), although the potential of radio-transient searches is high. This was demonstrated recently by the discovery of a previously unknown type of source(2,3), varying on timescales of minutes to hours. Here we report a search for radio sources that vary on much shorter timescales. We found eleven objects characterized by single, dispersed bursts having durations between 2 and 30 ms. The average time intervals between bursts range from 4 min to 3 h with radio emission typically detectable for < 1 s per day. From an analysis of the burst arrival times, we have identified periodicities in the range 0.4 - 7 s for ten of the eleven sources, suggesting origins in rotating neutron stars. Despite the small number of sources detected at present, their ephemeral nature implies a total Galactic population significantly exceeding that of the regularly pulsing radio pulsars. Five of the ten sources have periods > 4 s, and the rate of change of the pulse period has been measured for three of them; for one source, we have inferred a high magnetic field strength of 5 x 10(13) G. This suggests that the new population is related to other classes of isolated neutron stars observed at X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths(4).
C1 Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Natl Astron & Ionosphere Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   INAF, Osservatorio Astron Cagliari, I-09012 Capoterra, Italy.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys & Astron, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
   Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy.
C3 University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; Cornell University; Cornell University; Columbia University; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of British Columbia; University of Cagliari
RP McLaughlin, MA (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
EM Maura.McLaughlin@manchester.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 538
Z9 655
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 817
EP 820
DI 10.1038/nature04440
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600042
PM 16482150
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Griffiths, S
   Sharp, R
   Foote, TN
   Bertin, I
   Wanous, M
   Reader, S
   Colas, I
   Moore, G
AF Griffiths, S
   Sharp, R
   Foote, TN
   Bertin, I
   Wanous, M
   Reader, S
   Colas, I
   Moore, G
TI Molecular characterization of Ph1 as a major chromosome pairing locus in polyploid wheat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID triticum-aestivum; hexaploid wheat; genetic control; common wheat; bac library; construction; turgidum; homolog; genm
AB The foundation of western civilization owes much to the high fertility of bread wheat, which results from the stability of its polyploid genome. Despite possessing multiple sets of related chromosomes, hexaploid ( bread) and tetraploid ( pasta) wheat both behave as diploids at meiosis. Correct pairing of homologous chromosomes is controlled by the Ph1 locus(1). In wheat hybrids, Ph1 prevents pairing between related chromosomes(2). Lack of Ph1 activity in diploid relatives of wheat suggests that Ph1 arose on polyploidization(3). Absence of phenotypic variation, apart from dosage effects, and the failure of ethylmethane sulphonate treatment to yield mutants, indicates that Ph1 has a complex structure(4,5). Here we have localized Ph1 to a 2.5-megabase interstitial region of wheat chromosome 5B containing a structure consisting of a segment of subtelomeric heterochromatin that inserted into a cluster of cdc2-related genes after polyploidization. The correlation of the presence of this structure with Ph1 activity in related species, and the involvement of heterochromatin with Ph1 (ref. 6) and cdc2 genes with meiosis, makes the structure a good candidate for the Ph1 locus.
C1 Augustana Coll, Sioux Falls, SD 57197 USA.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Moore, G (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM graham.moore@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 391
Z9 456
U1 3
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 749
EP 752
DI 10.1038/nature04434
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100050
PM 16467840
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, PP
   Tevaarwerk, E
   Park, BN
   Savage, DE
   Celler, GK
   Knezevic, I
   Evans, PG
   Eriksson, MA
   Lagally, MG
AF Zhang, PP
   Tevaarwerk, E
   Park, BN
   Savage, DE
   Celler, GK
   Knezevic, I
   Evans, PG
   Eriksson, MA
   Lagally, MG
TI Electronic transport in nanometre-scale silicon-on-insulator membranes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conduction; scattering; si(001)
AB The widely used 'silicon-on-insulator' (SOI) system consists of a layer of single-crystalline silicon supported on a silicon dioxide substrate. When this silicon layer ( the template layer) is very thin, the assumption that an effectively infinite number of atoms contributes to its physical properties no longer applies, and new electronic, mechanical and thermodynamic phenomena arise(1-4), distinct from those of bulk silicon. The development of unusual electronic properties with decreasing layer thickness is particularly important for silicon microelectronic devices, in which (001)-oriented SOI is often used(5-7). Here we show - using scanning tunnelling microscopy, electronic transport measurements, and theory - that electronic conduction in thin SOI( 001) is determined not by bulk dopants but by the interaction of surface or interface electronic energy levels with the 'bulk' band structure of the thin silicon template layer. This interaction enables high-mobility carrier conduction in nanometre-scale SOI; conduction in even the thinnest membranes or layers of Si( 001) is therefore possible, independent of any considerations of bulk doping, provided that the proper surface or interface states are available to enable the thermal excitation of 'bulk' carriers in the silicon layer.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Soitec USA, Peabody, MA 01960 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Lagally, MG (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM lagally@engr.wisc.edu
NR 28
TC 174
Z9 238
U1 1
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 703
EP 706
DI 10.1038/nature04501
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100039
PM 16467833
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cardinale, BJ
   Srivastava, DS
   Duffy, JE
   Wright, JP
   Downing, AL
   Sankaran, M
   Jouseau, C
AF Cardinale, Bradley J.
   Srivastava, Diane S.
   Duffy, J. Emmett
   Wright, Justin P.
   Downing, Amy L.
   Sankaran, Mahesh
   Jouseau, Claire
TI Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-diversity; plant diversity; productivity; richness; ecology; future; alters
AB Over the past decade, accelerating rates of species extinction have prompted an increasing number of studies to reduce species diversity experimentally and examine how this alters the efficiency by which communities capture resources and convert those into biomass(1,2). So far, the generality of patterns and processes observed in individual studies have been the subjects of considerable debate(3-7). Here we present a formal meta-analysis of studies that have experimentally manipulated species diversity to examine how it affects the functioning of numerous trophic groups in multiple types of ecosystem. We show that the average effect of decreasing species richness is to decrease the abundance or biomass of the focal trophic group, leading to less complete depletion of resources used by that group. At the same time, analyses reveal that the standing stock of, and resource depletion by, the most species-rich polyculture tends to be no different from that of the single most productive species used in an experiment. Of the known mechanisms that might explain these trends, results are most consistent with what is called the 'sampling effect', which occurs when diverse communities are more likely to contain and become dominated by the most productive species. Whether this mechanism is widespread in natural communities is currently controversial. Patterns we report are remarkably consistent for four different trophic groups ( producers, herbivores, detritivores and predators) and two major ecosystem types ( aquatic and terrestrial). Collectively, our analyses suggest that the average species loss does indeed affect the functioning of a wide variety of organisms and ecosystems, but the magnitude of these effects is ultimately determined by the identity of species that are going extinct.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
   Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Ohio Wesleyan Univ, Dept Zool, Delaware, OH 43015 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Fac Biol Sci, Inst Integrat & Comparat Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Environm Biol, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of British Columbia; William & Mary; Virginia Institute of Marine Science; Duke University; University System of Ohio; Ohio Wesleyan University; University of Leeds; Columbia University
RP Cardinale, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM cardinale@lifesci.ucsb.edu
NR 30
TC 1410
Z9 1754
U1 8
U2 1289
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 989
EP 992
DI 10.1038/nature05202
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400054
PM 17066035
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamada, S
   Suzuki, Y
   Suzuki, T
   Le, MQ
   Nidom, CA
   Sakai-Tagawa, Y
   Muramoto, Y
   Ito, M
   Kiso, M
   Horimoto, T
   Shinya, K
   Sawada, T
   Kiso, M
   Usui, T
   Murata, T
   Lin, YP
   Hay, A
   Haire, LF
   Stevens, DJ
   Russell, RJ
   Gamblin, SJ
   Skehel, JJ
   Kawaoka, Y
AF Yamada, Shinya
   Suzuki, Yasuo
   Suzuki, Takashi
   Le, Mai Q.
   Nidom, Chairul A.
   Sakai-Tagawa, Yuko
   Muramoto, Yukiko
   Ito, Mutsumi
   Kiso, Maki
   Horimoto, Taisuke
   Shinya, Kyoko
   Sawada, Toshihiko
   Kiso, Makoto
   Usui, Taiichi
   Murata, Takeomi
   Lin, Yipu
   Hay, Alan
   Haire, Lesley F.
   Stevens, David J.
   Russell, Rupert J.
   Gamblin, Steven J.
   Skehel, John J.
   Kawaoka, Yoshihiro
TI Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID avian influenza; amino-acid; specificity; infection; h2
AB H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread to numerous countries in Asia, Europe and Africa, infecting not only large numbers of poultry, but also an increasing number of humans, often with lethal effects(1,2). Human and avian influenza A viruses differ in their recognition of host cell receptors: the former preferentially recognize receptors with saccharides terminating in sialic acid-alpha 2,6-galactose ( SA alpha 2,6Gal), whereas the latter prefer those ending in SA alpha 2,3Gal ( refs 3 - 6). A conversion from SA alpha 2,3Gal to SA alpha 2,6Gal recognition is thought to be one of the changes that must occur before avian influenza viruses can replicate efficiently in humans and acquire the potential to cause a pandemic. By identifying mutations in the receptor- binding haemagglutinin ( HA) molecule that would enable avian H5N1 viruses to recognize human- type host cell receptors, it may be possible to predict ( and thus to increase preparedness for) the emergence of pandemic viruses. Here we show that some H5N1 viruses isolated from humans can bind to both human and avian receptors, in contrast to those isolated from chickens and ducks, which recognize the avian receptors exclusively. Mutations at positions 182 and 192 independently convert the HAs of H5N1 viruses known to recognize the avian receptor to ones that recognize the human receptor. Analysis of the crystal structure of the HA from an H5N1 virus used in our genetic experiments shows that the locations of these amino acids in the HA molecule are compatible with an effect on receptor binding. The amino acid changes that we identify might serve as molecular markers for assessing the pandemic potential of H5N1 field isolates.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Div Virol, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Int Res Ctr Infect Dis, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Core Res Evolut Sci & Technol, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Chubu Univ, Coll Life & Hlth Sci, Aichi 4878501, Japan.
   Univ Shizuoka, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Biochem, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan.
   COE Program 21st Century, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan.
   Natl Inst Hyg & Epidemiol, Hanoi, Vietnam.
   Airlangga Univ, Trop Dis Ctr, Avian Influenza Lab, Surabaya, Indonesia.
   Tottori Univ, Avian Zoonosis Res Ctr, Tottori 6808553, Japan.
   Gifu Univ, United Grad Sch Agr Sci, Dept Appl Bioorgan Chem, Gifu 5011193, Japan.
   Univ Shizuoka, Dept Appl Biol Chem, Shizuoka 4228529, Japan.
   MRC, Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Chubu University; University of Shizuoka; National Institute of Hygiene & Epidemiology (NIHE); Airlangga University; Tottori University; Gifu University; University of Shizuoka; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Kawaoka, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Div Virol, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
EM kawaoka@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
FU MRC [MC_U117512708, MC_U117512711, G0600522] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U117512708, G0600522, MC_U117512711] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [MC_U117512711, G0600522, MC_U117512708] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 530
Z9 628
U1 1
U2 84
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 378
EP 382
DI 10.1038/nature05264
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300051
PM 17108965
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pennacchio, LA
   Ahituv, N
   Moses, AM
   Prabhakar, S
   Nobrega, MA
   Shoukry, M
   Minovitsky, S
   Dubchak, I
   Holt, A
   Lewis, KD
   Plajzer-Frick, I
   Akiyama, J
   De Val, S
   Afzal, V
   Black, BL
   Couronne, O
   Eisen, MB
   Visel, A
   Rubin, EM
AF Pennacchio, Len A.
   Ahituv, Nadav
   Moses, Alan M.
   Prabhakar, Shyam
   Nobrega, Marcelo A.
   Shoukry, Malak
   Minovitsky, Simon
   Dubchak, Inna
   Holt, Amy
   Lewis, Keith D.
   Plajzer-Frick, Ingrid
   Akiyama, Jennifer
   De Val, Sarah
   Afzal, Veena
   Black, Brian L.
   Couronne, Olivier
   Eisen, Michael B.
   Visel, Axel
   Rubin, Edward M.
TI In vivo enhancer analysis of human conserved non-coding sequences
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; gene; mutations; forkhead; domains; sall1
AB Identifying the sequences that direct the spatial and temporal expression of genes and defining their function in vivo remains a significant challenge in the annotation of vertebrate genomes. One major obstacle is the lack of experimentally validated training sets. In this study, we made use of extreme evolutionary sequence conservation as a filter to identify putative gene regulatory elements, and characterized the in vivo enhancer activity of a large group of non-coding elements in the human genome that are conserved in human-pufferfish, Takifugu (Fugu) rubripes, or ultra-conserved(1) in human-mouse-rat. Wetested 167 of these extremely conserved sequences in a transgenic mouse enhancer assay. Here we report that 45% of these sequences functioned reproducibly as tissue-specific enhancers of gene expression at embryonic day 11.5. While directing expression in a broad range of anatomical structures in the embryo, the majority of the 75 enhancers directed expression to various regions of the developing nervous system. We identified sequence signatures enriched in a subset of these elements that targeted forebrain expression, and used these features to rank all 3,100 non-coding elements in the human genome that are conserved between human and Fugu. The testing of the top predictions in transgenic mice resulted in a threefold enrichment for sequences with forebrain enhancer activity. These data dramatically expand the catalogue of human gene enhancers that have been characterized in vivo, and illustrate the utility of such training sets for a variety of biological applications, including decoding the regulatory vocabulary of the human genome.
C1 US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genom Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Joint BioEnergy Institute - JBEI; Joint Genome Institute - JGI; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Pennacchio, LA (corresponding author), US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
EM LAPennacchio@lbl.gov
NR 29
TC 931
Z9 1193
U1 2
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 499
EP 502
DI 10.1038/nature05295
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700049
PM 17086198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roeffaers, MBJ
   Sels, BF
   Uji-i, H
   De Schryver, FC
   Jacobs, PA
   De Vos, DE
   Hofkens, J
AF Roeffaers, MBJ
   Sels, BF
   Uji-i, H
   De Schryver, FC
   Jacobs, PA
   De Vos, DE
   Hofkens, J
TI Spatially resolved observation of crystal-face-dependent catalysis by single turnover counting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anionic clays; hydrotalcites; exchange
AB Catalytic processes on surfaces have long been studied by probing model reactions on single-crystal metal surfaces under high vacuum conditions. Yet the vast majority of industrial heterogeneous catalysis occurs at ambient or elevated pressures using complex materials with crystal faces, edges and defects differing in their catalytic activity. Clearly, if new or improved catalysts are to be rationally designed, we require quantitative correlations between surface features and catalytic activity - ideally obtained under realistic reaction conditions(1-3). Transmission electron microscopy(4-6) and scanning tunnelling microscopy(7,8) have allowed in situ characterization of catalyst surfaces with atomic resolution, but are limited by the need for low-pressure conditions and conductive surfaces, respectively. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy can identify vibrations of adsorbed reactants and products in both gaseous and condensed phases(9), but so far lacks sensitivity down to the single molecule level. Here we adapt real-time monitoring of the chemical transformation of individual organic molecules by fluorescence microscopy(10-12) to monitor reactions catalysed by crystals of a layered double hydroxide immersed in reagent solution. By using a wide field microscope, we are able to map the spatial distribution of catalytic activity over the entire crystal by counting single turnover events. We find that ester hydrolysis proceeds on the lateral {10 (1) over bar0} crystal faces, while transesterification occurs on the entire outer crystal surface. Because the method operates at ambient temperature and pressure and in a condensed phase, it can be applied to the growing number of liquid-phase industrial organic transformations to localize catalytic activity on and in inorganic solids. An exciting opportunity is the use of probe molecules with different size and functionality, which should provide insight into shape-selective or structure-sensitive catalysis(13-15) and thus help with the rational design of new or more productive heterogeneous catalysts.
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Microbial Syst, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Mol Syst, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Div Mol & Nano Mat, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven; KU Leuven; KU Leuven
RP De Vos, DE (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Microbial Syst, Kasteelpk Arenberg 23, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
EM dirk.devos@biw.kuleuven.be; johan.hofkens@chem.kuleuven.be
NR 30
TC 406
Z9 457
U1 3
U2 326
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 572
EP 575
DI 10.1038/nature04502
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900037
PM 16452976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amdam, GV
   Csondes, A
   Fondrk, MK
   Page, RE Jr
AF Amdam, GV
   Csondes, A
   Fondrk, MK
   Page, RE Jr
TI Complex social behaviour derived from maternal reproductive traits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-level selection; honey-bee; organization; eusociality; origin
AB A fundamental goal of sociobiology is to explain how complex social behaviour evolves(1), especially in social insects, the exemplars of social living. Although still the subject of much controversy(2), recent theoretical explanations have focused on the evolutionary origins of worker behaviour ( assistance from daughters that remain in the nest and help their mother to reproduce) through expression of maternal care behaviour towards siblings(3,4). A key prediction of this evolutionary model is that traits involved in maternal care have been co-opted through heterochronous expression of maternal genes(5) to result in sib-care, the hallmark of highly evolved social life in insects(6). A coupling of maternal behaviour to reproductive status evolved in solitary insects, and was a ready substrate for the evolution of worker-containing societies(3,4,7,8). Here we show that division of foraging labour among worker honey bees ( Apis mellifera) is linked to the reproductive status of facultatively sterile females. We thereby identify the evolutionary origin of a widely expressed social-insect behavioural syndrome(1,5,7,9), and provide a direct demonstration of how variation in maternal reproductive traits gives rise to complex social behaviour in non-reproductive helpers.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Life Sci, Dept Anim & Aquacultural Sci, N-1432 As, Norway.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Amdam, GV (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM Gro.Amdam@asu.edu; Robert.Page@asu.edu
FU NIA NIH HHS [P01 AG022500] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 229
Z9 266
U1 1
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 76
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature04340
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700037
PM 16397498
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarosz, DF
   Godoy, VG
   Delaney, JC
   Essigmann, JM
   Walker, GC
AF Jarosz, DF
   Godoy, VG
   Delaney, JC
   Essigmann, JM
   Walker, GC
TI A single amino acid governs enhanced activity of DinB DNA polymerases on damaged templates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; lesion-bypass; error-prone; pol-iv; mutagenesis; ribonucleotides; mutations; adducts; roles; gene
AB Translesion synthesis (TLS) by Y-family DNA polymerases is a chief mechanism of DNA damage tolerance(1). Such TLS can be accurate or error-prone, as it is for bypass of a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer by DNA polymerase h (XP-V or Rad30) or bypass of a (6-4) TT photoproduct by DNA polymerase V (UmuD'C-2), respectively(2,3). Although DinB is the only Y-family DNA polymerase conserved among all domains of life, the biological rationale for this striking conservation has remained enigmatic(4). Here we report that the Escherichia coli dinB gene is required for resistance to some DNA-damaging agents that form adducts at the N-2-position of deoxyguanosine (dG). We show that DinB (DNA polymerase IV) catalyses accurate TLS over one such N-2-dG adduct (N-2-furfuryl-dG), and that DinB and its mammalian orthologue, DNA polymerase kappa, insert deoxycytidine (dC) opposite N-2-furfuryl-dG with 10-15-fold greater catalytic proficiency than opposite undamaged dG. We also show that mutating a single amino acid, the 'steric gate' residue of DinB (Phe13 --> Val) and that of its archaeal homologue Dbh (Phe12 --> Ala), separates the abilities of these enzymes to perform TLS over N-2-dG adducts from their abilities to replicate an undamaged template. We propose that DinB and its orthologues are specialized to catalyse relatively accurate TLS over some N-2-dG adducts that are ubiquitous in nature, that lesion bypass occurs more efficiently than synthesis on undamaged DNA, and that this specificity may be achieved at least in part through a lesion-induced conformational change.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Biol Engn Div, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Walker, GC (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM gwalker@mit.edu
NR 28
TC 204
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 225
EP 228
DI 10.1038/nature04318
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400045
PM 16407906
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JW
   Beebe, K
   Nangle, LA
   Jang, JS
   Longo-Guess, CM
   Cook, SA
   Davisson, MT
   Sundberg, JP
   Schimmel, P
   Ackerman, SL
AF Lee, Jeong Woong
   Beebe, Kirk
   Nangle, Leslie A.
   Jang, Jaeseon
   Longo-Guess, Chantal M.
   Cook, Susan A.
   Davisson, Muriel T.
   Sundberg, John P.
   Schimmel, Paul
   Ackerman, Susan L.
TI Editing-defective tRNA synthetase causes protein misfolding and neurodegeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marinesco-sjogren-syndrome; endoplasmic-reticulum; molecular chaperones; major determinant; escherichia-coli; cell viability; diseases; sil1; discrimination; aggregation
AB Misfolded proteins are associated with several pathological conditions including neurodegeneration. Although some of these abnormally folded proteins result from mutations in genes encoding disease-associated proteins (for example, repeat-expansion diseases), more general mechanisms that lead to misfolded proteins in neurons remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that low levels of mischarged transfer RNAs (tRNAs) can lead to an intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins in neurons. These accumulations are accompanied by upregulation of cytoplasmic protein chaperones and by induction of the unfolded protein response. We report that the mouse sticky mutation, which causes cerebellar Purkinje cell loss and ataxia, is a missense mutation in the editing domain of the alanyl-tRNA synthetase gene that compromises the proofreading activity of this enzyme during aminoacylation of tRNAs. These findings demonstrate that disruption of translational fidelity in terminally differentiated neurons leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and cell death, and provide a novel mechanism underlying neurodegeneration.
C1 Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Skaggs Inst Chem Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
C3 Jackson Laboratory; Scripps Research Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Ackerman, SL (corresponding author), Jackson Lab, 600 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
EM susan.ackerman@jax.org
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS042613] Funding Source: Medline
NR 35
TC 513
Z9 662
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 50
EP 55
DI 10.1038/nature05096
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900036
PM 16906134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santoro, M
   Gorelli, FA
   Bini, R
   Ruocco, G
   Scandolo, S
   Crichton, WA
AF Santoro, Mario
   Gorelli, Federico A.
   Bini, Roberto
   Ruocco, Giancarlo
   Scandolo, Sandro
   Crichton, Wilson A.
TI Amorphous silica-like carbon dioxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; raman-spectroscopy; crystal-structure; co2; phase; nitrogen; quartz
AB Among the group IV elements, only carbon forms stable double bonds with oxygen at ambient conditions. At variance with silica and germania, the non-molecular single-bonded crystalline form of carbon dioxide, phase V, only exists at high pressure(1-9). The amorphous forms of silica (a-SiO2) and germania (a-GeO2) are well known at ambient conditions; however, the amorphous, non-molecular form of CO2 has so far been described only as a result of first-principles simulations(9). Here we report the synthesis of an amorphous, silica-like form of carbon dioxide, a-CO2, which we call 'a-carbonia'. The compression of the molecular phase III of CO2 between 40 and 48 GPa at room temperature initiated the transformation to the non-molecular amorphous phase. Infrared spectra measured at temperatures up to 680 K show the progressive formation of C-O single bonds and the simultaneous disappearance of all molecular signatures. Furthermore, state-of-the-art Raman and synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements on temperature-quenched samples confirm the amorphous character of the material. Comparison with vibrational and diffraction data for a-SiO2 and a-GeO2, as well as with the structure factor calculated for the a-CO2 sample obtained by first-principles molecular dynamics(9), shows that a-CO2 is structurally homologous to the other group IV dioxide glasses. We therefore conclude that the class of archetypal network-forming disordered systems, including a-SiO2, a-GeO2 and water, must be extended to include a-CO2.
C1 European Lab Nonlinear Spect, LENS, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   INFM, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, CNR, INFM, CRS,SOFT, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Florence, Dipartimento Chim, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
   INFM, Democritos Natl Smithsonian Ctr, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   European Synchrotron Res Facil, F-38043 Grenoble, France.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); Sapienza University Rome; University of Florence; Sapienza University Rome; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Gorelli, FA (corresponding author), European Lab Nonlinear Spect, LENS, Via N Carrara 1, I-50019 Florence, Italy.
EM gorelli@lens.unifi.it
NR 27
TC 143
Z9 149
U1 0
U2 140
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 857
EP 860
DI 10.1038/nature04879
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100038
PM 16778885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langowski, JL
   Zhang, XQ
   Wu, LL
   Mattson, JD
   Chen, TY
   Smith, K
   Basham, B
   McClanahan, T
   Kastelein, RA
   Oft, M
AF Langowski, John L.
   Zhang, Xueqing
   Wu, Lingling
   Mattson, Jeanine D.
   Chen, Taiying
   Smith, Kathy
   Basham, Beth
   McClanahan, Terrill
   Kastelein, Robert A.
   Oft, Martin
TI IL-23 promotes tumour incidence and growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID autoimmune inflammation; adaptive immunity; t-cells; cancer; skin; distinct; interleukin-12; resistance; cytokine; il-12
AB Chronic inflammation has long been associated with increased incidence of malignancy and similarities in the regulatory mechanisms have been suggested for more than a century(1). Infiltration of innate immune cells, elevated activities of matrix metalloproteases and increased angiogenesis and vasculature density are a few examples of the similarities between chronic and tumour-associated inflammation(2). Conversely, the elimination of early malignant lesions by immune surveillance, which relies on the cytotoxic activity of tumour-infiltrating T cells or intra-epithelial lymphocytes, is thought to be rate-limiting for the risk to develop cancer(3). Here we show a molecular connection between the rise in tumour-associated inflammation and a lack of tumour immune surveillance. Expression of the heterodimeric cytokine interleukin (IL)-23, but not of its close relative IL-12, is increased in human tumours. Expression of these cytokines antagonistically regulates local inflammatory responses in the tumour microenvironment and infiltration of intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Whereas IL-12 promotes infiltration of cytotoxic T cells, IL-23 promotes inflammatory responses such as upregulation of the matrix metalloprotease MMP9, and increases angiogenesis but reduces CD8 T-cell infiltration. Genetic deletion or antibody-mediated elimination of IL-23 leads to increased infiltration of cytotoxic T cells into the transformed tissue, rendering a protective effect against chemically induced carcinogenesis. Finally, transplanted tumours are growth-restricted in hosts depleted for IL-23 or in IL-23-receptor-deficient mice. Although many strategies for immune therapy of cancer attempt to stimulate an immune response against solid tumours, infiltration of effector cells into the tumour tissue often appears to be a critical hurdle(4-7). We show that IL-23 is an important molecular link between tumour-promoting pro-inflammatory processes and the failure of the adaptive immune surveillance to infiltrate tumours.
C1 Schering Plough BioPharma, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Merck & Company
RP Oft, M (corresponding author), Schering Plough BioPharma, 901 Calif Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM martin.oft@spcorp.com
NR 30
TC 842
Z9 1033
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 461
EP 465
DI 10.1038/nature04808
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900045
PM 16688182
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gwack, Y
   Sharma, S
   Nardone, J
   Tanasa, B
   Iuga, A
   Srikanth, S
   Okamura, H
   Bolton, D
   Feske, S
   Hogan, PG
   Rao, AJ
AF Gwack, Yousang
   Sharma, Sonia
   Nardone, Julie
   Tanasa, Bogdan
   Iuga, Alina
   Srikanth, Sonal
   Okamura, Heidi
   Bolton, Diana
   Feske, Stefan
   Hogan, Patrick G.
   Rao, Anjana
TI A genome-wide Drosophila RNAi screen identifies DYRK-family kinases as regulators of NFAT
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycogen-synthase kinase-3; to-embryo transition; protein-kinases; dual-specificity; activation-loop; ca2+ sensor; calcium; cells; store; gsk-3
AB Precise regulation of the NFAT ( nuclear factor of activated T cells) family of transcription factors (NFAT1 - 4) is essential for vertebrate development and function(1). In resting cells, NFAT proteins are heavily phosphorylated and reside in the cytoplasm; in cells exposed to stimuli that raise intracellular free Ca2+ levels, they are dephosphorylated by the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and translocate to the nucleus(1). NFAT dephosphorylation by calcineurin is countered by distinct NFAT kinases, among them casein kinase 1 (CK1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)(1-5). Here we have used a genome-wide RNA interference ( RNAi) screen in Drosophila(6,7) to identify additional regulators of the signalling pathway leading from Ca2+- calcineurin to NFAT. This screen was successful because the pathways regulating NFAT subcellular localization (Ca2+ influx, Ca2+ - calmodulin calcineurin signalling and NFAT kinases) are conserved across species(8,9), even though Ca2+-regulated NFAT proteins are not themselves represented in invertebrates. Using the screen, we have identified DYRKs (dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated kinases) as novel regulators of NFAT. DYRK1A and DYRK2 counter calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of NFAT1 by directly phosphorylating the conserved serine-proline repeat 3 (SP-3) motif of the NFAT regulatory domain, thus priming further phosphorylation of the SP-2 and serine-rich region 1 (SRR1) motifs by GSK3 and CK1, respectively. Thus, genetic screening in Drosophila can be successfully applied to cross evolutionary boundaries and identify new regulators of a transcription factor that is expressed only in vertebrates.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Rao, AJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM arao@cbr.med.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 315
Z9 378
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 646
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature04631
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800050
PM 16511445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meng, J
   Hu, YM
   Wang, YQ
   Wang, XL
   Li, CK
AF Meng, Jin
   Hu, Yaoming
   Wang, Yuanqing
   Wang, Xiaolin
   Li, Chuankui
TI A mesozoic gliding mammal from northeastern china
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flying squirrels; evolution; behavior; adaptations; age
AB Gliding flight has independently evolved many times in vertebrates. Direct evidence of gliding is rare in fossil records and is unknown in mammals from the Mesozoic era. Here we report a new Mesozoic mammal from Inner Mongolia, China, that represents a previously unknown group characterized by a highly specialized insectivorous dentition and a sizable patagium ( flying membrane) for gliding flight. The patagium is covered with dense hair and supported by an elongated tail and limbs; the latter also bear many features adapted for arboreal life. This discovery extends the earliest record of gliding flight for mammals to at least 70 million years earlier in geological history, and demonstrates that early mammals were diverse in their locomotor strategies and lifestyles; they had experimented with an aerial habit at about the same time as, if not earlier than, when birds endeavoured to exploit the sky.
C1 Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Meng, J (corresponding author), Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Paleontol, Cent Pk W & 79th St, New York, NY 10024 USA.
EM jmeng@amnh.org; huyaoming@ivpp.ac.cn
NR 45
TC 160
Z9 200
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 889
EP 893
DI 10.1038/nature05234
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400047
PM 17167478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eddingsaas, NC
   Suslick, KS
AF Eddingsaas, Nathan C.
   Suslick, Kenneth S.
TI Light from sonication of crystal slurries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interparticle collisions driven; triboluminescence; sonoluminescence; ultrasound
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Eddingsaas, NC (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, 1209 W Calif St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM ksuslick@uiuc.edu
NR 13
TC 171
Z9 188
U1 4
U2 145
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 163
EP 163
DI 10.1038/444163a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200030
PM 17093442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tani, K
   Stoltz, BM
AF Tani, Kousuke
   Stoltz, Brian M.
TI Synthesis and structural analysis of 2-quinuclidonium tetrafluoroborate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID distorted amides; twisted amide; lactams; hydrolysis; bond; expression; mechanism; resonance; profile; base
AB The amide functional group is one of the most fundamental motifs found in chemistry and biology, and it has been studied extensively for the past century(1). Typical acyclic amides are planar. But the amide groups of bicyclic bridgehead lactams(1,2) are highly twisted, and this distortion from planarity can dramatically affect the stability and reactivity of these amides; it also increases the basicity of the nitrogen so that it often behaves more like an amine than a typical planar amide. As a result, the structures and reactivity profiles of these 'anti-Bredt' amides(3) differ significantly from those of planar amides. It is possible that this twisting phenomenon is not exclusive to cyclic systems - non-planarity may also be a critical biological design element that leads to amide ground-state destabilization and alters the reactivity, selectivity and mechanism of various protein and enzymatic processes ( such as amide hydrolysis(1,4-10)). The intriguing qualities of these twisted amides were first recognized in 1938 ( ref. 11), wherein one of the simplest families was introduced - molecules containing the 1-azabicyclo[ 2.2.2]octan-2-one system. But the parent member of this group, 2-quinuclidone ( molecule 1 in this paper), has not yet been unambiguously synthesized. Here, we report the chemical synthesis, isolation and full characterization of the HBF4 salt of 1. Critical to the success of the synthesis and isolation was the decision to generate 1 by a route other than classical amide bond formation. We anticipate that these results will provide a greater understanding of the properties of amide bonds.
C1 CALTECH, Arnold & Mabel Beckman Labs Chem Synth, Div Chem & Chem Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Stoltz, BM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Arnold & Mabel Beckman Labs Chem Synth, Div Chem & Chem Engn, 1200 E Calif Blvd,M-C 164-30, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM stoltz@caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 233
Z9 279
U1 3
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 731
EP 734
DI 10.1038/nature04842
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100049
PM 16760973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pepys, MB
   Hirschfield, GM
   Tennent, GA
   Gallimore, JR
   Kahan, MC
   Bellotti, V
   Hawkins, PN
   Myers, RM
   Smith, MD
   Polara, A
   Cobb, AJA
   Ley, SV
   Aquilina, JA
   Robinson, CV
   Sharif, I
   Gray, GA
   Sabin, CA
   Jenvey, MC
   Kolstoe, SE
   Thompson, D
   Wood, SP
AF Pepys, MB
   Hirschfield, GM
   Tennent, GA
   Gallimore, JR
   Kahan, MC
   Bellotti, V
   Hawkins, PN
   Myers, RM
   Smith, MD
   Polara, A
   Cobb, AJA
   Ley, SV
   Aquilina, JA
   Robinson, CV
   Sharif, I
   Gray, GA
   Sabin, CA
   Jenvey, MC
   Kolstoe, SE
   Thompson, D
   Wood, SP
TI Targeting C-reactive protein for the treatment of cardiovascular disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid-p-component; in-vitro; serum; sensitivity; complement; artery; failure; binding; crp
AB Complement-mediated inflammation exacerbates the tissue injury of ischaemic necrosis in heart attacks and strokes, the most common causes of death in developed countries. Large infarct size increases immediate morbidity and mortality and, in survivors of the acute event, larger non-functional scars adversely affect long-term prognosis. There is thus an important unmet medical need for new cardioprotective and neuroprotective treatments. We have previously shown that human C-reactive protein (CRP), the classical acute-phase protein that binds to ligands exposed in damaged tissue and then activates complement(1), increases myocardial and cerebral infarct size in rats subjected to coronary or cerebral artery ligation, respectively(2,3). Rat CRP does not activate rat complement, whereas human CRP activates both rat and human complement(4). Administration of human CRP to rats is thus an excellent model for the actions of endogenous human CRP2,3. Here we report the design, synthesis and efficacy of 1,6-bis(phosphocholine)-hexane as a specific small-molecule inhibitor of CRP. Five molecules of this palindromic compound are bound by two pentameric CRP molecules, crosslinking and occluding the ligand-binding B-face of CRP and blocking its functions. Administration of 1,6-bis(phosphocholine)-hexane to rats undergoing acute myocardial infarction abrogated the increase in infarct size and cardiac dysfunction produced by injection of human CRP. Therapeutic inhibition of CRP is thus a promising new approach to cardioprotection in acute myocardial infarction, and may also provide neuroprotection in stroke. Potential wider applications include other inflammatory, infective and tissue-damaging conditions characterized by increased CRP production, in which binding of CRP to exposed ligands in damaged cells may lead to complement-mediated exacerbation of tissue injury.
C1 UCL, Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Med, Ctr Amyloidosis & Acute Phase Prot, London NW3 2PF, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Chem, Cambridge CB2 1EW, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Cardiovasc Sci, Endothelial Cell & Mol Cardiol Grp, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   UCL, Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Primary Care & Populat Sci, London NW3 2PF, England.
   Univ Southampton, Sch Biol Sci, Southampton SO16 7PX, Hants, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Cambridge; University of Edinburgh; University of London; University College London; University of Southampton
RP Pepys, MB (corresponding author), UCL, Royal Free & Univ Coll Med Sch, Dept Med, Ctr Amyloidosis & Acute Phase Prot, Rowland Hill St, London NW3 2PF, England.
EM m.pepys@medsch.ucl.ac.uk
FU MRC [G7900510] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G7900510] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G7900510] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 586
Z9 667
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1217
EP 1221
DI 10.1038/nature04672
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000051
PM 16642000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gosgnach, S
   Lanuza, GM
   Butt, SJB
   Saueressig, H
   Zhang, Y
   Velasquez, T
   Riethmacher, D
   Callaway, EM
   Kiehn, O
   Goulding, M
AF Gosgnach, S
   Lanuza, GM
   Butt, SJB
   Saueressig, H
   Zhang, Y
   Velasquez, T
   Riethmacher, D
   Callaway, EM
   Kiehn, O
   Goulding, M
TI V1 spinal neurons regulate the speed of vertebrate locomotor outputs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro; interneurons; cord; engrailed-1; networks; circuits; pax6; identification; specification; motoneurons
AB The neuronal networks that generate vertebrate movements such as walking and swimming are embedded in the spinal cord(1-3). These networks, which are referred to as central pattern generators (CPGs), are ideal systems for determining how ensembles of neurons generate simple behavioural outputs. In spite of efforts to address the organization of the locomotor CPG in walking animals(2,4-6), little is known about the identity and function of the spinal interneuron cell types that contribute to these locomotor networks. Here we use four complementary genetic approaches to directly address the function of mouse V1 neurons, a class of local circuit inhibitory interneurons that selectively express the transcription factor Engrailed1. Our results show that V1 neurons shape motor outputs during locomotion and are required for generating 'fast' motor bursting. These findings outline an important role for inhibition in regulating the frequency of the locomotor CPG rhythm, and also suggest that V1 neurons may have an evolutionarily conserved role in controlling the speed of vertebrate locomotor movements.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Syst Neurobiol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Karolinska Inst, Dept Neurosci, Mammalian Locomotor Lab, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Hamburg, Ctr Mol Neurobiol, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Karolinska Institutet; University of Hamburg
RP Goulding, M (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Mol Neurobiol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM goulding@salk.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH063912] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 385
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 215
EP 219
DI 10.1038/nature04545
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500047
PM 16525473
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farley, KA
   Vokrouhlicky, D
   Bottke, WF
   Nesvorny, D
AF Farley, KA
   Vokrouhlicky, D
   Bottke, WF
   Nesvorny, D
TI A late Miocene dust shower from the break-up of an asteroid in the main belt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interplanetary dust; extraterrestrial he-3; accretion rate; periodicity; evolution; helium; origin; comet
AB Throughout the history of the Solar System, Earth has been bombarded by interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), which are asteroid and comet fragments of diameter similar to 1-1,000 mu m. The IDP flux is believed to be in quasi-steady state: particles created by episodic main belt collisions or cometary fragmentation replace those removed by comminution, dynamical ejection, and planetary or solar impact. Because IDPs are rich in He-3, seafloor sediment He-3 concentrations provide a unique means of probing the major events that have affected the IDP flux and its source bodies over geological timescales(1-4). Here we report that collisional disruption of the >150-km-diameter asteroid that created the Veritas family 8.3 +/- 0.5 Myr ago(5) also produced a transient increase in the flux of interplanetary dust-derived He-3. The increase began at 8.2 +/- 0.1 Myr ago, reached a maximum of similar to 4 times pre-event levels, and dissipated over similar to 1.5 Myr. The terrestrial IDP accretion rate was overwhelmingly dominated by Veritas family fragments during the late Miocene. No other event of this magnitude over the past similar to 10(8) yr has been deduced from main belt asteroid orbits. One remarkably similar event is present in the He-3 record 35 Myr ago, but its origin by comet shower(1) or asteroid collision(6) remains uncertain.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Charles Univ Prague, Inst Astron, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
   SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Charles University Prague
RP Farley, KA (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, MS 170-25, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM farley@gps.caltech.edu
NR 28
TC 83
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 295
EP 297
DI 10.1038/nature04391
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100035
PM 16421563
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aitman, TJ
   Dong, R
   Vyse, TJ
   Norsworthy, PJ
   Johnson, MD
   Smith, J
   Mangion, J
   Roberton-Lowe, C
   Marshall, AJ
   Petretto, E
   Hodges, MD
   Bhangal, G
   Patel, SG
   Sheehan-Rooney, K
   Duda, M
   Cook, PR
   Evans, DJ
   Domin, J
   Flint, J
   Boyle, JJ
   Pusey, CD
   Cook, HT
AF Aitman, TJ
   Dong, R
   Vyse, TJ
   Norsworthy, PJ
   Johnson, MD
   Smith, J
   Mangion, J
   Roberton-Lowe, C
   Marshall, AJ
   Petretto, E
   Hodges, MD
   Bhangal, G
   Patel, SG
   Sheehan-Rooney, K
   Duda, M
   Cook, PR
   Evans, DJ
   Domin, J
   Flint, J
   Boyle, JJ
   Pusey, CD
   Cook, HT
TI Copy number polymorphism in Fcgr3 predisposes to glomerulonephritis in rats and humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin-resistance; fc-receptors; gene; expression; macrophages; mechanism; nephritis; cells; acid
AB Identification of the genes underlying complex phenotypes and the definition of the evolutionary forces that have shaped eukaryotic genomes are among the current challenges in molecular genetics(1-3). Variation in gene copy number is increasingly recognized as a source of inter-individual differences in genome sequence and has been proposed as a driving force for genome evolution and phenotypic variation(3-5). Here we show that copy number variation of the orthologous rat and human Fcgr3 genes is a determinant of susceptibility to immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis. Positional cloning identified loss of the newly described, rat-specific Fcgr3 paralogue, Fcgr3-related sequence (Fcgr3-rs), as a determinant of macrophage overactivity and glomerulonephritis in Wistar Kyoto rats. In humans, low copy number of FCGR3B, an orthologue of rat Fcgr3, was associated with glomerulonephritis in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus. The finding that gene copy number polymorphism predisposes to immunologically mediated renal disease in two mammalian species provides direct evidence for the importance of genome plasticity in the evolution of genetically complex phenotypes, including susceptibility to common human disease.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, Physiol Genom & Med Grp, London W12 0NN, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Rheumatol Sect, London W12 0NN, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Sect Renal Med, London W12 0NN, England.
   Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Histopathol, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London; Imperial College London; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Imperial College London
RP Aitman, TJ (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, MRC, Ctr Clin Sci, Physiol Genom & Med Grp, London W12 0NN, England.
EM t.aitman@csc.mrc.ac.uk; t.h.cook@imperial.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0400116, MC_U120061454] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U120061454, G0400116] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U120061454, G0400116, MC_U120097112] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 554
Z9 734
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 851
EP 855
DI 10.1038/nature04489
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600051
PM 16482158
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nunes, F
   Norris, RD
AF Nunes, F
   Norris, RD
TI Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleocene thermal maximum; chronology; isotope
AB An exceptional analogue for the study of the causes and consequences of global warming occurs at the Palaeocene/ Eocene Thermal Maximum, 55 million years ago. A rapid rise of global temperatures during this event accompanied turnovers in both marine(1-3) and terrestrial biota(4), as well as significant changes in ocean chemistry(5,6) and circulation(7,8). Here we present evidence for an abrupt shift in deep-ocean circulation using carbon isotope records from fourteen sites. These records indicate that deep-ocean circulation patterns changed from Southern Hemisphere overturning to Northern Hemisphere overturning at the start of the Palaeocene/ Eocene Thermal Maximum. This shift in the location of deep-water formation persisted for at least 40,000 years, but eventually recovered to original circulation patterns. These results corroborate climate model inferences that a shift in deep-ocean circulation would deliver relatively warmer waters to the deep sea, thus producing further warming(9). Greenhouse conditions can thus initiate abrupt deep-ocean circulation changes in less than a few thousand years, but may have lasting effects; in this case taking 100,000 years to revert to background conditions.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92092 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Nunes, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92092 USA.
EM fnunes@ucsd.edu
NR 24
TC 147
Z9 178
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/nature04386
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700033
PM 16397495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsieh, CH
   Reiss, CS
   Hunter, JR
   Beddington, JR
   May, RM
   Sugihara, G
AF Hsieh, Chih-hao
   Reiss, Christian S.
   Hunter, John R.
   Beddington, John R.
   May, Robert M.
   Sugihara, George
TI Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-populations; age structure; gadus-morhua; life-history; cod; recruitment; impacts; fishes
AB The separation of the effects of environmental variability from the impacts of fishing has been elusive, but is essential for sound fisheries management(1-7). We distinguish environmental effects from fishing effects by comparing the temporal variability of exploited versus unexploited fish stocks living in the same environments. Using the unique suite of 50-year-long larval fish surveys from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations(4) we analyse fishing as a treatment effect in a long-term ecological experiment. Here we present evidence from the marine environment that exploited species exhibit higher temporal variability in abundance than unexploited species. This remains true after accounting for life-history effects, abundance, ecological traits and phylogeny. The increased variability of exploited populations is probably caused by fishery-induced truncation of the age structure, which reduces the capacity of populations to buffer environmental events(1,5,8,9). Therefore, to avoid collapse, fisheries must be managed not only to sustain the total viable biomass but also to prevent the significant truncation of age structure(1,5,8,9). The double jeopardy of fishing to potentially deplete stock sizes and, more immediately, to amplify the peaks and valleys of population variability(7), calls for a precautionary management approach(10,11).
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Nat Sci, Div Biol, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Imperial College London; University of Oxford
RP Sugihara, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM gsugihara@ucsd.edu
NR 30
TC 492
Z9 572
U1 1
U2 142
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 859
EP 862
DI 10.1038/nature05232
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700052
PM 17051218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pfeifer, MA
   Williams, GJ
   Vartanyants, IA
   Harder, R
   Robinson, IK
AF Pfeifer, Mark A.
   Williams, Garth J.
   Vartanyants, Ivan A.
   Harder, Ross
   Robinson, Ian K.
TI Three-dimensional mapping of a deformation field inside a nanocrystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fourier-transform; phase retrieval; microscopy; reconstruction; diffraction; resolution; magnitude
AB Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging is a rapidly advancing form of microscopy: diffraction patterns, measured using the latest third-generation synchrotron radiation sources, can be inverted to obtain full three-dimensional images of the interior density within nanocrystals(1-3). Diffraction from an ideal crystal lattice results in an identical copy of this continuous diffraction pattern at every Bragg peak. This symmetry is broken by the presence of strain fields, which arise from the epitaxial contact forces that are inevitable whenever nanocrystals are prepared on a substrate(4). When strain is present, the diffraction copies at different Bragg peaks are no longer identical and contain additional information, appearing as broken local inversion symmetry about each Bragg point. Here we show that one such pattern can nevertheless be inverted to obtain a 'complex' crystal density, whose phase encodes a projection of the lattice deformation. A lead nanocrystal was crystallized in ultrahigh vacuum from a droplet on a silica substrate and equilibrated close to its melting point. A three-dimensional image of the density, obtained by inversion of the coherent X-ray diffraction, shows the expected facetted morphology, but in addition reveals a real-space phase that is consistent with the three-dimensional evolution of a deformation field arising from interfacial contact forces. Quantitative three-dimensional imaging of lattice strain on the nanometre scale will have profound consequences for our fundamental understanding of grain interactions and defects in crystalline materials(4). Our method of measuring and inverting diffraction patterns from nanocrystals represents a vital step towards the ultimate goal of atomic resolution single-molecule imaging that is a prominent justification for development of X-ray free-electron lasers(5-7).
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Robinson, IK (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Dept Phys, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM i.robinson@ucl.ac.uk
FU EPSRC [EP/D052939/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/D052939/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 24
TC 600
Z9 665
U1 4
U2 225
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/nature04867
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500036
PM 16823449
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krause, J
   Dear, PH
   Pollack, JL
   Slatkin, M
   Spriggs, H
   Barnes, I
   Lister, AM
   Ebersberger, I
   Pääbo, S
   Hofreiter, M
AF Krause, J
   Dear, PH
   Pollack, JL
   Slatkin, M
   Spriggs, H
   Barnes, I
   Lister, AM
   Ebersberger, I
   Pääbo, S
   Hofreiter, M
TI Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-sequences; phylogenetic inference; cytochrome-b; ancient dna; clock
AB In studying the genomes of extinct species, two principal limitations are typically the small quantities of endogenous ancient DNA and its degraded condition(1), even though products of up to 1,600 base pairs ( bp) have been amplified in rare cases(2). Using small overlapping polymerase chain reaction products, longer stretches of sequences or even whole mitochondrial genomes(3,4) can be reconstructed, but this approach is limited by the number of amplifications that can be performed from rare samples. Thus, even from well-studied Pleistocene species such as mammoths, ground sloths and cave bears, no DNA sequences of more than about 1,000 bp have been reconstructed(5-7). Here we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Pleistocene woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. We used about 200 mg of bone and a new approach that allows the simultaneous retrieval of multiple sequences from small amounts of degraded DNA. Our phylogenetic analyses show that the mammoth was more closely related to the Asian than to the African elephant. However, the divergence of mammoth, African and Asian elephants occurred over a short time, corresponding to only about 7% of the total length of the phylogenetic tree for the three evolutionary lineages.
C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Dusseldorf, WE Informat, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of London; University College London; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf
RP Hofreiter, M (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Deutscher Pl 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
EM hofreiter@eva.mpg.de
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105131672] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U105131672] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105131672] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 174
Z9 216
U1 3
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 724
EP 727
DI 10.1038/nature04432
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100044
PM 16362058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Austin, AT
   Vivanco, L
AF Austin, Amy T.
   Vivanco, Lucia
TI Plant litter decomposition in a semi-arid ecosystem controlled by photodegradation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultraviolet-b radiation; rainfall gradient; inorganic carbon; organic-matter; dynamics; desert; increases; nitrogen; storage; impact
AB The carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems is determined by the difference between inputs from primary production and the return of carbon to the atmosphere through decomposition of organic matter(1). Our understanding of the factors that control carbon turnover in water-limited ecosystems is limited, however, as studies of litter decomposition have shown contradictory results and only a modest correlation with precipitation(2-5). Here we evaluate the influence of solar radiation, soil biotic activity and soil resource availability on litter decomposition in the semi-arid Patagonian steppe using the results of manipulative experiments carried out under ambient conditions of rainfall and temperature. We show that intercepted solar radiation was the only factor that had a significant effect on the decomposition of organic matter, with attenuation of ultraviolet-B and total radiation causing a 33 and 60 per cent reduction in decomposition, respectively. We conclude that photodegradation is a dominant control on above-ground litter decomposition in this semi-arid ecosystem. Losses through photochemical mineralization may represent a short-circuit in the carbon cycle, with a substantial fraction of carbon fixed in plant biomass being lost directly to the atmosphere without cycling through soil organic matter pools. Furthermore, future changes in radiation interception due to decreased cloudiness, increased stratospheric ozone depletion, or reduced vegetative cover may have a more significant effect on the carbon balance in these water-limited ecosystems than changes in temperature or precipitation.
C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Inst Invest Fisiol & Ecol Vinculadas Agr, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Agron, CONICET, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
C3 University of Buenos Aires; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); University of Buenos Aires
RP Austin, AT (corresponding author), Univ Buenos Aires, Inst Invest Fisiol & Ecol Vinculadas Agr, Av San Martin 4453, RA-1417 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
EM austin@ifeva.edu.ar
NR 30
TC 677
Z9 851
U1 12
U2 506
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 555
EP 558
DI 10.1038/nature05038
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900041
PM 16885982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van de Lavoir, MC
   Diamond, JH
   Leighton, PA
   Mather-Love, C
   Heyer, BS
   Bradshaw, R
   Kerchner, A
   Hooi, LT
   Gessaro, TM
   Swanberg, SE
   Delany, ME
   Etches, RJ
AF van de lavoir, Marie-Cecile
   Diamond, Jennifer H.
   Leighton, Philip A.
   Mather-Love, Christine
   Heyer, Babette S.
   Bradshaw, Renee
   Kerchner, Allyn
   Hooi, Lisa T.
   Gessaro, Terri M.
   Swanberg, Susan E.
   Delany, Mary E.
   Etches, Robert J.
TI Germline transmission of genetically modified primordial germ cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chimeric chickens; domestic-fowl; embryo; blood
AB Primordial germ cells ( PGCs) are the precursors of sperm and eggs(1). In most animals, segregation of the germ line from the somatic lineages is one of the earliest events in development(2); in avian embryos, PGCs are first identified in an extra-embryonic region, the germinal crescent, after approximately 18 h of incubation. After 50-55 h of development, PGCs migrate to the gonad and subsequently produce functional sperm and oocytes(3,4). So far, cultures of PGCs that remain restricted to the germ line have not been reported in any species(5,6). Here we show that chicken PGCs can be isolated, cultured and genetically modified while maintaining their commitment to the germline. Furthermore, we show that chicken PGCs can be induced in vitro to differentiate into embryonic germ cells that contribute to somatic tissues. Retention of the commitment of PGCs to the germ line after extended periods in culture and after genetic modification combined with their capacity to acquire somatic competence in vitro provides a new model for developmental biology. The utility of the model is enhanced by the accessibility of the avian embryo, which facilitates access to the earliest stages of development and supplies a facile route for the reintroduction of PGCs into the embryonic vasculature. In addition, these attributes create new opportunities to manipulate the genome of chickens for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
C1 Origen Therapeut, Burlingame, CA 94010 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Etches, RJ (corresponding author), Origen Therapeut, 1450 Rollins Rd, Burlingame, CA 94010 USA.
EM retches@origentherapeutics.com
NR 22
TC 375
Z9 442
U1 3
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 766
EP 769
DI 10.1038/nature04831
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100058
PM 16760981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacque, JM
   Stevenson, M
AF Jacque, Jean-Marc
   Stevenson, Mario
TI The inner-nuclear-envelope protein emerin regulates HIV-1 infectivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; to-autointegration factor; preintegration complexes; primary macrophages; cdna integration; type-1; dna; baf; replication; chromatin
AB Primate lentiviruses such as human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) have the capacity to infect non-dividing cells such as tissue macrophages(1). In the process, viral complementary DNA traverses the nuclear envelope to integrate within chromatin(2). Given the intimate association between chromatin and the nuclear envelope(3), we examined whether HIV-1 appropriates nuclear envelope components during infection. Here we show that emerin, an integral inner-nuclear-envelope protein, is necessary for HIV-1 infection. Infection of primary macrophages lacking emerin was abortive in that viral cDNA localized to the nucleus but integration into chromatin was inefficient, and conversion of viral cDNA to non-functional episomal cDNA increased. HIV-1 cDNA associated with emerin in vivo, and the interaction of viral cDNA with chromatin was dependent on emerin. Barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), the LEM ( LAP, emerin, MAN) binding partner of emerin, was required for the association of viral cDNA with emerin and for the ability of emerin to support virus infection. Therefore emerin, which bridges the interface between the inner nuclear envelope and chromatin, may be necessary for chromatin engagement by viral cDNA before integration.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Stevenson, M (corresponding author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Program Mol Med, 373 Plantat St,Suite 319, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM mario.stevenson@umassmed.edu
NR 27
TC 84
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 641
EP 645
DI 10.1038/nature04682
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800049
PM 16680152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cavalleri, A
   Wall, S
   Simpson, C
   Statz, E
   Ward, DW
   Nelson, KA
   Rini, M
   Schoenlein, RW
AF Cavalleri, A.
   Wall, S.
   Simpson, C.
   Statz, E.
   Ward, D. W.
   Nelson, K. A.
   Rini, M.
   Schoenlein, R. W.
TI Tracking the motion of charges in a terahertz light field by femtosecond X-ray diffraction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synchrotron-radiation; cherenkov radiation; phonon-polaritons; raman-scattering; pulses; dynamics; litao3; media; modes
AB In condensed matter, light propagation near resonances is described in terms of polaritons, electro- mechanical excitations in which the time- dependent electric field is coupled to the oscillation of charged masses(1,2). This description underpins our understanding of the macroscopic optical properties of solids, liquids and plasmas, as well as of their dispersion with frequency. In ferroelectric materials, terahertz radiation propagates by driving infrared- active lattice vibrations, resulting in phononpolariton waves. Electro- optic sampling with femtosecond optical pulses(3-5) can measure the time- dependent electrical polarization, providing a phase- sensitive analogue to optical Raman scattering(6,7). Here we use femtosecond time- resolved X- ray diffraction(8-10), a phase- sensitive analogue to inelastic X- ray scattering(11-13), to measure the corresponding displacements of ions in ferroelectric lithium tantalate, LiTaO3. Amplitude and phase of all degrees of freedom in a light field are thus directly measured in the time domain. Notably, extension of other X- ray techniques to the femtosecond timescale ( for example, magnetic or anomalous scattering) would allow for studies in complex systems, where electric fields couple to multiple degrees of freedom(14).
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
   Rutherford Appleton Lab, Cent Laser Facil & Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
   MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of Oxford; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Cavalleri, A (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
EM a.cavalleri1@physics.ox.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/T07695/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 26
TC 92
Z9 101
U1 1
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 664
EP 666
DI 10.1038/nature05041
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200040
PM 16900195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wingham, DJ
   Siegert, MJ
   Shepherd, A
   Muir, AS
AF Wingham, DJ
   Siegert, MJ
   Shepherd, A
   Muir, AS
TI Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-sheet; east antarctica; glacier; vostok; meltwater; beneath; system
AB The existence of many subglacial lakes(1) provides clear evidence for the widespread presence of water beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet, but the hydrology beneath this ice mass is poorly understood(2). Such knowledge is critical to understanding ice flow, basal water transfer to the ice margin, glacial landform development and subglacial lake habitats. Here we present ice-sheet surface elevation changes in central East Antarctica that we interpret to represent rapid discharge from a subglacial lake. Our observations indicate that during a period of 16 months, 1.8 km(3) of water was transferred over 290 km to at least two other subglacial lakes. While viscous deformation of the ice roof above may moderate discharge, the intrinsic instability of such a system(3) suggests that discharge events are a common mode of basal drainage(4). If large lakes, such as Lake Vostok or Lake Concordia(1), are pressurizing, it is possible that substantial discharges could reach the coast(5,6). Our observations conflict with expectations that subglacial lakes have long residence times and slow circulations(2,7,8), and we suggest that entire subglacial drainage basins may be flushed periodically. The rapid transfer of water between lakes would result in large-scale solute and microbe relocation, and drainage system contamination from in situ exploration is, therefore, a distinct risk.
C1 UCL, Dept Space & Climate Phys, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Bristol, Sch Geog Sci, Bristol Glaciol Ctr, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, Bristol BS8 1SS, Avon, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Scott Polar Res Inst, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, Cambridge CB2 1ER, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Bristol; University of Cambridge
RP Wingham, DJ (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Space & Climate Phys, Ctr Polar Observat & Modelling, Pearson Bldg,Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM djw@cpom.ucl.ac.uk; m.j.siegert@bristol.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 329
Z9 384
U1 1
U2 108
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1033
EP 1036
DI 10.1038/nature04660
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000032
PM 16625193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trotta, CR
   Paushkin, SV
   Patel, M
   Li, H
   Peltz, SW
AF Trotta, CR
   Paushkin, SV
   Patel, M
   Li, H
   Peltz, SW
TI Cleavage of pre-tRNAs by the splicing endonuclease requires a composite active site
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; crystal-structure; archaeal; intron; enzyme; recognition; substrate; evolution; subunits; motifs
AB Splicing is required for the removal of introns from a subset of transfer RNAs in all eukaryotic organisms. The first step of splicing, intron recognition and cleavage, is performed by the tRNA-splicing endonuclease, a tetrameric enzyme composed of the protein subunits Sen54, Sen2, Sen34 and Sen15. It has previously been demonstrated that the active sites for cleavage at the 5' and 3' splice sites of precursor tRNA are contained within Sen2 and Sen34, respectively(1-3). A recent structure of an archaeal endonuclease complexed with a bulge - helix - bulge RNA has led to the unexpected hypothesis that catalysis requires a critical 'cation-pi sandwich' composed of two arginine residues that serve to position the RNA substrate within the active site(4). This motif is derived from a cross-subunit interaction between the two catalytic subunits. Here we test the role of this interaction within the eukaryotic endonuclease and show that catalysis at the 50 splice site requires the conserved cation-pi sandwich derived from the Sen34 subunit in addition to the catalytic triad of Sen2. The catalysis of pre-tRNA by the eukaryotic tRNA-splicing endonuclease therefore requires a previously unrecognized composite active site.
C1 PTC Therapeut, S Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
C3 PTC Therapeutics; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Trotta, CR (corresponding author), PTC Therapeut, 100 Corp Court, S Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA.
EM ctrotta@ptcbio.com
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM018893] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 54
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 375
EP 377
DI 10.1038/nature04741
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200054
PM 16710424
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sigal, A
   Milo, R
   Cohen, A
   Geva-Zatorsky, N
   Klein, Y
   Liron, Y
   Rosenfeld, N
   Danon, T
   Perzov, N
   Alon, U
AF Sigal, Alex
   Milo, Ron
   Cohen, Ariel
   Geva-Zatorsky, Naama
   Klein, Yael
   Liron, Yuvalal
   Rosenfeld, Nitzan
   Danon, Tamar
   Perzov, Natalie
   Alon, Uri
TI Variability and memory of protein levels in human cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noise-propagation; gene-expression; stochasticity; proteomics; loci
AB Protein expression is a stochastic process that leads to phenotypic variation among cells(1-6). The cell - cell distribution of protein levels in microorganisms has been well characterized(7-23) but little is known about such variability in human cells. Here, we studied the variability of protein levels in human cells, as well as the temporal dynamics of this variability, and addressed whether cells with higher than average protein levels eventually have lower than average levels, and if so, over what timescale does this mixing occur. We measured fluctuations over time in the levels of 20 endogenous proteins in living human cells, tagged by the gene for yellow fluorescent protein at their chromosomal loci(24). We found variability with a standard deviation that ranged, for different proteins, from about 15% to 30% of the mean. Mixing between high and low levels occurred for all proteins, but the mixing time was longer than two cell generations ( more than 40 h) for many proteins. We also tagged pairs of proteins with two colours, and found that the levels of proteins in the same biological pathway were far more correlated than those of proteins in different pathways. The persistent memory for protein levels that we found might underlie individuality in cell behaviour and could set a timescale needed for signals to affect fully every member of a cell population.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Cell Biol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Alon, U (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Mol Cell Biol, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM uri.alon@weizmann.ac.il
NR 29
TC 440
Z9 528
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 643
EP 646
DI 10.1038/nature05316
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600053
PM 17122776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sander, PM
   Mateus, O
   Laven, T
   Knötschke, N
AF Sander, PM
   Mateus, O
   Laven, T
   Knötschke, N
TI Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth
AB Sauropod dinosaurs were the largest animals ever to inhabit the land, with truly gigantic forms in at least three lineages(1-3). Small species with an adult body mass less than five tonnes are very rare(4,5), and small sauropod bones generally represent juveniles. Here we describe a new diminutive species of basal macronarian sauropod, Europasaurus holgeri gen. et sp. nov., and on the basis of bone histology we show it to have been a dwarf species. The fossils, including excellent skull material, come from Kimmeridgian marine beds of northern Germany(6,7), and record more than 11 individuals of sauropods 1.7 to 6.2 m in total body length. Morphological overlap between partial skeletons and isolated bones links all material to the same new taxon. Cortical histology of femora and tibiae indicates that size differences within the specimens are due to different ontogenetic stages, from juveniles to fully grown individuals. The little dinosaurs must have lived on one of the large islands around the Lower Saxony basin(8). Comparison with the long-bone histology of large-bodied sauropods suggests that the island dwarf species evolved through a decrease in growth rate from its larger ancestor.
C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Paleontol, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Nova Lisboa, Ctr Estud Geol, P-2530157 Lourinha, Portugal.
   Museu Lourinha, P-2530157 Lourinha, Portugal.
   Dinosaurier Freilichtmuseum Munchehagen, D-31547 Rehburg, Germany.
C3 University of Bonn; Universidade Nova de Lisboa
RP Sander, PM (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Inst Paleontol, Nussallee 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
EM martin.sander@uni-bonn.de; omateus@museulourinha.org
NR 25
TC 195
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 739
EP 741
DI 10.1038/nature04633
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100051
PM 16760975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, GE
   Leadbetter, JR
   Jensen, GJ
AF Murphy, Gavin E.
   Leadbetter, Jared R.
   Jensen, Grant J.
TI In situ structure of the complete Treponema primitia flagellar motor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID freeze electron-microscopy; salmonella-typhimurium; basal body; membrane; rotor; flig; ultrastructure; arrangement
AB The bacterial flagellar motor is an amazing nanomachine: built from approximately 25 different proteins, it uses an electrochemical ion gradient to drive rotation at speeds of up to 300 Hz (refs 1, 2). The flagellar motor consists of a fixed, membrane-embedded, torque-generating stator and a typically bidirectional, spinning rotor that changes direction in response to chemotactic signals. Most structural analyses so far have targeted the purified rotor(3,4), and hence little is known about the stator and its interactions. Here we show, using electron cryotomography of whole cells, the in situ structure of the complete flagellar motor from the spirochaete Treponema primitia at 7 nm resolution. Twenty individual motor particles were computationally extracted from the reconstructions, aligned and then averaged. The stator assembly, revealed for the first time, possessed 16-fold symmetry and was connected directly to the rotor, C ring and a novel P-ring-like structure. The unusually large size of the motor suggested mechanisms for increasing torque and supported models wherein critical interactions occur atop the C ring, where our data suggest that both the carboxy-terminal and middle domains of FliG are found.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Jensen, GJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM jensen@caltech.edu
NR 21
TC 145
Z9 158
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1062
EP 1064
DI 10.1038/nature05015
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000055
PM 16885937
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fruchter, AS
   Levan, AJ
   Strolger, L
   Vreeswijk, PM
   Thorsett, SE
   Bersier, D
   Burud, I
   Cerón, JMC
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Conselice, C
   Dahlen, T
   Ferguson, HC
   Fynbo, JPU
   Garnavich, PM
   Gibbons, RA
   Gorosabel, J
   Gull, TR
   Hjorth, J
   Holland, ST
   Kouveliotou, C
   Levay, Z
   Livio, M
   Metzger, MR
   Nugent, PE
   Petro, L
   Pian, E
   Rhoads, JE
   Riess, AG
   Sahu, KC
   Smette, A
   Tanvir, NR
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Woosley, SE
AF Fruchter, A. S.
   Levan, A. J.
   Strolger, L.
   Vreeswijk, P. M.
   Thorsett, S. E.
   Bersier, D.
   Burud, I.
   Castro Ceron, J. M.
   Castro-Tirado, A. J.
   Conselice, C.
   Dahlen, T.
   Ferguson, H. C.
   Fynbo, J. P. U.
   Garnavich, P. M.
   Gibbons, R. A.
   Gorosabel, J.
   Gull, T. R.
   Hjorth, J.
   Holland, S. T.
   Kouveliotou, C.
   Levay, Z.
   Livio, M.
   Metzger, M. R.
   Nugent, P. E.
   Petro, L.
   Pian, E.
   Rhoads, J. E.
   Riess, A. G.
   Sahu, K. C.
   Smette, A.
   Tanvir, N. R.
   Wijers, R. A. M. J.
   Woosley, S. E.
TI Long γ-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have different environments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host galaxy; massive stars; redshift; afterglow; spectroscopy; constraints; progenitor; emission; search
AB When massive stars exhaust their fuel, they collapse and often produce the extraordinarily bright explosions known as core-collapse supernovae. On occasion, this stellar collapse also powers an even more brilliant relativistic explosion known as a long-duration gamma-ray burst. One would then expect that these long gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae should be found in similar galactic environments. Here we show that this expectation is wrong. We find that the gamma-ray bursts are far more concentrated in the very brightest regions of their host galaxies than are the core-collapse supernovae. Furthermore, the host galaxies of the long gamma-ray bursts are significantly fainter and more irregular than the hosts of the core-collapse supernovae. Together these results suggest that long-duration gamma-ray bursts are associated with the most extremely massive stars and may be restricted to galaxies of limited chemical evolution. Our results directly imply that long gamma-ray bursts are relatively rare in galaxies such as our own Milky Way.
C1 Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
   Western Kentucky Univ, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England.
   Norwegian Meteorol Inst, N-0313 Oslo, Norway.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Dark Cosmol Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18008 Granada, Spain.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Sch Phys & Astron, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Extraterr Planets & Stellar Astrophys Explorat Un, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci & Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Renaissance Technol Corp, E Setauket, NY 11733 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Osserv Astron Trieste, INAF, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Leicester; University of Hertfordshire; Western Kentucky University; European Southern Observatory; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Liverpool John Moores University; Norwegian Meteorological Institute; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); California Institute of Technology; University of Nottingham; Stockholm University; University of Notre Dame; Vanderbilt University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Amsterdam
RP Fruchter, AS (corresponding author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM fruchter@stsci.edu
FU Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D000920/1] Funding Source: researchfish; STFC [PP/D000920/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 50
TC 751
Z9 825
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 463
EP 468
DI 10.1038/nature04787
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900040
PM 16688183
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nussbaumer, AD
   Fisher, CR
   Bright, M
AF Nussbaumer, AD
   Fisher, CR
   Bright, M
TI Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterial endosymbionts; apoptosis; pogonophora; annelida; worms; gut
AB Transmission of obligate bacterial symbionts between generations is vital for the survival of the host. Although the larvae of certain hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Vestimentifera, Siboglinidae) are symbiont-free and possess a transient digestive system, these structures are lost during development, resulting in adult animals that are nutritionally dependent on their bacterial symbionts. Thus, each generation of tubeworms must be newly colonized with its specific symbiont(1,2). Here we present a model for tubeworm symbiont acquisition and the development of the symbiont-housing organ, the trophosome. Our data indicate that the bacterial symbionts colonize the developing tube of the settled larvae and enter the host through the skin, a process that continues through the early juvenile stages during which the trophosome is established from mesodermal tissue. In later juvenile stages we observed massive apoptosis of host epidermis, muscles and undifferentiated mesodermal tissue, which was coincident with the cessation of the colonization process. Characterizing the symbiont transmission process in this finely tuned mutualistic symbiosis provides another model of symbiont acquisition and additional insights into underlying mechanisms common to both pathogenic infections and beneficial host - symbiont interactions.
C1 Univ Vienna, Dept Marine Biol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Vienna; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Bright, M (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Dept Marine Biol, Althanstr 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM monika.bright@univie.ac.at
NR 30
TC 202
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 117
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 345
EP 348
DI 10.1038/nature04793
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200047
PM 16710420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arron, JR
   Winslow, MM
   Polleri, A
   Chang, CP
   Wu, H
   Gao, X
   Neilson, JR
   Chen, L
   Heit, JJ
   Kim, SK
   Yamasaki, N
   Miyakawa, T
   Francke, U
   Graef, IA
   Crabtree, GR
AF Arron, Joseph R.
   Winslow, Monte M.
   Polleri, Alberto
   Chang, Ching-Pin
   Wu, Hai
   Gao, Xin
   Neilson, Joel R.
   Chen, Lei
   Heit, Jeremy J.
   Kim, Seung K.
   Yamasaki, Nobuyuki
   Miyakawa, Tsuyoshi
   Francke, Uta
   Graef, Isabella A.
   Crabtree, Gerald R.
TI NFAT dysregulation by increased dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A on chromosome 21
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID down-syndrome phenotypes; transcription factor; regulatory network; critical region; mouse model; calcineurin; mice; calcium; signals; atc
AB Trisomy 21 results in Down's syndrome, but little is known about how a 1.5-fold increase in gene dosage produces the pleiotropic phenotypes of Down's syndrome. Here we report that two genes, DSCR1 and DYRK1A, lie within the critical region of human chromosome 21 and act synergistically to prevent nuclear occupancy of NFATc transcription factors, which are regulators of vertebrate development. We use mathematical modelling to predict that autoregulation within the pathway accentuates the effects of trisomy of DSCR1 and DYRK1A, leading to failure to activate NFATc target genes under specific conditions. Our observations of calcineurin- and Nfatc-deficient mice, Dscr1- and Dyrk1a-overexpressing mice, mouse models of Down's syndrome and human trisomy 21 are consistent with these predictions. We suggest that the 1.5-fold increase in dosage of DSCR1 and DYRK1A cooperatively destabilizes a regulatory circuit, leading to reduced NFATc activity and many of the features of Down's syndrome. More generally, these observations suggest that the destabilization of regulatory circuits can underlie human disease.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Program Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Cardiovasc Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Med, HMRO, Genet Engn & Funct Genom Unit, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Kyoto University
RP Crabtree, GR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM igraef@stanford.edu; crabtree@stanford.edu
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U120097116] Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 557
Z9 637
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 595
EP 600
DI 10.1038/nature04678
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800038
PM 16554754
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zody, MC
   Garber, M
   Sharpe, T
   Young, SK
   Rowen, L
   O'Neill, K
   Whittaker, CA
   Kamal, M
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, MG
   Kodira, CD
   Madan, A
   Qin, SZ
   Yang, XP
   Abbasi, N
   Abouelleil, A
   Arachchi, HM
   Baradarani, L
   Birditt, B
   Bloom, S
   Bloom, T
   Borowsky, ML
   Burke, J
   Butler, J
   Cook, A
   DeArellano, K
   DeCaprio, D
   Dorris, L III
   Dors, M
   Eichler, EE
   Engels, R
   Fahey, J
   Fleetwood, P
   Friedman, C
   Gearin, G
   Hall, JL
   Hensley, G
   Johnson, E
   Jones, C
   Kamat, A
   Kaur, A
   Locke, DP
   Madan, A
   Munson, G
   Jaffe, DB
   Lui, A
   Macdonald, P
   Mauceli, E
   Naylor, JW
   Nesbitt, R
   Nicol, R
   O'Leary, SB
   Ratcliffe, A
   Rounsley, S
   She, XW
   Sneddon, KMB
   Stewart, S
   Sougnez, C
   Stone, SM
   Topham, K
   Vincent, D
   Wang, SG
   Zimmer, AR
   Birren, BW
   Hood, L
   Lander, ES
   Nusbaum, C
AF Zody, MC
   Garber, M
   Sharpe, T
   Young, SK
   Rowen, L
   O'Neill, K
   Whittaker, CA
   Kamal, M
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, MG
   Kodira, CD
   Madan, A
   Qin, SZ
   Yang, XP
   Abbasi, N
   Abouelleil, A
   Arachchi, HM
   Baradarani, L
   Birditt, B
   Bloom, S
   Bloom, T
   Borowsky, ML
   Burke, J
   Butler, J
   Cook, A
   DeArellano, K
   DeCaprio, D
   Dorris, L III
   Dors, M
   Eichler, EE
   Engels, R
   Fahey, J
   Fleetwood, P
   Friedman, C
   Gearin, G
   Hall, JL
   Hensley, G
   Johnson, E
   Jones, C
   Kamat, A
   Kaur, A
   Locke, DP
   Madan, A
   Munson, G
   Jaffe, DB
   Lui, A
   Macdonald, P
   Mauceli, E
   Naylor, JW
   Nesbitt, R
   Nicol, R
   O'Leary, SB
   Ratcliffe, A
   Rounsley, S
   She, XW
   Sneddon, KMB
   Stewart, S
   Sougnez, C
   Stone, SM
   Topham, K
   Vincent, D
   Wang, SG
   Zimmer, AR
   Birren, BW
   Hood, L
   Lander, ES
   Nusbaum, C
TI Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-genome; segmental duplications; generation; database; disease; map
AB Here we present a finished sequence of human chromosome 15, together with a high-quality gene catalogue. As chromosome 15 is one of seven human chromosomes with a high rate of segmental duplication(1), we have carried out a detailed analysis of the duplication structure of the chromosome. Segmental duplications in chromosome 15 are largely clustered in two regions, on proximal and distal 15q; the proximal region is notable because recombination among the segmental duplications can result in deletions causing Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes(2,3). Sequence analysis shows that the proximal and distal regions of 15q share extensive ancient similarity(4). Using a simple approach, we have been able to reconstruct many of the events by which the current duplication structure arose. We find that most of the intrachromosomal duplications seem to share a common ancestry. Finally, we demonstrate that some remaining gaps in the genome sequence are probably due to structural polymorphisms between haplotypes; this may explain a significant fraction of the gaps remaining in the human genome.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Inst Syst Biol, Seattle, WA 98103 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Genome Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Human Biol, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
   UCL, Galton Lab, Dept Biol, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Institute for Systems Biology (ISB); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of London; University College London
RP Nusbaum, C (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 320 Charles St, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
EM mczody@broad.mit.edu; chad@broad.mit.edu
FU MRC [G0000107] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 25
TC 62
Z9 473
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 671
EP 675
DI 10.1038/nature04601
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400044
PM 16572171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schratt, GM
   Tuebing, F
   Nigh, EA
   Kane, CG
   Sabatini, ME
   Kiebler, M
   Greenberg, ME
AF Schratt, GM
   Tuebing, F
   Nigh, EA
   Kane, CG
   Sabatini, ME
   Kiebler, M
   Greenberg, ME
TI A brain-specific microRNA regulates dendritic spine development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local protein-synthesis; hippocampal-neurons; synaptic plasticity; translation; expression; bdnf; differentiation; identification; potentiation; mechanisms
AB MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that control the translation of target messenger RNAs, thereby regulating critical aspects of plant and animal development. In the mammalian nervous system, the spatiotemporal control of mRNA translation has an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. Although a number of microRNAs have been isolated from the mammalian brain, neither the specific microRNAs that regulate synapse function nor their target mRNAs have been identified. Here we show that a brain-specific microRNA, miR-134, is localized to the synaptodendritic compartment of rat hippocampal neurons and negatively regulates the size of dendritic spines-postsynaptic sites of excitatory synaptic transmission. This effect is mediated by miR-134 inhibition of the translation of an mRNA encoding a protein kinase, Limk1, that controls spine development. Exposure of neurons to extracellular stimuli such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor relieves miR-134 inhibition of Limk1 translation and in this way may contribute to synaptic development, maturation and/or plasticity.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Neurobiol Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Med Univ Vienna, Ctr Brain Res, Div Neuronal Cell Biol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Medical University of Vienna
RP Greenberg, ME (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Neurobiol Program, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Michael.Greenberg@childrens.harvard.edu
NR 43
TC 1471
Z9 1794
U1 1
U2 113
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 283
EP 289
DI 10.1038/nature04367
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100033
PM 16421561
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klose, RJ
   Yamane, K
   Bae, YJ
   Zhang, DZ
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Wong, JM
   Zhang, Y
AF Klose, Robert J.
   Yamane, Kenichi
   Bae, Yangjin
   Zhang, Dianzheng
   Erdjument-Bromage, Hediye
   Tempst, Paul
   Wong, Jiemin
   Zhang, Yi
TI The transcriptional repressor JHDM3A demethylates trimethyl histone H3 lysine 9 and lysine 36
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methylation; binding; protein; domain; jmjc; chromodomain; recognition; family; setdb1; jmjd2a
AB Post-translational modification of chromatin has profound effects on many biological processes including transcriptional regulation, heterochromatin organization, and X-chromosome inactivation(1,2). Recent studies indicate that methylation on specific histone lysine ( K) residues participates in many of these processes(3). Lysine methylation occurs in three distinct states, having either one (me1), two (me2) or three (me3) methyl groups attached to the amine group of the lysine side chain. These differences in modification state have an important role in defining how methylated chromatin is recognized and interpreted(4-6). Until recently, histone lysine methylation was considered a stable modification(7,8), but the identification of histone demethylase enzymes has demonstrated the reversibility of this epigenetic mark(9-11). So far, all characterized histone demethylases show enzymatic activity towards lysine residues modified in the me1 or me2 state(9-11), leaving open the possibility that me3 constitutes an irreversible modification. Here we demonstrate that JHDM3A ( jumonji C (JmjC)- domain-containing histone demethylase 3A; also known as JMJD2A) is capable of removing the me3 group from modified H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and H3 lysine 36 (H3K36). Overexpression of JHDM3A abrogates recruitment of HP1 ( heterochromatin protein 1) to heterochromatin, indicating a role for JHDM3A in antagonizing methylated H3K9 nucleated events. siRNA-mediated knockdown of JHDM3A leads to increased levels of H3K9 methylation and upregulation of a JHDM3A target gene, ASCL2, indicating that JHDM3A may function in euchromatin to remove histone methylation marks that are associated with active transcription(12).
C1 Univ N Carolina, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Baylor College of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Zhang, Y (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM yi_zhang@med.unc.edu
NR 28
TC 520
Z9 652
U1 2
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 312
EP 316
DI 10.1038/nature04853
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100041
PM 16732292
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Healy, D
   Jones, RR
   Holdsworth, RE
AF Healy, D
   Jones, RR
   Holdsworth, RE
TI Three-dimensional brittle shear fracturing by tensile crack interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strain fields; deformation; growth; faults; rocks; slip
AB Faults in brittle rock are shear fractures formed through the interaction and coalescence of many tensile microcracks(1-3). The geometry of these microcracks and their surrounding elastic stress fields control the orientation of the final shear fracture surfaces(3,4). The classic Coulomb - Mohr failure criterion(5) predicts the development of two conjugate ( bimodal) shear planes that are inclined at an acute angle to the axis of maximum compressive stress. This criterion, however, is incapable of explaining the three-dimensional polymodal fault patterns that are widely observed in rocks(6-9). Here we show that the elastic stress around tensile microcracks in three dimensions promotes a mutual interaction that produces brittle shear planes oriented obliquely to the remote principal stresses, and can therefore account for observed polymodal fault patterns. Our microcrack interaction model is based on the three-dimensional solution of Eshelby(10,11), unlike previous models(4,12) that employed two-dimensional approximations. Our model predicts that shear fractures formed by the coalescence of interacting mode I cracks will be inclined at a maximum of 268 to the axes of remote maximum and intermediate compression. An improved understanding of brittle shear failure in three dimensions has important implications for earthquake seismology and rock-mass stability, as well as fluid migration in fractured rocks(13).
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Rock Deformat Lab, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England.
   e Sci Res Inst, Durham, England.
   Univ Durham, Dept Earth Sci, Reactivat Res Grp, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 University of Liverpool; Durham University; Durham University
RP Healy, D (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Rock Deformat Lab, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England.
EM dhealy@liverpool.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 177
Z9 201
U1 4
U2 162
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 64
EP 67
DI 10.1038/nature04346
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700034
PM 16397496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Behrenfeld, MJ
   O'Malley, RT
   Siegel, DA
   McClain, CR
   Sarmiento, JL
   Feldman, GC
   Milligan, AJ
   Falkowski, PG
   Letelier, RM
   Boss, ES
AF Behrenfeld, Michael J.
   O'Malley, Robert T.
   Siegel, David A.
   McClain, Charles R.
   Sarmiento, Jorge L.
   Feldman, Gene C.
   Milligan, Allen J.
   Falkowski, Paul G.
   Letelier, Ricardo M.
   Boss, Emmanuel S.
TI Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID el-nino; equatorial pacific; export production; worlds oceans; period
AB Contributing roughly half of the biosphere's net primary production (NPP)(1,2), photosynthesis by oceanic phytoplankton is a vital link in the cycling of carbon between living and inorganic stocks. Each day, more than a hundred million tons of carbon in the form of CO2 are fixed into organic material by these ubiquitous, microscopic plants of the upper ocean, and each day a similar amount of organic carbon is transferred into marine ecosystems by sinking and grazing. The distribution of phytoplankton biomass and NPP is defined by the availability of light and nutrients ( nitrogen, phosphate, iron). These growth-limiting factors are in turn regulated by physical processes of ocean circulation, mixed-layer dynamics, upwelling, atmospheric dust deposition, and the solar cycle. Satellite measurements of ocean colour provide a means of quantifying ocean productivity on a global scale and linking its variability to environmental factors. Here we describe global ocean NPP changes detected from space over the past decade. The period is dominated by an initial increase in NPP of 1,930 teragrams of carbon a year (Tg C yr(-1)), followed by a prolonged decrease averaging 190 Tg C yr(-1). These trends are driven by changes occurring in the expansive stratified low-latitude oceans and are tightly coupled to coincident climate variability. This link between the physical environment and ocean biology functions through changes in upper-ocean temperature and stratification, which influence the availability of nutrients for phytoplankton growth. The observed reductions in ocean productivity during the recent post-1999 warming period provide insight on how future climate change can alter marine food webs.
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Computat Earth Syst Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Environm Biophys & Mol Ecol Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; Oregon State University; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono
RP Behrenfeld, MJ (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM mjb@science.oregonstate.edu
NR 26
TC 1883
Z9 2203
U1 34
U2 1350
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 752
EP 755
DI 10.1038/nature05317
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100059
PM 17151666
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reibold, M
   Paufler, P
   Levin, AA
   Kochmann, W
   Pätzke, N
   Meyer, DC
AF Reibold, M.
   Paufler, P.
   Levin, A. A.
   Kochmann, W.
   Paetzke, N.
   Meyer, D. C.
TI Materials -: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microstructure; steel; catalysts; nanowires
C1 Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Strukturphys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
   Tech Univ Dresden, Triebenberg Lab, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Technische Universitat Dresden; Technische Universitat Dresden
RP Reibold, M (corresponding author), Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Strukturphys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
EM paufler@physik.tu-dresden.de
NR 12
TC 158
Z9 253
U1 1
U2 181
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 286
EP 286
DI 10.1038/444286a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300030
PM 17108950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watts, PC
   Buley, KR
   Boardman, W
   Ciofi, C
   GibsonO, R
AF Watts, Phillip C.
   Buley, Kevin R.
   Boardman, Wayne
   Ciofi, Claudio
   GibsonO, Richard
TI Parthenogenesis in komodo dragons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extinction
C1 Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZB, Merseyside, England.
   N England Zool Soc, Chester Zoo, Upton By Chester CH2 1LH, England.
   Zool Soc London, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Univ Florence, Dept Anim Biol & Genet, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
C3 University of Liverpool; Zoological Society of London; University of Florence
RP Watts, PC (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Sch Biol Sci, Liverpool L69 7ZB, Merseyside, England.
EM p.c.watts@liv.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 118
Z9 147
U1 3
U2 217
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1021
EP 1022
DI 10.1038/4441021a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100041
PM 17183308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donoghue, PCJ
   Bengtson, S
   Dong, XP
   Gostling, NJ
   Huldtgren, T
   Cunningham, JA
   Yin, C
   Yue, Z
   Peng, F
   Stampanoni, M
AF Donoghue, Philip C. J.
   Bengtson, Stefan
   Dong, Xi-Ping
   Gostling, Neil J.
   Huldtgren, Therese
   Cunningham, John A.
   Yin, Chongyu
   Yue, Zhao
   Peng, Fan
   Stampanoni, Marco
TI Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy of fossil embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatized embryos; doushantuo-formation; southern shaanxi; preservation; larvae
AB Fossilized embryos from the late Neoproterozoic and earliest Phanerozoic have caused much excitement because they preserve the earliest stages of embryology of animals that represent the initial diversification of metazoans(1-4). However, the potential of this material has not been fully realized because of reliance on traditional, non- destructive methods that allow analysis of exposed surfaces only(1-4), and destructive methods that preserve only a single two- dimensional view of the interior of the specimen(5,6). Here, we have applied synchrotron- radiation X- ray tomographic microscopy ( SRXTM)(7), obtaining complete three-dimensional recordings at submicrometre resolution. The embryos are preserved by early diagenetic impregnation and encrustation with calcium phosphate, and differences in X- ray attenuation provide information about the distribution of these two diagenetic phases. Three- dimensional visualization of blastomere arrangement and diagenetic cement in cleavage embryos resolves outstanding questions about their nature, including the identity of the columnar blastomeres. The anterior and posterior anatomy of embryos of the bilaterian worm- like Markuelia confirms its position as a scalidophoran, providing new insights into body- plan assembly among constituent phyla. The structure of the developing germ band in another bilaterian, Pseudooides, indicates a unique mode of germ- band development. SRXTM provides a method of non- invasive analysis that rivals the resolution achieved even by destructive methods, probing the very limits of fossilization and providing insight into embryology during the emergence of metazoan phyla.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Swedish Museum Nat Hist, Dept Palaeozool, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Peking Univ, Sch Earth & Space Sci, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.
   Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England.
   Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geol, Beijing, Peoples R China.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, Swiss Light Source, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
C3 University of Bristol; Swedish Museum of Natural History; Peking University; University of Liverpool; China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute
RP Donoghue, PCJ (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM phil.donoghue@bristol.ac.uk; marco.stampanoni@psi.ch
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C511256/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 219
Z9 258
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/nature04890
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200044
PM 16900198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jaillais, Y
   Fobis-Loisy, I
   Miège, C
   Rollin, C
   Gaude, T
AF Jaillais, Yvon
   Fobis-Loisy, Isabelle
   Miege, Christine
   Rollin, Claire
   Gaude, Thierry
TI AtSNX1 defines an endosome for auxin-carrier trafficking in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gnom arf-gef; permease aux1; pin proteins; efflux; transport; localization; endocytosis; expression; gradients; golgi
AB Polarized cellular distribution of the phytohormone auxin and its carriers is essential for normal plant growth and development. Polar auxin transport(1,2) is maintained by a network of auxin influx (AUX)(3) and efflux (PIN)(1,2,4-6) carriers. Both auxin transport and PIN protein cycling between the plasma membrane and endosomes require the activity of the endosomal GNOM(1,2,7,8); however, intracellular routes taken by these carriers remain largely unknown. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana SORTING NEXIN 1 (AtSNX1) is involved in the auxin pathway and that PIN2, but not PIN1 or AUX1, is transported through AtSNX1-containing endosomes. We demonstrate that the snx1-null mutant exhibits multiple auxin-related defects and that loss of function of AtSNX1 severely enhances the phenotype of a weak gnom mutant. In root cells, we further show that AtSNX1 localizes to an endosomal compartment distinct from GNOM-containing endosomes, and that PIN2 accumulates in this compartment after treatment with the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase inhibitor wortmannin or after a gravity stimulus. Our data reveal the existence of a novel endosomal compartment involved in PIN2 endocytic sorting and plant development.
C1 Univ Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Inst Natl Rech Agron, CNRS,IFR Biosci Lyon Gerland 128, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Lyon 1; INRAE; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON)
RP Gaude, T (corresponding author), Univ Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Inst Natl Rech Agron, CNRS,IFR Biosci Lyon Gerland 128, 46 Allee Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France.
EM thierry.gaude@ens-lyon.fr
NR 27
TC 294
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 106
EP 109
DI 10.1038/nature05046
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900049
PM 16936718
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fry, BG
   Vidal, N
   Norman, JA
   Vonk, FJ
   Scheib, H
   Ramjan, SFR
   Kuruppu, S
   Fung, K
   Hedges, SB
   Richardson, MK
   Hodgson, WC
   Ignjatovic, V
   Summerhayes, R
   Kochva, E
AF Fry, BG
   Vidal, N
   Norman, JA
   Vonk, FJ
   Scheib, H
   Ramjan, SFR
   Kuruppu, S
   Fung, K
   Hedges, SB
   Richardson, MK
   Hodgson, WC
   Ignjatovic, V
   Summerhayes, R
   Kochva, E
TI Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxinological implications; phylogenetic analysis; toxin sequences; origin; spectrometry; apparatus
AB Among extant reptiles only two lineages are known to have evolved venom delivery systems, the advanced snakes and helodermatid lizards ( Gila Monster and Beaded Lizard)(1). Evolution of the venom system is thought to underlie the impressive radiation of the advanced snakes ( 2,500 of 3,000 snake species)(2-5). In contrast, the lizard venom system is thought to be restricted to just two species and to have evolved independently from the snake venom system(1). Here we report the presence of venom toxins in two additional lizard lineages ( Monitor Lizards and Iguania) and show that all lineages possessing toxin-secreting oral glands form a clade, demonstrating a single early origin of the venom system in lizards and snakes. Construction of gland complementary-DNA libraries and phylogenetic analysis of transcripts revealed that nine toxin types are shared between lizards and snakes. Toxinological analyses of venom components from the Lace Monitor Varanus varius showed potent effects on blood pressure and clotting ability, bioactivities associated with a rapid loss of consciousness and extensive bleeding in prey. The iguanian lizard Pogona barbata retains characteristics of the ancestral venom system, namely serial, lobular non-compound venom-secreting glands on both the upper and lower jaws, whereas the advanced snakes and anguimorph lizards ( including Monitor Lizards, Gila Monster and Beaded Lizard) have more derived venom systems characterized by the loss of the mandibular ( lower) or maxillary ( upper) glands. Demonstration that the snakes, iguanians and anguimorphs form a single clade provides overwhelming support for a single, early origin of the venom system in lizards and snakes. These results provide new insights into the evolution of the venom system in squamate reptiles and open new avenues for biomedical research and drug design using hitherto unexplored venom proteins.
C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Med, Australian Venom Res Unit, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Museum Victoria, Polulat & Evolutionary Genet Unit, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Astrobiol Res Ctr, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Dept Systemat & Evolut, UMS 602, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Leiden Univ, Inst Biol, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Ctr Med Univ Geneva, Swiss Inst Bioinformat, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Geneva, Dept Struct Biol & Bioinformat, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   SBC Lab AG, CH-8185 Winkel, Switzerland.
   Monash Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Monash Venom Grp, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   CSIRO, Mol & Hlth Technol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Dept Pathol, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
   Royal Childrens Hosp, Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
C3 University of Melbourne; Museum Victoria; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; University of Geneva; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; University of Geneva; Monash University; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); University of Melbourne; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne; Tel Aviv University
RP Fry, BG (corresponding author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Med, Australian Venom Res Unit, Level 8, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
EM bgf@unimelb.edu.au
NR 30
TC 443
Z9 534
U1 2
U2 407
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 584
EP 588
DI 10.1038/nature04328
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900040
PM 16292255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kolter, R
   Greenberg, EP
AF Kolter, R
   Greenberg, EP
TI Microbial sciences - The superficial life of microbes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-di-gmp; pseudomonas-aeruginosa; biofilm formation; bacillus-subtilis; acetobacter-xylinum; cellulose synthesis; master regulator; matrix; exopolysaccharide; identification
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Kolter, R (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM rkolter@hms.harvard.edu; epgreen@u.washington.edu
NR 28
TC 447
Z9 531
U1 3
U2 130
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 300
EP 302
DI 10.1038/441300a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200034
PM 16710410
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stupack, DG
   Teitz, T
   Potter, MD
   Mikolon, D
   Houghton, PJ
   Kidd, VJ
   Lahti, JM
   Cheresh, DA
AF Stupack, DG
   Teitz, T
   Potter, MD
   Mikolon, D
   Houghton, PJ
   Kidd, VJ
   Lahti, JM
   Cheresh, DA
TI Potentiation of neuroblastoma metastasis by loss of caspase-8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID childhood neuroblastomas; cell-survival; apoptosis; integrins; death; tumor; inactivation; expression; receptors; therapy
AB Neuroblastoma, the most common paediatric solid tumour, arises from defective neural crest cells(1). Genetic alterations occur frequently in the most aggressive neuroblastomas(1). In particular, deletion or suppression of the proapoptotic enzyme caspase-8 is common in malignant, disseminated disease, although the effect of this loss on disease progression is unclear(2-4). Here we show that suppression of caspase-8 expression occurs during the establishment of neuroblastoma metastases in vivo, and that reconstitution of caspase-8 expression in deficient neuroblastoma cells suppressed their metastases. Caspase-8 status was not a predictor of primary tumour growth; rather, caspase-8 selectively potentiated apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells invading the collagenous stroma at the tumour margin. Apoptosis was initiated by unligated integrins by means of a process known as integrin-mediated death(5). Loss of caspase-8 or integrin rendered these cells refractory to integrin-mediated death, allowed cellular survival in the stromal microenvironment, and promoted metastases. These findings define caspase-8 as a metastasis suppressor gene that, together with integrins, regulates the survival and invasive capacity of neuroblastoma cells.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pathol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, John & Rebecca Moores Canc Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Genet & Tumor Cell Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Mol Pharmacol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP Stupack, DG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pathol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM dstupack@ucsd.edu; jill.lahti@stjude.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA107263] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 225
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 95
EP 99
DI 10.1038/nature04323
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700041
PM 16397500
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gabellini, D
   D'Antona, G
   Moggio, M
   Prelle, A
   Zecca, C
   Adami, R
   Angeletti, B
   Ciscato, P
   Pellegrino, MA
   Bottinelli, R
   Green, MR
   Tupler, R
AF Gabellini, D
   D'Antona, G
   Moggio, M
   Prelle, A
   Zecca, C
   Adami, R
   Angeletti, B
   Ciscato, P
   Pellegrino, MA
   Bottinelli, R
   Green, MR
   Tupler, R
TI Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy in mice overexpressing FRG1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular diagnosis; myotonic-dystrophy; skeletal; gene; complex; muscle; model; rna; pathogenesis; expression
AB Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder that is not due to a classical mutation within a protein-coding gene(1,2). Instead, almost all FSHD patients carry deletions of an integral number of tandem 3.3-kilobase repeat units, termed D4Z4, located on chromosome 4q35 (ref. 3). D4Z4 contains a transcriptional silencer whose deletion leads to inappropriate overexpression in FSHD skeletal muscle of 4q35 genes located upstream of D4Z4 ( ref. 4). To identify the gene responsible for FSHD pathogenesis, we generated transgenic mice selectively overexpressing in skeletal muscle the 4q35 genes FRG1, FRG2 or ANT1. We find that FRG1 transgenic mice develop a muscular dystrophy with features characteristic of the human disease; by contrast, FRG2 and ANT1 transgenic mice seem normal. FRG1 is a nuclear protein and several lines of evidence suggest it is involved in pre-messenger RNA splicing(5-7). We find that in muscle of FRG1 transgenic mice and FSHD patients, specific pre-mRNAs undergo aberrant alternative splicing. Collectively, our results suggest that FSHD results from inappropriate overexpression of FRG1 in skeletal muscle, which leads to abnormal alternative splicing of specific pre-mRNAs.
C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Gene Funct & Express, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Pavia, Dipartimento Med Sperimentale, Sez Fisiol Umana, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Milan, IRCCS, Fdn Osped Maggiore, UO Neurol, I-20122 Milan, Italy.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Pavia; University of Milan; IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
RP Tupler, R (corresponding author), Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Sci Biomed, I-41100 Modena, Italy.
EM rossella.tupler@umassmed.edu
FU Telethon [GGP05050] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 175
Z9 204
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 973
EP 977
DI 10.1038/nature04422
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100047
PM 16341202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Embley, RW
   Chadwick, WW
   Baker, ET
   Butterfield, DA
   Resing, JA
   De Ronde, CEJ
   Tunnicliffe, V
   Lupton, JE
   Juniper, SK
   Rubin, KH
   Stern, RJ
   Lebon, GT
   Nakamura, K
   Merle, SG
   Hein, JR
   Wiens, DA
   Tamura, Y
AF Embley, Robert W.
   Chadwick, William W., Jr.
   Baker, Edward T.
   Butterfield, David A.
   Resing, Joseph A.
   De Ronde, Cornel E. J.
   Tunnicliffe, Verena
   Lupton, John E.
   Juniper, S. Kim
   Rubin, Kenneth H.
   Stern, Robert J.
   Lebon, Geoffrey T.
   Nakamura, Ko-ichi
   Merle, Susan G.
   Hein, James R.
   Wiens, Douglas A.
   Tamura, Yoshihiko
TI Long-term eruptive activity at a submarine arc volcano
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID event; evolution; magma; ridge
AB Three-quarters of the Earth's volcanic activity is submarine, located mostly along the mid-ocean ridges, with the remainder along intraoceanic arcs and hotspots at depths varying from greater than 4,000 m to near the sea surface. Most observations and sampling of submarine eruptions have been indirect, made from surface vessels or made after the fact(1-6). We describe here direct observations and sampling of an eruption at a submarine arc volcano named NW Rota-1, located 60 km northwest of the island of Rota (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands). We observed a pulsating plume permeated with droplets of molten sulphur disgorging volcanic ash and lapilli from a 15-m diameter pit in March 2004 and again in October 2005 near the summit of the volcano at a water depth of 555 m (depth in 2004). A turbid layer found on the flanks of the volcano (in 2004) at depths from 700 m to more than 1,400 m was probably formed by mass-wasting events related to the eruption. Long-term eruptive activity has produced an unusual chemical environment and a very unstable benthic habitat exploited by only a few mobile decapod species. Such conditions are perhaps distinctive of active arc and hotspot volcanoes.
C1 NOAA, PMEL, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, CIMRS, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Univ Washington, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
   Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, Dept Biol, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada.
   Univ Quebec, GEOTOP Res Ctr, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada.
   Univ Hawaii, Dept Geol & Geophys, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Geosci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
   US Geol Survey, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, IFREE, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Oregon State University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Earth Sciences New Zealand; GNS Science - New Zealand; University of Victoria; University of Quebec; University of Quebec Montreal; University of Hawaii System; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Washington University (WUSTL); Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC)
RP Embley, RW (corresponding author), NOAA, PMEL, 2115 SE OSU Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA.
EM robert.w.embley@noaa.gov
NR 28
TC 125
Z9 137
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 494
EP 497
DI 10.1038/nature04762
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900046
PM 16724063
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foster, MA
   Turner, AC
   Sharping, JE
   Schmidt, BS
   Lipson, M
   Gaeta, AL
AF Foster, Mark A.
   Turner, Amy C.
   Sharping, Jay E.
   Schmidt, Bradley S.
   Lipson, Michal
   Gaeta, Alexander L.
TI Broad-band optical parametric gain on a silicon photonic chip
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stimulated raman-scattering; insulator wave-guides; wavelength conversion; 2-photon absorption; amplification; dispersion; modulation; laser
AB Developing an optical amplifier on silicon is essential for the success of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic integrated circuits. Recently, optical gain with a 1-nm bandwidth was demonstrated using the Raman effect(1-9), which led to the demonstration of a Raman oscillator(10,11), lossless optical modulation(12) and optically tunable slow light(13). A key strength of optical communications is the parallelism of information transfer and processing onto multiple wavelength channels. However, the relatively narrow Raman gain bandwidth only allows for amplification or generation of a single wavelength channel. If broad gain bandwidths were to be demonstrated on silicon, then an array of wavelength channels could be generated and processed, representing a critical advance for densely integrated photonic circuits. Here we demonstrate net on/off gain over a wavelength range of 28 nm through the optical process of phase-matched four-wave mixing in suitably designed SOI channel waveguides. We also demonstrate wavelength conversion in the range 1,511 - 1,591 nm with peak conversion efficiencies of +15.2 dB, which represents more than 20 times improvement on previous four-wave-mixing efficiencies in SOI waveguides(14-17). These advances allow for the implementation of dense wavelength division multiplexing in an all-silicon photonic integrated circuit. Additionally, all-optical delays(18), all-optical switches(19), optical signal regenerators(20) and optical sources for quantum information technology(21), all demonstrated using four-wave mixing in silica fibres, can now be transferred to the SOI platform.
C1 Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Gaeta, AL (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM a.gaeta@cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 794
Z9 912
U1 7
U2 288
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 960
EP 963
DI 10.1038/nature04932
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300037
PM 16791190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacLaren, RE
   Pearson, RA
   MacNeil, A
   Douglas, RH
   Salt, TE
   Akimoto, M
   Swaroop, A
   Sowden, JC
   Ali, RR
AF MacLaren, R. E.
   Pearson, R. A.
   MacNeil, A.
   Douglas, R. H.
   Salt, T. E.
   Akimoto, M.
   Swaroop, A.
   Sowden, J. C.
   Ali, R. R.
TI Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rds mutant mice; progenitor cells; retinitis-pigmentosa; mammalian retina; rhodopsin gene; mouse retina; in-vivo; differentiation; degeneration; rods
AB Photoreceptor loss causes irreversible blindness in many retinal diseases. Repair of such damage by cell transplantation is one of the most feasible types of central nervous system repair; photoreceptor degeneration initially leaves the inner retinal circuitry intact and new photoreceptors need only make single, short synaptic connections to contribute to the retinotopic map. So far, brain- and retina-derived stem cells transplanted into adult retina have shown little evidence of being able to integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into new photoreceptors(1-4). Furthermore, there has been no demonstration that transplanted cells form functional synaptic connections with other neurons in the recipient retina or restore visual function. This might be because the mature mammalian retina lacks the ability to accept and incorporate stem cells or to promote photoreceptor differentiation. We hypothesized that committed progenitor or precursor cells at later ontogenetic stages might have a higher probability of success upon transplantation. Here we show that donor cells can integrate into the adult or degenerating retina if they are taken from the developing retina at a time coincident with the peak of rod genesis(5). These transplanted cells integrate, differentiate into rod photoreceptors, form synaptic connections and improve visual function. Furthermore, we use genetically tagged postmitotic rod precursors expressing the transcription factor Nrl (ref. 6) ( neural retina leucine zipper) to show that successfully integrated rod photoreceptors are derived only from immature post-mitotic rod precursors and not from proliferating progenitor or stem cells. These findings define the ontogenetic stage of donor cells for successful rod photoreceptor transplantation.
C1 UCL, Dev Biol Unit, Inst Child Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England.
   UCL, Inst Ophthalmol, Div Mol Therapy, London EC1V 9EL, England.
   Moorfields Eye Hosp, Vitreretinal Serv, London EC1V 2PD, England.
   City Univ London, Henry Wellcome Lab Vis Sci, Dept Optometry & Visual Sci, London EC1V 0HB, England.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   UCL, Mol Immunol Unit, Inst Child Hlth, London WC1N 1EH, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; City St Georges, University of London; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of London; University College London
RP Swaroop, A (corresponding author), UCL, Dev Biol Unit, Inst Child Hlth, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, England.
EM swaroop@umich.edu; r.ali@ucl.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0300341] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0300341] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0601588, G0300341] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 869
Z9 1031
U1 1
U2 129
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 203
EP 207
DI 10.1038/nature05161
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200040
PM 17093405
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, K
   Cole, J
   Conger, C
   Draskovic, J
   Lohr, M
   Klein, K
   Scheidemantel, T
   Schiffer, P
AF Chen, K.
   Cole, J.
   Conger, C.
   Draskovic, J.
   Lohr, M.
   Klein, K.
   Scheidemantel, T.
   Schiffer, P.
TI Granular materials: Packing grains by thermal cycling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID compaction; density
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Chen, K (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM schiffer@phys.psu.edu
NR 10
TC 80
Z9 94
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 257
EP 257
DI 10.1038/442257a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100025
PM 16855580
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, LF
   Lind, EF
   Gondek, DC
   Bennett, KA
   Gleeson, MW
   Pino-Lagos, K
   Scott, ZA
   Coyle, AJ
   Reed, JL
   Van Snick, J
   Strom, TB
   Zheng, XX
   Noelle, RJ
AF Lu, Li-Fan
   Lind, Evan F.
   Gondek, David C.
   Bennett, Kathy A.
   Gleeson, Michael W.
   Pino-Lagos, Karina
   Scott, Zachary A.
   Coyle, Anthony J.
   Reed, Jennifer L.
   Van Snick, Jacques
   Strom, Terry B.
   Zheng, Xin Xiao
   Noelle, Randolph J.
TI Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID granzyme-b; mice; induction; kit; interleukin-9; activation; expression; rejection; responses; growth
AB Contrary to the proinflammatory role of mast cells in allergic disorders, the results obtained in this study establish that mast cells are essential in CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (T-Reg)-cell-dependent peripheral tolerance. Here we confirm that tolerant allografts, which are sustained owing to the immunosuppressive effects of T-Reg cells, acquire a unique genetic signature dominated by the expression of mast-cell-gene products. We also show that mast cells are crucial for allograft tolerance, through the inability to induce tolerance in mast-cell-deficient mice. High levels of interleukin (IL)-9 - a mast cell growth and activation factor - are produced by activated T-Reg cells, and IL-9 production seems important in mast cell recruitment to, and activation in, tolerant tissue. Our data indicate that IL-9 represents the functional link through which activated T-Reg cells recruit and activate mast cells to mediate regional immune suppression, because neutralization of IL-9 greatly accelerates allograft rejection in tolerant mice. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis clearly demonstrates the existence of this novel T-Reg - IL-9-mast cell relationship within tolerant allografts.
C1 Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA.
   Norris Cotton Canc Ctr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA.
   Medimmune Inc, Dept Autoimmun & Inflammat, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA.
   Ludwig Inst Canc Res Brussels Branch, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Louvain, Expt Med Unit, Brussels Branch, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 Dartmouth College; Dartmouth Cancer Center; AstraZeneca; Medimmune; Universite Catholique Louvain; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
RP Noelle, RJ (corresponding author), Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 1 Med Ctr Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756 USA.
EM rjn@dartmouth.edu
NR 30
TC 646
Z9 740
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 997
EP 1002
DI 10.1038/nature05010
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000039
PM 16921386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Libuda, DE
   Winston, F
AF Libuda, Diana E.
   Winston, Fred
TI Amplification of histone genes by circular chromosome formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromatin-structure; transposable elements; meiotic recombination; cell-cycle; yeast; transcription; h2a; replication; sequence; subtypes
AB Proper histone levels are critical for transcription, chromosome segregation, and other chromatin-mediated processes(1-7). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the histones H2A and H2B are encoded by two gene pairs, named HTA1-HTB1 and HTA2-HTB2 (ref. 8). Previous studies have demonstrated that when HTA2-HTB2 is deleted, HTA1-HTB1 dosage compensates at the transcriptional level(4,9). Here we show that a different mechanism of dosage compensation, at the level of gene copy number, can occur when HTA1-HTB1 is deleted. In this case, HTA2-HTB2 amplifies via creation of a new, small, circular chromosome. This duplication, which contains 39 kb of chromosome II, includes HTA2-HTB2, the histone H3-H4 locus HHT1-HHF1, a centromere and origins of replication. Formation of the new chromosome occurs by recombination between two Ty1 retrotransposon elements that flank this region. Following meiosis, recombination between these two particular Ty1 elements occurs at a greatly elevated level in hta1-htb1 Delta mutants, suggesting that a decreased level of histones H2A and H2B specifically stimulates this amplification of histone genes. Our results demonstrate another mechanism by which histone gene dosage is controlled to maintain genomic integrity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Winston, F (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM winston@genetics.med.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM032967] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 71
Z9 91
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 1003
EP 1007
DI 10.1038/nature05205
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400057
PM 17066037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thirumurugan, K
   Sakamoto, T
   Hammer, JA
   Sellers, JR
   Knight, PJ
AF Thirumurugan, Kavitha
   Sakamoto, Takeshi
   Hammer, John A., III
   Sellers, James R.
   Knight, Peter J.
TI The cargo-binding domain regulates structure and activity of myosin 5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atpase activity; tail domain; conformation; calmodulin; activation; muscle; va
AB Myosin 5 is a two-headed motor protein that moves cargoes along actin filaments(1,2). Its tail ends in paired globular tail domains (GTDs) thought to bind cargo(3). At nanomolar calcium levels, actin-activated ATPase is low and the molecule is folded. Micromolar calcium concentrations activate ATPase and the molecule unfolds(3-6). Here we describe the structure of folded myosin and the GTD's role in regulating activity. Electron microscopy shows that the two heads lie either side of the tail, contacting the GTDs at a lobe of the motor domain (similar to Pro 117 - Pro 137) that contains conserved acidic side chains, suggesting ionic interactions between motor domain and GTD. Myosin 5 heavy meromyosin, a constitutively active fragment lacking the GTDs, is inhibited and folded by a dimeric GST - GTD fusion protein. Motility assays reveal that at nanomolar calcium levels heavy meromyosin moves robustly on actin filaments whereas few myosins bind or move. These results combine to show that with no cargo, the GTDs bind in an intramolecular manner to the motor domains, producing an inhibited and compact structure that binds weakly to actin and allows the molecule to recycle towards new cargoes.
C1 Univ Leeds, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Leeds, Astbury Ctr Struct Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   NHLBI, Lab Mol Physiol, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NHLBI, Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Leeds; University of Leeds; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Heart Lung & Blood Institute (NHLBI)
RP Knight, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM p.j.knight@leeds.ac.uk
FU National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [ZIAHL004229] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Wellcome Trust [076057] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 144
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 212
EP 215
DI 10.1038/nature04865
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700050
PM 16838021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, P
   Fang, Y
   Saravanan, R
   Ji, L
   Seidel, H
AF Chang, Ping
   Fang, Yue
   Saravanan, R.
   Ji, Link
   Seidel, Howard
TI The cause of the fragile relationship between the Pacific El Nino and the Atlantic Nino
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tropical atlantic; southern-oscillation; enso teleconnection; temperature; variability; remote; rainfall; climate; scales; ocean
AB El Nino, the most prominent climate fluctuation at seasonal-to-interannual timescales, has long been known to have a remote impact on climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, but a robust influence is found only in the northern tropical Atlantic region(1). Fluctuations in the equatorial Atlantic are dominated by the Atlantic Nino(2,3), a phenomenon analogous to El Nino, characterized by irregular episodes of anomalous warming during the boreal summer. The Atlantic Nino strongly affects seasonal climate prediction in African countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea(4,5). The relationship between El Nino and the Atlantic Nino is ambiguous and inconsistent. Here we combine observational and modelling analysis to show that the fragile relationship is a result of destructive interference between atmospheric and oceanic processes in response to El Nino. The net effect of El Nino on the Atlantic Nino depends not only on the atmospheric response that propagates the El Nino signal to the tropical Atlantic, but also on a dynamic ocean - atmosphere interaction in the equatorial Atlantic that works against the atmospheric response. These results emphasize the importance of having an improved ocean-observing system in the tropical Atlantic, because our ability to predict the Atlantic Nino will depend not only on our knowledge of conditions in the tropical Pacific, but also on an accurate estimate of the state of the upper ocean in the equatorial Atlantic.
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station
RP Chang, P (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM ping@tamu.edu
NR 22
TC 213
Z9 231
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 324
EP 328
DI 10.1038/nature05053
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000043
PM 16988709
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ngo, VN
   Davis, RE
   Lamy, L
   Yu, X
   Zhao, H
   Lenz, G
   Lam, LT
   Dave, S
   Yang, LM
   Powell, J
   Staudt, LM
AF Ngo, VN
   Davis, RE
   Lamy, L
   Yu, X
   Zhao, H
   Lenz, G
   Lam, LT
   Dave, S
   Yang, LM
   Powell, J
   Staudt, LM
TI A loss-of-function RNA interference screen for molecular targets in cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; cell lymphoma; hodgkin lymphoma; genetic screen; malt lymphoma; activation; bcl10; carma1; kinase; tumorigenicity
AB The pursuit of novel therapeutic agents in cancer relies on the identification and validation of molecular targets. Hallmarks of cancer include self-sufficiency in growth signals and evasion from apoptosis(1); genes that regulate these processes may be optimal for therapeutic attack. Here we describe a loss-of-function screen for genes required for the proliferation and survival of cancer cells using an RNA interference library. We used a doxycycline-inducible retroviral vector for the expression of small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to construct a library targeting 2,500 human genes. We used retroviral pools from this library to infect cell lines representing two distinct molecular subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), termed activated B-cell-like DLBCL and germinal centre B-cell-like DLBCL. Each vector was engineered to contain a unique 60-base-pair 'bar code', allowing the abundance of an individual shRNA vector within a population of transduced cells to be measured using microarrays of the bar-code sequences. We observed that a subset of shRNA vectors was depleted from the transduced cells after three weeks in culture only if shRNA expression was induced. In activated B-cell-like DLBCL cells, but not germinal centre B-cell-like DLBCL cells, shRNAs targeting the NF-kappa B pathway were depleted, in keeping with the essential role of this pathway in the survival of activated B-cell-like DLBCL. This screen uncovered CARD11 as a key upstream signalling component responsible for the constitutive I kappa B kinase activity in activated B-cell-like DLBCL. The methodology that we describe can be used to establish a functional taxonomy of cancer and help reveal new classes of therapeutic targets distinct from known oncogenes.
C1 NCI, Metab Branch, Ctr Canc Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   CIT, Bioinformat & Mol Anal Sect, Computat Biosci & Engn Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Center for Information Technology (CIT)
RP Staudt, LM (corresponding author), NCI, Metab Branch, Ctr Canc Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM lstaudt@mail.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 510
Z9 620
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 106
EP 110
DI 10.1038/nature04687
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600042
PM 16572121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Christophorou, MA
   Ringshausen, I
   Finch, AJ
   Swigart, LB
   Evan, GI
AF Christophorou, M. A.
   Ringshausen, I.
   Finch, A. J.
   Swigart, L. Brown
   Evan, G. I.
TI The pathological response to DNA damage does not contribute to p53-mediated tumour suppression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-cycle arrest; in-vivo; p53; apoptosis; mice; p19(arf); tumorigenesis; p16(ink4a); activation; target
AB The p53 protein has a highly evolutionarily conserved role in metazoans as 'guardian of the genome', mediating cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to genotoxic injury(1). In large, long-lived animals with substantial somatic regenerative capacity, such as vertebrates, p53 is an important tumour suppressor - an attribute thought to stem directly from its induction of death or arrest in mutant cells with damaged or unstable genomes. Chemotherapy and radiation exposure both induce widespread p53-dependent DNA damage. This triggers potentially lethal pathologies(2) that are generally deemed an unfortunate but unavoidable consequence of the role p53 has in tumour suppression. Here we show, using a mouse model in which p53 status can be reversibly switched in vivo between functional and inactive states(3), that the p53-mediated pathological response to whole-body irradiation, a prototypical genotoxic carcinogen, is irrelevant for suppression of radiation-induced lymphoma. In contrast, delaying the restoration of p53 function until the acute radiation response has subsided abrogates all of the radiation-induced pathology yet preserves much of the protection from lymphoma. Such protection is absolutely dependent on p19(ARF) - a tumour suppressor induced not by DNA damage, but by oncogenic disruption of the cell cycle.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Canc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
RP Evan, GI (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Canc Res Inst, Box 0128, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM gevan@cc.ucsf.edu
NR 29
TC 336
Z9 393
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 214
EP 217
DI 10.1038/nature05077
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000047
PM 16957739
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Azaele, S
   Pigolotti, S
   Banavar, JR
   Maritan, A
AF Azaele, Sandro
   Pigolotti, Simone
   Banavar, Jayanth R.
   Maritan, Amos
TI Dynamical evolution of ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutral theory; vegetation dynamics; species abundance; beta-diversity; forest; community; model
AB The assembly of an ecosystem such as a tropical forest depends crucially on the species interaction network, and the deduction of its rules is a formidably complex problem(1). In spite of this, many recent studies(2-16) using Hubbell's neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography(2) have demonstrated that the resulting emergent macroscopic behaviour of the ecosystem at or near a stationary state shows a surprising simplicity reminiscent of many physical systems(17). Indeed the symmetry postulate(2), that the effective birth and death rates are species-independent within a single trophic level, allows one to make analytical predictions for various static distributions such as the relative species abundance(3-12), beta-diversity(13-15) and the species - area relationship(16). In contrast, there have only been a few studies of the dynamics and stability of tropical rain forests(18-20). Here we consider the dynamical behaviour of a community, and benchmark it against the exact predictions of a neutral model near or at stationarity. In addition to providing a description of the relative species abundance, our analysis leads to a quantitative understanding of the species turnover distribution and extinction times, and a measure of the temporal scales of neutral evolution. Our model gives a very good description of the large quantity of data collected in Barro Colorado Island in Panama in the period 1990 - 2000 with just three ecologically relevant parameters and predicts the dynamics of extinction of the existing species.
C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Padua, Dipartimento Fis G Galilei, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Padua; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute
RP Banavar, JR (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, Davey Lab 104, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM banavar@psu.edu; maritan@pd.infn.it
NR 29
TC 102
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 926
EP 928
DI 10.1038/nature05320
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400055
PM 17167485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ben-Chaim, Y
   Chanda, B
   Dascal, N
   Bezanilla, F
   Parnas, I
   Parnas, H
AF Ben-Chaim, Yair
   Chanda, Baron
   Dascal, Nathan
   Bezanilla, Francisco
   Parnas, Itzchak
   Parnas, Hanna
TI Movement of 'gating charge' is coupled to ligand binding in a G-protein-coupled receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID muscarinic acetylcholine-receptor; voltage control; activation; channel; selectivity; release
AB Activation by agonist binding of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controls most signal transduction processes(1). Although these receptors span the cell membrane, they are not considered to be voltage sensitive. Recently it was shown that both the activity of GPCRs(2-5) and their affinity towards agonists(6) are regulated by membrane potential. However, it remains unclear whether GPCRs intrinsically respond to changes in membrane potential. Here we show that two prototypical GPCRs, the m2 and m1 muscarinic receptors (m2R and m1R), display charge-movement-associated currents analogous to 'gating currents' of voltage-gated channels. The gating charge - voltage relationship of m2R correlates well with the voltage dependence of the affinity of the receptor for acetylcholine. The loop that couples m2R and m1R to their G protein has a crucial function in coupling voltage sensing to agonist-binding affinity. Our data strongly indicate that GPCRs serve as sensors for both transmembrane potential and external chemical signals.
C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Neurobiol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Physiol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Univ Chicago, Inst Mol Pediat Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Hebrew University of Jerusalem; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Tel Aviv University; University of Chicago
RP Parnas, H (corresponding author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Neurobiol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
EM hannap@huji.ac.il
NR 30
TC 147
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 106
EP 109
DI 10.1038/nature05259
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500055
PM 17065983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lasorella, A
   Stegmüller, J
   Guardavaccaro, D
   Liu, GC
   Carro, MS
   Rothschild, G
   de la Torre-Ubieta, L
   Pagano, M
   Bonni, A
   Iavarone, A
AF Lasorella, Anna
   Stegmueller, Judith
   Guardavaccaro, Daniele
   Liu, Guangchao
   Carro, Maria S.
   Rothschild, Gerson
   de la Torre-Ubieta, Luis
   Pagano, Michele
   Bonni, Azad
   Iavarone, Antonio
TI Degradation of Id2 by the anaphase-promoting complex couples cell cycle exit and axonal growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteins; differentiation; proliferation; regulator; cdh1-apc; family; roles
AB In the developing nervous system, Id2 ( inhibitor of DNA binding 2, also known as inhibitor of differentiation 2) enhances cell proliferation, promotes tumour progression and inhibits the activity of neurogenic basic helix - loop - helix ( bHLH) transcription factors(1,2). The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome and its activator Cdh1 (APC/C-Cdh1) restrains axonal growth but the targets of APC/C-Cdh1 in neurons are unknown(3-5). Id2 and other members of the Id family are very unstable proteins that are eliminated as cells enter the quiescent state, but how they are targeted for degradation has remained elusive(6,7). Here we show that Id2 interacts with the core subunits of APC/C and Cdh1 in primary neurons. APC/C-Cdh1 targets Id2 for degradation through a destruction box motif ( D box) that is conserved in Id1 and Id4. Depletion of Cdh1 stabilizes Id proteins in neurons, whereas Id2 D-box mutants are impaired for Cdh1 binding and remain stable in cells that exit from the cell cycle and contain active APC/C-Cdh1. Mutants of the Id2 D box enhance axonal growth in cerebellar granule neurons in vitro and in the context of the cerebellar cortex, and overcome the myelin inhibitory signals for growth. Conversely, activation of bHLH transcription factors induces a cluster of genes with potent axonal inhibitory functions including the gene coding for the Nogo receptor, a key transducer of myelin inhibition. Degradation of Id2 in neurons permits the accumulation of the Nogo receptor, thereby linking APC/C-Cdh1 activity with bHLH target genes for the inhibition of axonal growth. These findings indicate that deregulated Id activity might be useful to reprogramme quiescent neurons into the axonal growth mode.
C1 Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Neurol, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, NYU Canc Inst, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; New York University
RP Iavarone, A (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Inst Canc Genet, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM ai2102@columbia.edu
NR 26
TC 229
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 471
EP 474
DI 10.1038/nature04895
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900047
PM 16810178
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walborn, SP
   Ribeiro, PHS
   Davidovich, L
   Mintert, F
   Buchleitner, A
AF Walborn, SP
   Ribeiro, PHS
   Davidovich, L
   Mintert, F
   Buchleitner, A
TI Experimental determination of entanglement with a single measurement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum state
AB Nearly all protocols requiring shared quantum information(1) such as quantum teleportation(2) or key distribution(3)-rely on entanglement between distant parties. However, entanglement is difficult to characterize experimentally. All existing techniques for doing so, including entanglement witnesses(4,11,12) or Bell inequalities(5), disclose the entanglement of some quantum states but fail for other states; therefore, they cannot provide satisfactory results in general. Such methods are fundamentally different from entanglement measures that, by definition, quantify the amount of entanglement in any state. However, these measures suffer from the severe disadvantage that they typically are not directly accessible in laboratory experiments. Here we report a linear optics experiment in which we directly observe a pure-state entanglement measure, namely concurrence(6). Our measurement set-up includes two copies of a quantum state: these 'twin' states are prepared in the polarization and momentum degrees of freedom of two photons, and concurrence is measured with a single, local measurement on just one of the photons.
C1 Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, BR-21941972 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Phys Komplexer Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Harvard University; Max Planck Society
RP Walborn, SP (corresponding author), Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Caixa Postal 68528, BR-21941972 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
EM swalborn@if.ufrj.br
NR 22
TC 292
Z9 311
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1022
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/nature04627
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000029
PM 16625190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clark, IE
   Dodson, MW
   Jiang, CG
   Cao, JH
   Huh, JR
   Seol, JH
   Yoo, SJ
   Hay, BA
   Guo, M
AF Clark, Ira E.
   Dodson, Mark W.
   Jiang, Changan
   Cao, Joseph H.
   Huh, Jun R.
   Seol, Jae Hong
   Yoo, Soon Ji
   Hay, Bruce A.
   Guo, Ming
TI Drosophila pink1 is required for mitochondrial function and interacts genetically with parkin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early-onset parkinsonism; oxidative stress; skeletal-muscle; dj-1 mutants; disease; mutations; pink1; gene; dysfunction; expression
AB Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated as an important trigger for Parkinson's disease-like pathogenesis because exposure to environmental mitochondrial toxins leads to Parkinson's disease-like pathology(1). Recently, multiple genes mediating familial forms of Parkinson's disease have been identified, including PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1; PARK6) and parkin (PARK2), which are also associated with sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease(2-6). PINK1 encodes a putative serine/threonine kinase with a mitochondrial targeting sequence(2). So far, no in vivo studies have been reported for pink1 in any model system. Here we show that removal of Drosophila PINK1 homologue (CG4523; hereafter called pink1) function results in male sterility, apoptotic muscle degeneration, defects in mitochondrial morphology and increased sensitivity to multiple stresses including oxidative stress. Pink1 localizes to mitochondria, and mitochondrial cristae are fragmented in pink1 mutants. Expression of human PINK1 in the Drosophila testes restores male fertility and normal mitochondrial morphology in a portion of pink1 mutants, demonstrating functional conservation between human and Drosophila Pink1. Loss of Drosophila parkin shows phenotypes similar to loss of pink1 function(7,8). Notably, overexpression of parkin rescues the male sterility and mitochondrial morphology defects of pink1 mutants, whereas double mutants removing both pink1 and parkin function show muscle phenotypes identical to those observed in either mutant alone. These observations suggest that pink1 and parkin function, at least in part, in the same pathway, with pink1 functioning upstream of parkin. The role of the pink1-parkin pathway in regulating mitochondrial function underscores the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction as a central mechanism of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Brain Res Inst, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Kyung Hee Univ, Kyung Hee Inst Age Related & Brains Dis, Dept Biol, Seoul 130701, South Korea.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; California Institute of Technology; Seoul National University (SNU); Kyung Hee University
RP Guo, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Brain Res Inst, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM mingfly@ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 1451
Z9 1729
U1 4
U2 206
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1162
EP 1166
DI 10.1038/nature04779
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500053
PM 16672981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ali, MMU
   Roe, SM
   Vaughan, CK
   Meyer, P
   Panaretou, B
   Piper, PW
   Prodromou, C
   Pearl, LH
AF Ali, MMU
   Roe, SM
   Vaughan, CK
   Meyer, P
   Panaretou, B
   Piper, PW
   Prodromou, C
   Pearl, LH
TI Crystal structure of an Hsp90-nucleotide-p23/Sba1 closed chaperone complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hsp90 molecular chaperone; n-terminal domain; escherichia-coli hsp90; shock-protein 90; atpase activity; client protein; steroid-receptor; binding site; in-vivo; p23
AB Hsp90 (heat shock protein of 90 kDa) is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone responsible for the assembly and regulation of many eukaryotic signalling systems and is an emerging target for rational chemotherapy of many cancers. Although the structures of isolated domains of Hsp90 have been determined, the arrangement and ATP-dependent dynamics of these in the full Hsp90 dimer have been elusive and contentious. Here we present the crystal structure of full-length yeast Hsp90 in complex with an ATP analogue and the co-chaperone p23/Sba1. The structure reveals the complex architecture of the 'closed' state of the Hsp90 chaperone, the extensive interactions between domains and between protein chains, the detailed conformational changes in the amino-terminal domain that accompany ATP binding, and the structural basis for stabilization of the closed state by p23/Sba1. Contrary to expectations, the closed Hsp90 would not enclose its client proteins but provides a bipartite binding surface whose formation and disruption are coupled to the chaperone ATPase cycle.
C1 Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Struct Biol, London SW3 6JB, England.
   Kings Coll London, Pharmaceut Sci Res Div, London SE1 9NN, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; King's College London; University of Sheffield
RP Pearl, LH (corresponding author), Inst Canc Res, Chester Beatty Labs, Sect Struct Biol, 237 Fulham Rd, London SW3 6JB, England.
EM laurence.pearl@icr.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 792
Z9 923
U1 1
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1013
EP 1017
DI 10.1038/nature04716
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000027
PM 16625188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhao, Y
   Rodrigo, J
   Hoveyda, AH
   Snapper, ML
AF Zhao, Yu
   Rodrigo, Jason
   Hoveyda, Amir H.
   Snapper, Marc L.
TI Enantioselective silyl protection of alcohols catalysed by an amino-acid-based small molecule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinetic resolution; asymmetric catalysis; secondary alcohols; chiral catalysts; discovery; aldehydes; silanes
AB Reliable, selective and environmentally friendly chemical transformations are crucial to the development of new therapeutics and the design of novel materials. Chiral catalysts that can be easily prepared and used to obtain organic molecules of high enantiomeric purity are critical to modern chemical synthesis(1). The development of protecting groups that shield reactive functionalities has also proved indispensable in the preparation of complex biologically active molecules(2). Here we present a chiral catalyst that promotes the enantioselective protection of a secondary alcohol as one of the most commonly used protected forms of an alcohol: a silyl ether. The catalyst is a small, simple molecule that can be prepared in three steps from commercial materials without the need for rigorously controlled conditions. Enantioselective silylations are performed with commercial silyl chlorides and produce yields of up to 96 per cent at an enantiomeric ratio of up to 98:2. Chiral catalysts for selective formation of commonly used protecting groups such as silyl ethers should significantly enhance the ability of chemical synthesis to deliver, in a more practical and efficient manner, important organic molecules.
C1 Boston Coll, Merkert Chem Ctr, Dept Chem, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
C3 Boston College
RP Hoveyda, AH (corresponding author), Boston Coll, Merkert Chem Ctr, Dept Chem, 2609 Beacon St, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA.
EM amir.hoveyda@bc.edu; marc.snapper@bc.edu
NR 25
TC 186
Z9 219
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature05102
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900040
PM 16957727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lindvall, O
   Kokaia, Z
AF Lindvall, O
   Kokaia, Z
TI Stem cells for the treatment of neurological disorders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural progenitor cells; spinal-cord-injury; rat model; directed differentiation; functional recovery; parkinsons-disease; motor function; adult rats; transplantation; neurons
AB Many common neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis, are caused by a loss of neurons and glial cells. In recent years, neurons and glia have been generated successfully from stem cells in culture, fuelling efforts to develop stem-cell-based transplantation therapies for human patients. More recently, efforts have been extended to stimulating the formation and preventing the death of neurons and glial cells produced by endogenous stem cells within the adult central nervous system. The next step is to translate these exciting advances from the laboratory into clinically useful therapies.
C1 Univ Lund Hosp, Wallenberg Neurosci Ctr, Sect Restorat Neurol, Lab Neurogenesis & Cell Therapy, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
   Univ Lund Hosp, Stem Cell Inst, Sect Restorat Neurol, Lab Neural Stem Cell Biol, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
   Lund Strateg Res Ctr Stem Cell Biol & Cell Therap, Lund, Sweden.
C3 Lund University; Skane University Hospital; Lund University; Skane University Hospital; Lund University
RP Lindvall, O (corresponding author), Univ Lund Hosp, Wallenberg Neurosci Ctr, Sect Restorat Neurol, Lab Neurogenesis & Cell Therapy, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
EM olle.lindvall@med.lu.se
NR 32
TC 665
Z9 800
U1 1
U2 160
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1094
EP 1096
DI 10.1038/nature04960
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500037
PM 16810245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hueso, R
   Sánchez-Lavega, A
AF Hueso, R.
   Sanchez-Lavega, A.
TI Methane storms on Saturn's moon Titan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional model; midlatitude clouds; moist convection; huygens probe; giant planets; south-pole; atmosphere; surface; abundances; descent
AB The presence of dry fluvial river channels and the intense cloud activity in the south pole of Titan over the past few years(1-3) suggest the presence of methane rain. The nitrogen atmosphere of Titan therefore appears to support a methane meteorological cycle that sculptures the surface and controls its properties(1,4). Titan and Earth are the only worlds in the Solar System where rain reaches the surface, although the atmospheric cycles of water and methane are expected to be very different(5). Here we report three-dimensional dynamical calculations showing that severe methane convective storms accompanied by intense precipitation may occur in Titan under the right environmental conditions. The strongest storms grow when the methane relative humidity in the middle troposphere is above 80 per cent, producing updrafts with maximum velocities of 20 m s(-1), able to reach altitudes of 30 km before dissipating in 5 - 8 h. Raindrops of 1 - 5 mm in radius produce precipitation rainfalls on the surface as high as 110 kg m(-2) and are comparable to flash flood events on Earth(6).
C1 Univ Basque Country, Dept Fis Aplicada 1, ETS Ingn, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
C3 University of Basque Country
RP Hueso, R (corresponding author), Univ Basque Country, Dept Fis Aplicada 1, ETS Ingn, Alameda Urquijo S-N, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
EM wubhualr@lg.ehu.es; agustin.sanchez@ehu.es
NR 28
TC 97
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 428
EP 431
DI 10.1038/nature04933
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900037
PM 16871212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sicardy, B
   Bellucci, A
   Gendron, E
   Lacombe, F
   Lacour, S
   Lecacheux, J
   Lellouch, E
   Renner, S
   Pau, S
   Roques, F
   Widemann, T
   Colas, F
   Vachier, F
   Martins, RV
   Ageorges, N
   Hainaut, O
   Marco, O
   Beisker, W
   Hummel, E
   Feinstein, C
   Levato, H
   Maury, A
   Frappa, E
   Gaillard, B
   Lavayssière, M
   Di Sora, M
   Mallia, F
   Masi, G
   Behrend, R
   Carrier, F
   Mousis, O
   Rousselot, P
   Alvarez-Candal, A
   Lazzaro, D
   Veiga, C
   Andrei, AH
   Assafin, M
   Neto, DND
   Jacques, C
   Pimentel, E
   Weaver, D
   Lecampion, JF
   Doncel, F
   Momiyama, T
   Tancredi, G
AF Sicardy, B
   Bellucci, A
   Gendron, E
   Lacombe, F
   Lacour, S
   Lecacheux, J
   Lellouch, E
   Renner, S
   Pau, S
   Roques, F
   Widemann, T
   Colas, F
   Vachier, F
   Martins, RV
   Ageorges, N
   Hainaut, O
   Marco, O
   Beisker, W
   Hummel, E
   Feinstein, C
   Levato, H
   Maury, A
   Frappa, E
   Gaillard, B
   Lavayssière, M
   Di Sora, M
   Mallia, F
   Masi, G
   Behrend, R
   Carrier, F
   Mousis, O
   Rousselot, P
   Alvarez-Candal, A
   Lazzaro, D
   Veiga, C
   Andrei, AH
   Assafin, M
   Neto, DND
   Jacques, C
   Pimentel, E
   Weaver, D
   Lecampion, JF
   Doncel, F
   Momiyama, T
   Tancredi, G
TI Charon's size and an upper limit on its atmosphere from a stellar occultation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ccd observations; mass-ratio; pluto; telescope; parameters
AB Pluto and its satellite, Charon ( discovered in 1978; ref. 1), appear to form a double planet, rather than a hierarchical planet/satellite couple. Charon is about half Pluto's size and about one-eighth its mass. The precise radii of Pluto and Charon have remained uncertain, leading to large uncertainties on their densities(2). Although stellar occultations by Charon are in principle a powerful way of measuring its size, they are rare, as the satellite subtends less than 0.3 microradians (0.06 arcsec) on the sky. One occultation ( in 1980) yielded a lower limit of 600 km for the satellite's radius(3), which was later refined to 601.5 km ( ref. 4). Here we report observations from a multi-station stellar occultation by Charon, which we use to derive a radius, R-C = 603.6 +/- 1.4 km (1 sigma), and a density of rho = 1.71 +/- 0.08 g cm(-3). This occultation also provides upper limits of 110 and 15 (3 sigma) nanobar for an atmosphere around Charon, assuming respectively a pure nitrogen or pure methane atmosphere.
C1 Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-75252 Paris 5, France.
   Observ Paris, IMCCE, F-75014 Paris, France.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Int Occultat Timing Assoc, European Sect, D-30459 Hannover, Germany.
   Astron Observ, Fac Ciencias Astron & Geofis, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina.
   Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Astrofis La Plata, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina.
   Complejo Astron, RA-5402 San Juan, Argentina.
   Gene Shoemaker Observ, San Pedro De Atacama, Chile.
   Plantearium St Etienne, F-42100 St Etienne, France.
   Care Colas F, Assoc Utilisateurs Detecteurs Elect, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Campo Catino Austral Observ, San Pedro De Atacama, Chile.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland.
   Observ Besancon, F-25010 Besancon, France.
   Observ Nacl, BR-20921400 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
   Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Observ Valongo, BR-20080090 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
   Observ CEAMIG REA, BR-31545120 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
   Univ Fortaleza, Observ Astron Christus, BR-60140140 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
   Observ Aquitain Sci Univ, F-33270 Floirac, France.
   Univ Nacl Asunc, Astron Observ, Asuncion 2169, Paraguay.
   Observ Astron Molinos, Fac Ciencias, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Sorbonne Universite; Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; European Southern Observatory; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); University of Rome Tor Vergata; University of Geneva; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Fortaleza; Universidad Nacional de Asuncion; Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
RP Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.; Univ Paris 06, F-75252 Paris 5, France.
EM bruno.sicardy@obspm.fr
NR 18
TC 68
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 52
EP 54
DI 10.1038/nature04351
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700031
PM 16397493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tirichine, L
   Imaizumi-Anraku, H
   Yoshida, S
   Murakami, Y
   Madsen, LH
   Miwa, H
   Nakagawa, T
   Sandal, N
   Albrektsen, AS
   Kawaguchi, M
   Downie, A
   Sato, S
   Tabata, S
   Kouchi, H
   Parniske, M
   Kawasaki, S
   Stougaard, J
AF Tirichine, Leila
   Imaizumi-Anraku, Haruko
   Yoshida, Satoko
   Murakami, Yasuhiro
   Madsen, Lene H.
   Miwa, Hiroki
   Nakagawa, Tomomi
   Sandal, Niels
   Albrektsen, Anita S.
   Kawaguchi, Masayoshi
   Downie, Allan
   Sato, Shusei
   Tabata, Satoshi
   Kouchi, Hiroshi
   Parniske, Martin
   Kawasaki, Shinji
   Stougaard, Jens
TI Deregulation of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase leads to spontaneous nodule development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; legume lotus-japonicus; symbiotic mutants; calmodulin; autophosphorylation; calcium; root; absence; domain; gene
AB Induced development of a new plant organ in response to rhizobia is the most prominent manifestation of legume root-nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Here we show that the complex root-nodule organogenic programme can be genetically deregulated to trigger de novo nodule formation in the absence of rhizobia or exogenous rhizobial signals. In an ethylmethane sulphonate-induced snf1 (spontaneous nodule formation) mutant of Lotus japonicus, a single amino-acid replacement in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is sufficient to turn fully differentiated root cortical cells into meristematic founder cells of root nodule primordia. These spontaneous nodules are genuine nodules with an ontogeny similar to that of rhizobial-induced root nodules, corroborating previous physiological studies(1). Using two receptor-deficient genetic backgrounds we provide evidence for a developmentally integrated spontaneous nodulation process that is independent of lipochitin-oligosaccharide signal perception and oscillations in Ca2+ second messenger levels. Our results reveal a key regulatory position of CCaMK upstream of all components required for cell-cycle activation, and a phenotypically divergent series of mutant alleles demonstrates positive and negative regulation of the process.
C1 Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
   Univ Munich, Dept Biol 1, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
   John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920818, Japan.
C3 Aarhus University; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan; University of Munich; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; University of Tokyo; Kazusa DNA Research Institute
RP Stougaard, J (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Gene Express Lab, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
EM stougaard@mb.au.dk
NR 17
TC 352
Z9 427
U1 1
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1153
EP 1156
DI 10.1038/nature04862
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500051
PM 16810257
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sommer, MA
   Wurtz, RH
AF Sommer, Marc A.
   Wurtz, Robert H.
TI Influence of the thalamus on spatial visual processing in frontal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain-stem tells; eye field; corollary discharge; superior colliculus; signals sent; representation; pathway
AB Each of our movements activates our own sensory receptors, and therefore keeping track of self- movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self- movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands(1 - 13). This concept could explain why we perceive a stable visual world despite our frequent quick, or saccadic, eye movements: corollary discharge about each saccade would permit the visual system to ignore saccade- induced visual changes(6 - 9). The critical missing link has been the connection between corollary discharge and visual processing. Here we show that such a link is formed by a corollary discharge from the thalamus that targets the frontal cortex. In the thalamus, neurons in the mediodorsal nucleus relay a corollary discharge of saccades from the midbrain superior colliculus to the cortical frontal eye field(10 - 12). In the frontal eye field, neurons use corollary discharge to shift their visual receptive fields spatially before saccades(14,15). We tested the hypothesis that these two components - a pathway for corollary discharge and neurons with shifting receptive fields - form a circuit in which the corollary discharge drives the shift. First we showed that the known spatial and temporal properties of the corollary discharge predict the dynamic changes in spatial visual processing of cortical neurons when saccades are made. Then we moved from this correlation to causation by isolating single cortical neurons and showing that their spatial visual processing is impaired when corollary discharge from the thalamus is interrupted. Thus the visual processing of frontal neurons is spatiotemporally matched with, and functionally dependent on, corollary discharge input from the thalamus. These experiments establish the first link between corollary discharge and visual processing, delineate a brain circuit that is well suited for mediating visual stability, and provide a framework for studying corollary discharge in other sensory systems.
C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Neurosci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Neural Basis Cognit, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Ctr Neurosci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
   NEI, Sensorimotor Res Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI)
RP Sommer, MA (corresponding author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Neurosci, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA.
EM sommer@bns.pitt.edu
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 403
Z9 472
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 374
EP 377
DI 10.1038/nature05279
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300050
PM 17093408
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tashiro, A
   Sandler, VM
   Toni, N
   Zhao, CM
   Gage, FH
AF Tashiro, Ayumu
   Sandler, Vladislav M.
   Toni, Nicolas
   Zhao, Chunmei
   Gage, Fred H.
TI NMDA-receptor-mediated, cell-specific integration of new neurons in adult dentate gyrus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal-neurons; nervous-system; neurogenesis; death; mice; memory; brain; differentiation; apoptosis
AB New neurons are continuously integrated into existing neural circuits in adult dentate gyrus of the mammalian brain(1-4). Accumulating evidence indicates that these new neurons are involved in learning and memory(5-8). A substantial fraction of newly born neurons die before they mature(9,10) and the survival of new neurons is regulated in an experience-dependent manner(5,6,11), raising the possibility that the selective survival or death of new neurons has a direct role in a process of learning and memory such as information storage - through the information-specific construction of new circuits. However, a critical assumption of this hypothesis is that the survival or death decision of new neurons is information-specific. Because neurons receive their information primarily through their input synaptic activity, we investigated whether the survival of new neurons is regulated by input activity in a cell-specific manner. Here we developed a retrovirus-mediated, single-cell gene knockout technique in mice and showed that the survival of new neurons is competitively regulated by their own NMDA-type glutamate receptor during a short, critical period soon after neuronal birth. This finding indicates that the survival of new neurons and the resulting formation of new circuits are regulated in an input-dependent, cell-specific manner. Therefore, the circuits formed by new neurons may represent information associated with input activity within a short time window in the critical period. This information-specific addition of new circuits through selective survival or death of new neurons may be a unique attribute of new neurons that enables them to play a critical role in learning and memory.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Gage, FH (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Genet Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM gage@salk.edu
NR 30
TC 493
Z9 616
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 929
EP 933
DI 10.1038/nature05028
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500040
PM 16906136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valenzuela, SO
   Tinkham, M
AF Valenzuela, SO
   Tinkham, M
TI Direct electronic measurement of the spin Hall effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID room-temperature; semiconductors; injection; charge; polarization; diffusion; currents; valves
AB The generation, manipulation and detection of spin-polarized electrons in nanostructures define the main challenges of spin-ased electronics(1). Among the different approaches for spin generation and manipulation, spin - orbit coupling - which couples the spin of an electron to its momentum - is attracting considerable interest. In a spin - orbit-coupled system, a non-zero spin current is predicted in a direction perpendicular to the applied electric field, giving rise to a spin Hall effect(2-4). Consistent with this effect, electrically induced spin polarization was recently detected by optical techniques at the edges of a semiconductor channel(5) and in two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductor heterostructures(6,7). Here we report electrical measurements of the spin Hall effect in a diffusive metallic conductor, using a ferromagnetic electrode in combination with a tunnel barrier to inject a spin-polarized current. In our devices, we observe an induced voltage that results exclusively from the conversion of the injected spin current into charge imbalance through the spin Hall effect. Such a voltage is proportional to the component of the injected spins that is perpendicular to the plane defined by the spin current direction and the voltage probes. These experiments reveal opportunities for efficient spin detection without the need for magnetic materials, which could lead to useful spintronics devices that integrate information processing and data storage.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
RP Valenzuela, SO (corresponding author), MIT, Francis Bitter Natl Magnet Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM sov@mit.edu
NR 27
TC 1313
Z9 1445
U1 7
U2 444
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 176
EP 179
DI 10.1038/nature04937
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700041
PM 16838016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schaffitzel, C
   Oswald, M
   Berger, I
   Ishikawa, T
   Abrahams, JP
   Koerten, HK
   Koning, RI
   Ban, N
AF Schaffitzel, Christiane
   Oswald, Miro
   Berger, Imre
   Ishikawa, Takashi
   Abrahams, Jan Pieter
   Koerten, Henk K.
   Koning, Roman I.
   Ban, Nenad
TI Structure of the E-coli signal recognition particle bound to a translating ribosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trigger factor; electron-microscopy; crystal-structure; density maps; resolution; proteins; binding; srp; rna; membrane
AB The prokaryotic signal recognition particle (SRP) targets membrane proteins into the inner membrane(1-4). It binds translating ribosomes and screens the emerging nascent chain for a hydrophobic signal sequence, such as the transmembrane helix of inner membrane proteins. If such a sequence emerges, the SRP binds tightly, allowing the SRP receptor to lock on. This assembly delivers the ribosome-nascent chain complex to the protein translocation machinery in the membrane. Using cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle reconstruction, we obtained a 16 angstrom structure of the Escherichia coli SRP in complex with a translating E. coli ribosome containing a nascent chain with a transmembrane helix anchor. We also obtained structural information on the SRP bound to an empty E. coli ribosome. The latter might share characteristics with a scanning SRP complex, whereas the former represents the next step: the targeting complex ready for receptor binding. High-resolution structures of the bacterial ribosome and of the bacterial SRP components are available, and their fitting explains our electron microscopic density. The structures reveal the regions that are involved in complex formation, provide insight into the conformation of the SRP on the ribosome and indicate the conformational changes that accompany high-affinity SRP binding to ribosome nascent chain complexes upon recognition of the signal sequence.
C1 ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Leiden Univ, Gorlaeus Labs, Leiden Inst Chem, Dept Biophys Struct Chem, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Electron Microscopy, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC)
RP Ban, N (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, HPK Bldg,Schafmattstr 20, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM ban@mol.biol.ethz.ch
NR 30
TC 112
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 503
EP 506
DI 10.1038/nature05182
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700050
PM 17086205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, CY
   Robinson, KJ
   Doe, CQ
AF Lee, CY
   Robinson, KJ
   Doe, CQ
TI lgl, pins and aPKC regulate neuroblast self-renewal versus differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymmetric cell-division; central-nervous-system; drosophila neuroblasts; polarity; localization; proliferation; lineages; reveals; complex; growth
AB How a cell chooses to proliferate or to differentiate is an important issue in stem cell and cancer biology. Drosophila neuroblasts undergo self-renewal with every cell division, producing another neuroblast and a differentiating daughter cell, but the mechanisms controlling the self-renewal/differentiation decision are poorly understood. Here we tested whether cell polarity genes, known to regulate embryonic neuroblast asymmetric cell division(1), also regulate neuroblast self-renewal. Clonal analysis in larval brains showed that pins mutant neuroblasts rapidly fail to self-renew, whereas lethal giant larvae (lgl) mutant neuroblasts generate multiple neuroblasts. Notably, lgl pins double mutant neuroblasts all divide symmetrically to self-renew, filling the brain with neuroblasts at the expense of neurons. The lgl pins neuroblasts show ectopic cortical localization of atypical protein kinase C ( aPKC), and a decrease in aPKC expression reduces neuroblast numbers, suggesting that aPKC promotes neuroblast self-renewal. In support of this hypothesis, neuroblast-specific overexpression of membrane-targeted aPKC, but not a kinase-dead version, induces ectopic neuroblast self-renewal. We conclude that cortical aPKC kinase activity is a potent inducer of neuroblast self-renewal.
C1 Univ Oregon, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
   Univ Oregon, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Mol Biol, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Oregon; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Oregon; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Doe, CQ (corresponding author), Univ Oregon, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
EM cdoe@uoregon.edu
NR 27
TC 262
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 594
EP 598
DI 10.1038/nature04299
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900042
PM 16357871
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hegerl, GC
   Crowley, TJ
   Hyde, WT
   Frame, DJ
AF Hegerl, GC
   Crowley, TJ
   Hyde, WT
   Frame, DJ
TI Climate sensitivity constrained by temperature reconstructions over the past seven centuries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model; solar; uncertainty; variability; signals; ocean; ages
AB The magnitude and impact of future global warming depends on the sensitivity of the climate system to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. The commonly accepted range for the equilibrium global mean temperature change in response to a doubling of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration(1), termed climate sensitivity, is 1.5-4.5 K (ref. 2). A number of observational studies(3-10), however, find a substantial probability of significantly higher sensitivities, yielding upper limits on climate sensitivity of 7.7 K to above 9 K (refs 3-8). Here we demonstrate that such observational estimates of climate sensitivity can be tightened if reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperature over the past several centuries are considered. We use large-ensemble energy balance modelling and simulate the temperature response to past solar, volcanic and greenhouse gas forcing to determine which climate sensitivities yield simulations that are in agreement with proxy reconstructions. After accounting for the uncertainty in reconstructions and estimates of past external forcing, we find an independent estimate of climate sensitivity that is very similar to those from instrumental data. If the latter are combined with the result from all proxy reconstructions, then the 5-95 per cent range shrinks to 1.5-6.2 K, thus substantially reducing the probability of very high climate sensitivity.
C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Climate Dynam Grp, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 Duke University; University of Oxford
RP Hegerl, GC (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Div Earth & Ocean Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM hegerl@duke.edu
NR 30
TC 295
Z9 328
U1 3
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1029
EP 1032
DI 10.1038/nature04679
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000031
PM 16625192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crespo-Hernández, CE
   Cohen, B
   Kohler, B
AF Crespo-Hernandez, Carlos E.
   Cohen, Boiko
   Kohler, Bern
TI Molecular spectroscopy:: Complexity of excited-state dynamics in DNA -: Reply
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID relaxation; adenine
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University
RP Crespo-Hernández, CE (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, 120 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM kohler@chemistry.ohio-state.edu
NR 13
TC 55
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP E8
EP E8
DI 10.1038/nature04904
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yelin, D
   Rizvi, I
   White, WM
   Motz, JT
   Hasan, T
   Bouma, BE
   Tearney, GJ
AF Yelin, D.
   Rizvi, I.
   White, W. M.
   Motz, J. T.
   Hasan, T.
   Bouma, B. E.
   Tearney, G. J.
TI Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intraductal lesions; diagnosis; breast
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Wellman Ctr Photomed, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Yelin, D (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM gtearney@partners.org
NR 10
TC 115
Z9 168
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 765
EP 765
DI 10.1038/443765a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700033
PM 17051200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Adams, GB
   Chabner, KT
   Alley, IR
   Olson, DP
   Szczepiorkowski, ZM
   Poznansky, MC
   Kos, CH
   Pollak, MR
   Brown, EM
   Scadden, DT
AF Adams, GB
   Chabner, KT
   Alley, IR
   Olson, DP
   Szczepiorkowski, ZM
   Poznansky, MC
   Kos, CH
   Pollak, MR
   Brown, EM
   Scadden, DT
TI Stem cell engraftment at the endosteal niche is specified by the calcium-sensing receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-marrow; in-vivo; hematopoietic microenvironment; mice; expression
AB During mammalian ontogeny, haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) translocate from the fetal liver to the bone marrow, where haematopoiesis occurs throughout adulthood(1). Unique features of bone that contribute to a microenvironmental niche for stem cells might include the known high concentration of calcium ions at the HSC-enriched endosteal surface. Cells respond to extracellular ionic calcium concentrations through the seven-transmembrane-spanning calcium-sensing receptor (CaR), which we identified as being expressed on HSCs. Here we show that, through the CaR, the simple ionic mineral content of the niche may dictate the preferential localization of adult mammalian haematopoiesis in bone. Antenatal mice deficient in CaR had primitive haematopoietic cells in the circulation and spleen, whereas few were found in bone marrow. CaR-/- HSCs from fetal liver were normal in number, in proliferative and differentiative function, and in migration and homing to the bone marrow. Yet they were highly defective in localizing anatomically to the endosteal niche, behaviour that correlated with defective adhesion to the extracellular matrix protein, collagen I. CaR has a function in retaining HSCs in close physical proximity to the endosteal surface and the regulatory niche components associated with it.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Regenerat Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Blood Transfus Serv, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Membrane Biol Program,Endocrine Hypertens Div, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
RP Scadden, DT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Ctr Regenerat Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM scadden.david@mgh.harvard.edu
NR 25
TC 568
Z9 694
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 599
EP 603
DI 10.1038/nature04247
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900043
PM 16382241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lubin, D
   Vogelmann, AM
AF Lubin, D
   Vogelmann, AM
TI A climatologically significant aerosol longwave indirect effect in the Arctic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID part ii; cloud property; sea-ice; climate-change; surface; pollution; albedo
AB The warming of Arctic climate and decreases in sea ice thickness and extent(1,2) observed over recent decades are believed to result from increased direct greenhouse gas forcing, changes in atmospheric dynamics having anthropogenic origin(3-5), and important positive reinforcements including ice - albedo and cloud - radiation feedbacks(6). The importance of cloud - radiation interactions is being investigated through advanced instrumentation deployed in the high Arctic since 1997 (refs 7, 8). These studies have established that clouds, via the dominance of longwave radiation, exert a net warming on the Arctic climate system throughout most of the year, except briefly during the summer(9). The Arctic region also experiences significant periodic influxes of anthropogenic aerosols, which originate from the industrial regions in lower latitudes(10). Here we use multisensor radiometric data(7,8) to show that enhanced aerosol concentrations alter the microphysical properties of Arctic clouds, in a process known as the 'first indirect' effect(11,12). Under frequently occurring cloud types we find that this leads to an increase of an average 3.4 watts per square metre in the surface longwave fluxes. This is comparable to a warming effect from established greenhouse gases and implies that the observed longwave enhancement is climatologically significant.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Lubin, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM dlubin@ucsd.edu
NR 26
TC 150
Z9 169
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 453
EP 456
DI 10.1038/nature04449
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200042
PM 16437112
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holland, G
   Ballentine, CJ
AF Holland, G
   Ballentine, CJ
TI Seawater subduction controls the heavy noble gas composition of the mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mid-atlantic ridge; loihi seamount; neon isotopes; mass-transfer; popping rock; lau basin; systematics; helium; argon; glasses
AB The relationship between solar volatiles and those now in the Earth's atmosphere and mantle reservoirs provides insight into the processes controlling the acquisition of volatiles during planetary accretion and their subsequent evolution. Whereas the light noble gases ( helium and neon) in the Earth's mantle preserve a solar-like isotopic composition, heavy noble gases ( argon, krypton and xenon) have an isotopic composition very similar to that of the modern atmosphere, with radiogenic and ( in the case of xenon) solar contributions. Mantle noble gases in a magmatic CO2 natural gas field have been previously corrected for shallow atmosphere/groundwater and crustal additions. Here we analyse new data from this field and show that the elemental composition of non-radiogenic heavy noble gases in the mantle is remarkably similar to that of sea water. We challenge the popular concept of a noble gas `subduction barrier' - the convecting mantle noble gas isotopic and elemental composition is explained by subduction of sediment and seawater-dominated pore fluids. This accounts for similar to 100% of the non-radiogenic argon and krypton and 80% of the xenon. Approximately 50% of the convecting mantle water concentration can then be explained by this mechanism. Enhanced recycling of subducted material to the mantle plume source region then accounts for the lower ratio of radiogenic to non-radiogenic heavy noble gas isotopes and higher water content of plume-derived basalts.
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
C3 University of Manchester
RP Holland, G (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Earth Atmospher & Environm Sci, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM g.holland@manchester.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/A/S/2002/00960] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 49
TC 231
Z9 263
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 186
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature04761
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800038
PM 16688169
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, M
   Yu, XB
   Wang, W
   Zhao, WJ
   Jia, LT
AF Zhu, M
   Yu, XB
   Wang, W
   Zhao, WJ
   Jia, LT
TI A primitive fish provides key characters bearing on deep osteichthyan phylogeny
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lungfish; australia; cosmine
AB Osteichthyans, or bony vertebrates, include actinopterygians (teleosts and their relatives) and sarcopterygians (coelacanths, lungfishes and tetrapods). Despite features found in basal actinopterygians (for example, Dialipina and Ligulalepis)(1-3) and basal sarcopterygians (for example, Psarolepis and Achoania)(4,5), the morphological gap between the two lineages remains wide and how sarcopterygians developed a dermal surface covering known as cosmine (composed of a pore-canal network and a single layer of odontodes and enamel) is still poorly known(6-10). Here we describe a primitive fossil fish, Meemannia eos gen. et sp. nov., that possesses an actinopterygian-like skull roof and a cosmine-like dermal surface combining a pore-canal network (found in various fossil sarcopterygians) with superimposed layers of odontodes and enamel (previously known in actinopterygians and some acanthodians(11-13)). This 405-million-year-old fish from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan (China) demonstrates that cosmine in many fossil sarcopterygians arose step by step through the acquisition of a pore-canal network followed by the subsequently developed ability to resorb previous generations of odontodes and enamel. Meemannia provides key characters for studying deep osteichthyan phylogeny and indicates a possible morphotype for the common ancestor of actinopterygians and sarcopterygians.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Kean Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Union, NJ 07083 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; Kean University
RP Zhu, M (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn
NR 30
TC 82
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 77
EP 80
DI 10.1038/nature04563
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600035
PM 16672968
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouhifd, MA
   Jephcoat, AP
AF Bouhifd, MA
   Jephcoat, AP
TI Aluminium control of argon solubility in silicate melts under pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noble-gas solubility; molecular-dynamics; liquids; partition; behavior; glasses; xe; kr; ar
AB Understanding of the crystal chemistry of the Earth's deep mantle has evolved rapidly recently with the gradual acceptance of the importance of the effect of minor elements such as aluminium on the properties of major phases such as perovskite(1-3). In the early Earth, during its formation and segregation into rocky mantle and iron-rich core, it is likely that silicate liquids played a large part in the transport of volatiles to or from the deep interior. The importance of aluminium on solubility mechanisms at high pressure has so far received little attention, even though aluminium has long been recognized as exerting strong control on liquid structures at ambient conditions(4-6). Here we present constraints on the solubility of argon in aluminosilicate melt compositions up to 25 GPa and 3,000 K, using a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The argon contents reach a maximum that persists to pressures as high as 17 GPa (up to 500 km deep in an early magma ocean), well above that expected on the basis of Al-free melt experiments. A distinct drop in argon solubility observed over a narrow pressure range correlates well with the expected void loss in the melt structure predicted by recent molecular dynamics simulations(7-9). These results provide a process for noble gas sequestration in the mantle at various depths in a cooling magma ocean. The concept of shallow partial melting as a unique process for extracting noble gases from the early Earth, thereby defining the initial atmospheric abundance, may therefore be oversimplified.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Diamond Light Source Ltd, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England.
C3 University of Oxford; Diamond Light Source
RP Bouhifd, MA (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
EM alib@earth.ox.ac.uk; andrew@earth.ox.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/A/S/2003/00378] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 38
Z9 39
U1 1
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 961
EP 964
DI 10.1038/nature04583
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100044
PM 16495996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frigaard, NU
   Martinez, A
   Mincer, TJ
   DeLong, EF
AF Frigaard, NU
   Martinez, A
   Mincer, TJ
   DeLong, EF
TI Proteorhodopsin lateral gene transfer between marine planktonic Bacteria and Archaea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phototrophy; library
AB Planktonic Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya reside and compete in the ocean's photic zone under the pervasive influence of light. Bacteria in this environment were recently shown to contain photoproteins called proteorhodopsins, thought to contribute to cellular energy metabolism by catalysing light-driven proton translocation across the cell membrane(1-7). So far, proteorhodopsin genes have been well documented only in proteobacteria and a few other bacterial groups. Here we report the presence and distribution of proteorhodopsin genes in Archaea affiliated with the order Thermoplasmatales, in the ocean's upper water column. The genomic context and phylogenetic relationships of the archaeal and proteobacterial proteorhodopsins indicate its probable lateral transfer between planktonic Bacteria and Archaea. About 10% of the euryarchaeotes in the photic zone contained the proteorhodopsin gene adjacent to their small-subunit ribosomal RNA. The archaeal proteorhodopsins were also found in other genomic regions, in the same or in different microbial lineages. Although euryarchaeotes were distributed throughout the water column, their proteorhodopsins were found only in the photic zone. The cosmopolitan phylogenetic distribution of proteorhodopsins reflects their significant light-dependent fitness contributions, which drive the photoprotein's lateral acquisition and retention, but constrain its dispersal to the photic zone.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Div Biol Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP DeLong, EF (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Bldg 48,15 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM delong@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 291
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 847
EP 850
DI 10.1038/nature04435
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600050
PM 16482157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsou, MFB
   Stearns, T
AF Tsou, Meng-Fu Bryan
   Stearns, Tim
TI Mechanism limiting centrosome duplication to once per cell cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid separation; centriole; mitosis; kinase; oncoprotein; instability; progression; cdk2-cyclin; chromosome; interphase
AB The centrosome organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton and consists of a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. Cells begin the cell cycle with a single centrosome, which duplicates once before mitosis. During duplication, new centrioles grow orthogonally to existing ones and remain engaged ( tightly opposed) with those centrioles until late mitosis or early G1 phase, when they become disengaged(1). The relationship between centriole engagement/disengagement and centriole duplication potential is not understood, and the mechanisms that control these processes are not known. Here we show that centriole disengagement requires the protease separase(2) at anaphase, and that this disengagement licences centriole duplication in the next cell cycle. We describe an in vitro system using Xenopus egg extract and purified centrioles in which both centriole disengagement and centriole growth occur. Centriole disengagement at anaphase is independent of mitotic exit and Cdk2/cyclin E activity, but requires the anaphase-promoting complex and separase. In contrast to disengagement, new centriole growth occurs in interphase, is dependent on Cdk2/cyclin E, and requires previously disengaged centrioles. This suggests that re-duplication of centrioles within a cell cycle is prevented by centriole engagement itself. We propose that the 'once-only' control of centrosome duplication is achieved by temporally separating licensing in anaphase from growth of new centrioles during S phase. The involvement of separase in both centriole disengagement and sister chromatid separation would prevent premature centriole disengagement before anaphase onset, which can lead to multipolar spindles and genomic instability(3,4).
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Stearns, T (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM stearns@stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 350
Z9 435
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 947
EP 951
DI 10.1038/nature04985
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500044
PM 16862117
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kraemer, T
   Mark, M
   Waldburger, P
   Danzl, JG
   Chin, C
   Engeser, B
   Lange, AD
   Pilch, K
   Jaakkola, A
   Nägerl, HC
   Grimm, R
AF Kraemer, T
   Mark, M
   Waldburger, P
   Danzl, JG
   Chin, C
   Engeser, B
   Lange, AD
   Pilch, K
   Jaakkola, A
   Nägerl, HC
   Grimm, R
TI Evidence for Efimov quantum states in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resonantly-interacting particles; bose-einstein condensate; 3-body recombination; collisions
AB Systems of three interacting particles are notorious for their complex physical behaviour. A landmark theoretical result in few- body quantum physics is Efimov's prediction(1,2) of a universal set of bound trimer states appearing for three identical bosons with a resonant two- body interaction. Counterintuitively, these states even exist in the absence of a corresponding two- body bound state. Since the formulation of Efimov's problem in the context of nuclear physics 35 years ago, it has attracted great interest in many areas of physics(3-8). However, the observation of Efimov quantum states has remained an elusive goal(3,5). Here we report the observation of an Efimov resonance in an ultracold gas of caesium atoms. The resonance occurs in the range of large negative two- body scattering lengths, arising from the coupling of three free atoms to an Efimov trimer. Experimentally, we observe its signature as a giant three- body recombination loss(9,10) when the strength of the two- body interaction is varied. We also detect a minimum(9,11,12) in the recombination loss for positive scattering lengths, indicating destructive interference of decay pathways. Our results confirm central theoretical predictions of Efimov physics and represent a starting point with which to explore the universal properties of resonantly interacting few- body systems(7). While Feshbach resonances(13,14) have provided the key to control quantum- mechanical interactions on the two- body level, Efimov resonances connect ultracold matter(15) to the world of few- body quantum phenomena.
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck; University of Chicago; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Nägerl, HC (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM christoph.naegerl@ultracold.at
NR 30
TC 928
Z9 1015
U1 0
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 315
EP 318
DI 10.1038/nature04626
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600048
PM 16541068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iber, D
   Clarkson, J
   Yudkin, MD
   Campbell, ID
AF Iber, D
   Clarkson, J
   Yudkin, MD
   Campbell, ID
TI The mechanism of cell differentiation in Bacillus subtilis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor sigma(f); gene-expression; rna-polymerase; sporulation; activation; spoiiab; regulator; protein
AB Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis serves as a model for the development of two different cell types from a single cell(1). Although much information has been accumulated about the mechanisms that initiate the developmental programmes(2), important questions remain that can be answered only by quantitative analysis. Here we develop, with the help of existing and new experimental results, a mathematical model that reproduces published in vitro experiments and explains how the activation of the key transcription factor is regulated. The model identifies the difference in volume between the two cell types as the primary trigger for determining cell fate. It shows that this effect depends on the allosteric behaviour of a key protein kinase and on a low rate of dephosphorylation by the corresponding phosphatase; both predicted effects are confirmed experimentally.
C1 Univ Oxford, Inst Math, Ctr Math Biol, Oxford OX1 3LB, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Microbiol Unit, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Iber, D (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Inst Math, Ctr Math Biol, 24-29 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LB, England.
EM iber@maths.ox.ac.uk; michael.yudkin@kellogg.ox.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 48
Z9 66
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 371
EP 374
DI 10.1038/nature04666
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200053
PM 16710423
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bewley, GP
   Lathrop, DP
   Sreenivasan, KR
AF Bewley, Gregory P.
   Lathrop, Daniel P.
   Sreenivasan, Katepalli R.
TI Superfluid helium - Visualization of quantized vortices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid helium; particles; flow
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mech Engn, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP); Yale University
RP Bewley, GP (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM dpl@complex.umd.edu
NR 10
TC 329
Z9 367
U1 2
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 588
EP 588
DI 10.1038/441588a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800034
PM 16738652
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruttimann, J
AF Ruttimann, Jacqueline
TI Oceanography: Sick seas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID increased atmospheric co2
NR 8
TC 19
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 978
EP 980
DI 10.1038/442978a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000023
PM 16943816
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tildesley, MJ
   Savill, NJ
   Shaw, DJ
   Deardon, R
   Brooks, SP
   Woolhouse, MEJ
   Grenfell, BT
   Keeling, MJ
AF Tildesley, MJ
   Savill, NJ
   Shaw, DJ
   Deardon, R
   Brooks, SP
   Woolhouse, MEJ
   Grenfell, BT
   Keeling, MJ
TI Optimal reactive vaccination strategies for a foot-and-mouth outbreak in the UK
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID control policy; great-britain; epidemic; transmission; spread; design; impact
AB Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the UK provides an ideal opportunity to explore optimal control measures for an infectious disease. The presence of fine-scale spatio-temporal data for the 2001 epidemic has allowed the development of epidemiological models that are more accurate than those generally created for other epidemics(1-5) and provide the opportunity to explore a variety of alternative control measures. Vaccination was not used during the 2001 epidemic; however, the recent DEFRA ( Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs) contingency plan(6) details how reactive vaccination would be considered in future. Here, using the data from the 2001 epidemic, we consider the optimal deployment of limited vaccination capacity in a complex heterogeneous environment. We use a model of FMD spread to investigate the optimal deployment of reactive ring vaccination of cattle constrained by logistical resources. The predicted optimal ring size is highly dependent upon logistical constraints but is more robust to epidemiological parameters. Other ways of targeting reactive vaccination can significantly reduce the epidemic size; in particular, ignoring the order in which infections are reported and vaccinating those farms closest to any previously reported case can substantially reduce the epidemic. This strategy has the advantage that it rapidly targets new foci of infection and that determining an optimal ring size is unnecessary.
C1 Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Warwick, Math Inst, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Ctr Math Sci, Stat Lab, Cambridge CB3 0WB, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ashworth Labs, Ctr Infect Dis, Epidemiol Grp, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Easter Bush Vet Ctr, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Ctr Vet Sci, Cambridge Infect Dis Consortium, Cambridge CB3 0ES, England.
   Penn State Univ, Mueller Lab, Biol Dept 208, Ctr Infect Dis Dynam, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Warwick; University of Warwick; University of Cambridge; University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Fogarty International Center (FIC)
RP Keeling, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
EM m.j.keeling@warwick.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 16
TC 208
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 83
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature04324
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700044
PM 16511494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, MM
   Zhang, JY
   Miao, DD
AF Chang, Mee-mann
   Zhang, Jiangyong
   Miao, Desui
TI A lamprey from the Cretaceous Jehol biota of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID petromyzon-marinus; sea lamprey; bear-gulch; montana; larvae; usa
AB Widespread nowadays in freshwater and coastal seas of the cold and temporal zones, lampreys are a jawless vertebrate group that has been in existence for more than 300 million years but left a meagre fossil record. Only two fossil lamprey species, namely Mayomyzon pieckoensis(1,2) and Hardistiella montanensis(3-5), have been recognized with certainty from North American Carboniferous marine deposits(6). Here we report a freshwater lamprey from the Early Cretaceous epoch ( about 125 million years ago) of Inner Mongolia, China. The new taxon, Mesomyzon mengae, has a long snout, a well-developed sucking oral disk, a relatively long branchial apparatus showing branchial basket, seven gill pouches, gill arches and impressions of gill filaments, about 80 myomeres and several other characters that are previously unknown or ambiguous. Our finding not only indicates Mesomyzon's closer relationship to extant lampreys but also reveals the group's invasion into a freshwater environment no later than the Early Cretaceous. The new material furthers our understanding of ancient lampreys, bridges the gap between the Carboniferous ones and their recent relatives, and adds to our knowledge of the evolutionary history of lampreys.
C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Univ Kansas, Museum Nat Hist, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Biodivers Res Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; University of Kansas; University of Kansas
RP Chang, MM (corresponding author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, POB 643, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM zhangmiman@ivpp.ac.cn
NR 18
TC 58
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 972
EP 974
DI 10.1038/nature04730
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300040
PM 16791193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mazzali, PA
   Deng, JS
   Nomoto, K
   Sauer, DN
   Pian, E
   Tominaga, N
   Tanaka, M
   Maeda, K
   Filippenko, AV
AF Mazzali, Paolo A.
   Deng, Jinsong
   Nomoto, Ken'ichi
   Sauer, Daniel N.
   Pian, Elena
   Tominaga, Nozomu
   Tanaka, Masaomi
   Maeda, Keiichi
   Filippenko, Alexei V.
TI A neutron-star-driven X-ray flash associated with supernova SN 2006aj
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 25 april 1998; light-curve; off-axis; bursts; spectra; model; explosions; grb-030329; afterglow
AB Supernovae connected with long-duration gamma-ray bursts(1-3) (GRBs) are hyper-energetic explosions resulting from the collapse of very massive stars (similar to 40M(.), where M-. is the mass of the Sun) stripped of their outer hydrogen and helium envelopes(4-7). A very massive progenitor, collapsing to a black hole, was thought to be a requirement for the launch of a GRB(8). Here we report the results of modelling the spectra and light curve of SN 2006aj ( ref. 9), which demonstrate that the supernova had a much smaller explosion energy and ejected much less mass than the other GRB - supernovae, suggesting that it was produced by a star whose initial mass was only similar to 20 M-.. A star of this mass is expected to form a neutron star rather than a black hole when its core collapses. The smaller explosion energy of SN 2006aj is matched by the weakness and softness(10) of GRB 060218 ( an X-ray flash), and the weakness of the radio flux of the supernova(11). Our results indicate that the supernova - GRB connection extends to a much broader range of stellar masses than previously thought, possibly involving different physical mechanisms: a 'collapsar' ( ref. 8) for the more massive stars collapsing to a black hole, and magnetic activity of the nascent neutron star(12) for the less massive stars.
C1 Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   CAS, Natl Astron Observ, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Res Ctr Early Universe, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Osserv Astron Trieste, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Coll Arts & Sci, Dept Earth Sci & Astron, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Astronomical Observatory, CAS; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of Tokyo; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Mazzali, PA (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Astrophys, Karl Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM mazzali@mpa-garching.mpg.de; jsdeng@bao.ac.cn
NR 30
TC 277
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1018
EP 1020
DI 10.1038/nature05081
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000044
PM 16943833
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bild, AH
   Yao, G
   Chang, JT
   Wang, QL
   Potti, A
   Chasse, D
   Joshi, MB
   Harpole, D
   Lancaster, JM
   Berchuck, A
   Olson, JA Jr
   Marks, JR
   Dressman, HK
   West, M
   Nevins, JR
AF Bild, AH
   Yao, G
   Chang, JT
   Wang, QL
   Potti, A
   Chasse, D
   Joshi, MB
   Harpole, D
   Lancaster, JM
   Berchuck, A
   Olson, JA Jr
   Marks, JR
   Dressman, HK
   West, M
   Nevins, JR
TI Oncogenic pathway signatures in human cancers as a guide to targeted therapies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; breast-cancer; lung-cancer; mutations; profiles; patterns; assays
AB The development of an oncogenic state is a complex process involving the accumulation of multiple independent mutations that lead to deregulation of cell signalling pathways central to the control of cell growth and cell fate(1-3). The ability to define cancer subtypes, recurrence of disease and response to specific therapies using DNA microarray-based gene expression signatures has been demonstrated in multiple studies(4). Various studies have also demonstrated the potential for using gene expression profiles for the analysis of oncogenic pathways(5-11). Here we show that gene expression signatures can be identified that reflect the activation status of several oncogenic pathways. When evaluated in several large collections of human cancers, these gene expression signatures identify patterns of pathway deregulation in tumours and clinically relevant associations with disease outcomes. Combining signature-based predictions across several pathways identifies coordinated patterns of pathway deregulation that distinguish between specific cancers and tumour subtypes. Clustering tumours based on pathway signatures further defines prognosis in respective patient subsets, demonstrating that patterns of oncogenic pathway deregulation underlie the development of the oncogenic phenotype and reflect the biology and outcome of specific cancers. Predictions of pathway deregulation in cancer cell lines are also shown to predict the sensitivity to therapeutic agents that target components of the pathway. Linking pathway deregulation with sensitivity to therapeutics that target components of the pathway provides an opportunity to make use of these oncogenic pathway signatures to guide the use of targeted therapeutics.
C1 Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol Genet & Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Inst Stat & Decis Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ S Florida, H Lee Moffitt Canc Ctr & Res Inst, Tampa, FL 33612 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
RP Nevins, JR (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Inst Genome Sci & Policy, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM j.nevins@duke.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R21 CA108707, K23 CA106595] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 1622
Z9 1926
U1 0
U2 112
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 353
EP 357
DI 10.1038/nature04296
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100049
PM 16273092
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keppler, F
   Hamilton, JTG
   Brass, M
   Röckmann, T
AF Keppler, F
   Hamilton, JTG
   Brass, M
   Röckmann, T
TI Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric methane; ecosystem; budget
AB Methane is an important greenhouse gas and its atmospheric concentration has almost tripled since pre-industrial times(1,2). It plays a central role in atmospheric oxidation chemistry and affects stratospheric ozone and water vapour levels. Most of the methane from natural sources in Earth's atmosphere is thought to originate from biological processes in anoxic environments(2). Here we demonstrate using stable carbon isotopes that methane is readily formed in situ in terrestrial plants under oxic conditions by a hitherto unrecognized process. Significant methane emissions from both intact plants and detached leaves were observed during incubation experiments in the laboratory and in the field. If our measurements are typical for short-lived biomass and scaled on a global basis, we estimate a methane source strength of 62 - 236 Tg yr(-1) for living plants and 1 - 7 Tg yr(-1) for plant litter (1 Tg = 10(12) g). We suggest that this newly identified source may have important implications for the global methane budget and may call for a reconsideration of the role of natural methane sources in past climate change.
C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Dept Agr & Rural Dev No Ireland, Agr Food & Environm Sci Div, Belfast BT9 5PX, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res Utrecht, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands.
C3 Max Planck Society; Utrecht University
RP Keppler, F (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, Saupfercheckweg 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM frank.keppler@mpi-hd.mpg.de
NR 23
TC 705
Z9 864
U1 8
U2 390
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 187
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature04420
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400036
PM 16407949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Day, CL
   Kaufmann, DE
   Kiepiela, P
   Brown, JA
   Moodley, ES
   Reddy, S
   Mackey, EW
   Miller, JD
   Leslie, AJ
   DePierres, C
   Mncube, Z
   Duraiswamy, J
   Zhu, BG
   Eichbaum, Q
   Altfeld, M
   Wherry, EJ
   Coovadia, HM
   Goulder, PJR
   Klenerman, P
   Ahmed, R
   Freeman, GJ
   Walker, BD
AF Day, Cheryl L.
   Kaufmann, Daniel E.
   Kiepiela, Photini
   Brown, Julia A.
   Moodley, Eshia S.
   Reddy, Sharon
   Mackey, Elizabeth W.
   Miller, Joseph D.
   Leslie, Alasdair J.
   DePierres, Chantal
   Mncube, Zenele
   Duraiswamy, Jaikumar
   Zhu, Baogong
   Eichbaum, Quentin
   Altfeld, Marcus
   Wherry, E. John
   Coovadia, Hoosen M.
   Goulder, Philip J. R.
   Klenerman, Paul
   Ahmed, Rafi
   Freeman, Gordon J.
   Walker, Bruce D.
TI PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytes; infection; proliferation; phenotype; responses; perforin; marker
AB Functional impairment of T cells is characteristic of many chronic mouse and human viral infections. The inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1; also known as PDCD1), a negative regulator of activated T cells(1-4), is markedly upregulated on the surface of exhausted virus-specific CD8 T cells in mice(5). Blockade of this pathway using antibodies against the PD ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as CD274) restores CD8 T-cell function and reduces viral load(5). To investigate the role of PD-1 in a chronic human viral infection, we examined PD-1 expression on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8 T cells in 71 clade-C-infected people who were naive to anti-HIV treatments, using ten major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers specific for frequently targeted epitopes. Here we report that PD-1 is significantly upregulated on these cells, and expression correlates with impaired HIV-specific CD8 T-cell function as well as predictors of disease progression: positively with plasma viral load and inversely with CD4 T-cell count. PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells likewise showed a positive correlation with viral load and an inverse correlation with CD4 T-cell count, and blockade of the pathway augmented HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell function. These data indicate that the immunoregulatory PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is operative during a persistent viral infection in humans, and define a reversible defect in HIV-specific T-cell function. Moreover, this pathway of reversible T-cell impairment provides a potential target for enhancing the function of exhausted T cells in chronic HIV infection.
C1 Univ KwaZulu Natal, Doris Duke Med Res Inst, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, ZA-4013 Durban, South Africa.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Partner AIDS Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aids, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Med, Oxford OX1 3SY, England.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Program Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chevy Chase, MD 20185 USA.
C3 University of Kwazulu Natal; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Oxford; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Emory University; Emory University; The Wistar Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Walker, BD (corresponding author), Univ KwaZulu Natal, Doris Duke Med Res Inst, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, ZA-4013 Durban, South Africa.
EM bwalker@partners.org
NR 26
TC 2239
Z9 2752
U1 8
U2 212
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 350
EP 354
DI 10.1038/nature05115
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000049
PM 16921384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, H
   Tsang, CK
   Watkins, M
   Bertram, PG
   Zheng, XFS
AF Li, Hong
   Tsang, Chi Kwan
   Watkins, Marcus
   Bertram, Paula G.
   Zheng, X. F. Steven
TI Nutrient regulates Tor1 nuclear localization and association with rDNA promoter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; signaling pathway; cell-growth; fkbp12-rapamycin-associated protein; gene-expression; rapamycin; yeast; recruitment; integration; complexes
AB TOR is the target of the immunosuppressant rapamycin and a key regulator of cell growth. It modulates diverse cellular processes in the cytoplasm and nucleus(1-5), including the expression of amino acid transporters, ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins. Despite considerable recent progress, little is known about the spatial and temporal regulation of TOR signalling, particularly that leading into the nucleus. Here we show that Tor1 is dynamically distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus in yeast. Tor1 nuclear localization is nutrient dependent and rapamycin sensitive: starvation or treatment with rapamycin causes Tor1 to exit from the nucleus. Tor1 nuclear localization is critical for 35S rRNA synthesis, but not for the expression of amino acid transporters and ribosomal protein genes. We show further that Tor1 is associated with 35S ribosomal DNA ( rDNA) promoter chromatin in a rapamycin- and starvation-sensitive manner; this association is necessary for 35S rRNA synthesis and cell growth. These results indicate that the spatial regulation of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) might be involved in differential control of its target genes. TOR is known as a classic cytoplasmic kinase that mediates the cytoplasm-to-nucleus signalling by controlling the localization of transcription factors. Our data indicate that TOR might be more intimately involved in gene regulation than previously thought.
C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Pharmacol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Zheng, XFS (corresponding author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Pharmacol, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM zhengst@umdnj.edu
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1058
EP 1061
DI 10.1038/nature05020
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000054
PM 16900101
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faure, J
   Rechatin, C
   Norlin, A
   Lifschitz, A
   Glinec, Y
   Malka, V
AF Faure, J.
   Rechatin, C.
   Norlin, A.
   Lifschitz, A.
   Glinec, Y.
   Malka, V.
TI Controlled injection and acceleration of electrons in plasma wakefields by colliding laser pulses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beams
AB In laser-plasma-based accelerators(1), an intense laser pulse drives a large electric field ( the wakefield) which accelerates particles to high energies in distances much shorter than in conventional accelerators. These high acceleration gradients, of a few hundreds of gigavolts per metre, hold the promise of compact high-energy particle accelerators. Recently, several experiments have shown that laser-plasma accelerators can produce high-quality electron beams, with quasi-monoenergetic energy distributions at the 100 MeV level(2-4). However, these beams do not have the stability and reproducibility that are required for applications. This is because the mechanism responsible for injecting electrons into the wakefield is based on highly nonlinear phenomena(5), and is therefore hard to control. Here we demonstrate that the injection and subsequent acceleration of electrons can be controlled by using a second laser pulse(6). The collision of the two laser pulses provides a pre-acceleration stage which provokes the injection of electrons into the wakefield. The experimental results show that the electron beams obtained in this manner are collimated ( 5 mrad divergence), monoenergetic ( with energy spread <10 per cent), tuneable ( between 15 and 250 MeV) and, most importantly, stable. In addition, the experimental observations are compatible with electron bunch durations shorter than 10 fs. We anticipate that this stable and compact electron source will have a strong impact on applications requiring short bunches, such as the femtolysis of water 7, or high stability, such as radiotherapy with high- energy electrons(8,9) or radiography(10) for materials science.
C1 Ecole Polytech, CNRS, UMR 7639, ENSTA,Lab Opt Appl, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
C3 Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); ENSTA Paris
RP Malka, V (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech, CNRS, UMR 7639, ENSTA,Lab Opt Appl, F-91761 Palaiseau, France.
EM victor.malka@ensta.fr
NR 20
TC 782
Z9 845
U1 10
U2 150
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 737
EP 739
DI 10.1038/nature05393
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100055
PM 17151663
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shaw, GC
   Cope, JJ
   Li, LT
   Corson, K
   Hersey, C
   Ackermann, GE
   Gwynn, B
   Lambert, AJ
   Wingert, RA
   Traver, D
   Trede, NS
   Barut, BA
   Zhou, Y
   Minet, E
   Donovan, A
   Brownlie, A
   Balzan, R
   Weiss, MJ
   Peters, LL
   Kaplan, J
   Zon, LI
   Paw, BH
AF Shaw, GC
   Cope, JJ
   Li, LT
   Corson, K
   Hersey, C
   Ackermann, GE
   Gwynn, B
   Lambert, AJ
   Wingert, RA
   Traver, D
   Trede, NS
   Barut, BA
   Zhou, Y
   Minet, E
   Donovan, A
   Brownlie, A
   Balzan, R
   Weiss, MJ
   Peters, LL
   Kaplan, J
   Zon, LI
   Paw, BH
TI Mitoferrin is essential for erythroid iron assimilation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carrier protein; hela-cells; zebrafish; yeast; gene; identification; mitochondria; biogenesis; metabolism; expression
AB Iron has a fundamental role in many metabolic processes, including electron transport, deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, oxygen transport and many essential redox reactions involving haemoproteins and Fe - S cluster proteins. Defective iron homeostasis results in either iron deficiency or iron overload(1). Precise regulation of iron transport in mitochondria is essential for haem biosynthesis(2), haemoglobin production and Fe - S cluster protein assembly(3,4) during red cell development. Here we describe a zebrafish mutant, frascati (frs)(5), that shows profound hypochromic anaemia and erythroid maturation arrest owing to defects in mitochondrial iron uptake. Through positional cloning, we show that the gene mutated in the frs mutant is a member of the vertebrate mitochondrial solute carrier family (SLC25)(6) that we call mitoferrin (mfrn). mfrn is highly expressed in fetal and adult haematopoietic tissues of zebrafish and mouse. Erythroblasts generated from murine embryonic stem cells null for Mfrn ( also known as Slc25a37) show maturation arrest with severely impaired incorporation of Fe-55 into haem. Disruption of the yeast mfrn orthologues, MRS3 and MRS4, causes defects in iron metabolism and mitochondrial Fe - S cluster biogenesis(7-10). Murine Mfrn rescues the defects in frs zebrafish, and zebrafish mfrn complements the yeast mutant, indicating that the function of the gene may be highly conserved. Our data show that mfrn functions as the principal mitochondrial iron importer essential for haem biosynthesis in vertebrate erythroblasts.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med,Div Hematol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Utah, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Boston, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Stem Cell Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp Boston, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Jackson Lab, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA.
   Univ Malta, Dept Physiol & Biochem, Msida MSD 06, Malta.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Pediat, Div Hematol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Jackson Laboratory; University of Malta; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia
RP Paw, BH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med,Div Hematol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM bpaw@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [P01 HL032262, R01 HL075714] Funding Source: Medline; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK070838] Funding Source: Medline; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [P01HL032262] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 525
Z9 622
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 96
EP 100
DI 10.1038/nature04512
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700047
PM 16511496
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Girard, A
   Sachidanandam, R
   Hannon, GJ
   Carmell, MA
AF Girard, Angelique
   Sachidanandam, Ravi
   Hannon, Gregory J.
   Carmell, Michelle A.
TI A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; stem-cells; drosophila; gene; spermatogenesis; interference; mechanisms; machinery; division; encodes
AB Small RNAs associate with Argonaute proteins and serve as sequence-specific guides to regulate messenger RNA stability, protein synthesis, chromatin organization and genome structure(1-3). In animals, Argonaute proteins segregate into two subfamilies(4). The Argonaute subfamily acts in RNA interference and in microRNA-mediated gene regulation using 21 - 22-nucleotide RNAs as guides. The Piwi subfamily is involved in germline-specific events such as germline stem cell maintenance and meiosis. However, neither the biochemical function of Piwi proteins nor the nature of their small RNA guides is known. Here we show that MIWI, a murine Piwi protein, binds a previously uncharacterized class of similar to 29-30-nucleotide RNAs that are highly abundant in testes. We have therefore named these Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). piRNAs show distinctive localization patterns in the genome, being predominantly grouped into 20-90-kilobase clusters, wherein long stretches of small RNAs are derived from only one strand. Similar piRNAs are also found in human and rat, with major clusters occurring in syntenic locations. Although their function must still be resolved, the abundance of piRNAs in germline cells and the male sterility of Miwi mutants suggest a role in gametogenesis.
C1 Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Ecole Natl Super Mines, F-75272 Paris, France.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Universite PSL; MINES ParisTech
RP Hannon, GJ (corresponding author), Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM hannon@cshl.edu
NR 25
TC 1384
Z9 1715
U1 0
U2 134
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature04917
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700047
PM 16751776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kamei, M
   Saunders, WB
   Bayless, KJ
   Dye, L
   Davis, GE
   Weinstein, BM
AF Kamei, Makoto
   Saunders, W. Brian
   Bayless, Kayla J.
   Dye, Louis
   Davis, George E.
   Weinstein, Brant M.
TI Endothelial tubes assemble from intracellular vacuoles in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional extracellular matrices; capillary lumen formation; cell morphogenesis; fibrin matrices; zebrafish; angiogenesis; mechanism; collagen; integrin; caveolae
AB The formation of epithelial tubes is crucial for the proper development of many different tissues and organs, and occurs by means of a variety of different mechanisms(1). Morphogenesis of seamless, properly patterned endothelial tubes is essential for the development of a functional vertebrate circulatory system, but the mechanism of vascular lumenization in vivo remains unclear. Evidence dating back more than 100 years has hinted at an important function for endothelial vacuoles in lumen formation(2). More than 25 years ago, in some of the first endothelial cell culture experiments in vitro, Folkman and Haudenschild described "longitudinal vacuoles" that "appeared to be extruded and connected from one cell to the next"(3,4), observations confirmed and extended by later studies in vitro showing that intracellular vacuoles arise from integrin-dependent and cdc42/Rac1-dependent pinocytic events downstream of integrin - extracellular-matrix signalling interactions(5-10). Despite compelling data supporting a model for the assembly of endothelial tubes in vitro through the formation and fusion of vacuoles, conclusive evidence in vivo has been lacking, primarily because of difficulties associated with imaging the dynamics of subcellular endothelial vacuoles deep within living animals. Here we use high-resolution time-lapse two-photon imaging of transgenic zebrafish to examine how endothelial tubes assemble in vivo, comparing our results with time-lapse imaging of human endothelial-cell tube formation in three-dimensional collagen matrices in vitro. Our results provide strong support for a model in which the formation and intracellular and intercellular fusion of endothelial vacuoles drives vascular lumen formation.
C1 NICHHD, Mol Genet Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NICHHD, Microscopy & Imaging Core, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Texas A&M Univ Syst, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD); Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Texas A&M Health Science Center
RP Weinstein, BM (corresponding author), NICHHD, Mol Genet Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM bw96w@nih.gov
FU Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [ZIAHD001011] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 391
Z9 513
U1 2
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 453
EP 456
DI 10.1038/nature04923
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900043
PM 16799567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagyvary, J
   DiVerdi, JA
   Owen, NL
   Tolley, HD
AF Nagyvary, Joseph
   DiVerdi, Joseph A.
   Owen, Noel L.
   Tolley, H. Dennis
TI Wood used by Stradivari and Guarneri
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID softwoods
C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
   Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA.
   Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA.
   Brigham Young Univ, Dept Stat, Provo, UT 84602 USA.
C3 Texas A&M University System; Texas A&M University College Station; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; Brigham Young University; Brigham Young University
RP Nagyvary, J (corresponding author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem, College Stn, TX 77843 USA.
EM nagyvary@nagyvaryviolins.com
NR 8
TC 42
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 565
EP 565
DI 10.1038/444565a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600032
PM 17136084
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, J
   Perez-Burgos, L
   Placek, BJ
   Sengupta, R
   Richter, M
   Dorsey, JA
   Kubicek, S
   Opravil, S
   Jenuwein, T
   Berger, SL
AF Huang, Jing
   Perez-Burgos, Laura
   Placek, Brandon J.
   Sengupta, Roopsha
   Richter, Mario
   Dorsey, Jean A.
   Kubicek, Stefan
   Opravil, Susanne
   Jenuwein, Thomas
   Berger, Shelley L.
TI Repression of p53 activity by Smyd2-mediated methylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lysine methylation; histone; methyltransferase; transcription; heterochromatin; deacetylase; pathway
AB Specific sites of lysine methylation on histones correlate with either activation or repression of transcription(1-3). The tumour suppressor p53 ( refs 4 - 7) is one of only a few non-histone proteins known to be regulated by lysine methylation(8). Here we report a lysine methyltransferase, Smyd2, that methylates a previously unidentified site, Lys 370, in p53. This methylation site, in contrast to the known site Lys 372, is repressing to p53-mediated transcriptional regulation. Smyd2 helps to maintain low concentrations of promoter-associated p53. We show that reducing Smyd2 concentrations by short interfering RNA enhances p53-mediated apoptosis. We find that Set9-mediated methylation of Lys 372 inhibits Smyd2-mediated methylation of Lys 370, providing regulatory cross-talk between post-translational modifications. In addition, we show that the inhibitory effect of Lys 372 methylation on Lys 370 methylation is caused, in part, by blocking the interaction between p53 and Smyd2. Thus, similar to histones, p53 is subject to both activating and repressing lysine methylation. Our results also predict that Smyd2 may function as a putative oncogene by methylating p53 and repressing its tumour suppressive function.
C1 Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Gene Express & Regulat Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Vienna Bioctr, Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
C3 The Wistar Institute; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
RP Berger, SL (corresponding author), Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Gene Express & Regulat Program, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM berger@wistar.org
NR 15
TC 520
Z9 656
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 629
EP 632
DI 10.1038/nature05287
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600050
PM 17108971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Donnelly, CA
   Woodroffe, R
   Cox, DR
   Bourne, FJ
   Cheeseman, CL
   Clifton-Hadley, RS
   Wei, G
   Gettinby, G
   Gilks, P
   Jenkins, H
   Johnston, WT
   Le Fevre, AM
   McInerney, JP
   Morrison, WI
AF Donnelly, CA
   Woodroffe, R
   Cox, DR
   Bourne, FJ
   Cheeseman, CL
   Clifton-Hadley, RS
   Wei, G
   Gettinby, G
   Gilks, P
   Jenkins, H
   Johnston, WT
   Le Fevre, AM
   McInerney, JP
   Morrison, WI
TI Positive and negative effects of widespread badger culling on tuberculosis in cattle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mycobacterium-bovis infection; meles-meles; impact; removal; ireland; welfare
AB Human and livestock diseases can be difficult to control where infection persists in wildlife populations. For three decades, European badgers (Meles meles) have been culled by the British government in a series of attempts to limit the spread of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB), to cattle(1). Despite these efforts, the incidence of TB in cattle has risen consistently, re-emerging as a primary concern for Britain's cattle industry. Recently, badger culling has attracted controversy because experimental studies have reached contrasting conclusions ( albeit using different protocols), with culled areas showing either markedly reduced(2,3) or increased(4,5) incidence of TB in cattle. This has confused attempts to develop a science-based management policy. Here we use data from a large-scale, randomized field experiment to help resolve these apparent differences. We show that, as carried out in this experiment, culling reduces cattle TB incidence in the areas that are culled, but increases incidence in adjoining areas. These findings are biologically consistent with previous studies(2-5) but will present challenges for policy development.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London W2 1PG, England.
   Dept Environm Food & Rural Affairs, Independent Sci Grp Cattle TB, London SW1P 4PQ, England.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Wildlife Fish & Conservat Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Oxford Nuffield Coll, Oxford OX1 1NF, England.
   Cent Sci Lab, York YO41 1LZ, N Yorkshire, England.
   Vet Labs Agcy, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, England.
   Univ Strathclyde, Dept Stat & Modelling Sci, Glasgow G1 1XH, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Exeter, Ctr Rural Res, Exeter EX4 6TL, Devon, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Ctr Trop Vet Med, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Imperial College London; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Oxford; Food & Environment Research Agency; Veterinary Laboratories Agency; University of Strathclyde; University of Exeter; University of Edinburgh
RP Donnelly, CA (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, St Marys Campus,Norfolk Pl, London W2 1PG, England.
EM c.donnelly@imperial.ac.uk
NR 25
TC 330
Z9 356
U1 1
U2 350
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 843
EP 846
DI 10.1038/nature04454
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600049
PM 16357869
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, S
   Houston, J
   van Swol, F
   Brinker, CJ
AF Singh, Seema
   Houston, Jack
   van Swol, Frank
   Brinker, C. Jeffrey
TI Superhydrophobicity - Drying transition of confined water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrophobic surfaces; long-range; force
C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
   Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories; University of New Mexico
RP Singh, S (corresponding author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA.
EM cjbrink@sandia.gov
NR 12
TC 117
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 103
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 526
EP 526
DI 10.1038/442526a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900033
PM 16885976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Danilczyk, U
   Sarao, R
   Remy, C
   Benabbas, C
   Stange, G
   Richter, A
   Arya, S
   Pospisilik, JA
   Singer, D
   Camargo, SMR
   Makrides, V
   Ramadan, T
   Verrey, F
   Wagner, CA
   Penninger, JM
AF Danilczyk, Ursula
   Sarao, Renu
   Remy, Christine
   Benabbas, Chahira
   Stange, Gerti
   Richter, Andreas
   Arya, Sudha
   Pospisilik, J. Andrew
   Singer, Dustin
   Camargo, Simone M. R.
   Makrides, Victoria
   Ramadan, Tamara
   Verrey, Francois
   Wagner, Carsten A.
   Penninger, Josef M.
TI Essential role for collectrin in renal amino acid transport
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID angiotensin-converting enzyme-2; kidney; ace2
AB Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a regulator of the renin angiotensin system involved in acute lung failure, cardiovascular functions and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections in mammals(1-3). A gene encoding a homologue to ACE2, termed collectrin (Tmem27), has been identified in immediate proximity to the ace2 locus(4). The in vivo function of collectrin was unclear. Here we report that targeted disruption of collectrin in mice results in a severe defect in renal amino acid uptake owing to downregulation of apical amino acid transporters in the kidney. Collectrin associates with multiple apical transporters and defines a novel group of renal amino acid transporters. Expression of collectrin in Xenopus oocytes and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells enhances amino acid transport by the transporter B-0 AT1. These data identify collectrin as a key regulator of renal amino acid uptake.
C1 Austrian Acad Sci, IMBA, Inst Mol Biotechnol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Physiol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Zurich, Ctr Integrat Human Physiol, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Vienna, Ctr Ecol, Dept chem Ecol & Ecosyst Res, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
C3 Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA); University of Zurich; University of Zurich; Zurich Center Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); University of Vienna; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids)
RP Penninger, JM (corresponding author), Austrian Acad Sci, IMBA, Inst Mol Biotechnol, Dr Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM wagnerca@access.unizh.ch; josef.penninger@imba.oeaw.ac.at
NR 23
TC 195
Z9 221
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1088
EP 1091
DI 10.1038/nature05475
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100060
PM 17167413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janvier, P
   Desbiens, S
   Willett, JA
   Arsenault, M
AF Janvier, P
   Desbiens, S
   Willett, JA
   Arsenault, M
TI Lamprey-like gills in a gnathostome-related Devonian jawless vertebrate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anatomy
AB So far, the Palaeozoic fossil jawless vertebrates have not provided any direct evidence for the organization of the gills, apart from vague impressions-supposedly left by gill filaments-on the bony surface of the gill chamber in certain armoured forms or 'ostracoderms' (for example, osteostracans and heterostracans)(1). The latter are currently regarded as more closely related to the living jawed vertebrates (crown gnathostomes) than to the living jawless vertebrates (hagfish and lampreys, or cyclostomes)(2,3). Here we report the first direct evidence for the position of the gill filaments-possibly supported by gill rays-enclosed by gill pouches in a 370-million year (Myr)-old jawless vertebrate, Endeiolepis, from the Late Devonian fossil fish site of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. This extinct jawless fish has much the same gill organization as living lampreys, although it possesses an unusually large number of gill pouches-a condition unlike that in any extant vertebrates and that raises questions about gill development(4). Endeiolepis is currently regarded as a close relative of anaspids(3), a group of 410-430-Myr-old 'ostracoderms'. Assuming that current vertebrate phylogeny is correct, this discovery demonstrates that pouches enclosing the gills are primitive for vertebrates, but have been subsequently lost in jawed vertebrates.
C1 Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS, UMR 5143, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Nat Hist Museum, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Parc Natl Miguasha, Nouvelle, PQ G0C 2E0, Canada.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Natural History Museum London
RP Janvier, P (corresponding author), Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS, UMR 5143, CP38,57 Rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM janvier@mnhn.fr
NR 22
TC 39
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1183
EP 1185
DI 10.1038/nature04471
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000043
PM 16641994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hannon, JB
   Kodambaka, S
   Ross, FM
   Tromp, RM
AF Hannon, JB
   Kodambaka, S
   Ross, FM
   Tromp, RM
TI The influence of the surface migration of gold on the growth of silicon nanowires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID semiconductor nanowires; building-blocks; heterostructures; mechanism; logic
AB Interest in nanowires continues to grow, fuelled in part by applications in nanotechnology(1-5). The ability to engineer nanowire properties makes them especially promising in nanoelectronics(6-9). Most silicon nanowires are grown using the vapour liquid - solid (VLS) mechanism, in which the nanowire grows from a gold/silicon catalyst droplet during silicon chemical vapour deposition(10-13). Despite over 40 years of study, many aspects of VLS growth are not well understood. For example, in the conventional picture the catalyst droplet does not change during growth, and the nanowire sidewalls consist of clean silicon facets(10-13). Here we demonstrate that these assumptions are false for silicon nanowires grown on Si( 111) under conditions where all of the experimental parameters ( surface structure, gas cleanliness, and background contaminants) are carefully controlled. We show that gold diffusion during growth determines the length, shape, and sidewall properties of the nanowires. Gold from the catalyst droplets wets the nanowire sidewalls, eventually consuming the droplets and terminating VLS growth. Gold diffusion from the smaller droplets to the larger ones (Ostwald ripening) leads to nanowire diameters that change during growth. These results show that the silicon nanowire growth is fundamentally limited by gold diffusion: smooth, arbitrarily long nanowires cannot be grown without eliminating gold migration.
C1 IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Hannon, JB (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
EM jbhannon@us.ibm.com
NR 20
TC 817
Z9 950
U1 7
U2 489
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 69
EP 71
DI 10.1038/nature04574
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700040
PM 16452928
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cox, JJ
   Reimann, F
   Nicholas, AK
   Thornton, G
   Roberts, E
   Springell, K
   Karbani, G
   Jafri, H
   Mannan, J
   Raashid, Y
   Al-Gazali, L
   Hamamy, H
   Valente, EM
   Gorman, S
   Williams, R
   McHale, DP
   Wood, JN
   Gribble, FM
   Woods, CG
AF Cox, James J.
   Reimann, Frank
   Nicholas, Adeline K.
   Thornton, Gemma
   Roberts, Emma
   Springell, Kelly
   Karbani, Gulshan
   Jafri, Hussain
   Mannan, Jovaria
   Raashid, Yasmin
   Al-Gazali, Lihadh
   Hamamy, Henan
   Valente, Enza Maria
   Gorman, Shaun
   Williams, Richard
   McHale, Duncan P.
   Wood, John N.
   Gribble, Fiona M.
   Woods, C. Geoffrey
TI An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID closed-state inactivation; na(v)1.7 sodium-channels; of-function mutation; alpha-subunit; indifference; insensitivity; expression; currents; pn1
AB The complete inability to sense pain in an otherwise healthy individual is a very rare phenotype. In three consanguineous families from northern Pakistan, we mapped the condition as an autosomal-recessive trait to chromosome 2q24.3. This region contains the gene SCN9A, encoding the alpha-subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel, Na(v)1.7, which is strongly expressed in nociceptive neurons. Sequence analysis of SCN9A in affected individuals revealed three distinct homozygous nonsense mutations (S459X, I767X and W897X). We show that these mutations cause loss of function of Nav1.7 by co-expression of wild-type or mutant human Na(v)1.7 with sodium channel beta(1) and beta(2) subunits in HEK293 cells. In cells expressing mutant Nav1.7, the currents were no greater than background. Our data suggest that SCN9A is an essential and non-redundant requirement for nociception in humans. These findings should stimulate the search for novel analgesics that selectively target this sodium channel subunit.
C1 Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Med Genet, Cambridge CB2 OXY, England.
   Addenbrookes Hosp, Cambridge Inst Med Res, Dept Clin Biochem, Cambridge CB2 OXY, England.
   St James Univ Hosp, Sect Ophthalmol & Neurosci, Leeds Inst Mol Med, Leeds LS9 7TF, W Yorkshire, England.
   St James Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Genet, Leeds LS9 7TF, W Yorkshire, England.
   Gene Tech Lab 146 1, Lahore, Pakistan.
   Fatima Jinah Med Coll, Dept Paediat, Lahore, Pakistan.
   King Edward Med Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynaecol, Lahore, Pakistan.
   United Arab Emirates Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Paediat, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates.
   Natl Ctr Diabet Endocrinol & Genet, Amman, Jordan.
   CSS Mendel, I-00168 Rome, Italy.
   IRCCS CSS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
   St Lukes Hosp, Dept Paediat, Bradford BD5 0NA, W Yorkshire, England.
   Pfizer Ltd, Global Res & Dev, Sandwich Labs, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, Kent, England.
   UCL, Dept Biol, Mol Nocicept Grp, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; University of Leeds; Saint James's University Hospital; Saint James's University Hospital; United Arab Emirates University; University of Jordan; IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza; Istituto CSS Mendel; Pfizer; Pfizer United Kingdom; University of London; University College London
RP Woods, CG (corresponding author), Addenbrookes Hosp, Dept Med Genet, Wellcome MRC Bldg, Cambridge CB2 OXY, England.
EM cw347@cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G9717869] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [057964, 071187] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G9717869] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G9717869] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 1226
Z9 1559
U1 1
U2 221
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 894
EP 898
DI 10.1038/nature05413
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400048
PM 17167479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Castellino, F
   Huang, AY
   Altan-Bonnet, G
   Stoll, S
   Scheinecker, C
   Germain, RN
AF Castellino, F
   Huang, AY
   Altan-Bonnet, G
   Stoll, S
   Scheinecker, C
   Germain, RN
TI Chemokines enhance immunity by guiding naive CD8+ T cells to sites of CD4 T cell-dendritic cell interaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymph-nodes; in-vivo; cd8-t-cell memory; cd4-t-cell help; lymphocytes; expression; antigen; migration; generation; motility
AB CD8(+) T cells have a crucial role in resistance to pathogens and can kill malignant cells; however, some critical functions of these lymphocytes depend on helper activity provided by a distinct population of CD4(+) T cells. Cooperation between these lymphocyte subsets involves recognition of antigens co-presented by the same dendritic cell, but the frequencies of such antigen-bearing cells early in an infection and of the relevant naive T cells are both low. This suggests that an active mechanism facilitates the necessary cell-cell associations. Here we demonstrate that after immunization but before antigen recognition, naive CD8(+) T cells in immunogen-draining lymph nodes upregulate the chemokine receptor CCR5, permitting these cells to be attracted to sites of antigen-specific dendritic cell-CD4(+) T cell interaction where the cognate chemokines CCL3 and CCL4 (also known as MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta) are produced. Interference with this actively guided recruitment markedly reduces the ability of CD4(+) T cells to promote memory CD8(+) T-cell generation, indicating that an orchestrated series of differentiation events drives nonrandom cell-cell interactions within lymph nodes, optimizing CD8(+) T-cell immune responses involving the few antigen-specific precursors present in the naive repertoire.
C1 NIAID, Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Immunol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Dept Dermatol, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
   Med Univ Vienna, Dept Rheumatol, Gen Hosp Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Medical University of Vienna
RP Germain, RN (corresponding author), NIAID, Lymphocyte Biol Sect, Immunol Lab, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM rgermain@nih.gov
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [ZIAAI000758] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 38
TC 697
Z9 854
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 890
EP 895
DI 10.1038/nature04651
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700031
PM 16612374
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vert, G
   Chory, J
AF Vert, G
   Chory, J
TI Downstream nuclear events in brassinosteroid signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; transcription factor; beta-catenin; arabidopsis; kinase; receptor; growth; pathway; bzr1; transduction
AB Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that control many aspects of plant growth and development(1,2). BRs bind to the plasma membrane receptor kinase BRI1, and act through a signalling pathway that involves a glycogen synthase kinase-3-like kinase (BIN2) and a serine/threonine phosphatase (BSU1)(3-5). Previous models proposed that BIN2 negatively regulates BR signalling by controlling the stability and subcellular localization of the related transcription factors BES1 and BZR1 by phosphorylation, in a manner reminiscent of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway of metazoans(6-9). Here we present strong evidence for a different mode of regulation of BR signalling. We show that BES1 is localized constitutively to the nucleus, where its activity is modulated by nuclear-localized BIN2 kinase. BIN2-mediated phosphorylation of BES1 inhibits its DNA-binding activity on BR-responsive target promoters and its transcriptional activity through impaired multimerization. Our observations demonstrate that phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of DNA binding and trans-activation is the key primary mechanism of BES1 regulation.
C1 Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute
RP Chory, J (corresponding author), Salk Inst Biol Studies, Plant Biol Lab, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM chory@salk.edu
NR 27
TC 321
Z9 371
U1 4
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 96
EP 100
DI 10.1038/nature04681
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600040
PM 16672972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinón-Torres, M
   Rehren, T
   Freestone, IC
AF Martinon-Torres, Marcos
   Rehren, Thilo
   Freestone, Ian C.
TI Mullite and the mystery of Hessian wares
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 UCL, Inst Archaeol, London WC1H 0PY, England.
   Cardiff Univ, Sch Hist & Archaeol, Cardiff CF10 3EU, Wales.
C3 University of London; University College London; Cardiff University
RP Martinón-Torres, M (corresponding author), UCL, Inst Archaeol, Mortimer St, London WC1H 0PY, England.
EM m.martinon-torres@ucl.ac.uk
NR 11
TC 46
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 437
EP 438
DI 10.1038/444437a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700032
PM 17122847
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chourrout, D
   Delsuc, F
   Chourrout, P
   Edvardsen, RB
   Rentzsch, F
   Renfer, E
   Jensen, MF
   Zhu, B
   de Jong, P
   Steele, RE
   Technau, U
AF Chourrout, D.
   Delsuc, F.
   Chourrout, P.
   Edvardsen, R. B.
   Rentzsch, F.
   Renfer, E.
   Jensen, M. F.
   Zhu, B.
   de Jong, P.
   Steele, R. E.
   Technau, U.
TI Minimal ProtoHox cluster inferred from bilaterian and cnidarian Hox complements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class homeobox genes; early evolution; sea-anemone; origin; expression; zootype; hydra
AB Bilaterian animals have a Hox gene cluster essential for patterning the main body axis, and a ParaHox gene cluster. Comparison of Hox and ParaHox genes has led workers to postulate that both clusters originated from the duplication of an ancient cluster named ProtoHox, which contained up to four genes with at least the precursors of anterior and posterior Hox/ ParaHox genes(1-3). However, the way in which genes diversified within the ProtoHox, Hox and ParaHox clusters remains unclear because no systematic study of non- bilaterian animals exists. Here we characterize the full Hox/ ParaHox gene complements and genomic organization in two cnidarian species ( Nematostella vectensis and Hydra magnipapillata), and suggest a ProtoHox cluster simpler than originally thought on the basis of three arguments. First, both species possess bilaterian- like anterior Hox genes, but their non-anterior genes do not appear as counterparts of either bilaterian central or posterior genes; second, two clustered ParaHox genes, Gsx and a gene related to Xlox and Cdx, are found in Nematostella vectensis; and third, we do not find clear phylogenetic support for a common origin of bilaterian Cdx and posterior genes, which might therefore have appeared after the ProtoHox cluster duplication. Consequently, the ProtoHox cluster might have consisted of only two anterior genes. Non- anterior genes could have appeared independently in the Hox and ParaHox clusters, possibly after the separation of bilaterians and cnidarians.
C1 Univ Bergen, Sars Inst Ctr Marine Mol Biol, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
   Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, UMR5554,Inst Sci Evolut, Lab Paleontol Phylogenie & Paleobiol, F-34095 Montpellier 05, France.
   Amer Hosp Paris, F-92202 Neuilly Sur Seine, France.
   Childrens Hosp & Res Ctr Oakland, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Biol Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of Bergen; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Chourrout, D (corresponding author), Univ Bergen, Sars Inst Ctr Marine Mol Biol, Thormoehlengst 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
EM Daniel.chourrout@sars.uib.no; Ulrich.technau@sars.uib.no
NR 20
TC 154
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 684
EP 687
DI 10.1038/nature04863
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200045
PM 16900199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ge, SY
   Goh, ELK
   Sailor, KA
   Kitabatake, Y
   Ming, GL
   Song, HJ
AF Ge, SY
   Goh, ELK
   Sailor, KA
   Kitabatake, Y
   Ming, GL
   Song, HJ
TI GABA regulates synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID postnatal subventricular zone; central-nervous-system; dentate gyrus; granule cells; receptor activation; neurogenesis; communication; hippocampus; progenitors; inhibition
AB Adult neurogenesis, the birth and integration of new neurons from adult neural stem cells, is a striking form of structural plasticity and highlights the regenerative capacity of the adult mammalian brain(1-8). Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal activity regulates adult neurogenesis and that new neurons contribute to specific brain functions(1-8). The mechanism that regulates the integration of newly generated neurons into the pre-existing functional circuitry in the adult brain is unknown. Here we show that newborn granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus are tonically activated by ambient GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) before being sequentially innervated by GABA- and glutamate-mediated synaptic inputs. GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, initially exerts an excitatory action on newborn neurons owing to their high cytoplasmic chloride ion content(9-12). Conversion of GABA- induced depolarization ( excitation) into hyperpolarization ( inhibition) in newborn neurons leads to marked defects in their synapse formation and dendritic development in vivo. Our study identifies an essential role for GABA in the synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain, and suggests an unexpected mechanism for activity-dependent regulation of adult neurogenesis, in which newborn neurons may sense neuronal network activity through tonic and phasic GABA activation.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosci, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Song, HJ (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Inst Cell Engn, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM gming1@bs.jhmi.edu; shongju1@bs.jhmi.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [T32 EY017203] Funding Source: Medline; NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG024984] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS047344] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1009
Z9 1247
U1 1
U2 92
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 589
EP 593
DI 10.1038/nature04404
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900041
PM 16341203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, D
   Riley, AE
   Cadby, AJ
   Richman, EK
   Korlann, SD
   Tolbert, SH
AF Sun, Dong
   Riley, Andrew E.
   Cadby, Ashley J.
   Richman, Erik K.
   Korlann, Scott D.
   Tolbert, Sarah H.
TI Hexagonal nanoporous germanium through surfactant-driven self-assembly of Zintl clusters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID films; photoluminescence; crystalline; edge; tcnq
AB Surfactant templating is a method that has successfully been used to produce nanoporous inorganic structures from a wide range of oxide-based material(1-5). Co-assembly of inorganic precursor molecules with amphiphilic organic molecules is followed first by inorganic condensation to produce rigid amorphous frameworks and then, by template removal, to produce mesoporous solids. A range of periodic surfactant/semiconductor and surfactant/metal composites have also been produced by similar methods(6-11), but for virtually all the non-oxide semiconducting phases, the surfactant unfortunately cannot be removed to generate porous materials. Here we show that it is possible to use surfactant-driven self-organization of soluble Zintl clusters to produce periodic, nanoporous versions of classic semiconductors such as amorphous Ge or Ge/Si alloys. Specifically, we use derivatives of the anionic Ge-9(4-) cluster(12-14), a compound whose use in the synthesis of nanoscale materials is established(15). Moreover, because of the small size, high surface area, and flexible chemistry of these materials, we can tune optical properties in these nanoporous semiconductors through quantum confinement(16,17), by adsorption of surface species, or by altering the elemental composition of the inorganic framework. Because the semiconductor surface is exposed and accessible in these materials, they have the potential to interact with a range of species in ways that could eventually lead to new types of sensors or other novel nanostructured devices.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Tolbert, SH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM tolbert@chem.ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 207
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 161
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1126
EP 1130
DI 10.1038/nature04891
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500045
PM 16810251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mariathasan, S
   Weiss, DS
   Newton, K
   McBride, J
   O'Rourke, K
   Roose-Girma, M
   Lee, WP
   Weinrauch, Y
   Monack, DM
   Dixit, VM
AF Mariathasan, S
   Weiss, DS
   Newton, K
   McBride, J
   O'Rourke, K
   Roose-Girma, M
   Lee, WP
   Weinrauch, Y
   Monack, DM
   Dixit, VM
TI Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; interleukin-1-beta secretion; muramyl dipeptide; gene; protein; asc; mutations; mice; maitotoxin; caspase-1
AB A crucial part of the innate immune response is the assembly of the inflammasome, a cytosolic complex of proteins that activates caspase-1 to process the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-18. The adaptor protein ASC is essential for inflammasome function(1,2), binding directly to caspase-1 (refs 3, 4), but the triggers of this interaction are less clear. ASC also interacts with the adaptor cryopyrin (also known as NALP3 or CIAS1)(5,6). Activating mutations in cryopyrin are associated with familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, diseases that are characterized by excessive production of IL-1 beta(5,7). Here we show that cryopyrin-deficient macrophages cannot activate caspase-1 in response to Toll-like receptor agonists plus ATP, the latter activating the P2X(7) receptor to decrease intracellular K+ levels(8,9). The release of IL-1 beta in response to nigericin, a potassium ionophore, and maitotoxin, a potent marine toxin, was also found to be dependent on cryopyrin. In contrast to Asc(-/-) macrophages, cells deficient in the gene encoding cryopyrin (Cias1(-/-)) activated caspase-1 and secreted normal levels of IL-1 beta and IL-18 when infected with Gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium or Francisella tularensis. Macrophages exposed to Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus or Listeria monocytogenes, however, required both ASC and cryopyrin to activate caspase-1 and secrete IL-1 beta. Therefore, cryopyrin is essential for inflammasome activation in response to signalling pathways triggered specifically by ATP, nigericin, maitotoxin, S. aureus or L. monocytogenes.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Stanford University; Stanford University; New York University
RP Dixit, VM (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Mol Oncol, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM dixit@gene.com
NR 25
TC 2550
Z9 2936
U1 0
U2 211
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 228
EP 232
DI 10.1038/nature04515
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500050
PM 16407890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gal-Yam, A
   Fox, DB
   Price, PA
   Ofek, EO
   Davis, MR
   Leonard, DC
   Soderberg, AM
   Schmidt, BP
   Lewis, KM
   Peterson, BA
   Kulkarni, SR
   Berger, E
   Cenko, SB
   Sari, R
   Sharon, K
   Frail, D
   Moon, DS
   Brown, PJ
   Cucchiara, A
   Harrison, F
   Piran, T
   Persson, SE
   McCarthy, PJ
   Penprase, BE
   Chevalier, RA
   MacFadyen, AI
AF Gal-Yam, A.
   Fox, D. B.
   Price, P. A.
   Ofek, E. O.
   Davis, M. R.
   Leonard, D. C.
   Soderberg, A. M.
   Schmidt, B. P.
   Lewis, K. M.
   Peterson, B. A.
   Kulkarni, S. R.
   Berger, E.
   Cenko, S. B.
   Sari, R.
   Sharon, K.
   Frail, D.
   Moon, D. -S.
   Brown, P. J.
   Cucchiara, A.
   Harrison, F.
   Piran, T.
   Persson, S. E.
   McCarthy, P. J.
   Penprase, B. E.
   Chevalier, R. A.
   MacFadyen, A. I.
TI A novel explosive process is required for the γ-ray burst GRB 060614
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supernova 2002ap; host galaxy; spectroscopy; afterglow; photometry; grb-050709; rates
AB Over the past decade, our physical understanding of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has progressed rapidly, thanks to the discovery and observation of their long-lived afterglow emission. Long-duration (greater than or similar to 2 s) GRBs are associated with the explosive deaths of massive stars ('collapsars', ref. 1), which produce accompanying supernovae(2-5); the short- duration (less than or similar to 2 s) GRBs have a different origin, which has been argued to be the merger of two compact objects(6-9). Here we report optical observations of GRB 060614 (duration 100 s, ref. 10) that rule out the presence of an associated supernova. This would seem to require a new explosive process: either a massive collapsar that powers a GRB without any associated supernova, or a new type of 'engine', as long-lived as the collapsar but without a massive star. We also show that the properties of the host galaxy (redshift z = 0.125) distinguish it from other long-duration GRB hosts and suggest that an entirely new type of GRB progenitor may be required.
C1 CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   San Diego State Univ, Dept Astron, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo Observ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Astrophys, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Natl Radio Astron Observ, Socorro, NM 87801 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Racah Inst Phys, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
   Pomona Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Claremont, CA 91711 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   NYU, Dept Phys, Ctr Cosmol & Particle Phys, New York, NY 10003 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Hawaii System; California State University System; San Diego State University; Australian National University; Carnegie Institution for Science; Princeton University; Tel Aviv University; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Claremont Colleges; Pomona College; University of Virginia; Institute for Advanced Study - USA; New York University
RP Gal-Yam, A (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM avishay@astro.caltech.edu
NR 26
TC 364
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1053
EP 1055
DI 10.1038/nature05373
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100051
PM 17183318
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feng, AS
   Narins, PM
   Xu, CH
   Lin, WY
   Yu, ZL
   Qiu, Q
   Xu, ZM
   Shen, JX
AF Feng, AS
   Narins, PM
   Xu, CH
   Lin, WY
   Yu, ZL
   Qiu, Q
   Xu, ZM
   Shen, JX
TI Ultrasonic communication in frogs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bullfrog rana-catesbeiana; middle-ear; auditory-cortex; frequency; noise
AB Among vertebrates, only microchiropteran bats, cetaceans and some rodents are known to produce and detect ultrasounds ( frequencies greater than 20 kHz) for the purpose of communication and/ or echolocation, suggesting that this capacity might be restricted to mammals(1,2). Amphibians, reptiles and most birds generally have limited hearing capacity, with the ability to detect and produce sounds below similar to 12 kHz. Here we report evidence of ultrasonic communication in an amphibian, the concave- eared torrent frog ( Amolops tormotus) from Huangshan Hot Springs, China. Males of A. tormotus produce diverse bird- like melodic calls with pronounced frequency modulations that often contain spectral energy in the ultrasonic range(3,4). To determine whether A. tormotus communicates using ultrasound to avoid masking by the wideband background noise of local fast- flowing streams, or whether the ultrasound is simply a by- product of the sound-production mechanism, we conducted acoustic playback experiments in the frogs' natural habitat. We found that the audible as well as the ultrasonic components of an A. tormotus call can evoke male vocal responses. Electrophysiological recordings from the auditory midbrain confirmed the ultrasonic hearing capacity of these frogs and that of a sympatric species facing similar environmental constraints. This extraordinary upward extension into the ultrasonic range of both the harmonic content of the advertisement calls and the frog's hearing sensitivity is likely to have co-evolved in response to the intense, predominantly low- frequency ambient noise from local streams. Because amphibians are a distinct evolutionary lineage from microchiropterans and cetaceans ( which have evolved ultrasonic hearing to minimize congestion in the frequency bands used for sound communication(5) and to increase hunting efficacy in darkness(2)), ultrasonic perception in these animals represents a new example of independent evolution.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Physiol Sci & Ecol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Evolutionary Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Biol Sci, Shanghai 200032, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Biophys, State Key Lab Brain & Cognit Sci, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biophysics, CAS
RP Feng, AS (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM afeng1@uiuc.edu
NR 26
TC 252
Z9 299
U1 4
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/nature04416
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600052
PM 16541072
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krivtsov, AV
   Twomey, D
   Feng, ZH
   Stubbs, MC
   Wang, YZ
   Faber, J
   Levine, JE
   Wang, J
   Hahn, WC
   Gilliland, DG
   Golub, TR
   Armstrong, SA
AF Krivtsov, Andrei V.
   Twomey, David
   Feng, Zhaohui
   Stubbs, Matthew C.
   Wang, Yingzi
   Faber, Joerg
   Levine, Jason E.
   Wang, Jing
   Hahn, William C.
   Gilliland, D. Gary
   Golub, Todd R.
   Armstrong, Scott A.
TI Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute myeloid-leukemia; hematopoietic progenitors; fusion gene; hoxa9; mice; immortalization; translocations; identification; mll-gas7; targets
AB Leukaemias and other cancers possess a rare population of cells capable of the limitless self-renewal necessary for cancer initiation and maintenance(1-7). Eradication of these cancer stem cells is probably a critical part of any successful anti-cancer therapy, and may explain why conventional cancer therapies are often effective in reducing tumour burden, but are only rarely curative. Given that both normal and cancer stem cells are capable of self-renewal, the extent to which cancer stem cells resemble normal tissue stem cells is a critical issue if targeted therapies are to be developed. However, it remains unclear whether cancer stem cells must be phenotypically similar to normal tissue stem cells or whether they can retain the identity of committed progenitors. Here we show that leukaemia stem cells (LSC) can maintain the global identity of the progenitor from which they arose while activating a limited stem-cell- or self-renewal-associated programme. We isolated LSC from leukaemias initiated in committed granulocyte macrophage progenitors through introduction of the MLL - AF9 fusion protein encoded by the t(9; 11)(p22; q23). The LSC were capable of transferring leukaemia to secondary recipient mice when only four cells were transferred, and possessed an immunophenotype and global gene expression profile very similar to that of normal granulocyte macrophage progenitors. However, a subset of genes highly expressed in normal haematopoietic stem cells was re-activated in LSC. LSC can thus be generated from committed progenitors without widespread reprogramming of gene expression, and a leukaemia self-renewal-associated signature is activated in the process. Our findings define progression from normal progenitor to cancer stem cell, and suggest that targeting a self-renewal programme expressed in an abnormal context may be possible.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Hematol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chevy Chase, MD 20815 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Armstrong, SA (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM Scott.Armstrong@childrens.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1237
Z9 1461
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 818
EP 822
DI 10.1038/nature04980
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700047
PM 16862118
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, AL
   Chen, XK
   Hoon, MA
   Chandrashekar, J
   Guo, W
   Tränkner, D
   Ryba, NJP
   Zuker, CS
AF Huang, Angela L.
   Chen, Xiaoke
   Hoon, Mark A.
   Chandrashekar, Jayaram
   Guo, Wei
   Trankner, Dimitri
   Ryba, Nicholas J. P.
   Zuker, Charles S.
TI The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diphtheria-toxin; receptors; sweet; family; bitter; channels; neurons; system
AB Mammals taste many compounds yet use a sensory palette consisting of only five basic taste modalities: sweet, bitter, sour, salty and umami ( the taste of monosodium glutamate)(1,2). Although this repertoire may seem modest, it provides animals with critical information about the nature and quality of food. Sour taste detection functions as an important sensory input to warn against the ingestion of acidic ( for example, spoiled or unripe) food sources(1-3). We have used a combination of bioinformatics, genetic and functional studies to identify PKD2L1, a polycystic-kidney-disease-like ion channel(4), as a candidate mammalian sour taste sensor. In the tongue, PKD2L1 is expressed in a subset of taste receptor cells distinct from those responsible for sweet, bitter and umami taste. To examine the role of PKD2L1-expressing taste cells in vivo, we engineered mice with targeted genetic ablations of selected populations of taste receptor cells. Animals lacking PKD2L1-expressing cells are completely devoid of taste responses to sour stimuli. Notably, responses to all other tastants remained unaffected, proving that the segregation of taste qualities even extends to ionic stimuli. Our results now establish independent cellular substrates for four of the five basic taste modalities, and support a comprehensive labelled-line mode of taste coding at the periphery(5-10). Notably, PKD2L1 is also expressed in specific neurons surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord. Here we demonstrate that these PKD2L1-expressing neurons send projections to the central canal, and selectively trigger action potentials in response to decreases in extracellular pH. We propose that these cells correspond to the long-sought components of the cerebrospinal fluid chemosensory system(11). Taken together, our results suggest a common basis for acid sensing in disparate physiological settings.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurobiol & Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Natl Inst Dent & Craniofacial Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
RP Zuker, CS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM charles@flyeye.ucsd.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC004861] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research [ZIADE000561] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 31
TC 592
Z9 711
U1 8
U2 272
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 934
EP 938
DI 10.1038/nature05084
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500041
PM 16929298
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hadzibabic, Z
   Krüger, P
   Cheneau, M
   Battelier, B
   Dalibard, J
AF Hadzibabic, Zoran
   Kruger, Peter
   Cheneau, Marc
   Battelier, Baptiste
   Dalibard, Jean
TI Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless crossover in a trapped atomic gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensation; long-range order; 2-dimensional systems; transition; superfluid; phase; dimensions
AB Any state of matter is classified according to its order, and the type of order that a physical system can possess is profoundly affected by its dimensionality. Conventional long-range order, as in a ferromagnet or a crystal, is common in three-dimensional systems at low temperature. However, in two-dimensional systems with a continuous symmetry, true long-range order is destroyed by thermal fluctuations at any finite temperature(1,2). Consequently, for the case of identical bosons, a uniform two-dimensional fluid cannot undergo Bose-Einstein condensation, in contrast to the three-dimensional case. However, the two-dimensional system can form a 'quasi-condensate' and become superfluid below a finite critical temperature. The Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) theory(3,4) associates this phase transition with the emergence of a topological order, resulting from the pairing of vortices with opposite circulation. Above the critical temperature, proliferation of unbound vortices is expected. Here we report the observation of a BKT-type crossover in a trapped quantum degenerate gas of rubidium atoms. Using a matter wave heterodyning technique, we observe both the long-wavelength fluctuations of the quasi-condensate phase and the free vortices. At low temperatures, the gas is quasi-coherent on the length scale set by the system size. As the temperature is increased, the loss of long-range coherence coincides with the onset of proliferation of free vortices. Our results provide direct experimental evidence for the microscopic mechanism underlying the BKT theory, and raise new questions regarding coherence and superfluidity in mesoscopic systems.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Dalibard, J (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM jean.dalibard@lkb.ens.fr
NR 29
TC 771
Z9 857
U1 2
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1118
EP 1121
DI 10.1038/nature04851
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500043
PM 16810249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pounds, JA
   Bustamante, MR
   Coloma, LA
   Consuegra, JA
   Fogden, MPL
   Foster, PN
   La Marca, E
   Masters, KL
   Merino-Viteri, A
   Puschendorf, R
   Ron, SR
   Sánchez-Azofeifa, GA
   Still, CJ
   Young, BE
AF Pounds, JA
   Bustamante, MR
   Coloma, LA
   Consuegra, JA
   Fogden, MPL
   Foster, PN
   La Marca, E
   Masters, KL
   Merino-Viteri, A
   Puschendorf, R
   Ron, SR
   Sánchez-Azofeifa, GA
   Still, CJ
   Young, BE
TI Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; population declines; batrachochytrium-dendrobatidis; tropical mountain; water-vapor; costa-rica; ecology; trends; chytridiomycosis; temperature
AB As the Earth warms, many species are likely to disappear, often because of changing disease dynamics. Here we show that a recent mass extinction associated with pathogen outbreaks is tied to global warming. Seventeen years ago, in the mountains of Costa Rica, the Monteverde harlequin frog ( Atelopus sp.) vanished along with the golden toad ( Bufo periglenes). An estimated 67% of the 110 or so species of Atelopus, which are endemic to the American tropics, have met the same fate, and a pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) is implicated. Analysing the timing of losses in relation to changes in sea surface and air temperatures, we conclude with 'very high confidence' (>99%, following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) that large-scale warming is a key factor in the disappearances. We propose that temperatures at many highland localities are shifting towards the growth optimum of Batrachochytrium, thus encouraging outbreaks. With climate change promoting infectious disease and eroding biodiversity, the urgency of reducing greenhouse-gas concentrations is now undeniable.
C1 Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve & Trop Sci Ctr, Golden Toad Lab Conservat, Santa Elena 565573, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador, Escuela Biol, Ctr Biodiversidad & Ambiente, Museo Zool, Quito, Ecuador.
   Columbia Univ Barnard Coll, Dept Environm Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climat Studies Res, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
   Univ Los Andes, Fac Ciencias Forestales & Ambientales, Escuela Geog, Lab Biogeog, Merida, Venezuela.
   Council Int Educ Exchange, Monteverde 565526, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
   Univ Costa Rica, Escuela Biol, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
   Univ Texas, Texas Mem Museum, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Texas, Dept Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   NatureServ, Monteverde 565575, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
C3 Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador; Columbia University; University of Tokyo; University of Los Andes Venezuela; Universidad Costa Rica; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Alberta; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Pounds, JA (corresponding author), Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve & Trop Sci Ctr, Golden Toad Lab Conservat, Santa Elena 565573, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.
EM goldtoad@racsa.co.cr
NR 50
TC 1338
Z9 1749
U1 13
U2 1457
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 161
EP 167
DI 10.1038/nature04246
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400031
PM 16407945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alleman, M
   Sidorenko, L
   McGinnis, K
   Seshadri, V
   Dorweiler, JE
   White, J
   Sikkink, K
   Chandler, VL
AF Alleman, Mary
   Sidorenko, Lyudmila
   McGinnis, Karen
   Seshadri, Vishwas
   Dorweiler, Jane E.
   White, Joshua
   Sikkink, Kristin
   Chandler, Vicki L.
TI An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is required for paramutation in maize
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unpaired dna; methylation; heterochromatin; chromatin; gene; arabidopsis; maintenance; transcription; upstream; sequence
AB Paramutation is an allele-dependent transfer of epigenetic information, which results in the heritable silencing of one allele by another(1). Paramutation at the b1 locus in maize is mediated by unique tandem repeats that communicate in trans to establish and maintain meiotically heritable transcriptional silencing(2). The mop1 ( mediator of paramutation1) gene is required for paramutation(3), and mop1 mutations reactivate silenced Mutator elements(4). Plants carrying mutations in the mop1 gene also stochastically exhibit pleiotropic developmental phenotypes(3). Here we report the map-based cloning of mop1, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (RDRP), most similar to the RDRP in plants that is associated with the production of short interfering RNA ( siRNA) targeting chromatin(5,6). Nuclear run-on assays reveal that the tandem repeats required for b1 paramutation are transcribed from both strands, but siRNAs were not detected. We propose that the mop1 RDRP is required to maintain a threshold level of repeat RNA, which functions in trans to establish and maintain the heritable chromatin states associated with paramutation.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP Chandler, VL (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, 303 Forbes Hall, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM chandler@ag.arizona.edu
NR 31
TC 307
Z9 373
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 295
EP 298
DI 10.1038/nature04884
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100037
PM 16855589
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, W
   Koonin, EV
AF Martin, W
   Koonin, EV
TI Introns and the origin of nucleus-cytosol compartmentalization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exon theory; rna decay; evolution; translation; genes; eukaryotes; classification; phylogeny; contain; network
AB The origin of the eukaryotic nucleus marked a seminal evolutionary transition. We propose that the nuclear envelope's incipient function was to allow mRNA splicing, which is slow, to go to completion so that translation, which is fast, would occur only on mRNA with intact reading frames. The rapid, fortuitous spread of introns following the origin of mitochondria is adduced as the selective pressure that forged nucleus - cytosol compartmentalization.
C1 Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Bot 3, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA.
C3 Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Library of Medicine (NLM)
RP Martin, W (corresponding author), Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Bot 3, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
EM w.martin@uni-duesseldorf.de
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 57
TC 390
Z9 453
U1 1
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 41
EP 45
DI 10.1038/nature04531
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700034
PM 16511485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tang, C
   Iwahara, J
   Clore, GM
AF Tang, Chun
   Iwahara, Junji
   Clore, G. Marius
TI Visualization of transient encounter complexes in protein-protein association
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphoryl transfer complex; nmr structures; enhancement; binding; dna; barnase; domain
AB Kinetic data on a number of protein - protein associations have provided evidence for the initial formation of a pre- equilibrium encounter complex that subsequently relaxes to the final stereospecific complex (1). Site- directed mutagenesis(2 - 4) and brownian dynamics simulations(5 - 7) have suggested that the rate of association can be modulated by perturbations in charge distribution outside the direct interaction surfaces. Furthermore, rate enhancement through non- specific binding may occur by either a reduction in dimensionality(8) or the presence of a short- range, non- specific attractive potential(9). Here, using paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, we directly demonstrate the existence and visualize the distribution of an ensemble of transient, non- specific encounter complexes under equilibrium conditions for a relatively weak protein - protein complex between the amino- terminal domain of enzyme I and the phosphocarrier protein HPr. Neither the stereospecific complex(10) alone nor any single alternative conformation can account fully for the intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data. Restrained rigid- body simulated annealing refinement against the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data enables us to obtain an atomic probability distribution map of the non- specific encounter complex ensemble that qualitatively correlates with the electrostatic surface potentials on the interacting proteins. Qualitatively similar results are presented for two other protein - protein complexes.
C1 NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Clore, GM (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bldg 2, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mariusc@intra.niddk.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 354
Z9 401
U1 0
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 383
EP 386
DI 10.1038/nature05201
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300052
PM 17051159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lorenz, IC
   Marcotrigiano, J
   Dentzer, TG
   Rice, CM
AF Lorenz, Ivo C.
   Marcotrigiano, Joseph
   Dentzer, Thomas G.
   Rice, Charles M.
TI Structure of the catalytic domain of the hepatitis C virus NS2-3 protease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; ns3 protease
AB Hepatitis C virus is a major global health problem affecting an estimated 170 million people worldwide(1). Chronic infection is common and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. There is no vaccine available and current therapies have met with limited success(2). The viral RNA genome encodes a polyprotein that includes two proteases essential for virus replication(3,4). The NS2-3 protease mediates a single cleavage at the NS2/NS3 junction, whereas the NS3-4A protease cleaves at four downstream sites in the polyprotein. NS3-4A is characterized as a serine protease with a chymotrypsin-like fold(5,6), but the enzymatic mechanism of the NS2-3 protease remains unresolved(7-9). Here we report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of the NS2-3 protease at 2.3 angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a dimeric cysteine protease with two composite active sites. For each active site, the catalytic histidine and glutamate residues are contributed by one monomer, and the nucleophilic cysteine by the other. The carboxy-terminal residues remain coordinated in the two active sites, predicting an inactive post-cleavage form. Proteolysis through formation of a composite active site occurs in the context of the viral polyprotein expressed in mammalian cells. These features offer unexpected insights into polyprotein processing by hepatitis C virus and new opportunities for antiviral drug design.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Study Hepatitis C, Lab Virol & Infect Dis, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Rice, CM (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Ctr Study Hepatitis C, Lab Virol & Infect Dis, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM marcotj@rockefeller.edu; ricec@rockefeller.edu
NR 29
TC 152
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 831
EP 835
DI 10.1038/nature04975
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700050
PM 16862121
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daffonchio, D
   Borin, S
   Brusa, T
   Brusetti, L
   van der Wielen, PWJJ
   Bolhuis, H
   Yakimov, MM
   D'Auria, G
   Giuliano, L
   Marty, D
   Tamburini, C
   McGenity, TJ
   Hallsworth, JE
   Sass, AM
   Timmis, KN
   Tselepides, A
   de Lange, GJ
   Hübner, A
   Thomson, J
   Varnavas, SP
   Gasparoni, F
   Gerber, HW
   Malinverno, E
   Corselli, C
   Garcin, J
   McKew, B
   Golyshin, PN
   Lampadariou, N
   Polymenakou, P
   Calore, D
   Cenedese, S
   Zanon, F
   Hoog, S
AF Daffonchio, D
   Borin, S
   Brusa, T
   Brusetti, L
   van der Wielen, PWJJ
   Bolhuis, H
   Yakimov, MM
   D'Auria, G
   Giuliano, L
   Marty, D
   Tamburini, C
   McGenity, TJ
   Hallsworth, JE
   Sass, AM
   Timmis, KN
   Tselepides, A
   de Lange, GJ
   Hübner, A
   Thomson, J
   Varnavas, SP
   Gasparoni, F
   Gerber, HW
   Malinverno, E
   Corselli, C
   Garcin, J
   McKew, B
   Golyshin, PN
   Lampadariou, N
   Polymenakou, P
   Calore, D
   Cenedese, S
   Zanon, F
   Hoog, S
TI Stratified prokaryote network in the oxic-anoxic transition of a deep-sea halocline
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brine-seawater interface; rna gene-sequences; kebrit deep; diversity; sediments; community; bacteria; basins; sulfur; tyro
AB The chemical composition of the Bannock basin has been studied in some detail(1,2). We recently showed that unusual microbial populations, including a new division of Archaea (MSBL1)(3), inhabit the NaCl-rich hypersaline brine. High salinities tend to reduce biodiversity(4), but when brines come into contact with fresher water the natural haloclines formed frequently contain gradients of other chemicals, including permutations of electron donors and acceptors, that may enhance microbial diversity, activity and biogeochemical cycling(5,6). Here we report a 2.5-m-thick chemocline with a steep NaCl gradient at 3.3 km within the water column between Bannock anoxic hypersaline brine(7) and overlying sea water. The chemocline supports some of the most biomass-rich and active microbial communities in the deep sea, dominated by Bacteria rather than Archaea, and including four major new divisions of Bacteria. Significantly higher metabolic activities were measured in the chemocline than in the overlying sea water and underlying brine; functional analyses indicate that a range of biological processes is likely to occur in the chemocline. Many prokaryotic taxa, including the phylogenetically new groups, were confined to defined salinities, and collectively formed a diverse, sharply stratified, deep-sea ecosystem with sufficient biomass to potentially contribute to organic geological deposits.
C1 Univ Milan, DiSTAM, CoNISMa, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Groningen, CEES, Dept Microbial Ecol, NL-9751 NN Haren, Netherlands.
   CNR, Ist Ambiente Marino Costiero, I-98122 Messina, Italy.
   Univ Mediterranee, CNRS, UMR 6117, LMGEM, F-13288 Marseille, France.
   Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England.
   GBF, Div Microbiol, D-38122 Braunschweig, Germany.
   Inst Marine Biol Crete, Iraklion 71003, Greece.
   Univ Utrecht, Fac Geosci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3EE, Hants, England.
   Univ Patras, Dept Geol, Patras 26100, Greece.
   Tecnomare SpA, ENI Grp, I-30124 Venice, Italy.
   Univ Appl Sci, Tech Fachhsch Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, DGSG, CoNISMa, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
C3 University of Milan; CoNISMa; University of Groningen; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); L'Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero (IAMC-CNR); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; University of Essex; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research; Utrecht University; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; University of Patras; Eni SpA; Technical University of Berlin; University of Milano-Bicocca; CoNISMa
RP Daffonchio, D (corresponding author), Univ Milan, DiSTAM, CoNISMa, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
EM daniele.daffonchio@unimi.it
FU Natural Environment Research Council [soc010003] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [soc010003] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 29
TC 144
Z9 158
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 203
EP 207
DI 10.1038/nature04418
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500044
PM 16525471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zahradka, K
   Slade, D
   Bailone, A
   Sommer, S
   Averbeck, D
   Petranovic, M
   Lindner, AB
   Radman, M
AF Zahradka, Ksenija
   Slade, Dea
   Bailone, Adriana
   Sommer, Suzanne
   Averbeck, Dietrich
   Petranovic, Mirjana
   Lindner, Ariel B.
   Radman, Miroslav
TI Reassembly of shattered chromosomes in Deinococcus radiodurans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiation-resistant bacteria; deoxyribonucleic-acid; ionizing-radiation; escherichia-coli; strand breaks; dna-repair; genome; radioresistance; recombination; replication
AB Dehydration or desiccation is one of the most frequent and severe challenges to living cells(1). The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans is the best known extremophile among the few organisms that can survive extremely high exposures to desiccation and ionizing radiation, which shatter its genome into hundreds of short DNA fragments(2-5). Remarkably, these fragments are readily reassembled into a functional 3.28-megabase genome. Here we describe the relevant two-stage DNA repair process, which involves a previously unknown molecular mechanism for fragment reassembly called 'extended synthesis-dependent strand annealing' (ESDSA), followed and completed by crossovers. At least two genome copies and random DNA breakage are requirements for effective ESDSA. In ESDSA, chromosomal fragments with overlapping homologies are used both as primers and as templates for massive synthesis of complementary single strands, as occurs in a single-round multiplex polymerase chain reaction. This synthesis depends on DNA polymerase I and incorporates more nucleotides than does normal replication in intact cells. Newly synthesized complementary single-stranded extensions become 'sticky ends' that anneal with high precision, joining together contiguous DNA fragments into long, linear, double-stranded intermediates. These intermediates require RecA-dependent crossovers to mature into circular chromosomes that comprise double-stranded patchworks of numerous DNA blocks synthesized before radiation, connected by DNA blocks synthesized after radiation.
C1 Univ Paris 05, Fac Med, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Div Mol Biol, Zagreb 10002, Croatia.
   Univ Paris Sud, Inst Genet & Microbiol, CNRS, CEA,UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Ctr Univ Paris Sud, Inst Curie, Sect Rech, CNRS,UMR 2027, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Mediterranean Inst Life Sci, Split 21000, Croatia.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Rudjer Boskovic Institute; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; University of Split
RP Radman, M (corresponding author), Univ Paris 05, Fac Med, INSERM, Site Necker,U571,156 Rue Vaugirard, F-75015 Paris, France.
EM radman@necker.fr
NR 29
TC 343
Z9 412
U1 2
U2 89
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 569
EP 573
DI 10.1038/nature05160
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200042
PM 17006450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wesnousky, SG
AF Wesnousky, Steven G.
TI Predicting the endpoints of earthquake ruptures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strike-slip faults; geometry; simulations; termination; dynamics; turkey
AB The active fault traces on which earthquakes occur are generally not continuous(1), and are commonly composed of segments that are separated by discontinuities that appear as steps in map- view. Stress concentrations resulting from slip at such discontinuities may slow or stop rupture propagation and hence play a controlling role in limiting the length of earthquake rupture (2). Here I examine the mapped surface rupture traces of 22 historical strike- slip earthquakes with rupture lengths ranging between 10 and 420 km. I show that about two- thirds of the endpoints of strike- slip earthquake ruptures are associated with fault steps or the termini of active fault traces, and that there exists a limiting dimension of fault step ( 3 - 4 km) above which earthquake ruptures do not propagate and below which rupture propagation ceases only about 40 per cent of the time. The results are of practical importance to seismic hazard analysis where effort is spent attempting to place limits on the probable length of future earthquakes on mapped active faults. Physical insight to the dynamics of the earthquake rupture process is further gained with the observation that the limiting dimension appears to be largely independent of the earthquake rupture length. It follows that the magnitude of stress changes and the volume affected by those stress changes at the driving edge of laterally propagating ruptures are largely similar and invariable during the rupture process regardless of the distance an event has propagated or will propagate.
C1 Univ Nevada, Ctr Neotecton Studies, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Wesnousky, SG (corresponding author), Univ Nevada, Ctr Neotecton Studies, Mail Stop 169, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
EM stevew@seismo.unr.edu
NR 20
TC 560
Z9 655
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 358
EP 360
DI 10.1038/nature05275
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300046
PM 17108963
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanneganti, TD
   Özören, N
   Body-Malapel, M
   Amer, A
   Park, JH
   Franchi, L
   Whitfield, J
   Barchet, W
   Colonna, M
   Vandenabeele, P
   Bertin, J
   Coyle, A
   Grant, EP
   Akira, S
   Núñez, G
AF Kanneganti, TD
   Özören, N
   Body-Malapel, M
   Amer, A
   Park, JH
   Franchi, L
   Whitfield, J
   Barchet, W
   Colonna, M
   Vandenabeele, P
   Bertin, J
   Coyle, A
   Grant, EP
   Akira, S
   Núñez, G
TI Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toll-like receptors; cutting edge; interleukin-1-beta; cells; inflammasome; secretion; imiquimod; disease; innate; recognition
AB Missense mutations in the CIAS1 gene cause three autoinflammatory disorders: familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and neonatal-onset multiple-system inflammatory disease(1). Cryopyrin (also called Nalp3), the product of CIAS1, is a member of the NOD-LRR protein family that has been linked to the activation of intracellular host defence signalling pathways(2,3). Cryopyrin forms a multi-protein complex termed 'the inflammasome', which contains the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and caspase-1, and promotes caspase-1 activation and processing of pro-interleukin (IL)-1 beta (ref. 4). Here we show the effect of cryopyrin deficiency on inflammasome function and immune responses. Cryopyrin and ASC are essential for caspase-1 activation and IL-1 beta and IL-18 production in response to bacterial RNA and the imidazoquinoline compounds R837 and R848. In contrast, secretion of tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and IL-6, as well as activation of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were unaffected by cryopyrin deficiency. Furthermore, we show that Toll-like receptors and cryopyrin control the secretion of IL-1 beta and IL-18 through different intracellular pathways. These results reveal a critical role for cryopyrin in host defence through bacterial RNA-mediated activation of caspase-1, and provide insights regarding the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory syndromes.
C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Ctr Comprehens Canc, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Mol Biomed Res, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
   Millennium Pharmaceut Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Dept Host Def, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Washington University (WUSTL); Ghent University; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd; Millennium Pharmaceuticals; University of Osaka
RP Núñez, G (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM bclx@med.umich.edu
NR 27
TC 962
Z9 1095
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 233
EP 236
DI 10.1038/nature04517
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500051
PM 16407888
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maffei, A
   Nataraj, K
   Nelson, SB
   Turrigiano, GG
AF Maffei, Arianna
   Nataraj, Kiran
   Nelson, Sacha B.
   Turrigiano, Gina G.
TI Potentiation of cortical inhibition by visual deprivation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monocular deprivation; neocortical synapses; ocular dominance; cortex; plasticity; experience; neurons; orientation; amblyopia; circuits
AB The fine-tuning of circuits in sensory cortex requires sensory experience during an early critical period. Visual deprivation during the critical period has catastrophic effects on visual function, including loss of visual responsiveness to the deprived eye(1-3), reduced visual acuity(4), and loss of tuning to many stimulus characteristics(2,5). These changes occur faster than the remodelling of thalamocortical axons(6), but the intracortical plasticity mechanisms that underlie them are incompletely understood. Longterm depression of excitatory intracortical synapses has been proposed as a general candidate mechanism for the loss of cortical responsiveness after visual deprivation(7,8). Alternatively (or in addition), the decreased ability of the deprived eye to activate cortical neurons could be due to enhanced intracortical inhibition(9,10). Here we show that visual deprivation leaves excitatory connections in layer 4 (the primary input layer to cortex) unaffected, but markedly potentiates inhibitory feedback between fast-spiking basket cells (FS cells) and star pyramidal neurons (star pyramids). Further, a previously undescribed form of long-term potentiation of inhibition (LTPi) could be induced at synapses from FS cells to star pyramids, and was occluded by previous visual deprivation. These data suggest that potentiation of inhibition is a major cellular mechanism underlying the deprivation-induced degradation of visual function, and that this form of LTPi is important in fine-tuning cortical circuitry in response to visual experience.
C1 Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Ctr Behav Genom, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
RP Turrigiano, GG (corresponding author), Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
EM turrigiano@brandeis.edu
NR 30
TC 317
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 81
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature05079
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900043
PM 16929304
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenstein, M
AF Eisenstein, Michael
TI Share and share alike
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1069
EP 1069
DI 10.1038/4421069a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solomon, JH
   Hartmann, MJ
AF Solomon, Joseph H.
   Hartmann, Mitra J.
TI Robotic whiskers used to sense features
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID contact
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Solomon, JH (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM m-hartmann@northwestern.edu
NR 7
TC 129
Z9 159
U1 5
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 525
EP 525
DI 10.1038/443525a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200032
PM 17024083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonetta, L
AF Bonetta, L
TI Protein purification - Fast forward
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 9
Z9 9
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 1017
EP +
DI 10.1038/4391017a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100058
PM 16496010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maxted, PFL
   Napiwotzki, R
   Dobbie, PD
   Burleigh, MR
AF Maxted, P. F. L.
   Napiwotzki, R.
   Dobbie, P. D.
   Burleigh, M. R.
TI Survival of a brown dwarf after engulfment by a red giant star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID white-dwarfs; cataclysmic variables; planets; mass; companions; evolution; binary; progenitors; photometry; search
AB Many sub-stellar companions ( usually planets but also some brown dwarfs) orbit solar-type stars. These stars can engulf their sub-stellar companions when they become red giants. This interaction may explain several outstanding problems in astrophysics(1-5) but it is unclear under what conditions a low mass companion will evaporate, survive the interaction unchanged or gain mass(1,4,5). Observational tests of models for this interaction have been hampered by a lack of positively identified remnants that is, white dwarf stars with close, sub-stellar companions. The companion to the pre-white dwarf AA Doradus may be a brown dwarf, but the uncertain history of this star and the extreme luminosity difference between the components make it difficult to interpret the observations or to put strong constraints on the models(6,7). The magnetic white dwarf SDSS J121209.31+013627.7 may have a close brown dwarf companion(8) but little is known about this binary at present. Here we report the discovery of a brown dwarf in a short period orbit around a white dwarf. The properties of both stars in this binary can be directly observed and show that the brown dwarf was engulfed by a red giant but that this had little effect on it.
C1 Univ Keele, Astrophys Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
C3 Keele University; University of Hertfordshire; University of Leicester
RP Maxted, PFL (corresponding author), Univ Keele, Astrophys Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
EM pflm@astro.keele.ac.uk
FU STFC [PP/D000955/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D000955/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 161
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 543
EP 545
DI 10.1038/nature04987
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900038
PM 16885979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Darst, CR
   Cummings, ME
AF Darst, CR
   Cummings, ME
TI Predator learning favours mimicry of a less-toxic model in poison frogs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; distastefulness; specialization; color
AB Batesian mimicry-resemblance of a toxic model by an edible mimic-depends on deceiving predators(1). Mimetic advantage is considered to be dependent on frequency because an increase in mimic abundance leads to breakdown of the warning signal(2,3). Where multiple toxic species are available, batesian polymorphism(4) is predicted-that is, mimics diversify to match sympatric models. Despite the prevalence of batesian mimicry in nature(5), batesian polymorphism is relatively rare(6). Here we explore a poison-frog mimicry complex comprising two parapatric models and a geographically dimorphic mimic that shows monomorphism where models co-occur. Contrary to classical predictions, our toxicity assays, field observations and spectral reflectances show that mimics resemble the less-toxic and less-abundant model. We examine "stimulus generalization"(7) as a mechanism for this non-intuitive result with learning experiments using naive avian predators and live poison frogs. We find that predators differ in avoidance generalization depending on toxicity of the model, conferring greater protection to mimics resembling the less-toxic model owing to overlap of generalized avoidance curves. Our work supports a mechanism of toxicity-dependent stimulus generalization(8), revealing an additional solution for batesian mimicry where multiple models coexist.
C1 Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Darst, CR (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, 1 Univ Stn, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
EM catdarst@mail.utexas.edu
NR 27
TC 145
Z9 177
U1 2
U2 137
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 208
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature04297
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500045
PM 16525472
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pennington, DJ
   Silva-Santos, B
   Silberzahn, T
   Escórcio-Correia, M
   Woodward, MJ
   Roberts, SJ
   Smith, AL
   Dyson, PJ
   Hayday, AC
AF Pennington, Daniel J.
   Silva-Santos, Bruno
   Silberzahn, Tobias
   Escorcio-Correia, Monica
   Woodward, Martin J.
   Roberts, Scott J.
   Smith, Adrian L.
   Dyson, P. Julian
   Hayday, Adrian C.
TI Early events in the thymus affect the balance of effector and regulatory T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor foxp3; alpha-beta; antigen 4; tolerance; lineage; gene; inflammation; progenitors; enrichment; selection
AB In cellular immunology the critical balance between effector and regulatory mechanisms is highlighted by serious immunopathologies attributable to mutations in Foxp3, a transcription factor required for a major subset of regulatory T (T(R)) cells(1-3). Thus, many studies have focused on the developmental origin of T(R) cells, with the prevailing view that they emerge in the thymus from late-stage T-cell progenitors whose T-cell receptors (TCRs) engage high affinity (agonist) ligands(4-6). This study questions the completeness of that interpretation. Here we show that without any obvious effect on TCR-mediated selection, the normal differentiation of mouse gamma delta T cells into potent cytolytic and interferon-gamma-secreting effector cells is switched towards an aggregate regulatory phenotype by limiting the capacity of CD4(+) CD8(+) T-cell progenitors to influence in trans early gamma delta cell progenitors. Unexpectedly, we found that the propensity of early TCR-alpha beta(+) progenitors to differentiate into Foxp3 1 T(R) cells is also regulated in trans by CD4(+) CD8(+) T-cell progenitor cells, before agonist selection.
C1 Guys Hosp, Kings Coll London Sch Med, Peter Gorer Dept Immunobiol, London SE1 9RT, England.
   Queen Mary Coll, London & Barts Sch Med & Dent, Inst Cell & Mol Sci, London E1 2AT, England.
   Fac Med Lisbon, Inst Mol Med, P-1649028 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Inst Child Hlth, Mol Haematol & Canc Biol Unit, Camelia Botnar Labs, London WC1N 1EH, England.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Inst Anim Hlth, Compton Lab, Newbury RG20 7NN, Berks, England.
   Hammersmith Hosp, Imperial Coll, Div Med, London W12 0HS, England.
C3 Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; King's College London; University of London; Queen Mary University London; Universidade de Lisboa; University of London; University College London; Yale University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; Imperial College London
RP Pennington, DJ (corresponding author), Guys Hosp, Kings Coll London Sch Med, Peter Gorer Dept Immunobiol, London SE1 9RT, England.
EM d.pennington@qmul.ac.uk; adrian.hayday@kcl.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/I/00001160, BBS/E/I/00001048] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [071534] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BBS/E/I/00001160, BBS/E/I/00001048] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 85
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1073
EP 1077
DI 10.1038/nature06051
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100057
PM 17190001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, YR
   Giebink, NC
   Kanno, H
   Ma, BW
   Thompson, ME
   Forrest, SR
AF Sun, YR
   Giebink, NC
   Kanno, H
   Ma, BW
   Thompson, ME
   Forrest, SR
TI Management of singlet and triplet excitons for efficient white organic light-emitting devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transient analysis; blue; electrophosphorescence; phosphorescence; dopant; diodes; layers
AB Lighting accounts for approximately 22 per cent of the electricity consumed in buildings in the United States, with 40 per cent of that amount consumed by inefficient (similar to 15 lm W-1) incandescent lamps(1,2). This has generated increased interest in the use of white electroluminescent organic light-emitting devices, owing to their potential for significantly improved efficiency over incandescent sources combined with low-cost, high-throughput manufacturability. The most impressive characteristics of such devices reported to date have been achieved in all-phosphor-doped devices, which have the potential for 100 per cent internal quantum efficiency(2): the phosphorescent molecules harness the triplet excitons that constitute three-quarters of the bound electron-hole pairs that form during charge injection, and which (unlike the remaining singlet excitons) would otherwise recombine non-radiatively. Here we introduce a different device concept that exploits a blue fluorescent molecule in exchange for a phosphorescent dopant, in combination with green and red phosphor dopants, to yield high power efficiency and stable colour balance, while maintaining the potential for unity internal quantum efficiency. Two distinct modes of energy transfer within this device serve to channel nearly all of the triplet energy to the phosphorescent dopants, retaining the singlet energy exclusively on the blue fluorescent dopant. Additionally, eliminating the exchange energy loss to the blue fluorophore allows for roughly 20 per cent increased power efficiency compared to a fully phosphorescent device. Our device challenges incandescent sources by exhibiting total external quantum and power efficiencies that peak at 18.7 +/- 0.5 per cent and 37.6 +/- 0.6 lm W-1, respectively, decreasing to 18.4 +/- 0.5 per cent and 23.8 +/- 0.5 lm W-1 at a high luminance of 500 cd m(-2).
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton Inst Sci & Technol Mat PRISM, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Southern California
RP Forrest, SR (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM forrest@princeton.edu
NR 23
TC 2258
Z9 2448
U1 15
U2 1131
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 908
EP 912
DI 10.1038/nature04645
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700035
PM 16612378
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Green, RE
   Krause, J
   Ptak, SE
   Briggs, AW
   Ronan, MT
   Simons, JF
   Du, L
   Egholm, M
   Rothberg, JM
   Paunovic, M
   Pääbo, S
AF Green, Richard E.
   Krause, Johannes
   Ptak, Susan E.
   Briggs, Adrian W.
   Ronan, Michael T.
   Simons, Jan F.
   Du, Lei
   Egholm, Michael
   Rothberg, Jonathan M.
   Paunovic, Maja
   Paeaebo, Svante
TI Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ancestral population sizes; modern human origins; ancient dna; enzymatic amplification; mitochondrial genome; divergence times; mtdna sequence; modern humans; diversity; artifacts
AB Neanderthals are the extinct hominid group most closely related to contemporary humans, so their genome offers a unique opportunity to identify genetic changes specific to anatomically fully modern humans. We have identified a 38,000- year- old Neanderthal fossil that is exceptionally free of contamination from modern human DNA. Direct high- throughput sequencing of a DNA extract from this fossil has thus far yielded over one million base pairs of hominoid nuclear DNA sequences. Comparison with the human and chimpanzee genomes reveals that modern human and Neanderthal DNA sequences diverged on average about 500,000 years ago. Existing technology and fossil resources are now sufficient to initiate a Neanderthal genome- sequencing effort.
C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   454 Life Sci, Branford, CT 06405 USA.
   Croatian Acad Sci & Arts, Inst Quaternary Paleontol & Geol, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
C3 Max Planck Society; Croatian Academy of Sciences & Arts
RP Green, RE (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Deutsch Pl 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
EM green@eva.mpg.de
NR 50
TC 495
Z9 619
U1 2
U2 245
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 330
EP 336
DI 10.1038/nature05336
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300040
PM 17108958
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Field, J
   Cronin, A
   Bridge, C
AF Field, J
   Cronin, A
   Bridge, C
TI Future fitness and helping in social queues
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eusocial hover wasps; kin selection; reproductive skew; animal society; genetic-markers; group-size; relatedness; vertebrates; evolution; helpers
AB Helpers in primitively eusocial and cooperatively breeding animal societies forfeit their own reproduction to rear the offspring of a queen or breeding pair, but may eventually attain breeding status themselves. Kin selection(1) provides a widely accepted theoretical framework for understanding these societies, but differences in genetic relatedness do not explain a universal societal feature: the huge variation between individuals in helping effort(2-10). An alternative explanation for this variation lies in a fundamental trade-off faced by helpers: by working harder, they increase the indirect component of their fitness, but simultaneously decrease their own future survival and fecundity(2,4,8). Here, we show that individuals work less hard when they stand to lose more future fitness through working. We experimentally manipulated two components of future fitness in social queues of hover wasps (Stenogastrinae): a helper's chance of inheriting an egg-laying position, and the workforce available to rear her offspring should she inherit. After each manipulation, helpers increased or decreased their effort as appropriate to the change in expected future fitness that they experienced. Although helping provides significant indirect fitness benefits for hover wasps(11), our study shows that variation in the costs associated with helping is the major determinant of helping effort.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Field, J (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Wolfson House,4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, England.
EM jeremy.field@ucl.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 96
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 214
EP 217
DI 10.1038/nature04560
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800045
PM 16688175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruiz-Morales, JC
   Canales-Vázquez, J
   Savaniu, C
   Marrero-López, D
   Zhou, WZ
   Irvine, JTS
AF Ruiz-Morales, JC
   Canales-Vázquez, J
   Savaniu, C
   Marrero-López, D
   Zhou, WZ
   Irvine, JTS
TI Disruption of extended defects in solid oxide fuel cell anodes for methane oxidation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sofc anodes; temperature; hydrocarbons; operation; gas
AB Point defects largely govern the electrochemical properties of oxides: at low defect concentrations, conductivity increases with concentration; however, at higher concentrations, defect - defect interactions start to dominate(1,2). Thus, in searching for electrochemically active materials for fuel cell anodes, high defect concentration is generally avoided. Here we describe an oxide anode formed from lanthanum-substituted strontium titanate (La-SrTiO3) in which we control the oxygen stoichiometry in order to break down the extended defect intergrowth regions and create phases with considerable disordered oxygen defects. We substitute Ti in these phases with Ga and Mn to induce redox activity and allow more flexible coordination. The material demonstrates impressive fuel cell performance using wet hydrogen at 950 degrees C. It is also important for fuel cell technology to achieve efficient electrode operation with different hydrocarbon fuels(3,4), although such fuels are more demanding than pure hydrogen. The best anode materials to date-Ni-YSZ ( yttria-stabilized zirconia) cermets(5) - suffer some disadvantages related to low tolerance to sulphur(6), carbon build-up when using hydrocarbon fuels(7) ( though device modifications and lower temperature operation can avoid this(8,9)) and volume instability on redox cycling. Our anode material is very active for methane oxidation at high temperatures, with open circuit voltages in excess of 1.2 V. The materials design concept that we use here could lead to devices that enable more-efficient energy extraction from fossil fuels and carbon-neutral fuels.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
C3 University of St Andrews
RP Irvine, JTS (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
EM jtsi@st-and.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 380
Z9 416
U1 2
U2 366
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 568
EP 571
DI 10.1038/nature04438
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900036
PM 16452975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savolainen, V
   Anstett, MC
   Lexer, C
   Hutton, I
   Clarkson, JJ
   Norup, MV
   Powell, MP
   Springate, D
   Salamin, N
   Baker, WJ
AF Savolainen, V
   Anstett, MC
   Lexer, C
   Hutton, I
   Clarkson, JJ
   Norup, MV
   Powell, MP
   Springate, D
   Salamin, N
   Baker, WJ
TI Sympatric speciation in palms on an oceanic island
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lord-howe island; pacific-ocean; divergence; evolution; origin; selection; animals
AB The origin of species diversity has challenged biologists for over two centuries. Allopatric speciation, the divergence of species resulting from geographical isolation, is well documented(1). However, sympatric speciation, divergence without geographical isolation, is highly controversial(2). Claims of sympatric speciation must demonstrate species sympatry, sister relationships, reproductive isolation, and that an earlier allopatric phase is highly unlikely(1). Here we provide clear support for sympatric speciation in a case study of two species of palm ( Arecaceae) on an oceanic island. A large dated phylogenetic tree shows that the two species of Howea, endemic to the remote Lord Howe Island, are sister taxa and diverged from each other well after the island was formed 6.9 million years ago(3). During fieldwork, we found a substantial disjunction in flowering time that is correlated with soil preference. In addition, a genome scan(4,5) indicates that few genetic loci are more divergent between the two species than expected under neutrality, a finding consistent with models of sympatric speciation involving disruptive/ divergent selection(2). This case study of sympatric speciation in plants provides an opportunity for refining theoretical models on the origin of species, and new impetus for exploring putative plant and animal examples on oceanic islands.
C1 Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, England.
   Ctr Evolutionary & Funct Ecol, UMR 5175, F-34293 Montpellier 5, France.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Systemat Bot, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Univ Lausanne, Dept Ecol & Evolut, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Institut Agro; Institut Agro Montpellier; CIRAD; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite Paul-Valery; Universite de Montpellier; Aarhus University; University of Lausanne
RP Savolainen, V (corresponding author), Royal Bot Gardens, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, England.
EM v.savolainen@kew.org
NR 30
TC 494
Z9 581
U1 3
U2 387
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 210
EP 213
DI 10.1038/nature04566
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800044
PM 16467788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, JF
   Tamai, K
   Yamaji, N
   Mitani, N
   Konishi, S
   Katsuhara, M
   Ishiguro, M
   Murata, Y
   Yano, M
AF Ma, JF
   Tamai, K
   Yamaji, N
   Mitani, N
   Konishi, S
   Katsuhara, M
   Ishiguro, M
   Murata, Y
   Yano, M
TI A silicon transporter in rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; aquaporins; resistance; family
AB Silicon is beneficial to plant growth and helps plants to overcome abiotic and biotic stresses by preventing lodging ( falling over) and increasing resistance to pests and diseases, as well as other stresses(1-3). Silicon is essential for high and sustainable production of rice(4), but the molecular mechanism responsible for the uptake of silicon is unknown. Here we describe the Low silicon rice 1 (Lsi1) gene, which controls silicon accumulation in rice, a typical silicon-accumulating plant. This gene belongs to the aquaporin family(5) and is constitutively expressed in the roots. Lsi1 is localized on the plasma membrane of the distal side of both exodermis and endodermis cells, where casparian strips are located. Suppression of Lsi1 expression resulted in reduced silicon uptake. Furthermore, expression of Lsi1 in Xenopus oocytes showed transport activity for silicon only. The identification of a silicon transporter provides both an insight into the silicon uptake system in plants, and a new strategy for producing crops with high resistance to multiple stresses by genetic modification of the root's silicon uptake capacity.
C1 Okayama Univ, Bioresources Res Inst, Kurashiki, Okayama 7100046, Japan.
   Inst Soc Technoinnovat Agr Forestry & Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050854, Japan.
   Suntory Inst Bioorgan Res, Shimamoto, Osaka 6188503, Japan.
   Natl Inst Agrobiol Sci, Dept Mol Genet, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan.
C3 Okayama University; Suntory Holdings Ltd; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences - Japan
RP Ma, JF (corresponding author), Okayama Univ, Bioresources Res Inst, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 7100046, Japan.
EM maj@rib.okayama-u.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 1281
Z9 1503
U1 13
U2 545
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 688
EP 691
DI 10.1038/nature04590
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400048
PM 16572174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krogan, NJ
   Cagney, G
   Yu, HY
   Zhong, GQ
   Guo, XH
   Ignatchenko, A
   Li, J
   Pu, SY
   Datta, N
   Tikuisis, AP
   Punna, T
   Peregrín-Alvarez, JM
   Shales, M
   Zhang, X
   Davey, M
   Robinson, MD
   Paccanaro, A
   Bray, JE
   Sheung, A
   Beattie, B
   Richards, DP
   Canadien, V
   Lalev, A
   Mena, F
   Wong, P
   Starostine, A
   Canete, MM
   Vlasblom, J
   Wu, S
   Orsi, C
   Collins, SR
   Chandran, S
   Haw, R
   Rilstone, JJ
   Gandi, K
   Thompson, NJ
   Musso, G
   St Onge, P
   Ghanny, S
   Lam, MHY
   Butland, G
   Altaf-Ui, AM
   Kanaya, S
   Shilatifard, A
   O'Shea, E
   Weissman, JS
   Ingles, CJ
   Hughes, TR
   Parkinson, J
   Gerstein, M
   Wodak, SJ
   Emili, A
   Greenblatt, JF
AF Krogan, NJ
   Cagney, G
   Yu, HY
   Zhong, GQ
   Guo, XH
   Ignatchenko, A
   Li, J
   Pu, SY
   Datta, N
   Tikuisis, AP
   Punna, T
   Peregrín-Alvarez, JM
   Shales, M
   Zhang, X
   Davey, M
   Robinson, MD
   Paccanaro, A
   Bray, JE
   Sheung, A
   Beattie, B
   Richards, DP
   Canadien, V
   Lalev, A
   Mena, F
   Wong, P
   Starostine, A
   Canete, MM
   Vlasblom, J
   Wu, S
   Orsi, C
   Collins, SR
   Chandran, S
   Haw, R
   Rilstone, JJ
   Gandi, K
   Thompson, NJ
   Musso, G
   St Onge, P
   Ghanny, S
   Lam, MHY
   Butland, G
   Altaf-Ui, AM
   Kanaya, S
   Shilatifard, A
   O'Shea, E
   Weissman, JS
   Ingles, CJ
   Hughes, TR
   Parkinson, J
   Gerstein, M
   Wodak, SJ
   Emili, A
   Greenblatt, JF
TI Global landscape of protein complexes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interaction network; mass-spectrometry; rna-polymerases; genome; scale; methylation; expression; genes; identification; localization
AB Identification of protein - protein interactions often provides insight into protein function, and many cellular processes are performed by stable protein complexes. We used tandem affinity purification to process 4,562 different tagged proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Each preparation was analysed by both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization - time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to increase coverage and accuracy. Machine learning was used to integrate the mass spectrometry scores and assign probabilities to the protein - protein interactions. Among 4,087 different proteins identified with high confidence by mass spectrometry from 2,357 successful purifications, our core data set ( median precision of 0.69) comprises 7,123 protein - protein interactions involving 2,708 proteins. A Markov clustering algorithm organized these interactions into 547 protein complexes averaging 4.9 subunits per complex, about half of them absent from the MIPS database, as well as 429 additional interactions between pairs of complexes. The data ( all of which are available online) will help future studies on individual proteins as well as functional genomics and systems biology.
C1 Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Terrence Donnelly Ctr Cellular & Biomol Res, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Dublin, Conway Inst, Dublin 4, Ireland.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Hosp Sick Children, Toronto, ON M4K 1X8, Canada.
   Affinium Pharmaceut, Toronto, ON M5J 1V6, Canada.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Nara Inst Sci & Technol, Comparat Genom Lab, Nara 6300101, Japan.
   St Louis Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, St Louis, MO 63104 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University College Dublin; Yale University; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Nara Institute of Science & Technology; Saint Louis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
RP Greenblatt, JF (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Terrence Donnelly Ctr Cellular & Biomol Res, 160 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
EM Andrew.emili@utoronto.ca; jack.Greenblatt@utoronto.ca
NR 48
TC 2318
Z9 2827
U1 4
U2 322
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 637
EP 643
DI 10.1038/nature04670
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400036
PM 16554755
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keizer, RS
   Goennenwein, STB
   Klapwijk, TM
   Miao, GX
   Xiao, G
   Gupta, A
AF Keizer, RS
   Goennenwein, STB
   Klapwijk, TM
   Miao, GX
   Xiao, G
   Gupta, A
TI A spin triplet supercurrent through the half-metallic ferromagnet CrO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; superconductivity
AB In general, conventional superconductivity should not occur in a ferromagnet, though it has been seen in iron under pressure(1). Moreover, theory predicts that the current is always carried by pairs of electrons in a spin singlet state(2), so conventional superconductivity decays very rapidly when in contact with a ferromagnet, which normally prohibits the existence of singlet pairs. It has been predicted that this rapid spatial decay would not occur if spin triplet superconductivity could be induced in the ferromagnet(3,4). Here we report a Josephson supercurrent through the strong ferromagnet CrO2, from which we infer that it is a spin triplet supercurrent. Our experimental set-up is different from those envisaged in the earlier predictions, but we conclude that the underlying physical explanation for our result is a conversion from spin singlet pairs to spin triplets at the interface. The supercurrent can be switched with the direction of the magnetization, analogous to spin valve transistors, and therefore could enable magnetization-controlled Josephson junctions.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
   Univ Alabama, MINT Ctr, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 Delft University of Technology; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; Brown University
RP Keizer, RS (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Fac Sci Appl, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands.
EM r.s.keizer@tnw.tudelft.nl; t.m.klapwijk@tnw.tudelft.nl
NR 23
TC 689
Z9 731
U1 1
U2 192
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 825
EP 827
DI 10.1038/nature04499
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600044
PM 16482152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Behringer, DC
   Butler, MJ
   Shields, JD
AF Behringer, Donald C.
   Butler, Mark J.
   Shields, Jeffrey D.
TI Avoidance of disease by social lobsters
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pathogen transmission; panulirus-argus; parasites
C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA.
   Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA.
C3 Old Dominion University; William & Mary; Virginia Institute of Marine Science
RP Behringer, DC (corresponding author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA.
EM mbutler@odu.edu
NR 13
TC 249
Z9 290
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 421
EP 421
DI 10.1038/441421a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900030
PM 16724051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guthrie, RD
AF Guthrie, RD
TI New carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and Pleistocene extinctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beringia; alaska; vegetation; peninsula; horses; end; bp
AB Drastic ecological restructuring, species redistribution and extinctions mark the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, but an insufficiency of numbers of well-dated large mammal fossils from this transition have impeded progress in understanding the various causative links(1). Here I add many new radiocarbon dates to those already published on late Pleistocene fossils from Alaska and the Yukon Territory (AK - YT) and show previously unrecognized patterns. Species that survived the Pleistocene, for example, bison ( Bison priscus, which evolved into Bison bison), wapiti (Cervus canadensis) and, to a smaller degree, moose (Alces alces), began to increase in numbers and continued to do so before and during human colonization and before the regional extinction of horse ( Equus ferus) and mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius). These patterns allow us to reject, at least in AK - YT, some hypotheses of late Pleistocene extinction: 'Blitzkrieg' version of simultaneous human overkill(2), 'keystone' removal(3), and 'palaeo-disease'(4). Hypotheses of a subtler human impact and/or ecological replacement or displacement are more consistent with the data. The new patterns of dates indicate a radical ecological sorting during a uniquely forage-rich transitional period, affecting all large mammals, including humans.
C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Guthrie, RD (corresponding author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99709 USA.
EM ffrdg@uaf.edu
NR 30
TC 243
Z9 306
U1 5
U2 228
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 207
EP 209
DI 10.1038/nature04604
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800043
PM 16688174
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cloos, PAC
   Christensen, J
   Agger, K
   Maiolica, A
   Rappsilber, J
   Antal, T
   Hansen, KH
   Helin, K
AF Cloos, Paul A. C.
   Christensen, Jesper
   Agger, Karl
   Maiolica, Alessio
   Rappsilber, Juri
   Antal, Torben
   Hansen, Klaus H.
   Helin, Kristian
TI The putative oncogene GASC1 demethylates tri- and dimethylated lysine 9 on histone H3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hypoxia-inducible factor; prostate-cancer; methylation; senescence; heterochromatin; gene; identification; proteins; amplicon; reveals
AB Methylation of lysine and arginine residues on histone tails affects chromatin structure and gene transcription(1-3). Tri- and dimethylation of lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3/me2) is required for the binding of the repressive protein HP1 and is associated with heterochromatin formation and transcriptional repression in a variety of species(4-6). H3K9me3 has long been regarded as a 'permanent' epigenetic mark(7,8). In a search for proteins and complexes interacting with H3K9me3, we identified the protein GASC1 ( gene amplified in squamous cell carcinoma 1)(9), which belongs to the JMJD2 ( jumonji domain containing 2) subfamily of the jumonji family, and is also known as JMJD2C(10). Here we show that three members of this subfamily of proteins demethylate H3K9me3/me2 in vitro through a hydroxylation reaction requiring iron and alpha-ketoglutarate as cofactors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of GASC1 or other JMJD2 members markedly decreases H3K9me3/me2 levels, increases H3K9me1 levels, delocalizes HP1 and reduces heterochromatin in vivo. Previously, GASC1 was found to be amplified in several cell lines derived from oesophageal squamous carcinomas(9,11,12), and in agreement with a contribution of GASC1 to tumour development, inhibition of GASC1 expression decreases cell proliferation. Thus, in addition to identifying GASC1 as a histone trimethyl demethylase, we suggest a model for how this enzyme might be involved in cancer development, and propose it as a target for anti-cancer therapy.
C1 Biotech Res & Innovat Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Copenhagen, Fac Hlth Sci, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
C3 IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; University of Copenhagen
RP Helin, K (corresponding author), Biotech Res & Innovat Ctr, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
EM kristian.helin@bric.dk
NR 30
TC 612
Z9 756
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 307
EP 311
DI 10.1038/nature04837
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100040
PM 16732293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feldl, N
   Bilham, R
AF Feldl, Nicole
   Bilham, Roger
TI Great Himalayan earthquakes and the Tibetan plateau
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gps measurements; continuous deformation; seismic moments; rupture; india; slip; convergence; constraints; kinematics; tectonics
AB It has been assumed that Himalayan earthquakes are driven by the release of compressional strain accumulating close to the Greater Himalaya. However, elastic models of the Indo - Asian collision using recently imaged subsurface interface geometries suggest that a substantial fraction of the southernmost 500 kilometres of the Tibetan plateau participates in driving great ruptures. We show here that this Tibetan reservoir of elastic strain energy is drained in proportion to Himalayan rupture length, and that the consequent growth of slip and magnitude with rupture area, when compared to data from recent earthquakes, can be used to infer a similar to 500-year renewal time for these events. The elastic models also illuminate two puzzling features of plate boundary seismicity: how great earthquakes can re-rupture regions that have already ruptured in recent smaller earthquakes and how mega-earthquakes with greater than 20 metres slip may occur at millennia-long intervals, driven by residual strain following many centuries of smaller earthquakes.
C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Bilham, R (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM bilham@colorado.edu
NR 42
TC 159
Z9 183
U1 1
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 165
EP 170
DI 10.1038/nature05199
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200032
PM 17093444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schwoerer, H
   Pfotenhauer, S
   Jäckel, O
   Amthor, KU
   Liesfeld, B
   Ziegler, W
   Sauerbrey, R
   Ledingham, KWD
   Esirkepov, T
AF Schwoerer, H
   Pfotenhauer, S
   Jäckel, O
   Amthor, KU
   Liesfeld, B
   Ziegler, W
   Sauerbrey, R
   Ledingham, KWD
   Esirkepov, T
TI Laser-plasma acceleration of quasi-monoenergetic protons from microstructured targets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-intensity laser; electron acceleration; ion accelerators; beams; feasibility; generation; therapy; solids; pulse
AB Particle acceleration based on high intensity laser systems ( a process known as laser - plasma acceleration) has achieved high quality particle beams that compare favourably with conventional acceleration techniques in terms of emittance, brightness and pulse duration(1-4). A long-term difficulty associated with laser - plasma acceleration - the very broad, exponential energy spectrum of the emitted particles - has been overcome recently for electron beams(5-7). Here we report analogous results for ions, specifically the production of quasi-monoenergetic proton beams using laser - plasma accelerators. Reliable and reproducible laser-accelerated ion beams were achieved by intense laser irradiation of solid microstructured targets. This proof-of-principle experiment serves to illuminate the role of laser-generated plasmas as feasible particle sources. Scalability studies show that, owing to their compact size and reasonable cost, such table-top laser systems with high repetition rates could contribute to the development of new generations of particle injectors that may be suitable for medical proton therapy(8-10).
C1 Univ Jena, Inst Opt & Quantenelektron, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Strathclyde, Dept Phys, Glasgow G4 0NG, Lanark, Scotland.
   AWE Plc, Reading RG7 4PR, Berks, England.
   JAERI, Kansai Res Estab, Kyoto 6190215, Japan.
   Moscow Inst Phys & Technol, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia.
C3 Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; University of Strathclyde; Japan Atomic Energy Agency; Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology
RP Schwoerer, H (corresponding author), Univ Jena, Inst Opt & Quantenelektron, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
EM schwoerer@ioq.uni-jena.de
NR 25
TC 683
Z9 760
U1 4
U2 142
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 445
EP 448
DI 10.1038/nature04492
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200040
PM 16437110
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grimm, D
   Streetz, KL
   Jopling, CL
   Storm, TA
   Pandey, K
   Davis, CR
   Marion, P
   Salazar, F
   Kay, MA
AF Grimm, Dirk
   Streetz, Konrad L.
   Jopling, Catherine L.
   Storm, Theresa A.
   Pandey, Kusum
   Davis, Corrine R.
   Marion, Patricia
   Salazar, Felix
   Kay, Mark A.
TI Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear export; virus; interference; transduction; vectors; expression; protein
AB RNA interference (RNAi) is a universal and evolutionarily conserved phenomenon of post-transcriptional gene silencing by means of sequence-specific mRNA degradation, triggered by small double-stranded RNAs1,2. Because this mechanism can be efficiently induced in vivo by expressing target-complementary short hairpin RNA (shRNA) from non-viral and viral vectors, RNAi is attractive for functional genomics and human therapeutics(3,4). Here we systematically investigate the long-term effects of sustained high-level shRNA expression in livers of adult mice. Robust shRNA expression in all the hepatocytes after intravenous infusion was achieved with an optimized shRNA delivery vector based on duplex-DNA-containing adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV8). An evaluation of 49 distinct AAV/shRNA vectors, unique in length and sequence and directed against six targets, showed that 36 resulted in dose-dependent liver injury, with 23 ultimately causing death. Morbidity was associated with the downregulation of liver-derived microRNAs (miRNAs), indicating possible competition of the latter with shRNAs for limiting cellular factors required for the processing of various small RNAs. In vitro and in vivo shRNA transfection studies implied that one such factor, shared by the shRNA/miRNA pathways and readily saturated, is the nuclear karyopherin exportin-5. Our findings have fundamental consequences for future RNAi-based strategies in animals and humans, because controlling intracellular shRNA expression levels will be imperative. However, the risk of oversaturating endogenous small RNA pathways can be minimized by optimizing shRNA dose and sequence, as exemplified here by our report of persistent and therapeutic RNAi against human hepatitis B virus in vivo.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Comparat Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Hepadnavirus Testing Inc, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Kay, MA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM markay@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 1400
Z9 1767
U1 1
U2 180
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 537
EP 541
DI 10.1038/nature04791
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900056
PM 16724069
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silva, CCD
   de Vondel, JV
   Morelle, M
   Moshchalkov, VV
AF Silva, CCD
   de Vondel, JV
   Morelle, M
   Moshchalkov, VV
TI Controlled multiple reversals of a ratchet effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal ratchets; transport
AB A single particle confined in an asymmetric potential demonstrates an anticipated ratchet effect by drifting along the 'easy' ratchet direction when subjected to non-equilibrium fluctuations(1-3). This well-known effect can, however, be dramatically changed if the potential captures several interacting particles. Here we demonstrate that the inter-particle interactions in a chain of repelling particles captured by a ratchet potential can, in a controllable way, lead to multiple drift reversals, with the drift sign alternating from positive to negative as the number of particles per ratchet period changes from odd to even. To demonstrate experimentally the validity of this very general prediction, we performed transport measurements on a. c.-driven vortices trapped in a superconductor by an array of nanometre-scale asymmetric traps. We found that the direction of the vortex drift does undergo multiple reversals as the vortex density is increased, in excellent agreement with the model predictions. This drastic change in the drift behaviour between single- and multiparticle systems can shed some light on the different behaviour of ratchets and biomembranes(4) in two drift regimes: diluted ( single particles) and concentrated ( interacting particles).
C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, INPAC, Nanoscale Superconduct & Magnetism Grp, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
C3 KU Leuven
RP Moshchalkov, VV (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, INPAC, Nanoscale Superconduct & Magnetism Grp, Celestijnenlaan 200 D, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium.
EM Victor.Moshchalkov@fys.kuleuven.be
NR 17
TC 279
Z9 296
U1 4
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 651
EP 654
DI 10.1038/nature04595
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400039
PM 16572166
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamamoto-Kawai, M
   Carmack, E
   McLaughlin, F
AF Yamamoto-Kawai, Michiyo
   Carmack, Eddy
   McLaughlin, Fiona
TI Nitrogen balance and Arctic throughflow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID worlds oceans; denitrification; water; sediments; fixation; shelf
C1 Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
C3 Fisheries & Oceans Canada
RP Yamamoto-Kawai, M (corresponding author), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada.
EM kawaim@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
NR 12
TC 118
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 43
EP 43
DI 10.1038/443043a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900032
PM 16957723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vestrand, WT
   Wren, JA
   Wozniak, PR
   Aptekar, R
   Golentskii, S
   Pal'shin, V
   Sakamoto, T
   White, RR
   Evans, S
   Casperson, D
   Fenimore, E
AF Vestrand, W. T.
   Wren, J. A.
   Wozniak, P. R.
   Aptekar, R.
   Golentskii, S.
   Pal'shin, V.
   Sakamoto, T.
   White, R. R.
   Evans, S.
   Casperson, D.
   Fenimore, E.
TI Energy input and response from prompt and early optical afterglow emission in γ-ray bursts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID raptor observations
AB The taxonomy of optical emission detected during the critical first few minutes after the onset of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) defines two broad classes: prompt optical emission correlated with prompt gamma-ray emission(1), and early optical afterglow emission uncorrelated with the gamma-ray emission(2). The standard theoretical interpretation attributes prompt emission to internal shocks in the ultrarelativistic outflow generated by the internal engine(3-5); early afterglow emission is attributed to shocks generated by interaction with the surrounding medium(6-8). Here we report on observations of a bright GRB that, for the first time, clearly show the temporal relationship and relative strength of the two optical components. The observations indicate that early afterglow emission can be understood as reverberation of the energy input measured by prompt emission. Measurements of the early afterglow reverberations therefore probe the structure of the environment around the burst, whereas the subsequent response to late-time impulsive energy releases reveals how earlier flaring episodes have altered the jet and environment parameters. Many GRBs are generated by the death of massive stars that were born and died before the Universe was ten per cent of its current age(9,10), so GRB afterglow reverberations provide clues about the environments around some of the first stars.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space Sci & Applicat Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Russian Academy of Sciences; St. Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ioffe Physical Technical Institute; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Vestrand, WT (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Space Sci & Applicat Grp, ISR-1,MS-D466, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM vestrand@lanl.gov
NR 29
TC 113
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/nature04913
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700040
PM 16838015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brazeau, MD
   Ahlberg, PE
AF Brazeau, MD
   Ahlberg, PE
TI Tetrapod-like middle ear architecture in a Devonian fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early evolution; stapes; braincase; skate
AB Few fossils show the incipient stages of complex morphological transformations(1). For example, the earliest stages in the remodelling of the spiracular tract and suspensorium (jaw suspension) of osteolepiform fishes(2-4) into the middle ear of tetrapods have remained elusive(3). The most primitive known tetrapods show a middle ear architecture that is very different from osteolepiforms such as Eusthenopteron(3), with little indication of how this transformation took place. Here we present an analysis of tetrapod middle ear origins that is based on a detailed study of Panderichthys, the immediate sister taxon of tetrapods. We show that the spiracular region is radically transformed from osteolepiforms and represents the earliest stages in the origin of the tetrapod middle ear architecture. The posterior palatoquadrate of Panderichthys is completely tetrapod-like and defines a similarly tetrapod-like spiracular tract. The hyomandibula has lost its distal portion, representing a previously unrecognized advance towards a stapes-like morphology. This spiracular specialization suggests that the middle ear of early tetrapods evolved initially as part of a spiracular breathing apparatus(5,6).
C1 Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Physiol & Dev Biol, Subdept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
C3 Uppsala University
RP Brazeau, MD (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Physiol & Dev Biol, Subdept Evolutionary Organismal Biol, Norbyv 18A, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM martin.brazeau@ebc.uu.se
NR 26
TC 71
Z9 83
U1 1
U2 60
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 318
EP 321
DI 10.1038/nature04196
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100041
PM 16421569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cabal, GG
   Genovesio, A
   Rodriguez-Navarro, S
   Zimmer, C
   Gadal, O
   Lesne, A
   Buc, H
   Feuerbach-Fournier, F
   Olivo-Marin, JC
   Hurt, EC
   Nehrbass, U
AF Cabal, Ghislain G.
   Genovesio, Auguste
   Rodriguez-Navarro, Susana
   Zimmer, Christophe
   Gadal, Olivier
   Lesne, Annick
   Buc, Henri
   Feuerbach-Fournier, Frank
   Olivo-Marin, Jean-Christophe
   Hurt, Eduard C.
   Nehrbass, Ulf
TI SAGA interacting factors confine sub-diffusion of transcribed genes to the nuclear envelope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna export machinery; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; transcriptional activation; disordered media; in-vivo; organization; complex; localization; recruitment; proteins
AB Changes in the transcriptional state of genes have been correlated with their repositioning within the nuclear space(1). Tethering reporter genes to the nuclear envelope alone can impose repression(2) and recent reports have shown that, after activation, certain genes can also be found closer to the nuclear periphery(3-6). The molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena have remained elusive. Here, with the use of dynamic three-dimensional tracking of a single locus in live yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells, we show that the activation of GAL genes ( GAL7, GAL10 and GAL1) leads to a confinement in dynamic motility. We demonstrate that the GAL locus is subject to sub-diffusive movement, which after activation can become constrained to a two-dimensional sliding motion along the nuclear envelope. RNA-fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis after activation reveals a higher transcriptional activity for the peripherally constrained GAL genes than for loci remaining intranuclear. This confinement was mediated by Sus1 and Ada2, members of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase complex, and Sac3, a messenger RNA export factor, physically linking the activated GAL genes to the nuclear-pore-complex component Nup1. Deleting ADA2 or NUP1 abrogates perinuclear GAL confinement without affecting GAL1 transcription. Accordingly, transcriptional activation is necessary but not sufficient for the confinement of GAL genes at the nuclear periphery. The observed real-time dynamic mooring of active GAL genes to the inner side of the nuclear pore complex is in accordance with the 'gene gating' hypothesis(7).
C1 Inst Pasteur Korea, Seoul 136791, South Korea.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Biol Cellulaire Noyau, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Unite Anal Images Quantitat, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, Dept Biol Cellulaire & Infect, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Univ Heidelberg BZH, Zentrum Biochem, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Lab Phys Theor Mat Condensee, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Institut Pasteur Korea; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Nehrbass, U (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur Korea, 39-1 Hawolgok Dong, Seoul 136791, South Korea.
EM jcolivo@pasteur.fr; cg5@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de; nehrbass@pasteur.fr
NR 20
TC 381
Z9 472
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 770
EP 773
DI 10.1038/nature04752
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100059
PM 16760982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wooding, S
   Bufe, B
   Grassi, C
   Howard, MT
   Stone, AC
   Vazquez, M
   Dunn, DM
   Meyerhof, W
   Weiss, RB
   Bamshad, MJ
AF Wooding, S
   Bufe, B
   Grassi, C
   Howard, MT
   Stone, AC
   Vazquez, M
   Dunn, DM
   Meyerhof, W
   Weiss, RB
   Bamshad, MJ
TI Independent evolution of bitter-taste sensitivity in humans and chimpanzees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor gene; statistical-method; natural-selection; diversity; phenylthiocarbamide; family; tas2r16; bonobos; locus; trait
AB It was reported over 65 years ago that chimpanzees, like humans, vary in taste sensitivity to the bitter compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)(1). This was suggested to be the result of a shared balanced polymorphism, defining the first, and now classic, example of the effects of balancing selection in great apes. In humans, variable PTC sensitivity is largely controlled by the segregation of two common alleles at the TAS2R38 locus, which encode receptor variants with different ligand affinities(2-4). Here we show that PTC taste sensitivity in chimpanzees is also controlled by two common alleles of TAS2R38; however, neither of these alleles is shared with humans. Instead, a mutation of the initiation codon results in the use of an alternative downstream start codon and production of a truncated receptor variant that fails to respond to PTC in vitro. Association testing of PTC sensitivity in a cohort of captive chimpanzees confirmed that chimpanzee TAS2R38 genotype accurately predicts taster status in vivo. Therefore, although Fisher et al.'s observations(1) were accurate, their explanation was wrong. Humans and chimpanzees share variable taste sensitivity to bitter compounds mediated by PTC receptor variants, but the molecular basis of this variation has arisen twice, independently, in the two species.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Human Genet, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
   German Inst Human Nutr Potsdam Rehbruecke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
   SW Fdn Biomed Res, Dept Comparat Med, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Leibniz Association; Deutsches Institut fur Ernahrungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrucke (DIfE); Texas Biomedical Research Institute; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Wooding, S (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Human Genet, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM swooding@genetics.utah.edu; mbamshad@u.washington.edu
NR 30
TC 103
Z9 121
U1 4
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 930
EP 934
DI 10.1038/nature04655
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700040
PM 16612383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carlson, CM
   Endrizzi, BT
   Wu, JH
   Ding, XJ
   Weinreich, MA
   Walsh, ER
   Wani, MA
   Lingrel, JB
   Hogquist, KA
   Jameson, SC
AF Carlson, Corey M.
   Endrizzi, Bart T.
   Wu, Jinghai
   Ding, Xiaojie
   Weinreich, Michael A.
   Walsh, Elizabeth R.
   Wani, Maqsood A.
   Lingrel, Jerry B.
   Hogquist, Kristin A.
   Jameson, Stephen C.
TI Kruppel-like factor 2 regulates thymocyte and T-cell migration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; lymphocyte egress; thymic emigrants; l-selectin; expression; lklf; cd69; sphingosine-1-phosphate; identification; quiescence
AB Mammalian Kruppel-like transcription factors are implicated in regulating terminal differentiation of several tissue types(1-3). Deficiency in Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 2 ( also known as LKLF) leads to a massive loss of the peripheral T-cell pool(4), suggesting KLF2 regulates T-cell quiescence and survival(4-7). Here we show, however, that KLF2 is essential for T-cell trafficking. KLF2-deficient (Klf2(-/-)) thymocytes show impaired expression of several receptors required for thymocyte emigration and peripheral trafficking, including the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor S1P(1), CD62L and beta(7) integrin. Furthermore, KLF2 both binds and transactivates the promoter for S1P(1) - a receptor that is critical for thymocyte egress and recirculation through peripheral lymphoid organs. Our findings suggest that KLF2 serves to license mature T cells for trafficking from the thymus and recirculation through secondary lymphoid tissues.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
   Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mol Genet Biochem & Microbiol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP Hogquist, KA (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Ctr Immunol, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM hogqu001@umn.edu; james024@umn.edu
NR 30
TC 468
Z9 593
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 299
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature04882
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100038
PM 16855590
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rothemund, PWK
AF Rothemund, PWK
TI Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanostructures; microscope; octahedron; nanowires; molecule; lattices; surface; arrays; design
AB 'Bottom- up fabrication', which exploits the intrinsic properties of atoms and molecules to direct their self- organization, is widely used to make relatively simple nanostructures. A key goal for this approach is to create nanostructures of high complexity, matching that routinely achieved by ' top- down' methods. The self- assembly of DNA molecules provides an attractive route towards this goal. Here I describe a simple method for folding long, single- stranded DNA molecules into arbitrary two- dimensional shapes. The design for a desired shape is made by raster- filling the shape with a 7- kilobase single- stranded scaffold and by choosing over 200 short oligonucleotide ' staple strands' to hold the scaffold in place. Once synthesized and mixed, the staple and scaffold strands self- assemble in a single step. The resulting DNA structures are roughly 100 nm in diameter and approximate desired shapes such as squares, disks and five- pointed stars with a spatial resolution of 6 nm. Because each oligonucleotide can serve as a 6- nm pixel, the structures can be programmed to bear complex patterns such as words and images on their surfaces. Finally, individual DNA structures can be programmed to form larger assemblies, including extended periodic lattices and a hexamer of triangles ( which constitutes a 30- megadalton molecular complex).
C1 CALTECH, Dept Comp Sci & Computat Neural Syst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Rothemund, PWK (corresponding author), CALTECH, Dept Comp Sci & Computat Neural Syst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM pwkr@dna.caltech.edu
NR 24
TC 5981
Z9 7257
U1 71
U2 2729
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 297
EP 302
DI 10.1038/nature04586
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600044
PM 16541064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horikawa, K
   Ishimatsu, K
   Yoshimoto, E
   Kondo, S
   Takeda, H
AF Horikawa, Kazuki
   Ishimatsu, Kana
   Yoshimoto, Eiichi
   Kondo, Shigeru
   Takeda, Hiroyuki
TI Noise-resistant and synchronized oscillation of the segmentation clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somite segmentation; gene-expression; zebrafish somitogenesis; lunatic-fringe; vertebrate segmentation; individual fibroblasts; mechanism; network; cells; her1
AB Periodic somite segmentation in vertebrate embryos is controlled by the 'segmentation clock', which consists of numerous cellular oscillators. Although the properties of a single oscillator, driven by a hairy negative-feedback loop, have been investigated, the system-level properties of the segmentation clock remain largely unknown. To explore these characteristics, we have examined the response of a normally oscillating clock in zebrafish to experimental stimuli using in vivo mosaic experiments and mathematical simulation. We demonstrate that the segmentation clock behaves as a coupled oscillator, by showing that Notch-dependent intercellular communication, the activity of which is regulated by the internal hairy oscillator, couples neighbouring cells to facilitate synchronized oscillation. Furthermore, the oscillation phase of individual oscillators fluctuates due to developmental noise such as stochastic gene expression and active cell proliferation. The intercellular coupling was found to have a crucial role in minimizing the effects of this noise to maintain coherent oscillation.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Dept Biol Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Nagoya Univ, Div Biol Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; Nagoya University
RP Horikawa, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Biol Sci, Grad Sch Sci, Hongo 7-3-1, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM kazu@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp; htakeda@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 44
TC 225
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 719
EP 723
DI 10.1038/nature04861
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100046
PM 16760970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoshino, K
   Sugiyama, T
   Matsumoto, M
   Tanaka, T
   Saito, M
   Hemmi, H
   Ohara, O
   Akira, S
   Kaisho, T
AF Hoshino, K
   Sugiyama, T
   Matsumoto, M
   Tanaka, T
   Saito, M
   Hemmi, H
   Ohara, O
   Akira, S
   Kaisho, T
TI IκB kinase-α is critical for interferon-α production induced by Toll-like receptors 7 and 9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toll-like receptors; plasmacytoid dendritic cells; ikk-alpha; antiviral response; viral-infection; mice lacking; ifn-alpha; activation; induction; immunity
AB The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family has important roles in microbial recognition and dendritic cell activation(1,2). TLRs 7 and 9 can recognize nucleic acids(3-6) and trigger signalling cascades that activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) (refs 7, 8). TLR7/9-mediated dendritic cell activation is critical for antiviral immunity but also contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease in which serum IFN-alpha levels are elevated owing to plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation(8,9). TLR7/9-induced IFN-alpha induction depends on a molecular complex that contains a TLR adaptor, MyD88, and IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) (refs 10-14), but the underlying molecular mechanisms are as yet unknown. Here we show that I kappa B kinase-alpha (IKK-alpha) is critically involved in TLR7/9-induced IFN-alpha production. TLR7/9-induced IFN-alpha production was severely impaired in IKK-alpha-deficient plasmacytoid dendritic cells, whereas inflammatory cytokine induction was decreased but still occurred. Kinase-deficient IKK-alpha inhibited the ability of MyD88 to activate the Ifna promoter in synergy with IRF-7. Furthermore, IKK-alpha associated with and phosphorylated IRF-7. Our results identify a role for IKK-alpha in TLR7/9 signalling, and highlight IKK-alpha as a potential target for manipulating TLR-induced IFN-alpha production.
C1 RIKEN, Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Host Def Lab, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   RIKEN, Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Lab Immunogenom, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   Univ Tokushima, Div Mol Immunol, Inst Enzyme Res, Tokushima 7708503, Japan.
   Res Inst Microbial Dis, Dept Host Def, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   ERATO, Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Chiba 2920818, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; RIKEN; Tokushima University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kazusa DNA Research Institute
RP Kaisho, T (corresponding author), RIKEN, Res Ctr Allergy & Immunol, Host Def Lab, Tsurumi Ku, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
EM tkaisho@rcai.riken.jp
NR 30
TC 300
Z9 357
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 949
EP 953
DI 10.1038/nature04641
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700044
PM 16612387
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doma, MK
   Parker, R
AF Doma, MK
   Parker, R
TI Endonucleolytic cleavage of eukaryotic mRNAs with stalls in translation elongation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein-synthesis; escherichia-coli; factor erf3; yeast; degradation; termination; codon; turnover; decay
AB A fundamental aspect of the biogenesis and function of eukaryotic messenger RNA is the quality control systems that recognize and degrade non-functional mRNAs. Eukaryotic mRNAs where translation termination occurs too soon (nonsense-mediated decay) 1 or fails to occur (non-stop decay) 2 are rapidly degraded. We show that yeast mRNAs with stalls in translation elongation are recognized and targeted for endonucleolytic cleavage, referred to as 'no-go decay'. The cleavage triggered by no-go decay is dependent on translation and involves Dom34p and Hbs1p. Dom34p and Hbs1p are similar to the translation termination factors eRF1 and eRF3 (refs 3, 4), indicating that these proteins might function in recognizing the stalled ribosome and triggering endonucleolytic cleavage. No-go decay provides a mechanism for clearing the cell of stalled translation elongation complexes, which could occur as a result of damaged mRNAs or ribosomes, or as a mechanism of post-transcriptional control.
C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Parker, R (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM rrparker@u.arizona.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM045443] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 581
Z9 787
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 561
EP 564
DI 10.1038/nature04530
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100062
PM 16554824
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, Y
   Sung, JY
   Ceglia, I
   Lee, KW
   Ahn, JH
   Halford, JM
   Kim, AM
   Kwak, SP
   Park, JB
   Ryu, SH
   Schenck, A
   Bardoni, B
   Scott, JD
   Nairn, AC
   Greengard, P
AF Kim, Yong
   Sung, Jee Young
   Ceglia, Ilaria
   Lee, Ko-Woon
   Ahn, Jung-Hyuck
   Halford, Jonathan M.
   Kim, Amie M.
   Kwak, Seung P.
   Park, Jong Bae
   Ryu, Sung Ho
   Schenck, Annette
   Bardoni, Barbara
   Scott, John D.
   Nairn, Angus C.
   Greengard, Paul
TI Phosphorylation of WAVE1 regulates actin polymerization and dendritic spine morphology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-dependent kinase-5; nucleus-accumbens; family proteins; arp2/3 complex; small gtpases; cdk5; wasp; dopamine; neurons; cocaine
AB WAVE1 - the Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome protein ( WASP)- family verprolin homologous protein 1 - is a key regulator of actin-dependent morphological processes(1) in mammals, through its ability to activate the actin-related protein (Arp2/3) complex. Here we show that WAVE1 is phosphorylated at multiple sites by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) both in vitro and in intact mouse neurons. Phosphorylation of WAVE1 by Cdk5 inhibits its ability to regulate Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization. Loss of WAVE1 function in vivo or in cultured neurons results in a decrease in mature dendritic spines. Expression of a dephosphorylation-mimic mutant of WAVE1 reverses this loss of WAVE1 function in spine morphology, but expression of a phosphorylation-mimic mutant does not. Cyclic AMP ( cAMP) signalling reduces phosphorylation of the Cdk5 sites in WAVE1, and increases spine density in a WAVE1-dependent manner. Our data suggest that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of WAVE1 in neurons has an important role in the formation of the filamentous actin cytoskeleton, and thus in the regulation of dendritic spine morphology.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Wyeth Res, Discovery Neurosci, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
   Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Div Mol & Life Sci, Pohang 790784, South Korea.
   ULP, INSERM, CNRS, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Vollum Inst, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Portland, OR 97239 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, New Haven, CT 06508 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Pfizer; Wyeth; Pfizer USA; Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Kim, Y (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Mol & Cellular Neurosci Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM kimyo@rockefeller.edu; angus.nairn@yale.edu; greengard@rockefeller.edu
FU NIDA NIH HHS [P01 DA010044] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 248
Z9 319
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 814
EP 817
DI 10.1038/nature04976
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700046
PM 16862120
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, J
   Fujita, K
   McElroy, K
   Slezak, JA
   Wang, M
   Aiura, Y
   Bando, H
   Ishikado, M
   Masui, T
   Zhu, JX
   Balatsky, AV
   Eisaki, H
   Uchida, S
   Davis, JC
AF Lee, Jinho
   Fujita, K.
   McElroy, K.
   Slezak, J. A.
   Wang, M.
   Aiura, Y.
   Bando, H.
   Ishikado, M.
   Masui, T.
   Zhu, J. -X.
   Balatsky, A. V.
   Eisaki, H.
   Uchida, S.
   Davis, J. C.
TI Interplay of electron-lattice interactions and superconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-temperature superconductor; copper-oxide superconductors; line-shape; t-c; dispersion; excitations; spectroscopy
AB Formation of electron pairs is essential to superconductivity. For conventional superconductors, tunnelling spectroscopy has established that pairing is mediated by bosonic modes (phonons); a peak in the second derivative of tunnel current d(2)I/dV(2) corresponds to each phonon mode(1-3). For high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) superconductivity, however, no boson mediating electron pairing has been identified. One explanation could be that electron pair formation(4) and related electron - boson interactions are heterogeneous at the atomic scale and therefore challenging to characterize. However, with the latest advances in d(2)I/dV(2) spectroscopy using scanning tunnelling microscopy, it has become possible to study bosonic modes directly at the atomic scale(5). Here we report d(2)I/dV(2) imaging(6-8) studies of the high-T-c superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta. We find intense disorder of electron - boson interaction energies at the nanometre scale, along with the expected modulations in d(2) I/dV(2) ( refs 9, 10). Changing the density of holes has minimal effects on both the average mode energies and the modulations, indicating that the bosonic modes are unrelated to electronic or magnetic structure. Instead, the modes appear to be local lattice vibrations, as substitution of O-18 for O-16 throughout the material reduces the average mode energy by approximately 6 per cent - the expected effect of this isotope substitution on lattice vibration frequencies(5). Significantly, the mode energies are always spatially anticorrelated with the superconducting pairing-gap energies, suggesting an interplay between these lattice vibration modes and the superconductivity.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, LASSP, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Phys, Osaka 5600043, Japan.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 Cornell University; University of Tokyo; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); University of Osaka; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Davis, JC (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Phys, LASSP, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM jcdavis@ccmr.cornell.edu
NR 32
TC 322
Z9 349
U1 2
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 546
EP 550
DI 10.1038/nature04973
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900039
PM 16885980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakatsu, T
   Ichiyama, S
   Hiratake, J
   Saldanha, A
   Kobashi, N
   Sakata, K
   Kato, H
AF Nakatsu, T
   Ichiyama, S
   Hiratake, J
   Saldanha, A
   Kobashi, N
   Sakata, K
   Kato, H
TI Structural basis for the spectral difference in luciferase bioluminescence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-directed mutagenesis; firefly luciferase; crystal-structure; active-site; superfamily; analog; light; model; color
AB Fireflies communicate with each other by emitting yellow- green to yellow- orange brilliant light. The bioluminescence reaction, which uses luciferin, Mg- ATP and molecular oxygen to yield an electronically excited oxyluciferin species, is carried out by the enzyme luciferase. Visible light is emitted during relaxation of excited oxyluciferin to its ground state. The high quantum yield(1) of the luciferin/ luciferase reaction and the change in bioluminescence colour caused by subtle structural differences in luciferase have attracted much research interest. In fact, a single amino acid substitution in luciferase changes the emission colour from yellow- green to red(2-5). Although the crystal structure of luciferase from the North American firefly ( Photinus pyralis) has been described(6,7), the detailed mechanism for the bioluminescence colour change is still unclear(8-11). Here we report the crystal structures of wild- type and red mutant ( S286N) luciferases from the Japanese Genji- botaru ( Luciola cruciata) in complex with a high- energy intermediate analogue, 5' - O-[ N-( dehydroluciferyl)-sulfamoyl] adenosine ( DLSA). Comparing these structures to those of the wild- type luciferase complexed with AMP plus oxyluciferin ( products) reveals a significant conformational change in the wild- type enzyme but not in the red mutant. This conformational change involves movement of the hydrophobic side chain of Ile 288 towards the benzothiazole ring of DLSA. Our results indicate that the degree of molecular rigidity of the excited state of oxyluciferin, which is controlled by a transient movement of Ile 288, determines the colour of bioluminescence during the emission reaction.
C1 RIKEN Harima Inst SPring8, Kinet Crystallog Res Team, Membrane Dynam Res Grp, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Biol Struct, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Chem Res Inst, Kyoto 6110011, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Kyoto University; Kyoto University
RP Kato, H (corresponding author), RIKEN Harima Inst SPring8, Kinet Crystallog Res Team, Membrane Dynam Res Grp, 1-1-1 Kouto, Mikazuki, Hyogo 6795148, Japan.
EM katohiro@pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 475
Z9 531
U1 4
U2 262
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 372
EP 376
DI 10.1038/nature04542
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600060
PM 16541080
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muzny, DM
   Scherer, SE
   Kaul, R
   Wang, J
   Yu, J
   Sudbrak, R
   Buhay, CJ
   Chen, R
   Cree, A
   Ding, Y
   Dugan-Rocha, S
   Gill, R
   Gunaratne, P
   Harris, RA
   Hawes, AC
   Hernandez, J
   Hodgson, AV
   Hume, J
   Jackson, A
   Khan, ZM
   Kovar-Smith, C
   Lewis, LR
   Lozado, RJ
   Metzker, ML
   Milosavljevic, A
   Miner, GR
   Morgan, MB
   Nazareth, LV
   Scott, G
   Sodergren, E
   Song, XZ
   Steffen, D
   Wei, S
   Wheeler, DA
   Wright, MW
   Worley, KC
   Yuan, Y
   Zhang, ZD
   Adams, CQ
   Ansari-Lari, MA
   Ayele, M
   Brown, MJ
   Chen, G
   Chen, ZJ
   Clendenning, J
   Clerc-Blankenburg, KP
   Chen, RS
   Chen, Z
   Davis, C
   Delgado, O
   Dinh, HH
   Dong, W
   Draper, H
   Ernst, S
   Fu, G
   Gonzalez-Garay, ML
   Garcia, DK
   Gillett, W
   Gu, J
   Hao, BL
   Haugen, E
   Havlak, P
   He, X
   Hennig, S
   Hu, SN
   Huang, W
   Jackson, LR
   Jacob, LS
   Kelly, SH
   Kube, M
   Levy, R
   Li, ZW
   Liu, B
   Liu, J
   Liu, W
   Lu, J
   Maheshwari, M
   Nguyen, BV
   Okwuonu, GO
   Palmeiri, A
   Pasternak, S
   Perez, LM
   Phelps, KA
   Plopper, FJH
   Qiang, BQ
   Raymond, C
   Rodriguez, R
   Saenphimmachak, C
   Santibanez, J
   Shen, H
   Shen, Y
   Subramanian, S
   Tabor, PE
   Verduzco, D
   Waldron, L
   Wang, J
   Wang, J
   Wang, QY
   Williams, GA
   Wong, GKS
   Yao, ZJ
   Zhang, JK
   Zhang, XQ
   Zhao, GP
   Zhou, JL
   Zhou, Y
   Nelson, D
   Lehrach, H
   Reinhardt, R
   Naylor, SL
   Yang, HM
   Olson, M
   Weinstock, G
   Gibbs, RA
AF Muzny, DM
   Scherer, SE
   Kaul, R
   Wang, J
   Yu, J
   Sudbrak, R
   Buhay, CJ
   Chen, R
   Cree, A
   Ding, Y
   Dugan-Rocha, S
   Gill, R
   Gunaratne, P
   Harris, RA
   Hawes, AC
   Hernandez, J
   Hodgson, AV
   Hume, J
   Jackson, A
   Khan, ZM
   Kovar-Smith, C
   Lewis, LR
   Lozado, RJ
   Metzker, ML
   Milosavljevic, A
   Miner, GR
   Morgan, MB
   Nazareth, LV
   Scott, G
   Sodergren, E
   Song, XZ
   Steffen, D
   Wei, S
   Wheeler, DA
   Wright, MW
   Worley, KC
   Yuan, Y
   Zhang, ZD
   Adams, CQ
   Ansari-Lari, MA
   Ayele, M
   Brown, MJ
   Chen, G
   Chen, ZJ
   Clendenning, J
   Clerc-Blankenburg, KP
   Chen, RS
   Chen, Z
   Davis, C
   Delgado, O
   Dinh, HH
   Dong, W
   Draper, H
   Ernst, S
   Fu, G
   Gonzalez-Garay, ML
   Garcia, DK
   Gillett, W
   Gu, J
   Hao, BL
   Haugen, E
   Havlak, P
   He, X
   Hennig, S
   Hu, SN
   Huang, W
   Jackson, LR
   Jacob, LS
   Kelly, SH
   Kube, M
   Levy, R
   Li, ZW
   Liu, B
   Liu, J
   Liu, W
   Lu, J
   Maheshwari, M
   Nguyen, BV
   Okwuonu, GO
   Palmeiri, A
   Pasternak, S
   Perez, LM
   Phelps, KA
   Plopper, FJH
   Qiang, BQ
   Raymond, C
   Rodriguez, R
   Saenphimmachak, C
   Santibanez, J
   Shen, H
   Shen, Y
   Subramanian, S
   Tabor, PE
   Verduzco, D
   Waldron, L
   Wang, J
   Wang, J
   Wang, QY
   Williams, GA
   Wong, GKS
   Yao, ZJ
   Zhang, JK
   Zhang, XQ
   Zhao, GP
   Zhou, JL
   Zhou, Y
   Nelson, D
   Lehrach, H
   Reinhardt, R
   Naylor, SL
   Yang, HM
   Olson, M
   Weinstock, G
   Gibbs, RA
TI The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome; evolution; chromosome; rearrangements; recombination; duplication; inversion; map
AB After the completion of a draft human genome sequence(1), the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium has proceeded to finish(2) and annotate each of the 24 chromosomes comprising the human genome. Here we describe the sequencing and analysis of human chromosome 3, one of the largest human chromosomes. Chromosome 3 comprises just four contigs, one of which currently represents the longest unbroken stretch of finished DNA sequence known so far. The chromosome is remarkable in having the lowest rate of segmental duplication in the genome. It also includes a chemokine receptor gene cluster as well as numerous loci involved in multiple human cancers such as the gene encoding FHIT, which contains the most common constitutive fragile site in the genome, FRA3B(3). Using genomic sequence from chimpanzee and rhesus macaque, we were able to characterize the breakpoints defining a large pericentric inversion that occurred some time after the split of Homininae from Ponginae, and propose an evolutionary history of the inversion.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Washington, Genome Ctr, Dept Med, Div Med Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing Genom Inst, Beijing 101300, Peoples R China.
   Zhejiang Univ, James D Watson Inst Genome Sci, Hangzhou 310008, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Natl Human Genome Ctr, Beijing 100176, Peoples R China.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Kiel, Inst Clin Mol Biol, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
   UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA.
   RZPD German Resource Ctr Genome Res, D-14059 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI); Zhejiang University; Max Planck Society; University of Kiel; University of London; University College London; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio
RP Scherer, SE (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM sscherer@bcm.tmc.edu; yanghm@genomics.org.cn
FU Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G0000107] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 45
Z9 672
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1194
EP 1198
DI 10.1038/nature04728
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000046
PM 16641997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shiow, LR
   Rosen, DB
   Brdicková, N
   Xu, Y
   An, JP
   Lanier, LL
   Cyster, JG
   Matloubian, M
AF Shiow, LR
   Rosen, DB
   Brdicková, N
   Xu, Y
   An, JP
   Lanier, LL
   Cyster, JG
   Matloubian, M
TI CD69 acts downstream of interferon-α/β to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1; t-cells; expression; mice; activation; ligand; sequestration; emigration; thymocytes; induction
AB Naive lymphocytes continually enter and exit lymphoid organs in a recirculation process that is essential for immune surveillance. During immune responses, the egress process can be shut down transiently(1). When this occurs locally it increases lymphocyte numbers in the responding lymphoid organ; when it occurs systemically it can lead to immunosuppression as a result of the depletion of recirculating lymphocytes. Several mediators of the innate immune system are known to cause shutdown, including interferon alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) and tumour necrosis factor(2-5), but the mechanism has been unclear. Here we show that treatment with the IFN-alpha/beta inducer polyinosine polycytidylic acid (hereafter 'poly(I:C)') inhibited egress by a mechanism that was partly lymphocyte-intrinsic. The transmembrane C-type lectin CD69 was rapidly induced and CD69(-/-) cells were poorly retained in lymphoid tissues after treatment with poly(I:C) or infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Lymphocyte egress requires sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1P(1)), and IFN-alpha/beta was found to inhibit lymphocyte responsiveness to S1P. By contrast, CD69(-/-) cells retained S1P(1) function after exposure to IFN-alpha/beta. In coexpression experiments, CD69 inhibited S1P(1) chemotactic function and led to downmodulation of S1P(1). In a reporter assay, S1P(1) crosslinking led to co-crosslinking and activation of a CD69-CD3 zeta chimaera. CD69 co-immunoprecipitated with S1P(1) but not the related receptor, S1P(3). These observations indicate that CD69 forms a complex with and negatively regulates S1P(1) and that it functions downstream of IFN-alpha/beta, and possibly other activating stimuli, to promote lymphocyte retention in lymphoid organs.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Biomed Sci Grad Program, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Cyster, JG (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM jason.cyster@ucsf.edu; mehrdad.matloubian@ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 968
Z9 1222
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 540
EP 544
DI 10.1038/nature04606
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100058
PM 16525420
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saliba, KJ
   Martin, RE
   Bröer, A
   Henry, RI
   McCarthy, CS
   Downie, MJ
   Allen, RJW
   Mullin, KA
   McFadden, GI
   Bröer, S
   Kirk, K
AF Saliba, Kevin J.
   Martin, Rowena E.
   Broeer, Angelika
   Henry, Roselani I.
   McCarthy, C. Siobhan
   Downie, Megan J.
   Allen, Richard J. W.
   Mullin, Kylie A.
   McFadden, Geoffrey I.
   Broeer, Stefan
   Kirk, Kiaran
TI Sodium-dependent uptake of inorganic phosphate by the intracellular malaria parasite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; membrane-transport; acid; chloroquine; expression; retrovirus; proteins; cloning; cells
AB As the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, grows within its host erythrocyte it induces an increase in the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to a range of low-molecular-mass solutes, including Na+ and K+ ( ref. 1). This results in a progressive increase in the concentration of Na+ in the erythrocyte cytosol(2,3). The parasite cytosol has a relatively low Na+ concentration(2,4) and there is therefore a large inward Na+ gradient across the parasite plasma membrane. Here we show that the parasite exploits the Na+ electrochemical gradient to energize the uptake of inorganic phosphate (P-i), an essential nutrient. P-i was taken up into the intracellular parasite by a Na+-dependent transporter, with a stoichiometry of 2Na(+): 1P(i) and with an apparent preference for the monovalent over the divalent form of P-i. A P-i transporter (PfPiT) belonging to the PiT family was cloned from the parasite and localized to the parasite surface. Expression of PfPiT in Xenopus oocytes resulted in Na+-dependent P-i uptake with characteristics similar to those observed for P-i uptake in the parasite. This study provides new insight into the significance of the malaria-parasite-induced alteration of the ionic composition of its host cell.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Sch Biochem & Mol Biol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Sch Med, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Sch Bot, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Australian National University; University of Melbourne
RP Kirk, K (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Sch Biochem & Mol Biol, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM kiaran.kirk@anu.edu.au
NR 22
TC 84
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 582
EP 585
DI 10.1038/nature05149
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200045
PM 17006451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madin, JS
   Connolly, SR
AF Madin, Joshua S.
   Connolly, Sean R.
TI Ecological consequences of major hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reefs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resilience; ecosystems; tsunami
AB A recent tsunami(1,2) and an apparent increase in the frequency of severe tropical storms(3-5) underscore the need to understand and predict the ecological consequences of major hydrodynamic disturbances(6). Reef corals provide the habitat structure that sustains the high biodiversity of tropical reefs(7), and thus provide the foundation for the ecosystem goods and services that are critical to many tropical societies(6,8). Here we integrate predictions from oceanographic models(9) with engineering theory, to predict the dislodgement of benthic reef corals during hydrodynamic disturbances. This generalizes earlier work(10,11), by incorporating colonies of any shape and by explicitly examining the effects of hydrodynamic gradients on coral assemblage structure. Afield test shows that this model accurately predicts changes in the mechanical vulnerability of coral colonies, and thus their size and shape, with distance from the reef crest. This work provides a general framework for understanding and predicting the effects of hydrodynamic disturbances on coral reef communities; such disturbances have a major role in determining species zonation(12,13) and coexistence(14) on coral reefs, and are critical determinants of how coral assemblages will respond to changes in the frequency and intensity of tropical storms associated with a changing climate(3-5,15).
C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
   James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA.
C3 James Cook University; James Cook University; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Madin, JS (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine & Trop Biol, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
EM madin@nceas.ucsb.edu
NR 24
TC 279
Z9 313
U1 2
U2 176
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 477
EP 480
DI 10.1038/nature05328
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700044
PM 17122855
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biémont, C
   Vieira, C
AF Biemont, Christian
   Vieira, Cristina
TI Genetics -: Junk DNA as an evolutionary force
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transposable elements; natural-populations; retrotransposons; organization; expression; genes
C1 Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Lab Biometrie & Biol Evolut, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
C3 VetAgro Sup; Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE)
RP Biémont, C (corresponding author), Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Lab Biometrie & Biol Evolut, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
EM biemont@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr
NR 30
TC 467
Z9 537
U1 2
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 521
EP 524
DI 10.1038/443521a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200031
PM 17024082
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rehmann, H
   Das, J
   Knipscheer, P
   Wittinghofer, A
   Bos, JL
AF Rehmann, H
   Das, J
   Knipscheer, P
   Wittinghofer, A
   Bos, JL
TI Structure of the cyclic-AMP-responsive exchange factor Epac2 in its auto-inhibited state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID camp-binding domains; regulatory subunit; ras-gtp; activation; rap1; family; gef; sos
AB Epac proteins ( exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP) are guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors ( GEFs) for the small GTP-binding proteins Rap1 and Rap2 that are directly regulated by the second messenger cyclic AMP(1,2) and function in the control of diverse cellular processes, including cell adhesion and insulin secretion(3). Here we report the three-dimensional structure of full-length Epac2, a 110-kDa protein that contains an amino-terminal regulatory region with two cyclic-nucleotide-binding domains and a carboxy-terminal catalytic region. The structure was solved in the absence of cAMP and shows the auto-inhibited state of Epac. The regulatory region is positioned with respect to the catalytic region by a rigid, tripartite beta-sheet-like structure we refer to as the 'switchboard' and an ionic interaction we call the 'ionic latch'. As a consequence of this arrangement, the access of Rap to the catalytic site is sterically blocked. Mutational analysis suggests a model for cAMP-induced Epac activation with rigid body movement of the regulatory region, the features of which are universally conserved in cAMP-regulated proteins.
C1 Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Physiol Chem, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Div Mol Carcinogenesis, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Netherlands Canc Inst, Ctr Biomed Genet, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Netherlands Cancer Institute; Max Planck Society
RP Bos, JL (corresponding author), Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Dept Physiol Chem, Univ Weg 100, NL-3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM J.L.Bos@med.uu.nl
NR 20
TC 174
Z9 191
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 625
EP 628
DI 10.1038/nature04468
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900049
PM 16452984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kerssemakers, JWJ
   Munteanu, EL
   Laan, L
   Noetzel, TL
   Janson, ME
   Dogterom, M
AF Kerssemakers, Jacob W. J.
   Munteanu, E. Laura
   Laan, Liedewij
   Noetzel, Tim L.
   Janson, Marcel E.
   Dogterom, Marileen
TI Assembly dynamics of microtubules at molecular resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID end-tracking proteins; plus-end; transition frequency; xenopus eggs; tubulin; xmap215; instability; microscopy; mechanics; clip-170
AB Microtubules are highly dynamic protein polymers(1) that form a crucial part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells. Although microtubules are known to self- assemble from tubulin dimers, information on the assembly dynamics of microtubules has been limited, both in vitro(2,3) and in vivo(4,5), to measurements of average growth and shrinkage rates over several thousands of tubulin subunits. As a result there is a lack of information on the sequence of molecular events that leads to the growth and shrinkage of microtubule ends. Here we use optical tweezers to observe the assembly dynamics of individual microtubules at molecular resolution. We find that microtubules can increase their overall length almost instantaneously by amounts exceeding the size of individual dimers ( 8 nm). When the microtubule- associated protein XMAP215 ( ref. 6) is added, this effect is markedly enhanced and fast increases in length of about 40 - 60 nm are observed. These observations suggest that small tubulin oligomers are able to add directly to growing microtubules and that XMAP215 speeds up microtubule growth by facilitating the addition of long oligomers. The achievement of molecular resolution on the microtubule assembly process opens the way to direct studies of the molecular mechanism by which the many recently discovered microtubule end-binding proteins regulate microtubule dynamics in living cells(7-9).
C1 FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, AMOLF, Fdn Fundamental Res Matter, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Penn, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 AMOLF; Max Planck Society; University of Pennsylvania
RP Dogterom, M (corresponding author), FOM, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, AMOLF, Fdn Fundamental Res Matter, Kruislaan 407, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM dogterom@amolf.nl
NR 30
TC 462
Z9 568
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 709
EP 712
DI 10.1038/nature04928
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200051
PM 16799566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fuss, B
   Becker, T
   Zinke, I
   Hoch, M
AF Fuss, Bernhard
   Becker, Thomas
   Zinke, Ingo
   Hoch, Michael
TI The cytohesin Steppke is essential for insulin signalling in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pleckstrin homology domains; phosphoinositide 3-kinase; cell-growth; receptor; arf; number; mechanisms; akt/pkb; pathway; binding
AB In metazoans, the insulin signalling pathway has a key function in regulating energy metabolism and organismal growth(1). Its activation stimulates a highly conserved downstream kinase cascade that includes phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase ( PI( 3) K) and the serine - threonine protein kinase Akt. This study identifies a new component of insulin signalling in Drosophila, the steppke gene ( step). step encodes a member of the cytohesin family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors ( GEFs), which have been characterized as activators for ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) GTPases(2-4). In step mutant animals both cell size and cell number are reduced, resulting in decreased body size and body weight in larvae, pupae and adults. step acts upstream of PI( 3) K and is required for the proper regulation of Akt and the transcription factor FOXO. Temporally controlled interference with the GEF activity of the Step protein by feeding the chemical inhibitor SecinH3 causes a block of insulin signalling and a phenocopy of the step mutant growth defect. Step represses its own expression and the synthesis of growth inhibitors such as the translational repressor 4E-BP. Our findings indicate a crucial role of an ARF - GEF in insulin signalling that has implications for understanding insulin-related disorders, such as diabetes and obesity.
C1 Univ Bonn, Lab Mol Dev Biol, LIMES Inst, Program Unit Dev & Genet, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Bonn
RP Hoch, M (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Lab Mol Dev Biol, LIMES Inst, Program Unit Dev & Genet, Meckenheimer Allee 169, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
EM m.hoch@uni-bonn.de
NR 27
TC 114
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 945
EP 948
DI 10.1038/nature05412
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400060
PM 17167488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gleason, C
   Chaudhuri, S
   Yang, TB
   Muñoz, A
   Poovaiah, BW
   Oldroyd, GED
AF Gleason, Cynthia
   Chaudhuri, Shubho
   Yang, Tianbao
   Munoz, Alfonso
   Poovaiah, B. W.
   Oldroyd, Giles E. D.
TI Nodulation independent of rhizobia induced by a calcium-activated kinase lacking autoinhibition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; symbiotic nodule development; medicago-truncatula; fungal symbioses; gene; calmodulin; legumes; autophosphorylation; identification; bacterial
AB Legumes, such as Medicago truncatula, form mutualistic symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria. This occurs within specialized root organs-nodules-that provide the conditions required for nitrogen fixation. A rhizobium-derived signalling molecule, Nod factor, is required to establish the symbiosis. Perception of Nod factor in the plant leads to the induction of Ca2+ oscillations(1), and the transduction of this Ca2+ signal requires DMI3 (refs 2, 3), which encodes the protein kinase Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK). Central to the regulation of CCaMK is an autoinhibitory domain that negatively regulates kinase activity. Here we show that the specific removal of the autoinhibition domain leads to the autoactivation of the nodulation signalling pathway in the plant, with the resultant induction of nodules and nodulation gene expression in the absence of bacterial elicitation. This autoactivation requires nodulation-specific transcriptional regulators in the GRAS family. This work demonstrates that the release of autoinhibition from CCaMK after calmodulin binding is a central switch that is sufficient to activate nodule morphogenesis. The fact that a single regulation event is sufficient to induce nodulation highlights the possibility of transferring this process to non-legumes.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Dis & Stress Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
   Washington State Univ, Ctr Integrated Biotechnol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Hort, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre; Washington State University; Washington State University
RP Oldroyd, GED (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Dis & Stress Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM giles.oldroyd@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 20
TC 301
Z9 371
U1 4
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1149
EP 1152
DI 10.1038/nature04812
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500050
PM 16810256
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reich, PB
   Hobbie, SE
   Lee, T
   Ellsworth, DS
   West, JB
   Tilman, D
   Knops, JMH
   Naeem, S
   Trost, J
AF Reich, PB
   Hobbie, SE
   Lee, T
   Ellsworth, DS
   West, JB
   Tilman, D
   Knops, JMH
   Naeem, S
   Trost, J
TI Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; elevated co2; plant diversity; grassland responses; forest ecosystems; fertile grassland; long-term; soil; photosynthesis; growth
AB Enhanced plant biomass accumulation in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration could dampen the future rate of increase in CO2 levels and associated climate warming. However, it is unknown whether CO2-induced stimulation of plant growth and biomass accumulation will be sustained or whether limited nitrogen (N) availability constrains greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched world(1-9). Here we show, after a six-year field study of perennial grassland species grown under ambient and elevated levels of CO2 and N, that low availability of N progressively suppresses the positive response of plant biomass to elevated CO2. Initially, the stimulation of total plant biomass by elevated CO2 was no greater at enriched than at ambient N supply. After four to six years, however, elevated CO2 stimulated plant biomass much less under ambient than enriched N supply. This response was consistent with the temporally divergent effects of elevated CO2 on soil and plant N dynamics at differing levels of N supply. Our results indicate that variability in availability of soil N and deposition of atmospheric N are both likely to influence the response of plant biomass accumulation to elevated atmospheric CO2. Given that limitations to productivity resulting from the insufficient availability of N are widespread in both unmanaged and managed vegetation(5,7-9), soil N supply is probably an important constraint on global terrestrial responses to elevated CO2.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol, Eau Claire, WI 54701 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Environm Biol, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Wisconsin System; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln; Columbia University
RP Reich, PB (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
EM preich@umn.edu
NR 29
TC 754
Z9 945
U1 11
U2 618
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 922
EP 925
DI 10.1038/nature04486
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700038
PM 16612381
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jansen, VAA
   van Baalen, M
AF Jansen, VAA
   van Baalen, M
TI Altruism through beard chromodynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green beard; evolution; cooperation; selection
AB The evolution of altruism, a behaviour that benefits others at one's own fitness expense, poses a darwinian paradox. The paradox is resolved if many interactions are with related individuals so that the benefits of altruism are reaped by copies of the altruistic gene in other individuals(1), a mechanism called kin selection(2). However, recognition of altruists could provide an alternative route towards the evolution of altruism(1,3-5). Arguably the simplest recognition system is a conspicuous, heritable tag, such as a green beard(1,3). Despite the fact that such genes have been reported(6-8), the 'green beard effect'(3) has often been dismissed because it is unlikely that a single gene can code for altruism and a recognizable tag(1,3,9). Here we model the green beard effect and find that if recognition and altruism are always inherited together, the dynamics are highly unstable, leading to the loss of altruism. In contrast, if the effect is caused by loosely coupled separate genes, altruism is facilitated through beard chromodynamics in which many beard colours co-occur. This allows altruism to persist even in weakly structured populations and implies that the green beard effect, in the form of a fluid association of altruistic traits with a recognition tag, can be much more prevalent than hitherto assumed.
C1 Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7625, Lab Ecol ENS, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 University of London; Royal Holloway University London; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Jansen, VAA (corresponding author), Univ London Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Sch Biol Sci, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
EM vincent.jansen@rhul.ac.uk; minus.van.baalen@ens.fr
NR 20
TC 230
Z9 249
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 663
EP 666
DI 10.1038/nature04387
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400042
PM 16572169
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pitman, JL
   McGill, JJ
   Keegan, KP
   Allada, R
AF Pitman, Jena L.
   McGill, Jermaine J.
   Keegan, Kevin P.
   Allada, Ravi
TI A dynamic role for the mushroom bodies in promoting sleep in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotor-activity; circadian-rhythms; term-memory; rest; shibire; localization; deprivation; behavior; mutant; waking
AB The fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, exhibits many of the cardinal features of sleep, yet little is known about the neural circuits governing its sleep(1). Here we have performed a screen of GAL4 lines expressing a temperature-sensitive synaptic blocker shibire(ts1) ( ref. 2) in a range of discrete neural circuits, and assayed the amount of sleep at different temperatures. We identified three short-sleep lines at the restrictive temperature with shared expression in the mushroom bodies, a neural locus central to learning and memory(3). Chemical ablation of the mushroom bodies also resulted in reduced sleep. These studies highlight a central role for the mushroom bodies in sleep regulation.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University
RP Allada, R (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Neurobiol & Physiol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM r-allada@northwestern.edu
NR 30
TC 267
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 753
EP 756
DI 10.1038/nature04739
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100055
PM 16760979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lu, J
   Sherman, D
   Devor, M
   Saper, CB
AF Lu, Jun
   Sherman, David
   Devor, Marshall
   Saper, Clifford B.
TI A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eye-movement sleep; paradoxical sleep; locus-coeruleus; waking cycle; tegmental nucleus; pontine lesions; neurons; rat; cat; generation
AB Rapid eye movement ( REM) sleep consists of a dreaming state in which there is activation of the cortical and hippocampal electroencephalogram ( EEG), rapid eye movements, and loss of muscle tone. Although REM sleep was discovered more than 50 years ago, the neuronal circuits responsible for switching between REM and non-REM (NREM) sleep remain poorly understood. Here we propose a brainstem flip - flop switch, consisting of mutually inhibitory REM-off and REM-on areas in the mesopontine tegmentum. Each side contains GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)- ergic neurons that heavily innervate the other. The REM- on area also contains two populations of glutamatergic neurons. One set projects to the basal forebrain and regulates EEG components of REM sleep, whereas the other projects to the medulla and spinal cord and regulates atonia during REM sleep. The mutually inhibitory interactions of the REM- on and REM- off areas may form a flip - flop switch that sharpens state transitions and makes them vulnerable to sudden, unwanted transitions - for example, in narcolepsy.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Program Neurosci, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Cell & Anim Biol, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
RP Lu, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM jlu@bidmc.harvard.edu; csaper@bidmc.harvard.edu
NR 39
TC 872
Z9 1039
U1 3
U2 122
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 589
EP 594
DI 10.1038/nature04767
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800037
PM 16688184
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wenseleers, T
   Ratnieks, FLW
AF Wenseleers, Tom
   Ratnieks, Francis L. W.
TI Enforced altruism in insect societies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; cooperation
C1 Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Zool, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 Universite Catholique Louvain; University of Sheffield
RP Wenseleers, T (corresponding author), Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Zool, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
EM tom.wenseleers@bio.kuleuven.be
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C512310/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 10
TC 154
Z9 167
U1 0
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 50
EP 50
DI 10.1038/444050a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500038
PM 17080081
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gedney, N
   Cox, PM
   Betts, RA
   Boucher, O
   Huntingford, C
   Stott, PA
AF Gedney, N
   Cox, PM
   Betts, RA
   Boucher, O
   Huntingford, C
   Stott, PA
TI Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID land-surface scheme; climate; model; transpiration; simulation; radiation; database; impact; scale; co2
AB Continental runoff has increased through the twentieth century(1,2) despite more intensive human water consumption(3). Possible reasons for the increase include: climate change and variability, deforestation, solar dimming(4), and direct atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) effects on plant transpiration(5). All of these mechanisms have the potential to affect precipitation and/or evaporation and thereby modify runoff. Here we use a mechanistic land-surface model(6) and optimal fingerprinting statistical techniques(7) to attribute observational runoff changes(1) into contributions due to these factors. The model successfully captures the climate-driven inter-annual runoff variability, but twentieth-century climate alone is insufficient to explain the runoff trends. Instead we find that the trends are consistent with a suppression of plant transpiration due to CO2-induced stomatal closure. This result will affect projections of freshwater availability, and also represents the detection of a direct CO2 effect on the functioning of the terrestrial biosphere.
C1 Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res JCHMR, Met Off, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
   Winfrith Technol Ctr, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Dorset, Dorchester DT2 8ZD, Dorchester, England.
   Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Met Off, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol Wallingford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
   Univ Reading, Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res, Reading Unit, Met Off, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
C3 Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH); University of Reading; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre
RP Gedney, N (corresponding author), Hadley Ctr Climate Predict & Res JCHMR, Met Off, Maclean Bldg, Wallingford OX10 8BB, Oxon, England.
EM nicola.gedney@metoffice.gov.uk
NR 30
TC 662
Z9 759
U1 4
U2 278
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 835
EP 838
DI 10.1038/nature04504
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600047
PM 16482155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cesaroni, R
   Galli, D
   Lodato, G
   Walmsley, M
   Zhang, QZ
AF Cesaroni, Riccardo
   Galli, Daniele
   Lodato, Giuseppe
   Walmsley, Malcolm
   Zhang, Qizhou
TI The critical role of disks in the formation of high-mass stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gravitating accretion discs; main-sequence evolution; molecular clouds; protostar; outflows; stellar; collapse; object; system; dust
AB Although massive stars ( commonly defined as those in excess of about eight solar masses, or with initial luminosities of a thousand times the solar luminosity or more) have an enormous impact on the galactic environment, how they form has been a mystery. The solution probably involves the existence of accretion disks. Rotational motions have been found in the gas surrounding young high-mass stars, which suggests that non-spherical accretion could be the fundamental ingredient of the massive-star formation recipe.
C1 Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Cambridge; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
RP Cesaroni, R (corresponding author), Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, Largo E Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
EM cesa@arcetri.inaf.it
NR 50
TC 46
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 703
EP 706
DI 10.1038/nature05344
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100048
PM 17151657
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gigan, S
   Böhm, HR
   Paternostro, M
   Blaser, F
   Langer, G
   Hertzberg, JB
   Schwab, KC
   Bäuerle, D
   Aspelmeyer, M
   Zeilinger, A
AF Gigan, S.
   Boehm, H. R.
   Paternostro, M.
   Blaser, F.
   Langer, G.
   Hertzberg, J. B.
   Schwab, K. C.
   Baeuerle, D.
   Aspelmeyer, M.
   Zeilinger, A.
TI Self-cooling of a micromirror by radiation pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-noise; mirror; reduction; mechanics; state
AB Cooling of mechanical resonators is currently a popular topic in many fields of physics including ultra-high precision measurements(1), detection of gravitational waves(2,3) and the study of the transition between classical and quantum behaviour of a mechanical system(4-6). Here we report the observation of self-cooling of a micromirror by radiation pressure inside a high-finesse optical cavity. In essence, changes in intensity in a detuned cavity, as caused by the thermal vibration of the mirror, provide the mechanism for entropy flow from the mirror's oscillatory motion to the low-entropy cavity field(2). The crucial coupling between radiation and mechanical motion was made possible by producing freestanding micromirrors of low mass (m approximate to 400 ng), high reflectance ( more than 99.6%) and high mechanical quality (Q approximate to 10,000). We observe cooling of the mechanical oscillator by a factor of more than 30; that is, from room temperature to below 10 K. In addition to purely photothermal effects(7) we identify radiation pressure as a relevant mechanism responsible for the cooling. In contrast with earlier experiments, our technique does not need any active feedback(8-10). We expect that improvements of our method will permit cooling ratios beyond 1,000 and will thus possibly enable cooling all the way down to the quantum mechanical ground state of the micromirror.
C1 Univ Vienna, Fac Phys, Inst Expt Phys, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Austrian Acad Sci, IQOQI, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Johannes Kepler Univ Linz, Inst Appl Phys, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
   Univ Maryland, Lab Phys Sci, College Pk, MD 20740 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20740 USA.
C3 University of Vienna; Austrian Academy of Sciences; Johannes Kepler University Linz; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Aspelmeyer, M (corresponding author), Univ Vienna, Fac Phys, Inst Expt Phys, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
EM markus.aspelmeyer@quantum.at
NR 29
TC 803
Z9 891
U1 3
U2 144
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature05273
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500045
PM 17080084
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, S
   Wong, P
   Coulombe, PA
AF Kim, S
   Wong, P
   Coulombe, PA
TI A keratin cytoskeletal protein regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intermediate-filaments; signaling pathway; in-vivo; mtor; skin; downstream; complex; binding; phosphorylation; progression
AB Cell growth, an increase in mass and size, is a highly regulated cellular event. The Akt/mTOR ( mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling pathway has a central role in the control of protein synthesis and thus the growth of cells, tissues and organisms(1). A striking example of a physiological context requiring rapid cell growth is tissue repair in response to injury(2). Here we show that keratin 17, an intermediate filament protein rapidly induced in wounded stratified epithelia(3), regulates cell growth through binding to the adaptor protein 14-3-3 sigma. Mouse skin keratinocytes lacking keratin 17 (ref. 4) show depressed protein translation and are of smaller size, correlating with decreased Akt/mTOR signalling activity. Other signalling kinases have normal activity, pointing to the specificity of this defect. Two amino acid residues located in the amino-terminal head domain of keratin 17 are required for the serum-dependent relocalization of 14-3-3 sigma from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and for the concomitant stimulation of mTOR activity and cell growth. These findings reveal a new and unexpected role for the intermediate filament cytoskeleton in influencing cell growth and size by regulating protein synthesis.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Dermatol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Coulombe, PA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM coulombe@jhmi.edu
NR 30
TC 384
Z9 454
U1 2
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 362
EP 365
DI 10.1038/nature04659
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200051
PM 16710422
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herzberg, C
AF Herzberg, Claude
TI Petrology and thermal structure of the Hawaiian plume from Mauna Kea volcano
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-relations; mantle plume; oceanic-crust; basalts; olivine; lithosphere; peridotite; eclogite; magmas; lavas
AB There is uncertainty about whether the abundant tholeiitic lavas on Hawaii are the product of melt from peridotite or pyroxenite/ eclogite rocks(1,2). Using a parameterization of melting experiments on peridotite(3) with glass analyses from the Hawaii Scientific Deep Project 2 on Mauna Kea volcano(1), I show here that a small population of the core samples had fractionated from a peridotite-source primary magma. Most lavas, however, differentiated from magmas that were too deficient in CaO and enriched in NiO ( ref. 2) to have formed from a peridotite source. For these, experiments indicate that they were produced by the melting of garnet pyroxenite, a lithology that had formed in a second stage by reaction of peridotite with partial melts of subducted oceanic crust(2). Samples in the Hawaiian core are therefore consistent with previous suggestions that pyroxenite occurs in a host peridotite, and both contribute to melt production(2,4). Primary magma compositions vary down the drill core, and these reveal evidence for temperature variations within the underlying mantle plume. Mauna Kea magmatism is represented in other Hawaiian volcanoes, and provides a key for a general understanding of melt production in lithologically heterogeneous mantle.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
RP Herzberg, C (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM herzberg@rci.rutgers.edu
NR 30
TC 254
Z9 298
U1 4
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 605
EP 609
DI 10.1038/nature05254
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600045
PM 17136091
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacLean, RC
   Gudelj, I
AF MacLean, RC
   Gudelj, I
TI Resource competition and social conflict in experimental populations of yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; prisoners-dilemma; evolution; cooperation
AB Understanding the conditions that promote the maintenance of cooperation is a classic problem in evolutionary biology(1-5). The essence of this dilemma is captured by the 'tragedy of the commons' 6: how can a group of individuals that exploit resources in a cooperative manner resist invasion by 'cheaters' who selfishly use common resources to maximize their individual reproduction at the expense of the group(7,8)? Here, we investigate this conflict through experimental competitions between isogenic cheater and cooperator strains of yeast with alternative pathways of glucose metabolism(9), and by using mathematical models of microbial biochemistry(10). We show that both coexistence and competitive exclusion are possible outcomes of this conflict, depending on the spatial and temporal structure of the environment. Both of these outcomes are driven by trade-offs between the rate and efficiency of conversion of resources into offspring that are mediated by metabolic intermediates.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ Bath, Dept Math Sci, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
C3 Imperial College London; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); University of Bath
RP MacLean, RC (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Silwood Pk Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
EM c.maclean@imperial.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/B501998/1, NE/B501998/2] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [NE/B501998/2] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 20
TC 232
Z9 265
U1 1
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 498
EP 501
DI 10.1038/nature04624
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900047
PM 16724064
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kato, H
   Takeuchi, O
   Sato, S
   Yoneyama, M
   Yamamoto, M
   Matsui, K
   Uematsu, S
   Jung, A
   Kawai, T
   Ishii, KJ
   Yamaguchi, O
   Otsu, K
   Tsujimura, T
   Koh, CS
   Sousa, CRE
   Matsuura, Y
   Fujita, T
   Akira, S
AF Kato, H
   Takeuchi, O
   Sato, S
   Yoneyama, M
   Yamamoto, M
   Matsui, K
   Uematsu, S
   Jung, A
   Kawai, T
   Ishii, KJ
   Yamaguchi, O
   Otsu, K
   Tsujimura, T
   Koh, CS
   Sousa, CRE
   Matsuura, Y
   Fujita, T
   Akira, S
TI Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-stranded-rna; nf-kappa-b; ifn-beta; antiviral response; signaling pathway; viral replication; immune-responses; adapter protein; interferon; activation
AB The innate immune system senses viral infection by recognizing a variety of viral components (including double-stranded (ds) RNA) and triggers antiviral responses(1,2). The cytoplasmic helicase proteins RIG-I (retinoic-acid-inducible protein I, also known as Ddx58) and MDA5 (melanoma-differentiation-associated gene 5, also known as Ifih1 or Helicard) have been implicated in viral dsRNA recognition(3-7). In vitro studies suggest that both RIG-I and MDA5 detect RNA viruses and polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic dsRNA analogue(3). Although a critical role for RIG-I in the recognition of several RNA viruses has been clarified(8), the functional role of MDA5 and the relationship between these dsRNA detectors in vivo are yet to be determined. Here we use mice deficient in MDA5 (MDA5(-/-)) to show that MDA5 and RIG-I recognize different types of dsRNAs: MDA5 recognizes poly(I:C), and RIG-I detects in vitro transcribed dsRNAs. RNA viruses are also differentially recognized by RIG-I and MDA5. We find that RIG-I is essential for the production of interferons in response to RNA viruses including paramyxo-viruses, influenza virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, whereas MDA5 is critical for picornavirus detection. Furthermore, RIG-I-/- and MDA5(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to infection with these respective RNA viruses compared to control mice. Together, our data show that RIG-I and MDA5 distinguish different RNA viruses and are critical for host antiviral responses.
C1 Osaka Univ, Dept Host Def, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Dept Mol Virol, Microbial Dis Res Inst, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, ERATO, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Genet & Mol Biol, Inst Virus Res, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068507, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Hyogo Med Univ, Dept Pathol, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501, Japan.
   Shinshu Univ, Sch Allied Med Sci, Dept Med Technol, Matsumoto, Nagano 3908621, Japan.
   Lincolns Inn Fields Labs, Immunobiol Lab, Canc Res UK London Res Inst, London WC2A 3PX, England.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Kyoto University; University of Osaka; Hyogo Medical University; Shinshu University; Cancer Research UK
RP Akira, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Dept Host Def, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM sakira@biken.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 3164
Z9 3868
U1 8
U2 386
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 101
EP 105
DI 10.1038/nature04734
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600041
PM 16625202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pál, C
   Papp, B
   Lercher, MJ
   Csermely, P
   Oliver, SG
   Hurst, LD
AF Pál, C
   Papp, B
   Lercher, MJ
   Csermely, P
   Oliver, SG
   Hurst, LD
TI Chance and necessity in the evolution of minimal metabolic networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome sequence; gene-sets; buchnera; symbionts; bacteria; size
AB It is possible to infer aspects of an organism's lifestyle from its gene content(1). Can the reverse also be done? Here we consider this issue by modelling evolution of the reduced genomes of endosymbiotic bacteria. The diversity of gene content in these bacteria may reflect both variation in selective forces and contingency-dependent loss of alternative pathways. Using an in silico representation of the metabolic network of Escherichia coli, we examine the role of contingency by repeatedly simulating the successive loss of genes while controlling for the environment. The minimal networks that result are variable in both gene content and number. Partially different metabolisms can thus evolve owing to contingency alone. The simulation outcomes do preserve a core metabolism, however, which is over-represented in strict intracellular bacteria. Moreover, differences between minimal networks based on lifestyle are predictable: by simulating their respective environmental conditions, we can model evolution of the gene content in Buchnera aphidicola and Wigglesworthia glossinidia with over 80% accuracy. We conclude that, at least for the particular cases considered here, gene content of an organism can be predicted with knowledge of its distant ancestors and its current lifestyle.
C1 Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69012 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Semmelweis Univ, Dept Med Chem, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 University of Bath; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Oxford; University of Manchester; Semmelweis University
RP Hurst, LD (corresponding author), Univ Bath, Dept Biol & Biochem, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England.
EM l.d.hurst@bath.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [E19354] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [E19354] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 184
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 667
EP 670
DI 10.1038/nature04568
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400043
PM 16572170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yilmaz, ÖH
   Valdez, R
   Theisen, BK
   Guo, W
   Ferguson, DO
   Wu, H
   Morrison, SJ
AF Yilmaz, Omer H.
   Valdez, Riccardo
   Theisen, Brian K.
   Guo, Wei
   Ferguson, David O.
   Wu, Hong
   Morrison, Sean J.
TI Pten dependence distinguishes haematopoietic stem cells from leukaemia-initiating cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute myeloid-leukemia; tumor-suppressor; self-renewal; cancer; bmi-1; differentiation; identification; inhibition; mechanisms; senescence
AB Recent advances have highlighted extensive phenotypic and functional similarities between normal stem cells and cancer stem cells. This raises the question of whether disease therapies can be developed that eliminate cancer stem cells without eliminating normal stem cells. Here we address this issue by conditionally deleting the Pten tumour suppressor gene in adult haematopoietic cells. This led to myeloproliferative disease within days and transplantable leukaemias within weeks. Pten deletion also promoted haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation. However, this led to HSC depletion via a cell-autonomous mechanism, preventing these cells from stably reconstituting irradiated mice. In contrast to leukaemia-initiating cells, HSCs were therefore unable to maintain themselves without Pten. These effects were mostly mediated by mTOR as they were inhibited by rapamycin. Rapamycin not only depleted leukaemia-initiating cells but also restored normal HSC function. Mechanistic differences between normal stem cells and cancer stem cells can thus be targeted to deplete cancer stem cells without damaging normal stem cells.
C1 Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Inst Life Sci, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ctr Stem Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Pathol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Morrison, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM seanjm@umich.edu
NR 42
TC 1096
Z9 1323
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 475
EP 482
DI 10.1038/nature04703
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900042
PM 16598206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huisman, J
   Thi, NNP
   Karl, DM
   Sommeijer, B
AF Huisman, J
   Thi, NNP
   Karl, DM
   Sommeijer, B
TI Reduced mixing generates oscillations and chaos in the oceanic deep chlorophyll maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central north pacific; sinking phytoplankton; light; variability; nitrate; models
AB Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCMs) are widespread in large parts of the world's oceans(1-7). These deep layers of high chlorophyll concentration reflect a compromise of phytoplankton growth exposed to two opposing resource gradients: light supplied from above and nutrients supplied from below. It is often argued that DCMs are stable features. Here we show, however, that reduced vertical mixing can generate oscillations and chaos in phytoplankton biomass and species composition of DCMs. These fluctuations are caused by a difference in the timescales of two processes: (1) rapid export of sinking plankton, withdrawing nutrients from the euphotic zone and (2) a slow upward flux of nutrients fuelling new phytoplankton production. Climate models predict that global warming will reduce vertical mixing in the oceans(8-11). Our model indicates that reduced mixing will generate more variability in DCMs, thereby enhancing variability in oceanic primary production and in carbon export into the ocean interior.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   CWI, NL-1090 GB Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI); University of Hawaii System
RP Huisman, J (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Inst Biodivers & Ecosyst Dynam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, NL-1018 WS Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM jef.huisman@science.uva.nl
NR 26
TC 318
Z9 364
U1 1
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 322
EP 325
DI 10.1038/nature04245
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100042
PM 16421570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fasel, R
   Parschau, M
   Ernst, KH
AF Fasel, R
   Parschau, M
   Ernst, KH
TI Amplification of chirality in two-dimensional enantiomorphous lattices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase-transition; enantiomers; molecules; separation
AB The concept of chirality dates back to 1848, when Pasteur manually separated left-handed from right-handed sodium ammonium tartrate crystals(1). Crystallization is still an important means for separating chiral molecules into their two different mirror-image isomers (enantiomers)(2), yet remains poorly understood(3). For example, there are no firm rules to predict whether a particular pair of chiral partners will follow the behaviour of the vast majority of chiral molecules and crystallize together as racemic crystals(4), or as separate enantiomers. A somewhat simpler and more tractable version of this phenomenon is crystallization in two dimensions, such as the formation of surface structures by adsorbed molecules. The relatively simple spatial molecular arrangement of these systems makes it easier to study the effects of specific chiral interactions(5); moreover, chiral assembly and recognition processes can be observed directly and with molecular resolution using scanning tunnelling microscopy(6-9). The enantioseparation of chiral molecules in two dimensions is expected to occur more readily because planar confinement excludes some bulk crystal symmetry elements and enhances chiral interactions(10,11); however, many surface structures have been found to be racemic(12-18). Here we show that the chiral hydrocarbon heptahelicene on a Cu(111) surface does not undergo two-dimensional spontaneous resolution into enantiomers(19), but still shows enantiomorphism on a mesoscopic length scale that is readily amplified. That is, we observe formation of racemic heptahelicene domains with non-superimposable mirror-like lattice structures, with a small excess of one of the heptahelicene enantiomers suppressing the formation of one domain type. Similar to the induction of homochirality in achiral enantiomorphous monolayers(20) by a chiral modifier, a small enantiomeric excess suffices to ensure that the entire molecular monolayer consists of domains having only one of two possible, non-superimposable, mirror-like lattice structures.
C1 Swiss Fed Labs Mat Testing & Res, Empa, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology (EMPA)
RP Ernst, KH (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Labs Mat Testing & Res, Empa, Uberlandstr 129, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland.
EM karl-heinz.ernst@empa.ch
NR 23
TC 375
Z9 393
U1 5
U2 293
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 449
EP 452
DI 10.1038/nature04419
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200041
PM 16437111
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Womelsdorf, T
   Fries, P
   Mitra, PP
   Desimone, R
AF Womelsdorf, T
   Fries, P
   Mitra, PP
   Desimone, R
TI Gamma-band synchronization in visual cortex predicts speed of change detection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal-activity; area v4; neural mechanisms; spatial attention; parietal cortex; cortical areas; modulation; oscillations; responses; mt
AB Our capacity to process and respond behaviourally to multiple incoming stimuli is very limited. To optimize the use of this limited capacity, attentional mechanisms give priority to behaviourally relevant stimuli at the expense of irrelevant distractors. In visual areas, attended stimuli induce enhanced responses and an improved synchronization of rhythmic neuronal activity in the gamma frequency band (40 - 70 Hz)(1-11). Both effects probably improve the neuronal signalling of attended stimuli within and among brain areas(1,12-16). Attention also results in improved behavioural performance and shortened reaction times. However, it is not known how reaction times are related to either response strength or gamma-band synchronization in visual areas. Here we show that behavioural response times to a stimulus change can be predicted specifically by the degree of gamma-band synchronization among those neurons in monkey visual area V4 that are activated by the behaviourally relevant stimulus. When there are two visual stimuli and monkeys have to detect a change in one stimulus while ignoring the other, their reactions are fastest when the relevant stimulus induces strong gamma-band synchronization before and after the change in stimulus. This enhanced gamma-band synchronization is also followed by shorter neuronal response latencies on the fast trials. Conversely, the monkeys' reactions are slowest when gamma-band synchronization is high in response to the irrelevant distractor. Thus, enhanced neuronal gamma-band synchronization and shortened neuronal response latencies to an attended stimulus seem to have direct effects on visually triggered behaviour, reflecting an early neuronal correlate of efficient visuo-motor integration.
C1 Radboud Univ, FC Donders Ctr Cognit Neuroimaging, NL-6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Biophys, NL-6525 EZ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   NIMH, Neuropsychol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   MIT, McGovern Inst Brain Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Radboud University Nijmegen; Radboud University Nijmegen; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Womelsdorf, T (corresponding author), Radboud Univ, FC Donders Ctr Cognit Neuroimaging, NL-6525 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands.
EM t.womelsdorf@fcdonders.ru.nl
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 594
Z9 699
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/nature04258
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100046
PM 16372022
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zenkin, N
   Naryshkina, T
   Kuznedelov, K
   Severinov, K
AF Zenkin, N
   Naryshkina, T
   Kuznedelov, K
   Severinov, K
TI The mechanism of DNA replication primer synthesis by RNA polymerase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; transcription elongation; single-strand; initiation; promoter; hybrid
AB RNA primers for DNA replication are usually synthesized by specialized enzymes, the primases(1). However, some replication systems have evolved to use cellular DNA-dependent RNA polymerase for primer synthesis(1,2). The main requirement for the replication primer, an exposed RNA 3' end annealed to the DNA template, is not compatible with known conformations of the transcription elongation complex(3), raising a question of how the priming is achieved. Here we show that a previously unrecognized kind of transcription complex is formed during RNA polymerase-catalysed synthesis of the M13 bacteriophage replication primer. The complex contains an overextended RNA - DNA hybrid bound in the RNA-polymerase trough that is normally occupied by downstream double-stranded DNA, thus leaving the 3' end of the RNA available for interaction with DNA polymerase. Transcription complexes with similar topology may prime the replication of other bacterial mobile elements and may regulate transcription elongation under conditions that favour the formation of an extended RNA - DNA hybrid.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Genet, Moscow 123182, Russia.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Zenkin, N (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM nicserzen@mail.ru; severik@waksman.rutgers.edu
NR 15
TC 38
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/nature04337
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900047
PM 16452982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santhanam, G
   Ryu, SI
   Yu, BM
   Afshar, A
   Shenoy, KV
AF Santhanam, Gopal
   Ryu, Stephen I.
   Yu, Byron M.
   Afshar, Afsheen
   Shenoy, Krishna V.
TI A high-performance brain-computer interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID control signals; premotor cortex
AB Recent studies have demonstrated that monkeys(1-4) and humans(5-9) can use signals from the brain to guide computer cursors. Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) may one day assist patients suffering from neurological injury or disease, but relatively low system performance remains a major obstacle. In fact, the speed and accuracy with which keys can be selected using BCIs is still far lower than for systems relying on eye movements. This is true whether BCIs use recordings from populations of individual neurons using invasive electrode techniques(1-5,7,8) or electroencephalogram recordings using less-(6) or non-invasive(9) techniques. Here we present the design and demonstration, using electrode arrays implanted in monkey dorsal premotor cortex, of a manyfold higher performance BCI than previously reported(9,10). These results indicate that a fast and accurate key selection system, capable of operating with a range of keyboard sizes, is possible ( up to 6.5 bits per second, or similar to 15 words per minute, with 96 electrodes). The highest information throughput is achieved with unprecedentedly brief neural recordings, even as recording quality degrades over time. These performance results and their implications for system design should substantially increase the clinical viability of BCIs in humans.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurosurg, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Med Scientist Training Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Neurosci Program, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Shenoy, KV (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, 330 Serra Mall,319 Paul G Allen Ctr Integrated Sy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM shenoy@stanford.edu
NR 24
TC 527
Z9 681
U1 4
U2 182
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 195
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature04968
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700046
PM 16838020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qi, YJ
   He, XY
   Wang, XJ
   Kohany, O
   Jurka, J
   Hannon, GJ
AF Qi, Yijun
   He, Xingyue
   Wang, Xiu-Jie
   Kohany, Oleksiy
   Jurka, Jerzy
   Hannon, Gregory J.
TI Distinct catalytic and non-catalytic roles of ARGONAUTE4 in RNA-directed DNA methylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sirna; heterochromatin
AB DNA methylation has important functions in stable, transcriptional gene silencing, immobilization of transposable elements and genome organization(1). In Arabidopsis, DNA methylation can be induced by double-stranded RNA through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, a response known as RNA-directed DNA methylation(2). This requires a specialized set of RNAi components, including ARGONAUTE4 (AGO4)(3-6). Here we show that AGO4 binds to small RNAs including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) originating from transposable and repetitive elements, and cleaves target RNA transcripts. Single mutations in the Asp-Asp-His catalytic motif of AGO4 do not affect siRNA-binding activity but abolish its catalytic potential. siRNA accumulation and non-CpG DNA methylation at some loci require the catalytic activity of AGO4, whereas others are less dependent on this activity. Our results are consistent with a model in which AGO4 can function at target loci through two distinct and separable mechanisms. First, AGO4 can recruit components that signal DNA methylation in a manner independent of its catalytic activity. Second, AGO4 catalytic activity can be crucial for the generation of secondary siRNAs that reinforce its repressive effects.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Genet Program, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, State Key Lab Plant Genom, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
   Genet Informat Res Inst, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology, CAS
RP Hannon, GJ (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Watson Sch Biol Sci, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM hannon@cshl.edu
NR 27
TC 351
Z9 446
U1 1
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 1008
EP 1012
DI 10.1038/nature05198
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400058
PM 16998468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, A
AF Smith, Austin
TI A glossary for stem-cell biology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Stem-cell biology is in a phase of dynamic expansion and is forming connections with a broad range of basic and applied disciplines. The field is simultaneously exposed to public and political scrutiny. A common language in the stem-cell community is an important tool for coherent exposition to these diverse audiences, not least because certain terms in the stem-cell vocabulary are used differently in other fields.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Stem Cell Res, European Consortium Stem Cell Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Smith, A (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Stem Cell Res, European Consortium Stem Cell Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM ags39@mole.bioc.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G19/38] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 0
TC 128
Z9 172
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1060
EP 1060
DI 10.1038/nature04954
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, TD
   Noguchi, H
   Totoki, Y
   Toyoda, A
   Kuroki, Y
   Dewar, K
   Lloyd, C
   Itoh, T
   Takeda, T
   Kim, DW
   She, XW
   Barlow, KF
   Bloom, T
   Bruford, E
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Eichler, E
   FitzGerald, MG
   Jaffe, DB
   LaButti, K
   Nicol, R
   Park, HS
   Seaman, C
   Sougnez, C
   Yang, XP
   Zimmer, AR
   Zody, MC
   Birren, BW
   Nusbaum, C
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Rogers, J
   Lander, ES
   Sakaki, Y
AF Taylor, TD
   Noguchi, H
   Totoki, Y
   Toyoda, A
   Kuroki, Y
   Dewar, K
   Lloyd, C
   Itoh, T
   Takeda, T
   Kim, DW
   She, XW
   Barlow, KF
   Bloom, T
   Bruford, E
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Eichler, E
   FitzGerald, MG
   Jaffe, DB
   LaButti, K
   Nicol, R
   Park, HS
   Seaman, C
   Sougnez, C
   Yang, XP
   Zimmer, AR
   Zody, MC
   Birren, BW
   Nusbaum, C
   Fujiyama, A
   Hattori, M
   Rogers, J
   Lander, ES
   Sakaki, Y
TI Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome; region; map
AB Chromosome 11, although average in size, is one of the most gene- and disease-rich chromosomes in the human genome. Initial gene annotation indicates an average gene density of 11.6 genes per megabase, including 1,524 protein-coding genes, some of which were identified using novel methods, and 765 pseudogenes. One-quarter of the protein-coding genes shows overlap with other genes. Of the 856 olfactory receptor genes in the human genome, more than 40% are located in 28 single- and multi-gene clusters along this chromosome. Out of the 171 disorders currently attributed to the chromosome, 86 remain for which the underlying molecular basis is not yet known, including several mendelian traits, cancer and susceptibility loci. The high-quality data presented here-nearly 134.5 million base pairs representing 99.8% coverage of the euchromatic sequence-provide scientists with a solid foundation for understanding the genetic basis of these disorders and other biological phenomena.
C1 RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Mitsubishi Res Inst Inc, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008141, Japan.
   Korea Res Inst Biosci & Biotechnol, Taejon 305333, South Korea.
   Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
   Natl Inst Informat, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1018430, Japan.
   Kitasato Univ, Kitasato Inst Life Sci, Kanagawa 2288555, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Research Institute; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB); University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of London; University College London; Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Informatics (NII) - Japan; Kitasato University
RP Taylor, TD (corresponding author), RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Tsurumi Ku, 1-7-22 Suehiro Cho, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
EM taylor@gsc.riken.jp
FU Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0000107] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 28
TC 64
Z9 808
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 497
EP 500
DI 10.1038/nature04632
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100048
PM 16554811
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boyer, LA
   Plath, K
   Zeitlinger, J
   Brambrink, T
   Medeiros, LA
   Lee, TI
   Levine, SS
   Wernig, M
   Tajonar, A
   Ray, MK
   Bell, GW
   Otte, AP
   Vidal, M
   Gifford, DK
   Young, RA
   Jaenisch, R
AF Boyer, LA
   Plath, K
   Zeitlinger, J
   Brambrink, T
   Medeiros, LA
   Lee, TI
   Levine, SS
   Wernig, M
   Tajonar, A
   Ray, MK
   Bell, GW
   Otte, AP
   Vidal, M
   Gifford, DK
   Young, RA
   Jaenisch, R
TI Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone methyltransferase activity; h3 lysine-27 methylation; dna methylation; early embryogenesis; mouse development; gene-expression; protein; ezh2; enhancer; oct-3/4
AB The mechanisms by which embryonic stem (ES) cells self-renew while maintaining the ability to differentiate into virtually all adult cell types are not well understood. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that help to maintain cellular identity during metazoan development by epigenetic modification of chromatin structure(1). PcG proteins have essential roles in early embryonic development(2-6) and have been implicated in ES cell pluripotency(2), but few of their target genes are known in mammals. Here we show that PcG proteins directly repress a large cohort of developmental regulators in murine ES cells, the expression of which would otherwise promote differentiation. Using genome-wide location analysis in murine ES cells, we found that the Polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2 co-occupied 512 genes, many of which encode transcription factors with important roles in development. All of the co-occupied genes contained modified nucleosomes (trimethylated Lys 27 on histone H3). Consistent with a causal role in gene silencing in ES cells, PcG target genes were de-repressed in cells deficient for the PRC2 component Eed, and were preferentially activated on induction of differentiation. Our results indicate that dynamic repression of developmental pathways by Polycomb complexes may be required for maintaining ES cell pluripotency and plasticity during embryonic development.
C1 Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Swammerdam Inst Life Sci, NL-1098 SM Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   CSIC, Dev & Cell Biol Ctr Invest Biol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   MIT, Comp Sci Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Artificial Intelligence Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Amsterdam; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas (CIB); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jaenisch, R (corresponding author), Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM jaenisch@wi.mit.edu
FU NHGRI NIH HHS [R01 HG002668] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 2053
Z9 2554
U1 3
U2 178
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 349
EP 353
DI 10.1038/nature04733
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200048
PM 16625203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsukada, Y
   Fang, J
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Warren, ME
   Borchers, CH
   Tempst, P
   Zhang, Y
AF Tsukada, Y
   Fang, J
   Erdjument-Bromage, H
   Warren, ME
   Borchers, CH
   Tempst, P
   Zhang, Y
TI Histone demethylation by a family of JmjC domain-containing proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f-box proteins; lysine methylation; oxidative demethylation; arginine methylation; escherichia-coli; complex; lsd1; identification; repression; receptor
AB Covalent modification of histones has an important role in regulating chromatin dynamics and transcription. Whereas most covalent histone modifications are reversible, until recently it was unknown whether methyl groups could be actively removed from histones. Using a biochemical assay coupled with chromatography, we have purified a novel JmjC domain-containing protein, JHDM1 ( JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase 1), that specifically demethylates histone H3 at lysine 36 (H3-K36). In the presence of Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate, JHDM1 demethylates H3-methyl-K36 and generates formaldehyde and succinate. Overexpression of JHDM1 reduced the level of dimethyl-H3-K36 (H3K36me2) in vivo. The demethylase activity of the JmjC domain-containing proteins is conserved, as a JHDM1 homologue in Saccharomyces cerevisiae also has H3-K36 demethylase activity. Thus, we identify the JmjC domain as a novel demethylase signature motif and uncover a protein demethylation mechanism that is conserved from yeast to human.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Zhang, Y (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM yi_zhang@med.unc.edu
NR 27
TC 1750
Z9 2196
U1 4
U2 300
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 811
EP 816
DI 10.1038/nature04433
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600041
PM 16362057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, J
   Lee, SB
   Lee, S
   Kim, Y
   Song, S
   Kim, S
   Bae, E
   Kim, J
   Shong, MH
   Kim, JM
   Chung, JK
AF Park, Jeehye
   Lee, Sung Bae
   Lee, Sungkyu
   Kim, Yongsung
   Song, Saera
   Kim, Sunhong
   Bae, Eunkyung
   Kim, Jaeseob
   Shong, Minho
   Kim, Jin-Man
   Chung, Jongkyeong
TI Mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila PINK1 mutants is complemented by parkin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID apoptosis; pathway
AB Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) is an earlyonset form of Parkinson's disease characterized by motor disturbances and dopaminergic neurodegeneration(1,2). To address its underlyingmolecular pathogenesis, we generated and characterized loss-of-function mutants of Drosophila PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)(3), a novel AR-JP-linked gene(4). Here, we show that PINK1 mutants exhibit indirect flight muscle and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration accompanied by locomotive defects. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy analysis and a rescue experiment with Drosophila Bcl-2 demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction accounts for the degenerative changes in all phenotypes of PINK1 mutants. Notably, we also found that PINK1 mutants share marked phenotypic similarities with parkin mutants. Transgenic expression of Parkin markedly ameliorated all PINK1 loss-of-function phenotypes, but not vice versa, suggesting that Parkin functions downstream of PINK1. Taken together, our genetic evidence clearly establishes that Parkin and PINK1 act in a common pathway in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function in both muscles and dopaminergic neurons.
C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Cell Growth Regulat, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   GenExel Inc, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
   Chungnam Natl Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Taejon 301721, South Korea.
   Chungnam Natl Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Taejon 301721, South Korea.
C3 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST); Chungnam National University; Chungnam National University
RP Chung, JK (corresponding author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Natl Creat Res Initiat Ctr Cell Growth Regulat, 373-1 Kusong Dong, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
EM jchung@kaist.ac.kr
NR 18
TC 1404
Z9 1656
U1 1
U2 142
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1157
EP 1161
DI 10.1038/nature04788
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500052
PM 16672980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foster, GL
   Vance, D
AF Foster, Gavin L.
   Vance, Derek
TI Negligible glacial-interglacial variation in continental chemical weathering rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic; isotopic composition; soil age; pb; erosion; lead; nd; provenance; evolution; sediments
AB Chemical weathering of the continents is central to the regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, and hence global climate(1,2). On million-year timescales silicate weathering leads to the draw-down of carbon dioxide(1), and on millennial timescales chemical weathering affects the calcium carbonate saturation state of the oceans and hence their uptake of carbon dioxide(2). However, variations in chemical weathering rates over glacial - interglacial cycles remain uncertain. During glacial periods, cold and dry conditions reduce the rate of chemical weathering(3), but intense physical weathering(3,4) and the exposure of carbonates on continental shelves due to low sea levels(5,6) may increase this rate. Here we present high-resolution records of the lead isotope composition of ferromanganese crusts from the North Atlantic Ocean that cover the past 550,000 years. Combining these records with a simple quantitative model of changes in the lead isotope composition of the deep North Atlantic Ocean in response to chemical weathering, we find that chemical weathering rates were two to three times lower in the glaciated interior of the North Atlantic Region during glacial periods than during the intervening interglacial periods. This decrease roughly balances the increase in chemical weathering caused by the exposure of continental shelves, indicating that chemical weathering rates remained relatively constant on glacial - interglacial timescales. On timescales of more than a million years, however, we suggest that enhanced weathering of silicate glacial sediments during interglacial periods results in a net draw-down of atmospheric carbon dioxide, creating a positive feedback on global climate that, once initiated, promotes cooling and further glaciation.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol Isotope Grp, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Foster, GL (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol Isotope Grp, Wills Mem Bldg,Queens Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM g.l.foster@bristol.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/I/S/2002/00720] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 29
TC 127
Z9 152
U1 9
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 918
EP 921
DI 10.1038/nature05365
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400053
PM 17167483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reichle, R
   Leibfried, D
   Knill, E
   Britton, J
   Blakestad, RB
   Jost, JD
   Langer, C
   Ozeri, R
   Seidelin, S
   Wineland, DJ
AF Reichle, R.
   Leibfried, D.
   Knill, E.
   Britton, J.
   Blakestad, R. B.
   Jost, J. D.
   Langer, C.
   Ozeri, R.
   Seidelin, S.
   Wineland, D. J.
TI Experimental purification of two-atom entanglement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-state; teleportation; channels; ions
AB Entanglement is a necessary resource for quantum applications entanglement established between quantum systems at different locations enables private communication(1) and quantum teleportation(2), and facilitates quantum information processing(3). Distributed entanglement is established by preparing an entangled pair of quantum particles in one location, and transporting one member of the pair to another location. However, decoherence during transport reduces the quality ( fidelity) of the entanglement. A protocol to achieve entanglement 'purification' has been proposed(4) to improve the fidelity after transport. This protocol uses separate quantum operations at each location and classical communication to distil high-fidelity entangled pairs from lower-fidelity pairs. Proof-of-principle experiments distilling entangled photon pairs have been carried out(5-9). However, these experiments obtained distilled pairs with a low probability of success and required destruction of the entangled pairs, rendering them unavailable for further processing. Here we report efficient and non-destructive entanglement purification(4) with atomic quantum bits. Two noisy entangled pairs were created and distilled into one higher-fidelity pair available for further use. Success probabilities were above 35 per cent. The many applications of entanglement purification make it one of the most important techniques in quantum information processing.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Leibfried, D (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
EM dil@boulder.nist.gov
NR 22
TC 145
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 838
EP 841
DI 10.1038/nature05146
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700047
PM 17051214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bshary, R
   Grutter, AS
AF Bshary, Redouan
   Grutter, Alexandra S.
TI Image scoring and cooperation in a cleaner fish mutualism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; altruism; reciprocity; punishment; handicap; diet
AB Humans are highly social animals and often help unrelated individuals that may never reciprocate the altruist's favour(1-5). This apparent evolutionary puzzle may be explained by the altruist's gain in social image: image-scoring bystanders, also known as eavesdroppers, notice the altruistic act and therefore are more likely to help the altruist in the future(5-7). Such complex indirect reciprocity based on altruistic acts may evolve only after simple indirect reciprocity has been established, which requires two steps. First, image scoring evolves when bystanders gain personal benefits from information gathered, for example, by finding cooperative partners(8-10). Second, altruistic behaviour in the presence of such bystanders may evolve if altruists benefit from access to the bystanders. Here, we provide experimental evidence for both of the requirements in a cleaning mutualism involving the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus. These cleaners may cooperate and remove ectoparasites from clients or they may cheat by feeding on client mucus(11,12). As mucus may be preferred over typical client ectoparasites(13), clients must make cleaners feed against their preference to obtain a cooperative service. We found that eavesdropping clients spent more time next to 'cooperative' than 'unknown cooperative level' cleaners, which shows that clients engage in image-scoring behaviour. Furthermore, trained cleaners learned to feed more cooperatively when in an `image-scoring' than in a 'non-image-scoring' situation.
C1 Univ Neuchatel, Dept Zool, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
   Univ Queensland, Sch Integrat Biol, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 University of Neuchatel; University of Queensland
RP Bshary, R (corresponding author), Univ Neuchatel, Dept Zool, Rue Emile Argand 11,Case Postale 158, CH-2009 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
EM redouan.bshary@unine.ch
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/A/S/2002/00898] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 296
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 158
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 975
EP 978
DI 10.1038/nature04755
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300041
PM 16791194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Micchelli, CA
   Perrimon, N
AF Micchelli, CA
   Perrimon, N
TI Evidence that stem cells reside in the adult Drosophila midgut epithelium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-renewal; notch
AB Adult stem cells maintain organ systems throughout the course of life and facilitate repair after injury or disease(1). A fundamental property of stem and progenitor cell division is the capacity to retain a proliferative state or generate differentiated daughter cells(2); however, little is currently known about signals that regulate the balance between these processes. Here, we characterize a proliferating cellular compartment in the adult Drosophila midgut. Using genetic mosaic analysis we demonstrate that differentiated cells in the epithelium arise from a common lineage. Furthermore, we show that reduction of Notch signalling leads to an increase in the number of midgut progenitor cells, whereas activation of the Notch pathway leads to a decrease in proliferation. Thus, the midgut progenitor's default state is proliferation, which is inhibited through the Notch signalling pathway. The ability to identify, manipulate and genetically trace cell lineages in the midgut should lead to the discovery of additional genes that regulate stem and progenitor cell biology in the gastrointestinal tract.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Micchelli, CA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM cmicchel@genetics.med.harvard.edu
NR 19
TC 911
Z9 1048
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 475
EP 479
DI 10.1038/nature04371
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200047
PM 16340959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Viré, E
   Brenner, C
   Deplus, R
   Blanchon, L
   Fraga, M
   Didelot, C
   Morey, L
   Van Eynde, A
   Bernard, D
   Vanderwinden, JM
   Bollen, M
   Esteller, M
   Di Croce, L
   de Launoit, Y
   Fuks, F
AF Viré, E
   Brenner, C
   Deplus, R
   Blanchon, L
   Fraga, M
   Didelot, C
   Morey, L
   Van Eynde, A
   Bernard, D
   Vanderwinden, JM
   Bollen, M
   Esteller, M
   Di Croce, L
   de Launoit, Y
   Fuks, F
TI The Polycomb group protein EZH2 directly controls DNA methylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID histone h3 methyltransferase; lysine-27 methylation; group-complexes; x-inactivation; recruitment; dnmt1; establishment; transcription; repressor; patterns
AB The establishment and maintenance of epigenetic gene silencing is fundamental to cell determination and function(1). The essential epigenetic systems involved in heritable repression of gene activity are the Polycomb group (PcG) proteins(2,3) and the DNA methylation(4,5) systems. Here we show that the corresponding silencing pathways are mechanistically linked. We find that the PcG protein EZH2 ( Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2) interacts within the context of the Polycomb repressive complexes 2 and 3 (PRC2/3) - with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and associates with DNMT activity in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitations indicate that binding of DNMTs to several EZH2-repressed genes depends on the presence of EZH2. Furthermore, we show by bisulphite genomic sequencing that EZH2 is required for DNA methylation of EZH2-target promoters. Our results suggest that EZH2 serves as a recruitment platform for DNA methyltransferases, thus highlighting a previously unrecognized direct connection between two key epigenetic repression systems.
C1 Free Univ Brussels, Fac Med, Mol Virol Lab, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
   CNIO, Canc Epigenet Grp, Madrid 28029, Spain.
   ICREA, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
   CRG, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Fac Geneeskunde, Div Biochem, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Free Univ Brussels, Fac Med, Neurophysiol Lab, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
   Univ Lille 1, Inst Biol Lille, Inst Pasteur Lille, CNRS,UMR 8117, F-59021 Lille, France.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO); ICREA; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Pompeu Fabra University; Centre de Regulacio Genomica (CRG); KU Leuven; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Fuks, F (corresponding author), Free Univ Brussels, Fac Med, Mol Virol Lab, 808 Route Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
EM ffuks@ulb.ac.be
FU ICREA Funding Source: Custom
NR 27
TC 1753
Z9 2122
U1 2
U2 234
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 871
EP 874
DI 10.1038/nature04431
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600055
PM 16357870
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsong, AE
   Tuch, BB
   Li, H
   Johnson, AD
AF Tsong, Annie E.
   Tuch, Brian B.
   Li, Hao
   Johnson, Alexander D.
TI Evolution of alternative transcriptional circuits with identical logic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mating-type genes; mads-box protein; candida-albicans; neurospora-crassa; hox protein; dna-binding; yeast; mcm1; genome; differentiation
AB Evolution of gene regulation is an important contributor to the variety of life. Here, we analyse the evolution of a combinatorial transcriptional circuit composed of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that are conserved among all eukaryotes. This circuit regulates mating in the ascomycete yeast lineage. We first identify a group of mating genes that was transcriptionally regulated by an activator in a fungal ancestor, but is now transcriptionally regulated by a repressor in modern bakers' yeast. Despite this change in regulatory mechanism, the logical output of the overall circuit remains the same. By examining the regulation of mating in modern yeasts that are related to different extents, we deduce specific, sequential changes in both cis- and trans-regulatory elements that constitute the transition from positive to negative regulation. These changes indicate specific mechanisms by which fitness barriers were traversed during the transition.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Johnson, AD (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM ajohnson@cgl.ucsf.edu
NR 47
TC 227
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 415
EP 420
DI 10.1038/nature05099
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800037
PM 17006507
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaiser, CM
   Chang, HC
   Agashe, VR
   Lakshmipathy, SK
   Etchells, SA
   Hayer-Hartl, M
   Hartl, FU
   Barral, JM
AF Kaiser, Christian M.
   Chang, Hung-Chun
   Agashe, Vishwas R.
   Lakshmipathy, Sathish K.
   Etchells, Stephanie A.
   Hayer-Hartl, Manajit
   Hartl, F. Ulrich
   Barral, Jose M.
TI Real-time observation of trigger factor function on translating ribosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-recognition particle; escherichia-coli ribosome; molecular chaperones; nascent polypeptide; crystal-structure; amino-acid; in-vivo; proteins; binding; srp
AB The contribution of co-translational chaperone functions to protein folding is poorly understood. Ribosome-associated trigger factor (TF) is the first molecular chaperone encountered by nascent polypeptides in bacteria. Here we show, using fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor TF function and structural rearrangements in real time, that TF interacts with ribosomes and translating polypeptides in a dynamic reaction cycle. Ribosome binding stabilizes TF in an open, activated conformation. Activated TF departs from the ribosome after a mean residence time of similar to 10 s, but may remain associated with the elongating nascent chain for up to 35 s, allowing entry of a new TF molecule at the ribosome docking site. The duration of nascent-chain interaction correlates with the occurrence of hydrophobic motifs in translating polypeptides, reflecting a high aggregation propensity. These findings can explain how TF prevents misfolding events during translation and may provide a paradigm for the regulation of nucleotide-independent chaperones.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Cellular Biochem, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Neurosci & Cell Biol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Texas System; University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston
RP Hartl, FU (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Cellular Biochem, Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
EM uhartl@biochem.mpg.de; jmbarral@utmb.edu
NR 44
TC 188
Z9 223
U1 2
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 455
EP 460
DI 10.1038/nature05225
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700039
PM 17051157
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Treydte, KS
   Schleser, GH
   Helle, G
   Frank, DC
   Winiger, M
   Haug, GH
   Esper, J
AF Treydte, KS
   Schleser, GH
   Helle, G
   Frank, DC
   Winiger, M
   Haug, GH
   Esper, J
TI The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemisphere temperatures; tree-rings; precipitation; dendroclimatology; hydrogen; climate; oxygen
AB Twentieth-century warming could lead to increases in the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere, altering the hydrological cycle and the characteristics of precipitation(1). Such changes in the global rate and distribution of precipitation may have a greater direct effect on human well-being and ecosystem dynamics than changes in temperature itself(2,3). Despite the co-variability of both of these climate variables(3), attention in long-term climate reconstruction has mainly concentrated on temperature changes(4-8). Here we present an annually resolved oxygen isotope record from tree-rings, providing a millennial-scale reconstruction of precipitation variability in the high mountains of northern Pakistan. The climatic signal originates mainly from winter precipitation, and is robust over ecologically different sites. Centennial-scale variations reveal dry conditions at the beginning of the past millennium and through the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with precipitation increasing during the late nineteenth and the twentieth centuries to yield the wettest conditions of the past 1,000 years. Comparison with other long-term precipitation reconstructions indicates a large-scale intensification of the hydrological cycle coincident with the onset of industrialization and global warming, and the unprecedented amplitude argues for a human role.
C1 Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, ICGV, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow & Landscape Research; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; University of Bonn; Helmholtz Association; GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences
RP Treydte, KS (corresponding author), Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, Zurcherstr 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
EM kerstin.treydte@wsl.ch
NR 30
TC 507
Z9 567
U1 10
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1179
EP 1182
DI 10.1038/nature04743
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000042
PM 16641993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abzhanov, A
   Kuo, WP
   Hartmann, C
   Grant, BR
   Grant, PR
   Tabin, CJ
AF Abzhanov, Arhat
   Kuo, Winston P.
   Hartmann, Christine
   Grant, B. Rosemary
   Grant, Peter R.
   Tabin, Clifford J.
TI The calmodulin pathway and evolution of elongated beak morphology in Darwin's finches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID threespine sticklebacks; hox genes
AB A classic textbook example of adaptive radiation under natural selection is the evolution of 14 closely related species of Darwin's finches (Fringillidae, Passeriformes), whose primary diversity lies in the size and shape of their beaks(1-6). Thus, ground finches have deep and wide beaks, cactus finches have long and pointed beaks ( low depth and narrower width), and warbler finches have slender and pointed beaks, reflecting differences in their respective diets(6). Previous work has shown that even small differences in any of the three major dimensions ( depth, width and length) of the beak have major consequences for the overall fitness of the birds(3-7). Recently we used a candidate gene approach to explain one pathway involved in Darwin's finch beak morphogenesis(8). However, this type of analysis is limited to molecules with a known association with craniofacial and/or skeletogenic development. Here we use a less constrained, complementary DNA microarray analysis of the transcripts expressed in the beak primordia to find previously unknown genes and pathways whose expression correlates with specific beak morphologies. We show that calmodulin (CaM), a molecule involved in mediating Ca2+ signalling, is expressed at higher levels in the long and pointed beaks of cactus finches than in more robust beak types of other species. We validated this observation with in situ hybridizations. When this upregulation of the CaM-dependent pathway is artificially replicated in the chick frontonasal prominence, it causes an elongation of the upper beak, recapitulating the beak morphology of the cactus finches. Our results indicate that local upregulation of the CaM-dependent pathway is likely to have been a component of the evolution of Darwin's finch species with elongated beak morphology and provide a mechanistic explanation for the independence of beak evolution along different axes. More generally, our results implicate the CaM-dependent pathway in the developmental regulation of craniofacial skeletal structures.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Decis Syst Grp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Dent Med, Dept Oral Med Infect & Immun, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Princeton University
RP Tabin, CJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM tabin@genetics.med.harvard.edu
NR 23
TC 433
Z9 515
U1 7
U2 336
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 563
EP 567
DI 10.1038/nature04843
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900043
PM 16885984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamilton, G
AF Hamilton, G
TI Virology - The gene weavers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome sequence; phage; virus; strain
NR 14
TC 15
Z9 20
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 683
EP 685
DI 10.1038/441683a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100022
PM 16760948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rome, LC
   Flynn, L
   Yoo, TD
AF Rome, Lawrence C.
   Flynn, Louis
   Yoo, Taeseung D.
TI Biomechanics - Rubber bands reduce the cost of carrying loads
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID back-pain; walking; children; mass
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
RP Rome, LC (corresponding author), Marine Biol Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM lrome@sas.upenn.edu
NR 10
TC 140
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 161
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1023
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/4441023a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100043
PM 17183310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rössler, UK
   Bogdanov, AN
   Pfleiderer, C
AF Roessler, U. K.
   Bogdanov, A. N.
   Pfleiderer, C.
TI Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phase; order
AB Since the 1950s, Heisenberg and others have addressed the problem of how to explain the appearance of countable particles in continuous fields(1). Stable localized field configurations were searched for an ingredient for a general field theory of elementary particles, but the majority of nonlinear field models were unable to predict them. As an exception, Skyrme succeeded in describing nuclear particles as localized states, so-called 'skyrmions'(2). Skyrmions are a characteristic of nonlinear continuum models ranging from microscopic to cosmological scales(3-6). Skyrmionic states have been found under non-equilibrium conditions, or when stabilized by external fields or the proliferation of topological defects. Examples are Turing patterns in classical liquids(7), spin textures in quantum Hall magnets(8), or the blue phases in liquid crystals(9). However, it has generally been assumed that skyrmions cannot form spontaneous ground states, such as ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order, in magnetic materials. Here, we show theoretically that this assumption is wrong and that skyrmion textures may form spontaneously in condensed-matter systems with chiral interactions without the assistance of external fields or the proliferation of defects. We show this within a phenomenological continuum model based on a few material-specific parameters that can be determined experimentally. Our model has a condition not considered before: we allow for softened amplitude variations of the magnetization, characteristic of, for instance, metallic magnets. Our model implies that spontaneous skyrmion lattice ground states may exist generally in a large number of materials, notably at surfaces and in thin films, as well as in bulk compounds, where a lack of space inversion symmetry leads to chiral interactions.
C1 IFW Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Karlsruhe, Inst Phys, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Phys Dept E21, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Festkorperphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Donetsk Inst Phys & Technol, Donetsk, Ukraine.
C3 Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institute for Solid State & Materials Research Dresden; Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN); Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Technical University of Munich; Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; National Academy of Sciences Ukraine; Donetsk Institute for Physics & Engineering named after O.O. Galkin of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
RP Rössler, UK (corresponding author), IFW Dresden, POB 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
EM u.roessler@ifw-dresden.de
NR 29
TC 1820
Z9 1956
U1 16
U2 807
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 797
EP 801
DI 10.1038/nature05056
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700042
PM 16915285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Losev, E
   Reinke, CA
   Jellen, J
   Strongin, DE
   Bevis, BJ
   Glick, BS
AF Losev, Eugene
   Reinke, Catherine A.
   Jellen, Jennifer
   Strongin, Daniel E.
   Bevis, Brooke J.
   Glick, Benjamin S.
TI Golgi maturation visualized in living yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; endoplasmic-reticulum; pichia-pastoris; protein-transport; cisternae; localization; apparatus; vesicles; complex; lumen
AB The Golgi apparatus is composed of biochemically distinct early (cis, medial) and late ( trans, TGN) cisternae. There is debate about the nature of these cisternae(1-3). The stable compartments model predicts that each cisterna is a long-lived structure that retains a characteristic set of Golgi-resident proteins. In this view, secretory cargo proteins are transported by vesicles from one cisterna to the next. The cisternal maturation model predicts that each cisterna is a transient structure that matures from early to late by acquiring and then losing specific Golgi-resident proteins. In this view, secretory cargo proteins traverse the Golgi by remaining within the maturing cisternae. Various observations have been interpreted as supporting one or the other mechanism(4-9). Here we provide a direct test of the two models using three-dimensional time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This approach reveals that individual cisternae mature, and do so at a consistent rate. In parallel, we used pulse - chase analysis to measure the transport of two secretory cargo proteins. The rate of cisternal maturation matches the rate of protein transport through the secretory pathway, suggesting that cisternal maturation can account for the kinetics of secretory traffic.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Inst Biophys Dynam, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Glick, BS (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Mol Genet & Cell Biol, 920 E 58th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM bsglick@midway.uchicago.edu
NR 31
TC 289
Z9 383
U1 2
U2 128
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 1002
EP 1006
DI 10.1038/nature04717
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300047
PM 16699524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silva, J
   Chambers, I
   Pollard, S
   Smith, A
AF Silva, Jose
   Chambers, Ian
   Pollard, Steven
   Smith, Austin
TI Nanog promotes transfer of pluripotency after cell fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; x-chromosome; somatic-cells; in-vitro; teratocarcinoma; nuclei; maintenance; initiation
AB Through cell fusion, embryonic stem (ES) cells can erase the developmental programming of differentiated cell nuclei and impose pluripotency(1,2). Molecules that mediate this conversion should be identifiable in ES cells. One candidate is the variant homeodomain protein Nanog, which has the capacity to entrain undifferentiated ES cell propagation(3,4). Here we report that in fusions between ES cells and neural stem (NS) cells, increased levels of Nanog stimulate pluripotent gene activation from the somatic cell genome and enable an up to 200-fold increase in the recovery of hybrid colonies, all of which show ES cell characteristics. Nanog also improves hybrid yield when thymocytes or fibroblasts are fused to ES cells; however, fewer colonies are obtained than from ES x NS cell fusions, consistent with a hierarchical susceptibility to reprogramming among somatic cell types. Notably, for NS x ES cell fusions elevated Nanog enables primary hybrids to develop into ES cell colonies with identical frequency to homotypic ES x ES fusion products. This means that in hybrids, increased Nanog is sufficient for the NS cell epigenome to be reset completely to a state of pluripotency. We conclude that Nanog can orchestrate ES cell machinery to instate pluripotency with an efficiency of up to 100% depending on the differentiation status of the somatic cell.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Stem Cell Res, Ctr Dev Stem Cell Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Stem Cell Biol, Cambridge CB2 1QT, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge
RP Smith, A (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Stem Cell Res, Ctr Dev Stem Cell Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM austin.smith@ed.ac.uk
FU MRC [G0300058, G9806702] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G9806702, G0300058] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0300058, G9806702, G0300723B] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 279
Z9 359
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 997
EP 1001
DI 10.1038/nature04914
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300046
PM 16791199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allwood, AC
   Walter, MR
   Kamber, BS
   Marshall, CP
   Burch, IW
AF Allwood, Abigail C.
   Walter, Malcolm R.
   Kamber, Balz S.
   Marshall, Craig P.
   Burch, Ian W.
TI Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID warrawoona group; geochemistry; carbonates; origin; chert
AB The 3,430-million-year-old Strelley Pool Chert ( SPC) ( Pilbara Craton, Australia) is a sedimentary rock formation containing laminated structures of probable biological origin ( stromatolites). Determining the biogenicity of such ancient fossils is the subject of ongoing debate. However, many obstacles to interpretation of the fossils are overcome in the SPC because of the broad extent, excellent preservation and morphological variety of its stromatolitic outcrops - which provide comprehensive palaeontological information on a scale exceeding other rocks of such age. Here we present a multi-kilometre-scale palaeontological and palaeoenvironmental study of the SPC, in which we identify seven stromatolite morphotypes - many previously undiscovered - in different parts of a peritidal carbonate platform. We undertake the first morphotype-specific analysis of the structures within their palaeoenvironment and refute contemporary abiogenic hypotheses for their formation. Finally, we argue that the diversity, complexity and environmental associations of the stromatolites describe patterns that - in similar settings throughout Earth's history reflect the presence of organisms.
C1 Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, Biotechnol Res Inst, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Laurentian Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Sudbury, ON P3E 6B5, Canada.
   Univ Sydney, Sch Chem, Vibrat Spect Facil, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 Macquarie University; Macquarie University; Laurentian University; University of Sydney
RP Allwood, AC (corresponding author), Macquarie Univ, Australian Ctr Astrobiol, Biotechnol Res Inst, Herring Rd, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
EM aallwood@els.mq.edu.au
NR 27
TC 647
Z9 769
U1 5
U2 216
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 714
EP 718
DI 10.1038/nature04764
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100045
PM 16760969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gess, RW
   Coates, MI
   Rubidge, BS
AF Gess, Robert W.
   Coates, Michael I.
   Rubidge, Bruce S.
TI A lamprey from the Devonian period of South Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertebrates; origin
AB Lampreys are the most scientifically accessible of the remaining jawless vertebrates, but their evolutionary history is obscure. In contrast to the rich fossil record of armoured jawless fishes, all of which date from the Devonian period and earlier(1-3), only two Palaeozoic lampreys have been recorded, both from the Carboniferous period(1). In addition to these, the recent report of an exquisitely preserved Lower Cretaceous example(4) demonstrates that anatomically modern lampreys were present by the late Mesozoic era. Here we report a marine/ estuarine fossil lamprey from the Famennian ( Late Devonian) of South Africa(5,6), the identity of which is established easily because many of the key specializations of modern forms are already in place. These specializations include the first evidence of a large oral disc, the first direct evidence of circumoral teeth and a well preserved branchial basket. This small agnathan, Priscomyzon riniensis gen. et sp. nov., is not only more conventionally lamprey-like than other Palaeozoic examples(7,8), but is also some 35 million years older. This finding is evidence that agnathans close to modern lampreys had evolved before the end of the Devonian period. In this light, lampreys as a whole appear all the more remarkable: ancient specialists that have persisted as such and survived a subsequent 360 million years.
C1 Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Geosci, Bernard Price Inst Palaeontol, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Witwatersrand; University of Chicago
RP Gess, RW (corresponding author), Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Geosci, Bernard Price Inst Palaeontol, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
EM robg@imaginet.co.za
NR 28
TC 215
Z9 256
U1 1
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 981
EP 984
DI 10.1038/nature05150
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400052
PM 17066033
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leininger, S
   Urich, T
   Schloter, M
   Schwark, L
   Qi, J
   Nicol, GW
   Prosser, JI
   Schuster, SC
   Schleper, C
AF Leininger, S.
   Urich, T.
   Schloter, M.
   Schwark, L.
   Qi, J.
   Nicol, G. W.
   Prosser, J. I.
   Schuster, S. C.
   Schleper, C.
TI Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID real-time pcr; 16s ribosomal-rna; population-size; bacteria; crenarchaeota; diversity; lipids; terrestrial; quantification; amoa
AB Ammonia oxidation is the first step in nitrification, a key process in the global nitrogen cycle that results in the formation of nitrate through microbial activity(1,2). The increase in nitrate availability in soils is important for plant nutrition, but it also has considerable impact on groundwater pollution owing to leaching. Here we show that archaeal ammonia oxidizers are more abundant in soils than their well-known bacterial counterparts. We investigated the abundance of the gene encoding a subunit of the key enzyme ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) in 12 pristine and agricultural soils of three climatic zones. amoA gene copies of Crenarchaeota ( Archaea) were up to 3,000-fold more abundant than bacterial amoA genes. High amounts of crenarchaeota-specific lipids, including crenarchaeol, correlated with the abundance of archaeal amoA gene copies. Furthermore, reverse transcription quantitative PCR studies and complementary DNA analysis using novel cloning-independent pyrosequencing technology demonstrated the activity of the archaea in situ and supported the numerical dominance of archaeal over bacterial ammonia oxidizers. Our results indicate that crenarchaeota may be the most abundant ammonia-oxidizing organisms in soil ecosystems on Earth.
C1 Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
   GSF Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Soil Ecol, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
   Univ Cologne, Inst Geol & Mineral, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
   Penn State Univ, Ctr Comparat Genom & Bioinformat, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Aberdeen, Sch Biol Sci, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland.
C3 University of Bergen; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; University of Cologne; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Aberdeen
RP Schleper, C (corresponding author), Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, Jahnebakken 5, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
EM christa.schleper@bio.uib.no
NR 27
TC 1979
Z9 2438
U1 20
U2 1338
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 806
EP 809
DI 10.1038/nature04983
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700044
PM 16915287
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McKern, NM
   Lawrence, MC
   Streltsov, VA
   Lou, MZ
   Adams, TE
   Lovrecz, GO
   Elleman, TC
   Richards, KM
   Bentley, JD
   Pilling, PA
   Hoyne, PA
   Cartledge, KA
   Pham, TM
   Lewis, JL
   Sankovich, SE
   Stoichevska, V
   Da Silva, E
   Robinson, CP
   Frenkel, MJ
   Sparrow, LG
   Fernley, RT
   Epa, VC
   Ward, CW
AF McKern, Neil M.
   Lawrence, Michael C.
   Streltsov, Victor A.
   Lou, Mei-Zhen
   Adams, Timothy E.
   Lovrecz, George O.
   Elleman, Thomas C.
   Richards, Kim M.
   Bentley, John D.
   Pilling, Patricia A.
   Hoyne, Peter A.
   Cartledge, Kellie A.
   Pham, Tam M.
   Lewis, Jennifer L.
   Sankovich, Sonia E.
   Stoichevska, Violet
   Da Silva, Elizabeth
   Robinson, Christine P.
   Frenkel, Maurice J.
   Sparrow, Lindsay G.
   Fernley, Ross T.
   Epa, V. Chandana
   Ward, Colin W.
TI Structure of the insulin receptor ectodomain reveals a folded-over conformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor; 1st 3 domains; alpha-subunit; monoclonal-antibody; binding domain; specificity; activation; region
AB The insulin receptor is a phylogenetically ancient tyrosine kinase receptor found in organisms as primitive as cnidarians and insects. In higher organisms it is essential for glucose homeostasis(1), whereas the closely related insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is involved in normal growth and development(2). The insulin receptor is expressed in two isoforms, IR-A and IR-B; the former also functions as a high-affinity receptor for IGF-II and is implicated, along with IGF-1R, in malignant transformation(3). Here we present the crystal structure at 3.8 angstrom resolution of the IR-A ectodomain dimer, complexed with four Fabs from the monoclonal antibodies 83-7 and 83-14 ( ref. 4), grown in the presence of a fragment of an insulin mimetic peptide(5). The structure reveals the domain arrangement in the disulphide-linked ectodomain dimer, showing that the insulin receptor adopts a folded-over conformation that places the ligand-binding regions in juxtaposition. This arrangement is very different from previous models(6). It shows that the two L1 domains are on opposite sides of the dimer, too far apart to allow insulin to bind both L1 domains simultaneously as previously proposed(7). Instead, the structure implicates the carboxy-terminal surface of the first fibronectin type III domain as the second binding site involved in high-affinity binding.
C1 CSIRO Mol & Hlth Technol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Lawrence, MC (corresponding author), CSIRO Mol & Hlth Technol, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
EM Mike.Lawrence@csiro.au; Colin.Ward@csiro.au
NR 31
TC 252
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 61
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 218
EP 221
DI 10.1038/nature05106
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000048
PM 16957736
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Phan, TD
   Gosling, JT
   Davis, MS
   Skoug, RM
   Oieroset, M
   Lin, RP
   Lepping, RP
   McComas, DJ
   Smith, CW
   Reme, H
   Balogh, A
AF Phan, TD
   Gosling, JT
   Davis, MS
   Skoug, RM
   Oieroset, M
   Lin, RP
   Lepping, RP
   McComas, DJ
   Smith, CW
   Reme, H
   Balogh, A
TI A magnetic reconnection X-line extending more than 390 Earth radii in the solar wind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetopause; plasma
AB Magnetic reconnection in a current sheet converts magnetic energy into particle energy, a process that is important in many laboratory(1), space(2,3) and astrophysical contexts(4-6). It is not known at present whether reconnection is fundamentally a process that can occur over an extended region in space or whether it is patchy and unpredictable in nature(7). Frequent reports of small-scale flux ropes and flow channels associated with reconnection(8-13) in the Earth's magnetosphere raise the possibility that reconnection is intrinsically patchy, with each reconnection X-line ( the line along which oppositely directed magnetic field lines reconnect) extending at most a few Earth radii (R-E), even though the associated current sheets span many tens or hundreds of R-E. Here we report three-spacecraft observations of accelerated flow associated with reconnection in a current sheet embedded in the solar wind flow, where the reconnection X-line extended at least 390R(E) ( or 2.5 x 10(6) km). Observations of this and 27 similar events imply that reconnection is fundamentally a large-scale process. Patchy reconnection observed in the Earth's magnetosphere is therefore likely to be a geophysical effect associated with fluctuating boundary conditions, rather than a fundamental property of reconnection. Our observations also reveal, surprisingly, that reconnection can operate in a quasi-steady-state manner even when undriven by the external flow.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Solar & Space Phys, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Space Sci & Engn Div, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Dept Phys, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
   Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31029 Toulouse, France.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Space & Atmospher Phys Grp, London SW7 2BZ, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Southwest Research Institute; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Imperial College London
RP Phan, TD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM phan@ssl.berkeley.edu
NR 26
TC 281
Z9 316
U1 3
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 175
EP 178
DI 10.1038/nature04393
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400033
PM 16407946
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scheffel, A
   Gruska, M
   Faivre, D
   Linaroudis, A
   Plitzko, JM
   Schüler, D
AF Scheffel, A
   Gruska, M
   Faivre, D
   Linaroudis, A
   Plitzko, JM
   Schüler, D
TI An acidic protein aligns magnetosomes along a filamentous structure in magnetotactic bacteria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetospirillum; magnetite; membrane; vesicles; reveals; ice
AB Magnetotactic bacteria are widespread aquatic microorganisms that use unique intracellular organelles to navigate along the Earth's magnetic field. These organelles, called magnetosomes, consist of membrane-enclosed magnetite crystals that are thought to help to direct bacterial swimming towards growth-favouring microoxic zones at the bottom of natural waters(1). Questions in the study of magnetosome formation include understanding the factors governing the size and redox-controlled synthesis of the nano-sized magnetosomes and their assembly into a regular chain in order to achieve the maximum possible magnetic moment, against the physical tendency of magnetosome agglomeration. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is expected from studying the genes present in the identified chromosomal 'magnetosome island', for which the connection with magnetosome synthesis has become evident(2). Here we use gene deletion in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense to show that magnetosome alignment is coupled to the presence of the mamJ gene product. MamJ is an acidic protein associated with a novel filamentous structure, as revealed by fluorescence microscopy and cryoelectron tomography. We suggest a mechanism in which MamJ interacts with the magnetosome surface as well as with a cytoskeleton-like structure. According to our hypothesis, magnetosome architecture represents one of the highest structural levels achieved in prokaryotic cells.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Biol Struct, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Schüler, D (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, Celsiusstr 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM dschuele@mpi-bremen.de
NR 23
TC 421
Z9 490
U1 0
U2 201
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 110
EP 114
DI 10.1038/nature04382
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700050
PM 16299495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Drake, JF
   Swisdak, M
   Che, H
   Shay, MA
AF Drake, J. F.
   Swisdak, M.
   Che, H.
   Shay, M. A.
TI Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particle-acceleration; magnetotail; orbits
AB A long-standing problem in the study of space and astrophysical plasmas is to explain the production of energetic electrons as magnetic fields 'reconnect' and release energy. In the Earth's magnetosphere, electron energies reach hundreds of thousands of electron volts (refs 1 - 3), whereas the typical electron energies associated with large-scale reconnection-driven flows are just a few electron volts. Recent observations further suggest that these energetic particles are produced in the region where the magnetic field reconnects(4). In solar flares, upwards of 50 per cent of the energy released can appear as energetic electrons(5,6). Here we show that electrons gain kinetic energy by reflecting from the ends of the contracting 'magnetic islands' that form as reconnection proceeds. The mechanism is analogous to the increase of energy of a ball reflecting between two converging walls - the ball gains energy with each bounce. The repetitive interaction of electrons with many islands allows large numbers to be efficiently accelerated to high energy. The back pressure of the energetic electrons throttles reconnection so that the electron energy gain is a large fraction of the released magnetic energy. The resultant energy spectra of electrons take the form of power laws with spectral indices that match the magnetospheric observations.
C1 Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   USN, Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   Univ Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake; University of Delaware
RP Drake, JF (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM drake@plasma.umd.edu
NR 22
TC 866
Z9 943
U1 0
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 553
EP 556
DI 10.1038/nature05116
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200038
PM 17024088
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Perry, L
   Sandweiss, DH
   Piperno, DR
   Rademaker, K
   Malpass, MA
   Umire, A
   de la Vera, P
AF Perry, L
   Sandweiss, DH
   Piperno, DR
   Rademaker, K
   Malpass, MA
   Umire, A
   de la Vera, P
TI Early maize agriculture and interzonal interaction in southern Peru
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cal kyr bp; age calibration; orinoco valley; venezuela; ecuador; reveal
AB Over the past decade, increasing attention to the recovery and identification of plant microfossil remains from archaeological sites located in lowland South America has significantly increased knowledge of pre-Columbian plant domestication and crop plant dispersals in tropical forests and other regions(1-4). Along the Andean mountain chain, however, the chronology and trajectory of plant domestication are still poorly understood for both important indigenous staple crops such as the potato ( Solanum sp.) and others exogenous to the region, for example, maize (Zea mays)(5,6). Here we report the analyses of plant microremains from a late preceramic house (3,431 +/- 45 to 3,745 +/- 65 C-14 BP or similar to 3,600 to 4,000 calibrated years BP) in the highland southern Peruvian site of Waynuna. Our results extend the record of maize by at least a millennium in the southern Andes, show on-site processing of maize into flour, provide direct evidence for the deliberate movement of plant foods by humans from the tropical forest to the highlands, and confirm the potential of plant microfossil analysis in understanding ancient plant use and migration in this region.
C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Anthropol, Archaeobiol Program, Washington, DC 20013 USA.
   Univ Maine, Dept Anthropol, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Univ Maine, Bryand Global Sci Ctr, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Ancon, Panama.
   Ithaca Coll, Gannett Ctr G121, Dept Anthropol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
   Museo Contisuyo, Moquegua, Peru.
   Inst Nacl Cultura, Arequipa, Peru.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Ithaca College
RP Perry, L (corresponding author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Dept Anthropol, Archaeobiol Program, POB 37012,MRC 112, Washington, DC 20013 USA.
EM perryli@si.edu
NR 30
TC 107
Z9 138
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/nature04294
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700042
PM 16511492
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jin, RS
   Rummel, A
   Binz, T
   Brunger, AT
AF Jin, Rongsheng
   Rummel, Andreas
   Binz, Thomas
   Brunger, Axel T.
TI Botulinum neurotoxin B recognizes its protein receptor with high affinity and specificity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-cc-domain; synaptotagmin-i; binding-sites; tetanus; thermodynamics; translocation; membranes; toxins
AB Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by Clostridium botulinum and cause the neuroparalytic syndrome of botulism. With a lethal dose of 1 ng kg(-1), they pose a biological hazard to humans and a serious potential bioweapon threat(1). BoNTs bind with high specificity at neuromuscular junctions and they impair exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine through specific proteolysis of SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptors), which constitute part of the synaptic vesicle fusion machinery(2,3). The molecular details of the toxin-cell recognition have been elusive. Here we report the structure of a BoNT in complex with its protein receptor: the receptor-binding domain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B (BoNT/B) bound to the luminal domain of synaptotagmin II, determined at 2.15 angstrom resolution. On binding, a helix is induced in the luminal domain which binds to a saddle-shaped crevice on a distal tip of BoNT/B. This crevice is adjacent to the non-overlapping ganglioside-binding site of BoNT/B. Synaptotagmin II interacts with BoNT/B with nanomolar affinity, at both neutral and acidic endosomal pH. Biochemical and neuronal ex vivo studies of structure-based mutations indicate high specificity and affinity of the interaction, and high selectivity of BoNT/B among synaptotagmin I and II isoforms. Synergistic binding of both synaptotagmin and ganglioside imposes geometric restrictions on the initiation of BoNT/B translocation after endocytosis. Our results provide the basis for the rational development of preventive vaccines or inhibitors against these neurotoxins.
C1 Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Struct, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Stanford Synchrotron Radiat Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Hannover Med Sch, Inst Biochem, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Hannover Med Sch, Inst Toxikol, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Medical School
RP Brunger, AT (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM brunger@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 199
Z9 233
U1 1
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1092
EP 1095
DI 10.1038/nature05387
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100061
PM 17167421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oh-I, S
   Shimizu, H
   Satoh, T
   Okada, S
   Adachi, S
   Inoue, K
   Eguchi, H
   Yamamoto, M
   Imaki, T
   Hashimoto, K
   Tsuchiya, T
   Monden, T
   Horiguchi, K
   Yamada, M
   Mori, M
AF Oh-, Shinsuke, I
   Shimizu, Hiroyuki
   Satoh, Tetsurou
   Okada, Shuichi
   Adachi, Sachika
   Inoue, Kinji
   Eguchi, Hiroshi
   Yamamoto, Masanori
   Imaki, Toshihiro
   Hashimoto, Koushi
   Tsuchiya, Takafumi
   Monden, Tsuyoshi
   Horiguchi, Kazuhiko
   Yamada, Masanobu
   Mori, Masatomo
TI Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanocortin-4 receptor; leptin receptor; binding protein; food-intake; nucleobindin; nefa; pathway; obesity; cloning; system
AB The brain hypothalamus contains certain secreted molecules that are important in regulating feeding behaviour(1-3). Here we show that nesfatin, corresponding to NEFA/nucleobindin(2) (NUCB2), a secreted protein of unknown function, is expressed in the appetite-control hypothalamic nuclei in rats. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of NUCB2 reduces feeding. Rat cerebrospinal fluid contains nesfatin-1, an amino-terminal fragment derived from NUCB2, and its expression is decreased in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus under starved conditions. I.c.v. injection of nesfatin-1 decreases food intake in a dose-dependent manner, whereas injection of an antibody neutralizing nesfatin-1 stimulates appetite. In contrast, i.c.v. injection of other possible fragments processed from NUCB2 does not promote satiety, and conversion of NUCB2 to nesfatin-1 is necessary to induce feeding suppression. Chronic i.c.v. injection of nesfatin-1 reduces body weight, whereas rats gain body weight after chronic i.c.v. injection of antisense morpholino oligonucleotide against the gene encoding NUCB2. Nesfatin-1-induced anorexia occurs in Zucker rats with a leptin receptor mutation, and an anti-nesfatin-1 antibody does not block leptin-induced anorexia. In contrast, central injection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone elevates NUCB2 gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus, and satiety by nesfatin-1 is abolished by an antagonist of the melanocortin-3/4 receptor. We identify nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule that is associated with melanocortin signalling in the hypothalamus.
C1 Gunma Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med & Mol Sci, Maebashi, Gumma 3718511, Japan.
   Saitama Univ, Dept Regulat Biol, Shimo Okubo, Saitama 3788570, Japan.
   Teijin Pharma Ltd, Pharmaceut Discovery Res Lab, Hino, Tokyo 1918512, Japan.
C3 Gunma University; Saitama University; Teijin Pharma Limited
RP Mori, M (corresponding author), Gunma Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Med & Mol Sci, Maebashi, Gumma 3718511, Japan.
EM mmori@med.gunma-u.ac.jp
NR 24
TC 901
Z9 1018
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 709
EP 712
DI 10.1038/nature05162
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500050
PM 17036007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lavier, LL
   Manatschal, G
AF Lavier, LL
   Manatschal, G
TI A mechanism to thin the continental lithosphere at magma-poor margins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rheological evolution; upper-mantle; regimes; creep; fault; alps
AB Where continental plates break apart, slip along multiple normal faults provides the required space for the Earth's crust to thin and subside(1). After initial rifting, however, the displacement on normal faults observed at the sea floor seems not to match the inferred extension(2). Here we show that crustal thinning can be accomplished in such extensional environments by a system of conjugate concave downward faults instead of multiple normal faults. Our model predicts that these concave faults accumulate large amounts of extension and forma very thin crust (< 10 km) by exhumation of mid- crustal and mantle material. This transitional crust is capped by sub- horizontal detachment surfaces over distances exceeding 100 km with little visible deformation. Our rift model is based on numerical experiments constrained by geological and geophysical observations from the Alpine Tethys and Iberia/ Newfoundland margins(3-9). Furthermore, we suggest that the observed transition from broadly distributed and symmetric extension to localized and asymmetric rifting is directly controlled by the existence of a strong gabbroic lower crust. The presence of such lower crustal gabbros is well constrained for the Alpine Tethys system(4,9). Initial decoupling of upper crustal deformation from lower crustal and mantle deformation by progressive weakening of the middle crust is an essential requirement to reproduce the observed rift evolution. This is achieved in our models by the formation of weak ductile shear zones.
C1 Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Jackson Sch Geosci, Austin, TX 78759 USA.
   Univ Strasbourg, CGS EOST, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Lavier, LL (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Inst Geophys, Jackson Sch Geosci, 8701 Mopac Blvd, Austin, TX 78759 USA.
EM luc@ig.utexas.edu
NR 33
TC 536
Z9 584
U1 1
U2 82
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 324
EP 328
DI 10.1038/nature04608
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600050
PM 16541070
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prud'homme, B
   Gompel, N
   Rokas, A
   Kassner, VA
   Williams, TM
   Yeh, SD
   True, JR
   Carroll, SB
AF Prud'homme, B
   Gompel, N
   Rokas, A
   Kassner, VA
   Williams, TM
   Yeh, SD
   True, JR
   Carroll, SB
TI Repeated morphological evolution through cis-regulatory changes in a pleiotropic gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanogaster species group; bayesian-inference; yellow gene; phylogeny; divergence; diptera; nuclear
AB The independent evolution of morphological similarities is widespread(1,2). For simple traits, such as overall body colour, repeated transitions by means of mutations in the same gene may be common(3-5). However, for more complex traits, the possible genetic paths may be more numerous; the molecular mechanisms underlying their independent origins and the extent to which they are constrained to follow certain genetic paths are largely unknown. Here we show that a male wing pigmentation pattern involved in courtship display has been gained and lost multiple times in a Drosophila clade. Each of the cases we have analysed (two gains and two losses) involved regulatory changes at the pleiotropic pigmentation gene yellow. Losses involved the parallel inactivation of the same cis-regulatory element (CRE), with changes at a few nucleotides sufficient to account for the functional divergence of one element between two sibling species. Surprisingly, two independent gains of wing spots resulted from the co-option of distinct ancestral CREs. These results demonstrate how the functional diversification of the modular CREs of pleiotropic genes contributes to evolutionary novelty and the independent evolution of morphological similarities.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Bock Labs, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Cambridge; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Carroll, SB (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, 1525 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM sbcarrol@wisc.edu
NR 29
TC 383
Z9 492
U1 0
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1050
EP 1053
DI 10.1038/nature04597
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000036
PM 16625197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winkler, K
   Thalhammer, G
   Lang, F
   Grimm, R
   Denschlag, JH
   Daley, AJ
   Kantian, A
   Büchler, HP
   Zoller, P
AF Winkler, K.
   Thalhammer, G.
   Lang, F.
   Grimm, R.
   Denschlag, J. Hecker
   Daley, A. J.
   Kantian, A.
   Buechler, H. P.
   Zoller, P.
TI Repulsively bound atom pairs in an optical lattice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tonks-girardeau gas; ultracold atoms; transition; superfluid; insulator; molecules
AB Throughout physics, stable composite objects are usually formed by way of attractive forces, which allow the constituents to lower their energy by binding together. Repulsive forces separate particles in free space. However, in a structured environment such as a periodic potential and in the absence of dissipation, stable composite objects can exist even for repulsive interactions. Here we report the observation of such an exotic bound state, which comprises a pair of ultracold rubidium atoms in an optical lattice. Consistent with our theoretical analysis, these repulsively bound pairs exhibit long lifetimes, even under conditions when they collide with one another. Signatures of the pairs are also recognized in the characteristic momentum distribution and through spectroscopic measurements. There is no analogue in traditional condensed matter systems of such repulsively bound pairs, owing to the presence of strong decay channels. Our results exemplify the strong correspondence between the optical lattice physics of ultracold bosonic atoms and the Bose-Hubbard model(1,2)-a link that is vital for future applications of these systems to the study of strongly correlated condensed matter and to quantum information.
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantum Opt & Quantum Informat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck; University of Innsbruck; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Denschlag, JH (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM Johannes.Denschlag@uibk.ac.at
NR 30
TC 536
Z9 566
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 853
EP 856
DI 10.1038/nature04918
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100037
PM 16778884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keogh, MC
   Kim, JA
   Downey, M
   Fillingham, J
   Chowdhury, D
   Harrison, JC
   Onishi, M
   Datta, N
   Galicia, S
   Emili, A
   Lieberman, J
   Shen, XT
   Buratowski, S
   Haber, JE
   Durocher, D
   Greenblatt, JF
   Krogan, NJ
AF Keogh, MC
   Kim, JA
   Downey, M
   Fillingham, J
   Chowdhury, D
   Harrison, JC
   Onishi, M
   Datta, N
   Galicia, S
   Emili, A
   Lieberman, J
   Shen, XT
   Buratowski, S
   Haber, JE
   Durocher, D
   Greenblatt, JF
   Krogan, NJ
TI A phosphatase complex that dephosphorylates γH2AX regulates DNA damage checkpoint recovery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID double-strand break; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; histone h2ax; g2/m arrest; cell-cycle; repair; protein; phosphorylation; recombination
AB One of the earliest marks of a double-strand break (DSB) in eukaryotes is serine phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX at the carboxy-terminal SQE motif to create gamma H2AX-containing nucleosomes(1). Budding-yeast histone H2A is phosphorylated in a similar manner by the checkpoint kinases Tel1 and Mec1 (ref. 2; orthologous to mammalian ATM and ATR, respectively) over a 50-kilobase region surrounding the DSB3. This modification is important for recruiting numerous DSB-recognition and repair factors to the break site, including DNA damage checkpoint proteins(4,5), chromatin remodellers(6) and cohesins(7,8). Multiple mechanisms for eliminating gamma H2AX as DNA repair completes are possible, including removal by histone exchange followed potentially by degradation, or, alternatively, dephosphorylation. Here we describe a three-protein complex (HTP-C, for histone H2A phosphatase complex) containing the phosphatase Pph3 that regulates the phosphorylation status of gamma H2AX in vivo and efficiently dephosphorylates gamma H2AX in vitro. gamma H2AX is lost from chromatin surrounding a DSB independently of the HTP-C, indicating that the phosphatase targets gamma H2AX after its displacement from DNA. The dephosphorylation of gamma H2AX by the HTP-C is necessary for efficient recovery from the DNA damage checkpoint.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Rosenstiel Ctr, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biol, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Carcinogenesis, Smithville, TX 78957 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Brandeis University; Brandeis University; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
RP Durocher, D (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
EM durocher@mshri.on.ca; jack.greenblatt@utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 385
Z9 501
U1 4
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 497
EP 501
DI 10.1038/nature04384
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200052
PM 16299494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cuzzi, JN
   Alexander, CMO
AF Cuzzi, JN
   Alexander, CMO
TI Chondrule formation in particle-rich nebular regions at least hundreds of kilometres across
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar nebula; isotopic fractionation; protoplanetary disk; evolution; model; constraints; origin; shocks
AB Chondrules are millimetre-sized spherules (mostly silicate) that dominate the texture of primitive meteorites(1). Their formation mechanism is debated, but their sheer abundance suggests that the mechanism was both energetic and ubiquitous in the early inner Solar System(2). The processes suggested-such as shock waves, solar flares or nebula lightning(3-7)-operate on different length scales that have been hard to relate directly to chondrule properties. Chondrules are depleted in volatile elements, but surprisingly they show little evidence for the associated loss of lighter isotopes one would expect(8). Here we report a model in which molten chondrules come to equilibrium with the gas that was evaporated from other chondrules, and which explains the observations in a natural way. The regions within which the chondrules formed must have been larger than 150-6,000 km in radius, and must have had a precursor number density of at least 10 m(-3). These constraints probably exclude nebula lightning, and also make formation far from the nebula midplane problematic. The wide range of chondrule compositions may be the result of different combinations of the local concentrations of precursors and the local abundance of water ice or vapour.
C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Cuzzi, JN (corresponding author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Div Space Sci, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
EM jcuzzi@mail.arc.nasa.gov
NR 27
TC 117
Z9 123
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 483
EP 485
DI 10.1038/nature04834
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900043
PM 16724060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schneidman, E
   Berry, MJ II
   Segev, R
   Bialek, W
AF Schneidman, E
   Berry, MJ II
   Segev, R
   Bialek, W
TI Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in a neural population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID movement direction; cortical-neurons; expression data; ganglion-cells; spike trains; information; patterns; retina; variability; adaptation
AB Biological networks have so many possible states that exhaustive sampling is impossible. Successful analysis thus depends on simplifying hypotheses, but experiments on many systems hint that complicated, higher-order interactions among large groups of elements have an important role. Here we show, in the vertebrate retina, that weak correlations between pairs of neurons coexist with strongly collective behaviour in the responses of ten or more neurons. We find that this collective behaviour is described quantitatively by models that capture the observed pairwise correlations but assume no higher-order interactions. These maximum entropy models are equivalent to Ising models, and predict that larger networks are completely dominated by correlation effects. This suggests that the neural code has associative or error-correcting properties, and we provide preliminary evidence for such behaviour. As a first test for the generality of these ideas, we show that similar results are obtained from networks of cultured cortical neurons.
C1 Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Lewis Sigler Inst Integrat Genom, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Schneidman, E (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM elads@princeton.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY014196] Funding Source: Medline; NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA032758] Funding Source: Medline
NR 43
TC 1261
Z9 1466
U1 4
U2 130
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1007
EP 1012
DI 10.1038/nature04701
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000026
PM 16625187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Waeyenberge, B
   Puzic, A
   Stoll, H
   Chou, KW
   Tyliszczak, T
   Hertel, R
   Fähnle, M
   Brückl, H
   Rott, K
   Reiss, G
   Neudecker, I
   Weiss, D
   Back, CH
   Schütz, G
AF Van Waeyenberge, B.
   Puzic, A.
   Stoll, H.
   Chou, K. W.
   Tyliszczak, T.
   Hertel, R.
   Faehnle, M.
   Brueckl, H.
   Rott, K.
   Reiss, G.
   Neudecker, I.
   Weiss, D.
   Back, C. H.
   Schuetz, G.
TI Magnetic vortex core reversal by excitation with short bursts of an alternating field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; motion; permalloy; dots
AB The vortex state, characterized by a curling magnetization, is one of the equilibrium configurations of soft magnetic materials(1-4) and occurs in thin ferromagnetic square and disk-shaped elements of micrometre size and below. The interplay between the magneto-static and the exchange energy favours an in-plane, closed flux domain structure. This curling magnetization turns out of the plane at the centre of the vortex structure, in an area with a radius of about 10 nanometres-the vortex core(5-7). The vortex state has a specific excitation mode: the in-plane gyration of the vortex structure about its equilibrium position(8-10). The sense of gyration is determined by the vortex core polarization(11). Here we report on the controlled manipulation of the vortex core polarization by excitation with small bursts of an alternating magnetic field. The vortex motion was imaged by time-resolved scanning transmission X-ray microscopy(12). We demonstrate that the sense of gyration of the vortex structure can be reversed by applying short bursts of the sinusoidal excitation field with amplitude of about 1.5 mT. This reversal unambiguously indicates a switching of the out-of-plane core polarization. The observed switching mechanism, which can be understood in the framework of micromagnetic theory, gives insights into basic magnetization dynamics and their possible application in data storage.
C1 Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Subatom & Radiat Phys, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Adv Light Source, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Festkorperforsch Elektron Eigenschaften IFF9, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   Univ Bielefeld, Fak Phys, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
   Univ Regensburg, Inst Expt & Angew Phys, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Ghent University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; University of Bielefeld; University of Regensburg
RP Stoll, H (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM stoll@mf.mpg.de
NR 27
TC 767
Z9 806
U1 5
U2 203
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 461
EP 464
DI 10.1038/nature05240
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700040
PM 17122851
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldraij, A
   Kondo, K
   Lee, CB
   Hancock, CN
   Sivaguru, M
   Vazquez-Santana, S
   Kim, S
   Phillips, TE
   Cruz-Garcia, F
   McClure, B
AF Goldraij, A
   Kondo, K
   Lee, CB
   Hancock, CN
   Sivaguru, M
   Vazquez-Santana, S
   Kim, S
   Phillips, TE
   Cruz-Garcia, F
   McClure, B
TI Compartmentalization of S-RNase and HT-B degradation in self-incompatible Nicotiana
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID f-box protein; pollen-rejection; 120-kda glycoprotein; natural-population; prunus-avium; gene; alata; identification; lycopersicon; alleles
AB Pollen - pistil interactions are crucial for controlling plant mating. For example, S-RNase-based self-incompatibility prevents inbreeding in diverse angiosperm species. S-RNases are thought to function as specific cytotoxins that inhibit pollen that has an S-haplotype that matches one of those in the pistil. Thus, pollen and pistil factors interact to prevent mating between closely related individuals. Other pistil factors, such as HT-B, 4936-factor and the 120 kDa glycoprotein, are also required for pollen rejection but do not contribute to S-haplotype-specificity per se. Here we show that S-RNase is taken up and sorted to a vacuolar compartment in the pollen tubes. Antibodies to the 120 kDa glycoprotein label the compartment membrane. When the pistil does not express HT-B or 4936-factor, S-RNase remains sequestered, unable to cause rejection. Similarly, in wild-type pistils, compatible pollen tubes degrade HT-B and sequester S-RNase. We suggest that S-RNase trafficking and the stability of HT-B are central to S-specific pollen rejection.
C1 Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Quim, Dept Quim Biol, CIQUIBIC, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina.
   105 Life Sci Ctr, Div Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA.
   Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Quim, Dept Bioquim, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
   Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Ciencias, Dept Biol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico.
C3 National University of Cordoba; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP McClure, B (corresponding author), Univ Nacl Cordoba, Fac Ciencias Quim, Dept Quim Biol, CIQUIBIC, Ciudad Univ, RA-5000 Cordoba, Argentina.
EM mcclureb@missouri.edu
NR 43
TC 210
Z9 269
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 805
EP 810
DI 10.1038/nature04491
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600040
PM 16482149
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walter, KM
   Zimov, SA
   Chanton, JP
   Verbyla, D
   Chapin, FS
AF Walter, K. M.
   Zimov, S. A.
   Chanton, J. P.
   Verbyla, D.
   Chapin, F. S., III
TI Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric methane; carbon-dioxide; ch4; emissions; alaska; tundra; flux; co2
AB Large uncertainties in the budget of atmospheric methane, an important greenhouse gas, limit the accuracy of climate change projections(1,2). Thaw lakes in North Siberia are known to emit methane(3), but the magnitude of these emissions remains uncertain because most methane is released through ebullition (bubbling), which is spatially and temporally variable. Here we report a new method of measuring ebullition and use it to quantify methane emissions from two thaw lakes in North Siberia. We show that ebullition accounts for 95 per cent of methane emissions from these lakes, and that methane flux from thaw lakes in our study region may be five times higher than previously estimated(3). Extrapolation of these fluxes indicates that thaw lakes in North Siberia emit 3.8 teragrams of methane per year, which increases present estimates of methane emissions from northern wetlands (<6-40 teragrams per year; refs 1, 2, 4-6) by between 10 and 63 per cent. We find that thawing permafrost along lake margins accounts for most of the methane released from the lakes, and estimate that an expansion of thaw lakes between 1974 and 2000, which was concurrent with regional warming, increased methane emissions in our study region by 58 per cent. Furthermore, the Pleistocene age (35,260-42,900 years) of methane emitted from hotspots along thawing lake margins indicates that this positive feedback to climate warming has led to the release of old carbon stocks previously stored in permafrost.
C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
   NE Sci Stn, Cherskii 678830, Russia.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Univ Alaska, Dept Forest Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
C3 University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; University of Alaska System; University of Alaska Fairbanks
RP Walter, KM (corresponding author), Univ Alaska, Inst Arctic Biol, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA.
EM ftkmw1@uaf.edu
NR 31
TC 764
Z9 930
U1 5
U2 529
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature05040
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900041
PM 16957728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Angeli, A
   Monachello, D
   Ephritikhine, G
   Frachisse, JM
   Thomine, S
   Gambale, F
   Barbier-Brygoo, H
AF De Angeli, A.
   Monachello, D.
   Ephritikhine, G.
   Frachisse, J. M.
   Thomine, S.
   Gambale, F.
   Barbier-Brygoo, H.
TI The nitrate/proton antiporter AtCLCa mediates nitrate accumulation in plant vacuoles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trait loci analysis; anion channel gene; chloride channel; functional expression; prokaryotic homolog; arabidopsis; transporter; storage; cloning
AB Nitrate, the major nitrogen source for most plants, is widely used as a fertilizer and as a result has become a predominant freshwater pollutant. Plants need nitrate for growth and store most of it in the central vacuole(1). Some members of the chloride channel (CLC) protein family, such as the torpedo-fish ClC-0 and mammalian ClC-1, are anion channels(2,3), whereas the bacterial ClC-ec1 and mammalian ClC-4 and ClC-5 have recently been characterized as Cl-/H+ exchangers with unknown cellular functions(4-6). Plant members of the CLC family are proposed to be anion channels(7,8) involved in nitrate homeostasis(9); however, direct evidence for anion transport mediated by a plant CLC is still lacking. Here we show that Arabidopsis thaliana CLCa (AtCLCa) is localized to an intracellular membrane, the tonoplast of the plant vacuole, which is amenable to electrophysiological studies, and we provide direct evidence for its anion transport ability. We demonstrate that AtCLCa is able to accumulate specifically nitrate in the vacuole and behaves as a NO3-/H+ exchanger. For the first time, to our knowledge, the transport activity of a plant CLC is revealed, the antiporter mechanism of a CLC protein is investigated in a native membrane system, and this property is directly connected with its physiological role.
C1 CNRS, UPR 2355, Inst Sci Vegetal, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Paris 07, UFR Biol Sci Nat, F-75251 Paris 05, France.
   CNR, Ist Biofis, I-16149 Genoa, Italy.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Biofisica (IBF-CNR)
RP Barbier-Brygoo, H (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR 2355, Inst Sci Vegetal, 1 Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM brygoo@isv.cnrs-gif.fr
NR 28
TC 407
Z9 441
U1 3
U2 189
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 939
EP 942
DI 10.1038/nature05013
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500042
PM 16878138
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rigaud, S
   Fondanèche, MC
   Lambert, N
   Pasquier, B
   Mateo, V
   Soulas, P
   Galicier, L
   Le Deist, F
   Rieux-Laucat, F
   Revy, P
   Fischer, A
   Basile, GD
   Latour, S
AF Rigaud, Stephaine
   Fondaneche, Marie-Claude
   Lambert, Nathalie
   Pasquier, Benoit
   Mateo, Veronique
   Soulas, Pauline
   Galicier, Lionel
   Le Deist, Francoise
   Rieux-Laucat, Frederic
   Revy, Patrick
   Fischer, Alain
   de Saint Basile, Genevieve
   Latour, Sylvain
TI XIAP deficiency in humans causes an X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nkt cell-development; encoding gene; t-cells; disease; sap; mutations; product; mice
AB The homeostasis of the immune response requires tight regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of activated lymphocytes(1,2). In humans, defects in immune homeostasis result in lymphoproliferation disorders including autoimmunity, haemophagocytic lymphohystiocytosis and lymphomas. The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency that is characterized by lymphohystiocytosis, hypogammaglobulinaemia and lymphomas, and that usually develops in response to infection with Epstein - Barr virus (EBV)(3-5). Mutations in the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule ( SLAM)- associated protein SAP, a signalling adaptor molecule, underlie 60% of cases of familial XLP6-8. Here, we identify mutations in the gene that encodes the X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis XIAP ( also termed BIRC4) in patients with XLP from three families without mutations in SAP. These mutations lead to defective expression of XIAP. We show that apoptosis of lymphocytes from XIAP-deficient patients is enhanced in response to various stimuli including the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) - CD3 complex, the death receptor CD95 ( also termed Fas or Apo-1) and the TNF-associated apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor (TRAIL-R). We also found that XIAP-deficient patients, like SAP-deficient patients, have low numbers of natural killer T-lymphocytes (NKT cells)(9,10), indicating that XIAP is required for the survival and/or differentiation of NKT cells. The observation that XIAP-deficiency and SAP-deficiency are both associated with a defect in NKT cells strengthens the hypothesis that NKT cells have a key role in the immune response to EBV. Furthermore, by identifying an XLP immunodeficiency that is caused by mutations in XIAP, we show that XIAP is a potent regulator of lymphocyte homeostasis in vivo.
C1 Univ Paris 05, INSERM, U768, Lab Dev Normal & Pathol Syst Immunitaire, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Hop Necker Enfants Malad, APHP, Ctr Etud Deficits Immunitaires, F-75015 Paris, France.
   Hop St Louis, APHP, Serv Immunohematol, F-75010 Paris, France.
   Hop Necker Enfants Malad, APHP, Unite Immunol Hematol Pediat, F-75015 Paris, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Ambroise-Pare - APHP; Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Ambroise-Pare - APHP; Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades - APHP; Hopital Universitaire Hotel-Dieu - APHP; Hopital Universitaire Ambroise-Pare - APHP
RP Latour, S (corresponding author), Univ Paris 05, INSERM, U768, Lab Dev Normal & Pathol Syst Immunitaire, F-75015 Paris, France.
EM latour@necker.fr
NR 21
TC 574
Z9 645
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 110
EP 114
DI 10.1038/nature05257
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500056
PM 17080092
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhu, P
   Liu, J
   Bess, J
   Chertova, E
   Lifson, JD
   Grisé, H
   Ofek, GA
   Taylor, KA
   Roux, KH
AF Zhu, Ping
   Liu, Jun
   Bess, Julian, Jr.
   Chertova, Elena
   Lifson, Jeffrey D.
   Grise, Henry
   Ofek, Gilad A.
   Taylor, Kenneth A.
   Roux, Kenneth H.
TI Distribution and three-dimensional structure of AIDS virus envelope spikes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simian immunodeficiency virus; glycoprotein trimers; electron tomography; atomic-structure; type-1 matrix; hiv; gp41; neutralization; fusion; gp120
AB Envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes on AIDS retroviruses initiate infection of host cells and are therefore targets for vaccine development. Though crystal structures for partial Env subunits are known, the structure and distribution of native Env spikes on virions is obscure. We applied cryoelectron microscopy tomography to define ultrastructural details of spikes. Virions of wild-type human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and a mutant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) had similar to 14 and similar to 73 spikes per particle, respectively, with some clustering of HIV-1 spikes. Three-dimensional averaging showed that the surface glycoprotein (gp120) 'head' of each subunit of the trimeric SIV spike contains a primary mass, with two secondary lobes. The transmembrane glycoprotein 'stalk' of each trimer is composed of three independent legs that project obliquely from the trimer head, tripod-like. Reconciling available atomic structures with the three-dimensional whole spike density map yields insights into the orientation of Env spike structural elements and possible structural bases of their functions.
C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   NCI, AIDS Vaccine Program, SAIC Frederick Inc, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   NIAID, Vaccine Res Ctr, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
RP Roux, KH (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, B-157, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM roux@bio.fsu.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI055461] Funding Source: Medline
NR 48
TC 638
Z9 872
U1 0
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 847
EP 852
DI 10.1038/nature04817
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100036
PM 16728975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shaw, P
   Greenstein, D
   Lerch, J
   Clasen, L
   Lenroot, R
   Gogtay, N
   Evans, A
   Rapoport, J
   Giedd, J
AF Shaw, P
   Greenstein, D
   Lerch, J
   Clasen, L
   Lenroot, R
   Gogtay, N
   Evans, A
   Rapoport, J
   Giedd, J
TI Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID false discovery rate; general intelligence; cerebral-cortex; human-brain; mri data; thickness; population; childhood; people; volume
AB Children who are adept at any one of the three academic 'R's ( reading, writing and arithmetic) tend to be good at the others, and grow into adults who are similarly skilled at diverse intellectually demanding activities(1-3). Determining the neuroanatomical correlates of this relatively stable individual trait of general intelligence has proved difficult, particularly in the rapidly developing brains of children and adolescents. Here we demonstrate that the trajectory of change in the thickness of the cerebral cortex, rather than cortical thickness itself, is most closely related to level of intelligence. Using a longitudinal design, we find a marked developmental shift from a predominantly negative correlation between intelligence and cortical thickness in early childhood to a positive correlation in late childhood and beyond. Additionally, level of intelligence is associated with the trajectory of cortical development, primarily in frontal regions implicated in the maturation of intelligent activity(4,5). More intelligent children demonstrate a particularly plastic cortex, with an initial accelerated and prolonged phase of cortical increase, which yields to equally vigorous cortical thinning by early adolescence. This study indicates that the neuroanatomical expression of intelligence in children is dynamic.
C1 NIMH, Child Psychiat Branch, Bethesda, MD 20182 USA.
   McGill Univ, Montreal Neurol Inst, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); McGill University
RP Shaw, P (corresponding author), NIMH, Child Psychiat Branch, Bethesda, MD 20182 USA.
EM shawp@mail.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1142
Z9 1348
U1 3
U2 255
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/nature04513
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400045
PM 16572172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clayton, TA
   Lindon, JC
   Cloarec, O
   Antti, H
   Charuel, C
   Hanton, G
   Provost, JP
   Le Net, JL
   Baker, D
   Walley, RJ
   Everett, JR
   Nicholson, JK
AF Clayton, TA
   Lindon, JC
   Cloarec, O
   Antti, H
   Charuel, C
   Hanton, G
   Provost, JP
   Le Net, JL
   Baker, D
   Walley, RJ
   Everett, JR
   Nicholson, JK
TI Pharmaco-metabonomic phenotyping and personalized drug treatment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID urinary-excretion; acetaminophen; spectroscopy; variability; taurine; systems
AB There is a clear case for drug treatments to be selected according to the characteristics of an individual patient, in order to improve efficacy and reduce the number and severity of adverse drug reactions(1,2). However, such personalization of drug treatments requires the ability to predict how different individuals will respond to a particular drug/dose combination. After initial optimism, there is increasing recognition of the limitations of the pharmacogenomic approach, which does not take account of important environmental influences on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion(3-5). For instance, a major factor underlying inter-individual variation in drug effects is variation in metabolic phenotype, which is influenced not only by genotype but also by environmental factors such as nutritional status, the gut microbiota, age, disease and the co- or pre-administration of other drugs(6,7). Thus, although genetic variation is clearly important, it seems unlikely that personalized drug therapy will be enabled for a wide range of major diseases using genomic knowledge alone. Here we describe an alternative and conceptually new 'pharmaco-metabonomic' approach to personalizing drug treatment, which uses a combination of pre-dose metabolite profiling and chemometrics to model and predict the responses of individual subjects. We provide proof-of-principle for this new approach, which is sensitive to both genetic and environmental influences, with a study of paracetamol (acetaminophen) administered to rats. We show pre-dose prediction of an aspect of the urinary drug metabolite profile and an association between pre-dose urinary composition and the extent of liver damage sustained after paracetamol administration.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Nat Sci, Div Biomed Sci, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Umea Univ, Dept Chem, S-90187 Umea, Sweden.
   Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Ctr Rech, F-37401 Amboise, France.
   Pfizer Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
   Pfizer Ltd, Global Res & Dev, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, Kent, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Umea University; Pfizer; Pfizer; Pfizer USA; Pfizer; Pfizer United Kingdom
RP Nicholson, JK (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Fac Nat Sci, Div Biomed Sci, Sir Alexander Fleming Bldg, London SW7 2AZ, England.
EM j.nicholson@imperial.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 686
Z9 789
U1 0
U2 199
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1073
EP 1077
DI 10.1038/nature04648
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000041
PM 16625200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lamoreux, JF
   Morrison, JC
   Ricketts, TH
   Olson, DM
   Dinerstein, E
   McKnight, MW
   Shugart, HH
AF Lamoreux, JF
   Morrison, JC
   Ricketts, TH
   Olson, DM
   Dinerstein, E
   McKnight, MW
   Shugart, HH
TI Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indicator groups; conservation; hotspots; ecology
AB Understanding patterns of biodiversity distribution is essential to conservation strategies(1), but severe data constraints make surrogate measures necessary(2-4). For this reason, many studies have tested the performance of terrestrial vertebrates as surrogates for overall species diversity, but these tests have typically been limited to a single taxon or region(3-10). Here we show that global patterns of richness are highly correlated among amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, as are endemism patterns. Furthermore, we demonstrate that although the correlation between global richness and endemism is low, aggregate regions selected for high levels of endemism capture significantly more species than expected by chance. Although areas high in endemism have long been targeted for the protection of narrow-ranging species(11,12), our findings provide evidence that endemism is also a useful surrogate for the conservation of all terrestrial vertebrates.
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   World Wildlife Fund US, Washington, DC 20037 USA.
   Wildlife Conservat Soc S Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
   Univ N Carolina, Curriculum Ecol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of Virginia; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Lamoreux, JF (corresponding author), Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, 291 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
EM lamoreux@virginia.edu
NR 30
TC 426
Z9 499
U1 4
U2 180
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 212
EP 214
DI 10.1038/nature04291
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500046
PM 16382239
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singer, T
   Seymour, B
   O'Doherty, JP
   Stephan, KE
   Dolan, RJ
   Frith, CD
AF Singer, T
   Seymour, B
   O'Doherty, JP
   Stephan, KE
   Dolan, RJ
   Frith, CD
TI Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motivation; striatum; reward; roles; pain
AB The neural processes underlying empathy are a subject of intense interest within the social neurosciences(1-3). However, very little is known about how brain empathic responses are modulated by the affective link between individuals. We show here that empathic responses are modulated by learned preferences, a result consistent with economic models of social preferences(4-7). We engaged male and female volunteers in an economic game, in which two confederates played fairly or unfairly, and then measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while these same volunteers observed the confederates receiving pain. Both sexes exhibited empathy-related activation in pain-related brain areas (fronto-insular and anterior cingulate cortices) towards fair players. However, these empathy-related responses were significantly reduced in males when observing an unfair person receiving pain. This effect was accompanied by increased activation in reward-related areas, correlated with an expressed desire for revenge. We conclude that in men ( at least) empathic responses are shaped by valuation of other people's social behaviour, such that they empathize with fair opponents while favouring the physical punishment of unfair opponents, a finding that echoes recent evidence for altruistic punishment.
C1 UCL, Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England.
   UCL, Inst Cognit Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England.
   CALTECH, Div Humanities & Social Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London; California Institute of Technology
RP Singer, T (corresponding author), UCL, Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, London WC1N 3AR, England.
EM t.singer@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [078865] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 1133
Z9 1371
U1 4
U2 414
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/nature04271
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200045
PM 16421576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dame, RT
   Noom, MC
   Wuite, GJL
AF Dame, Remus T.
   Noom, Maarten C.
   Wuite, Gijs J. L.
TI Bacterial chromatin organization by H-NS protein unravelled using dual DNA manipulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single molecules; rna-polymerase; reveals; domain; force; oligomerization; association; compaction; represses
AB Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms contain DNA bridging proteins, which can have regulatory or architectural functions (1). The molecular and mechanical details of such proteins are hard to obtain, in particular if they involve non- specific interactions. The bacterial nucleoid consists of hundreds of DNA loops, shaped in part by non- specific DNA bridging proteins such as histone-like nucleoid structuring protein ( H- NS), leucine- responsive regulatory protein ( Lrp) and SMC ( structural maintenance of chromosomes) proteins(2,3). We have developed an optical tweezers instrument that can independently handle two DNA molecules, which allows the systematic investigation of protein- mediated DNA - DNA interactions. Here we use this technique to investigate the abundant non- specific nucleoid- associated protein H- NS, and show that H- NS is dynamically organized between two DNA molecules in register with their helical pitch. Our optical tweezers also allow us to carry out dynamic force spectroscopy on non- specific DNA binding proteins and thereby to determine an energy landscape for the H- NS - DNA interaction. Our results explain how the bacterial nucleoid can be effectively compacted and organized, but be dynamic in nature and accessible to DNA- tracking motor enzymes. Finally, our experimental approach is widely applicable to other DNA bridging proteins, as well as to complex DNA interactions involving multiple DNA molecules.
C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Phys & Astron, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Ctr Laser, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Dame, RT (corresponding author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Dept Phys & Astron, Boelelaan 1081, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM rtdame@nat.vu.nl
NR 30
TC 299
Z9 365
U1 1
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 387
EP 390
DI 10.1038/nature05283
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300053
PM 17108966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kahn, SE
   Hull, RL
   Utzschneider, KM
AF Kahn, Steven E.
   Hull, Rebecca L.
   Utzschneider, Kristina M.
TI Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-cell function; impaired glucose-tolerance; free fatty-acids; secretory capacity; adipose-tissue; high-risk; sensitivity; adaptation; dysfunction; hyperinsulinemia
AB Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In obese individuals, adipose tissue releases increased amounts of non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol, hormones, proinflammatory cytokines and other factors that are involved in the development of insulin resistance. When insulin resistance is accompanied by dysfunction of pancreatic islet beta-cells - the cells that release insulin failure to control blood glucose levels results. Abnormalities in beta-cell function are therefore critical in defining the risk and development of type 2 diabetes. This knowledge is fostering exploration of the molecular and genetic basis of the disease and new approaches to its treatment and prevention.
C1 VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Div Metab Endocrinol & Nutr, Seattle, WA 98108 USA.
   Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98108 USA.
C3 US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Vet Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Kahn, SE (corresponding author), VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Div Metab Endocrinol & Nutr, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108 USA.
EM skahn@u.washington.edu
NR 83
TC 4037
Z9 4900
U1 16
U2 865
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 840
EP 846
DI 10.1038/nature05482
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400040
PM 17167471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krishnamurthy, PC
   Du, GQ
   Fukuda, Y
   Sun, DX
   Sampath, J
   Mercer, KE
   Wang, JF
   Sosa-Pineda, B
   Murti, KG
   Schuetz, JD
AF Krishnamurthy, Partha C.
   Du, Guoqing
   Fukuda, Yu
   Sun, Daxi
   Sampath, Janardhan
   Mercer, Kelly E.
   Wang, Junfeng
   Sosa-Pineda, Beatriz
   Murti, K. Gopal
   Schuetz, John D.
TI Identification of a mammalian mitochondrial porphyrin transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-liver mitochondria; protoporphyrin-ix; heme; binding; membranes; atp; biosynthesis; oxidase; cells
AB The movement of anionic porphyrins ( for example, haem) across intracellular membranes is crucial to many biological processes, but their mitochondrial translocation and coordination with haem biosynthesis is not understood. Transport of porphyrins into isolated mitochondria is energy-dependent(1-3), as expected for the movement of anions into a negatively charged environment. ATP-binding cassette transporters actively facilitate the transmembrane movement of substances. We found that the mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB6 is upregulated ( messenger RNA and protein in human and mouse cells) by elevation of cellular porphyrins and postulated that ABCB6 has a function in porphyrin transport. We also predicted that ABCB6 is functionally linked to haem biosynthesis, because its mRNA is found in both human bone marrow and CD71(+) early erythroid cells ( by database searching), and because our results show that ABCB6 is highly expressed in human fetal liver, and Abcb6 in mouse embryonic liver. Here we demonstrate that ABCB6 is uniquely located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and is required for mitochondrial porphyrin uptake. After ABCB6 is upregulated in response to increased intracellular porphyrin, mitochondrial porphyrin uptake activates de novo porphyrin biosynthesis. This process is blocked when the Abcb6 gene is silenced. Our results challenge previous assumptions about the intracellular movement of porphyrins and the factors controlling haem biosynthesis.
C1 St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Genet & Tumor Cell Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Sci Imaging Resource Ctr, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Hlth Sci Ctr, Memphis, TN 38103 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center
RP Schuetz, JD (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM john.schuetz@stjude.org
NR 29
TC 320
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 586
EP 589
DI 10.1038/nature05125
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200046
PM 17006453
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chu, DS
   Liu, HB
   Nix, P
   Wu, TF
   Ralston, EJ
   Yates, JR
   Meyer, BJ
AF Chu, Diana S.
   Liu, Hongbin
   Nix, Paola
   Wu, Tammy F.
   Ralston, Edward J.
   Yates, John R., III
   Meyer, Barbara J.
TI Sperm chromatin proteomics identifies evolutionarily conserved fertility factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna topoisomerase-i; caenorhabditis-elegans; functional-analysis; shotgun proteomics; sr proteins; germ-cells; histone h1; spermiogenesis; embryogenesis; localization
AB Male infertility is a long-standing enigma of significant medical concern. The integrity of sperm chromatin is a clinical indicator of male fertility and in vitro fertilization potential(1): chromosome aneuploidy and DNA decondensation or damage are correlated with reproductive failure. Identifying conserved proteins important for sperm chromatin structure and packaging can reveal universal causes of infertility. Here we combine proteomics, cytology and functional analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans to identify spermatogenic chromatin-associated proteins that are important for fertility. Our strategy employed multiple steps: purification of chromatin from comparable meiotic cell types, namely those undergoing spermatogenesis or oogenesis; proteomic analysis by multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) of factors that co-purify with chromatin; prioritization of sperm proteins based on abundance; and subtraction of common proteins to eliminate general chromatin and meiotic factors. Our approach reduced 1,099 proteins co-purified with spermatogenic chromatin, currently the most extensive catalogue, to 132 proteins for functional analysis. Reduction of gene function through RNA interference coupled with protein localization studies revealed conserved spermatogenesis-specific proteins vital for DNA compaction, chromosome segregation, and fertility. Unexpected roles in spermatogenesis were also detected for factors involved in other processes. Our strategy to find fertility factors conserved from C. elegans to mammals achieved its goal: of mouse gene knockouts corresponding to nematode proteins, 37% (7/19) cause male sterility. Our list therefore provides significant opportunity to identify causes of male infertility and targets for male contraceptives.
C1 San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Agilent Technol, Wilmington, DE 19808 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 California State University System; San Francisco State University; Scripps Research Institute; Agilent Technologies; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Chu, DS (corresponding author), San Francisco State Univ, Dept Biol, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA.
EM chud@sfsu.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM030702] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 148
Z9 223
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 101
EP 105
DI 10.1038/nature05050
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900048
PM 16943775
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okada, A
   Charron, F
   Morin, S
   Shin, DS
   Wong, K
   Fabre, PJ
   Tessier-Lavigne, M
   McConnell, SK
AF Okada, Ami
   Charron, Frederic
   Morin, Steves
   Shin, David S.
   Wong, Karen
   Fabre, Pierre J.
   Tessier-Lavigne, Marc
   McConnell, Susan K.
TI Boc is a receptor for sonic hedgehog in the guidance of commissural axons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ig superfamily member; cdo; proteins; pathway; gene; expression; components; netrin-1; encodes; family
AB In the spinal cord, sonic hedgehog ( Shh) is secreted by the floor plate to control the generation of distinct classes of ventral neurons along the dorsoventral axis (1). Genetic and in vitro studies have shown that Shh also later acts as a midline- derived chemoattractant for commissural axons(2). However, the receptor( s) responsible for Shh attraction remain unknown. Here we show that two Robo-related proteins, Boc and Cdon, bind specifically to Shh and are therefore candidate receptors for the action of Shh as an axon guidance ligand. Boc is expressed by commissural neurons, and targeted disruption of Boc in mouse results in the misguidance of commissural axons towards the floor plate. RNA- interference-mediated knockdown of Boc impairs the ability of rat commissural axons to turn towards an ectopic source of Shh in vitro. Taken together, these data suggest that Boc is essential as a receptor for Shh in commissural axon guidance.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Inst Rech Clin Montreal, Montreal, PQ H2W 1R7, Canada.
   Univ Montreal, Dept Med, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Genentech Inc, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal (IRCM); Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA
RP Okada, A (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM amio@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 325
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 369
EP 373
DI 10.1038/nature05246
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300049
PM 17086203
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erbse, A
   Schmidt, R
   Bornemann, T
   Schneider-Mergener, J
   Mogk, A
   Zahn, R
   Dougan, DA
   Bukau, B
AF Erbse, A
   Schmidt, R
   Bornemann, T
   Schneider-Mergener, J
   Mogk, A
   Zahn, R
   Dougan, DA
   Bukau, B
TI ClpS is an essential component of the N-end rule pathway in Escherichia coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID methionine aminopeptidase; substrate-specificity; peptide library; degradation; protein; apoptosis; chaperone; cells
AB The N-end rule states that the half-life of a protein is determined by the nature of its amino-terminal residue(1). Eukaryotes and prokaryotes use N-terminal destabilizing residues as a signal to target proteins for degradation by the N-end rule pathway. In eukaryotes an E3 ligase, N-recognin, recognizes N-end rule substrates and mediates their ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome(1,2). In Escherichia coli, N-end rule substrates are degraded by the AAA+ chaperone ClpA in complex with the ClpP peptidase (ClpAP)(3). Little is known of the molecular mechanism by which N-end rule substrates are initially selected for proteolysis. Here we report that the ClpAP-specific adaptor, ClpS, is essential for degradation of N-end rule substrates by ClpAP in bacteria. ClpS binds directly to N-terminal destabilizing residues through its substrate-binding site distal to the ClpS - ClpA interface(4), and targets these substrates to ClpAP for degradation. Degradation by the N-end rule pathway is more complex than anticipated and several other features are involved, including a net positive charge near the Nterminus and an unstructured region between the N-terminal signal and the folded protein substrate. Through interaction with this signal, ClpS converts the ClpAP machine into a protease with exquisitely defined specificity, ideally suited to regulatory proteolysis.
C1 Univ Heidelberg, Zentrum Mol Biol Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Humboldt Univ, Univ Klinikum Charite, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
   La Trobe Univ, Dept Biochem, Melbourne, Vic 3086, Australia.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; La Trobe University
RP Bukau, B (corresponding author), Univ Heidelberg, Zentrum Mol Biol Heidelberg, INF 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM bukau@zmbh.uni-heidelberg.de
NR 19
TC 189
Z9 243
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 753
EP 756
DI 10.1038/nature04412
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100051
PM 16467841
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marchis, F
   Hestroffer, D
   Descamps, P
   Berthier, J
   Bouchez, AH
   Campbell, RD
   Chin, JCY
   van Dam, MA
   Hartman, SK
   Johansson, EM
   Lafon, RE
   Le Mignant, D
   de Pater, I
   Stomski, PJ
   Summers, DM
   Vachier, F
   Wizinovich, PL
   Wong, MH
AF Marchis, F
   Hestroffer, D
   Descamps, P
   Berthier, J
   Bouchez, AH
   Campbell, RD
   Chin, JCY
   van Dam, MA
   Hartman, SK
   Johansson, EM
   Lafon, RE
   Le Mignant, D
   de Pater, I
   Stomski, PJ
   Summers, DM
   Vachier, F
   Wizinovich, PL
   Wong, MH
TI A low density of 0.8 g cm-3 for the Trojan binary asteroid 617 Patroclus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID discovery
AB The Trojan population consists of two swarms of asteroids following the same orbit as Jupiter and located at the L4 and L5 stable Lagrange points of the Jupiter - Sun system ( leading and following Jupiter by 60 degrees). The asteroid 617 Patroclus is the only known binary Trojan(1). The orbit of this double system was hitherto unknown. Here we report that the components, separated by 680 km, move around the system's centre of mass, describing a roughly circular orbit. Using this orbital information, combined with thermal measurements to estimate the size of the components, we derive a very low density of 0.8(-0.1)(+0.2) g cm(-3). The components of 617 Patroclus are therefore very porous or composed mostly of water ice, suggesting that they could have been formed in the outer part of the Solar System(2).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Observ Paris, CNRS, UMR 8028, Inst Mecan Celeste & Calculs Ephemerides, F-75014 Paris, France.
   WM Keck Observ, Kamuela, HI 96743 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Marchis, F (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, 601 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM fmarchis@berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 106
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 565
EP 567
DI 10.1038/nature04350
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900035
PM 16452974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, JL
   Wernicke, BP
   Bisnath, S
   Niemi, NA
   Elósegui, P
AF Davis, J. L.
   Wernicke, B. P.
   Bisnath, S.
   Niemi, N. A.
   Elosegui, P.
TI Subcontinental-scale crustal velocity changes along the Pacific-North America plate boundary
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID united-states; nevada; california; seismicity; relaxation; viscosity; landers; beneath; fault; lake
AB Transient tectonic deformation has long been noted within similar to 100 km of plate boundary fault zones and within active volcanic regions, but it is unknown whether transient motions also occur at larger scales within plates. Relatively localized transients are known to occur as both seismic and episodic aseismic events(1), and are generally ascribed to motions of magma bodies, aseismic creep on faults, or elastic or viscoelastic effects associated with earthquakes. However, triggering phenomena(2,3) and systematic patterns of seismic strain release at subcontinental (similar to 1,000 km) scale along diffuse plate boundaries(4,5) have long suggested that energy transfer occurs at larger scale. Such transfer appears to occur by the interaction of stresses induced by surface wave propagation and magma or groundwater in the crust(6), or from large-scale stress diffusion within the oceanic mantle in the decades following clusters of great earthquakes(7). Here we report geodetic evidence for a coherent, subcontinental-scale change in tectonic velocity along a diffuse similar to 1,000-km-wide deformation zone. Our observations are derived from continuous GPS (Global Positioning System) data collected over the past decade across the Basin and Range province, which absorbs approximately 25 per cent of Pacific-North America relative plate motion. The observed changes in site velocity define a sharp boundary near the centre of the province oriented roughly parallel to the north-northwest relative plate motion vector. We show that sites to the west of this boundary slowed relative to sites east of it by similar to 1mm yr(-1) starting in late 1999.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; California Institute of Technology
RP Davis, JL (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM jdavis@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 32
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1131
EP 1134
DI 10.1038/nature04781
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500046
PM 16810252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hotamisligil, GS
AF Hotamisligil, Goekhan S.
TI Inflammation and metabolic disorders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; endoplasmic-reticulum stress; insulin-receptor substrate-1; binding protein ap2; factor-kappa-b; factor-alpha; tnf-alpha; adipose-tissue; nuclear receptors; serine phosphorylation
AB Metabolic and immune systems are among the most fundamental requirements for survival. Many metabolic and immune response pathways or nutrient- and pathogen-sensing systems have been evolutionarily conserved throughout species. As a result, immune response and metabolic regulation are highly integrated and the proper function of each is dependent on the other. This interface can be viewed as a central homeostatic mechanism, dysfunction of which can lead to a cluster of chronic metabolic disorders, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Collectively, these diseases constitute the greatest current threat to global human health and welfare.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Genet & Complex Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
RP Hotamisligil, GS (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Genet & Complex Dis, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM ghotamis@hsph.harvard.edu
NR 99
TC 7139
Z9 8352
U1 21
U2 1423
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 860
EP 867
DI 10.1038/nature05485
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400043
PM 17167474
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenstein, M
AF Eisenstein, Michael
TI Hands off!
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1068
EP 1068
DI 10.1038/4421068a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iverson, RM
   Dzurisin, D
   Gardner, CA
   Gerlach, TM
   LaHusen, RG
   Lisowski, M
   Major, JJ
   Malone, SD
   Messerich, JA
   Moran, SC
   Pallister, JS
   Qamar, AI
   Schilling, SP
   Vallance, JW
AF Iverson, Richard M.
   Dzurisin, Daniel
   Gardner, Cynthia A.
   Gerlach, Terrence M.
   LaHusen, Richard G.
   Lisowski, Michael
   Major, Jon J.
   Malone, Stephen D.
   Messerich, James A.
   Moran, Seth C.
   Pallister, John S.
   Qamar, Anthony I.
   Schilling, Steven P.
   Vallance, James W.
TI Dynamics of seismogenic volcanic extrusion at Mount St Helens in 2004-05
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID andesite volcanos; magmatic system; eruptions; seismicity; washington; model
AB The 2004-05 eruption of Mount St Helens exhibited sustained, near-equilibrium behaviour characterized by relatively steady extrusion of a solid dacite plug and nearly periodic shallow earthquakes. Here we present a diverse data set to support our hypothesis that these earthquakes resulted from stick-slip motion along the margins of the plug as it was forced incrementally upwards by ascending, solidifying, gas-poor magma. We formalize this hypothesis with a dynamical model that reveals a strong analogy between behaviour of the magma-plug system and that of a variably damped oscillator. Modelled stick-slip oscillations have properties that help constrain the balance of forces governing the earthquakes and eruption, and they imply that magma pressure never deviated much from the steady equilibrium pressure. We infer that the volcano was probably poised in a near-eruptive equilibrium state long before the onset of the 2004-05 eruption.
C1 US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA.
   Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Lakewood, CO 80225 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Iverson, RM (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, Cascades Volcano Observ, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct 100, Vancouver, WA 98683 USA.
EM riverson@usgs.gov; dzurisin@usgs.gov; cgardner@usgs.gov
NR 29
TC 169
Z9 184
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 439
EP 443
DI 10.1038/nature05322
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700037
PM 17122849
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, W
   Feng, ZY
   Sternberg, PW
   Xu, XZS
AF Li, W
   Feng, ZY
   Sternberg, PW
   Xu, XZS
TI A C-elegans stretch receptor neuron revealed by a mechanosensitive TRP channel homologue
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; gene; mechanotransduction; protein; pathway; system; family
AB The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is commonly used as a genetic model organism for dissecting integration of the sensory and motor systems(1). Despite extensive genetic and behavioural analyses that have led to the identification of many genes and neural circuits involved in regulating C. elegans locomotion behaviour(1), it remains unclear whether and how somatosensory feedback modulates motor output during locomotion. In particular, no stretch receptors have been identified in C. elegans, raising the issue of whether stretch-receptor-mediated proprioception is used by C. elegans to regulate its locomotion behaviour. Here we have characterized TRP-4, the C. elegans homologue of the mechanosensitive TRPN channel. We show that trp-4 mutant worms bend their body abnormally, exhibiting a body posture distinct from that of wild-type worms during locomotion, suggesting that TRP-4 is involved in stretch-receptor-mediated proprioception. We show that TRP-4 acts in a single neuron, DVA, to mediate its function in proprioception, and that the activity of DVA can be stimulated by body stretch. DVA both positively and negatively modulates locomotion, providing a unique mechanism whereby a single neuron can fine-tune motor activity. Thus, DVA represents a stretch receptor neuron that regulates sensory - motor integration during C. elegans locomotion.
C1 Univ Michigan, Inst Life Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Xu, XZS (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Inst Life Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM shawnxu@umich.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM078276] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 239
Z9 317
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 684
EP 687
DI 10.1038/nature04538
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400047
PM 16572173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friedman, A
   Perrimon, N
AF Friedman, Adam
   Perrimon, Norbert
TI A functional RNAi screen for regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase and ERK signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID map kinase; drosophila; protein; pathway; ras; phosphatase; activation; cancer; phosphorylation; progression
AB Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling through extracellular-signal-regulated kinases ( ERKs) has pivotal roles during metazoan development, underlying processes as diverse as fate determination, differentiation, proliferation, survival, migration and growth. Abnormal RTK/ERK signalling has been extensively documented to contribute to developmental disorders and disease, most notably in oncogenic transformation by mutant RTKs(1) or downstream pathway components such as Ras and Raf(2). Although the core RTK/ERK signalling cassette has been characterized by decades of research using mammalian cell culture and forward genetic screens in model organisms, signal propagation through this pathway is probably regulated by a larger network of moderate, context-specific proteins. The genes encoding these proteins may not have been discovered through traditional screens owing, in particular, to the requirement for visible phenotypes. To obtain a global view of RTK/ERK signalling, we performed an unbiased, RNA interference (RNAi), genome-wide, high-throughput screen in Drosophila cells using a novel, quantitative, cellular assay monitoring ERK activation. Here we show that ERK pathway output integrates a wide array of conserved cellular processes. Further analysis of selected components - in multiple cell types with different RTK ligands and oncogenic stimuli - validates and classifies 331 pathway regulators. The relevance of these genes is highlighted by our isolation of a Ste20-like kinase and a PPM-family phosphatase that seem to regulate RTK/ERK signalling in vivo and in mammalian cells. Novel regulators that modulate specific pathway outputs may be selective targets for drug discovery.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Perrimon, N (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM perrimon@receptor.med.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 180
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 230
EP 234
DI 10.1038/nature05280
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200046
PM 17086199
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galletto, R
   Amitani, I
   Baskin, RJ
   Kowalczykowski, SC
AF Galletto, Roberto
   Amitani, Ichiro
   Baskin, Ronald J.
   Kowalczykowski, Stephen C.
TI Direct observation of individual RecA filaments assembling on single DNA molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand-exchange proteins; escherichia-coli; duplex dna; atp hydrolysis; binding; recombination; polymerization; recbcd; translocation; biochemistry
AB Escherichia coli RecA is essential for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination(1). Repair requires the formation of a RecA nucleoprotein filament. Previous studies have indicated a mechanism of filament assembly whereby slow nucleation of RecA protein on DNA is followed by rapid growth(2-7). However, many aspects of this process remain unclear, including the rates of nucleation and growth and the involvement of ATP hydrolysis, largely because visualization at the single-filament level is lacking. Here we report the direct observation of filament assembly on individual double-stranded DNA molecules using fluorescently modified RecA. The nucleoprotein filaments saturate the DNA and extend it 1.6-fold. At early time points, discrete RecA clusters are seen, permitting analysis of single-filament growth from individual nuclei. Formation of nascent RecA filaments is independent of ATP hydrolysis but is dependent on the type of nucleotide cofactor and the RecA concentration, suggesting that nucleation involves binding of 4 - 5 ATP - RecA monomers to DNA. Individual RecA filaments grow at rates of 3 - 10 nm s(-1). Growth is bidirectional and, in contrast to nucleation, independent of nucleotide cofactor, suggesting addition of 2 - 7 monomers s(-1). These results are in accord with extensive genetic and biochemical studies, and indicate that assembly in vivo is controlled at the nucleation step. We anticipate that our approach and conclusions can be extended to the related eukaryotic counterpart, Rad51 (ref. 8), and to regulation by assembly mediators(9-11).
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Sect Mol & Cellular Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Genet & Dev, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Kowalczykowski, SC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Microbiol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM sckowalczykowski@ucdavis.edu
NR 30
TC 208
Z9 252
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 875
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature05197
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700056
PM 16988658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guan, K
   Nayernia, K
   Maier, LS
   Wagner, S
   Dressel, R
   Lee, JH
   Nolte, J
   Wolf, F
   Li, MY
   Engel, W
   Hasenfuss, G
AF Guan, K
   Nayernia, K
   Maier, LS
   Wagner, S
   Dressel, R
   Lee, JH
   Nolte, J
   Wolf, F
   Li, MY
   Engel, W
   Hasenfuss, G
TI Pluripotency of spermatogonial stem cells from adult mouse testis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro; germ-cells; gene; expression; embryo; differentiation; maintenance; generation; myogenesis; culture
AB Embryonic germ cells as well as germline stem cells from neonatal mouse testis are pluripotent and have differentiation potential similar to embryonic stem cells(1,2), suggesting that the germline lineage may retain the ability to generate pluripotent cells. However, until now there has been no evidence for the pluripotency and plasticity of adult spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), which are responsible for maintaining spermatogenesis throughout life in the male(3). Here we show the isolation of SSCs from adult mouse testis using genetic selection, with a success rate of 27%. These isolated SSCs respond to culture conditions and acquire embryonic stem cell properties. We name these cells multipotent adult germline stem cells (maGSCs). They are able to spontaneously differentiate into derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers in vitro and generate teratomas in immunodeficient mice. When injected into an early blastocyst, SSCs contribute to the development of various organs and show germline transmission. Thus, the capacity to form multipotent cells persists in adult mouse testis. Establishment of human maGSCs from testicular biopsies may allow individual cell-based therapy without the ethical and immunological problems associated with human embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, these cells may provide new opportunities to study genetic diseases in various cell lineages.
C1 Univ Gottingen, Ctr Heart, Dept Cardiol & Pneumol, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Inst Human Genet, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Dept Cellular & Mol Immunol, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 University of Gottingen; University of Gottingen; University of Gottingen
RP Hasenfuss, G (corresponding author), Univ Gottingen, Ctr Heart, Dept Cardiol & Pneumol, Robert Koch Str 40, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany.
EM wengel@gwdg.de; hasenfus@med.uni-goettingen.de
NR 30
TC 676
Z9 835
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1199
EP 1203
DI 10.1038/nature04697
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000047
PM 16565704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kienast, M
   Kienast, SS
   Calvert, SE
   Eglinton, TI
   Mollenhauer, G
   François, R
   Mix, AC
AF Kienast, Markus
   Kienast, Stephanie S.
   Calvert, Stephen E.
   Eglinton, Timothy I.
   Mollenhauer, Gesine
   Francois, Roger
   Mix, Alan C.
TI Eastern Pacific cooling and Atlantic overturning circulation during the last deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change; equatorial pacific; sea; temperatures; collapse; record; ocean
AB Surface ocean conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean could hold the clue to whether millennial-scale global climate change during glacial times was initiated through tropical ocean - atmosphere feedbacks or by changes in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation(1). North Atlantic cold periods during Heinrich events and millennial-scale cold events (stadials) have been linked with climatic changes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean and South America(2-4), as well as the Indian and East Asian monsoon systems(5,6), but not with tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures(7). Here we present a high-resolution record of sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific derived from alkenone unsaturation measurements. Our data show a temperature drop of 1 degrees C, synchronous ( within dating uncertainties) with the shutdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during Heinrich event 1, and a smaller temperature drop of 0.5 degrees C synchronous with the smaller reduction in the overturning circulation during the Younger Dryas event. Both cold events coincide with maxima in surface ocean productivity as inferred from Th-230-normalized carbon burial fluxes, suggesting increased upwelling at the time. From the concurrence of equatorial Pacific cooling with the two North Atlantic cold periods during deglaciation, we conclude that these millennial-scale climate changes were probably driven by a reorganization of the oceans' thermohaline circulation, although possibly amplified by tropical ocean - atmosphere interaction as suggested before(8).
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Univ Bremen, Dept Geosci, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Dalhousie University; University of British Columbia; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; University of Bremen; Oregon State University
RP Kienast, M (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada.
EM markus.kienast@dal.ca
NR 32
TC 126
Z9 149
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 846
EP 849
DI 10.1038/nature05222
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700049
PM 17051216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, DJ
   Mookherjee, M
   Xu, YS
   Karato, S
AF Wang, Duojun
   Mookherjee, Mainak
   Xu, Yousheng
   Karato, Shun-ichiro
TI The effect of water on the electrical conductivity of olivine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mantle; hydrogen; wadsleyite; anisotropy; diffusion; pressure; creep
AB It is well known that water ( as a source of hydrogen) affects the physical and chemical properties of minerals - for example, plastic deformation(1-3) and melting temperature(4) - and accordingly plays an important role in the dynamics and geochemical evolution of the Earth. Estimating the water content of the Earth's mantle by direct sampling provides only a limited data set from shallow regions (<200 km depth)(5). Geophysical observations such as electrical conductivity are considered to be sensitive to water content(6), but there has been no experimental study to determine the effect of water on the electrical conductivity of olivine, the most abundant mineral in the Earth's mantle. Here we report a laboratory study of the dependence of the electrical conductivity of olivine aggregates on water content at high temperature and pressure. The electrical conductivity of synthetic polycrystalline olivine was determined from a. c. impedance measurements at a pressure of 4 GPa for a temperature range of 873 - 1,273K for water contents of 0.01 - 0.08 wt%. The results show that the electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on water content but depends only modestly on temperature. The water content dependence of conductivity is best explained by a model in which electrical conduction is due to the motion of free protons. A comparison of the laboratory data with geophysical observations 7 - 10 suggests that the typical oceanic asthenosphere contains similar to 10(-2) wt% water, whereas the water content in the continental upper mantle is less than similar to 10(-3) wt%.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Guiyang 550002, Peoples R China.
   China Earthquake Adv, Inst Geol, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Math, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
C3 Yale University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geochemistry, CAS; China Earthquake Administration; Institute of Geology, CEA; University of Connecticut
RP Karato, S (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 6666, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM shun-ichiro.karato@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 349
Z9 411
U1 2
U2 134
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 977
EP 980
DI 10.1038/nature05256
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400051
PM 17066032
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vecchi, GA
   Soden, BJ
   Wittenberg, AT
   Held, IM
   Leetmaa, A
   Harrison, MJ
AF Vecchi, GA
   Soden, BJ
   Wittenberg, AT
   Held, IM
   Leetmaa, A
   Harrison, MJ
TI Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coupled climate models; sea-surface temperature; long-term changes; el-nino; walker; trends; enso
AB Since the mid-nineteenth century the Earth's surface has warmed(1-3), and models indicate that human activities have caused part of the warming by altering the radiative balance of the atmosphere(1,3). Simple theories suggest that global warming will reduce the strength of the mean tropical atmospheric circulation(4,5). An important aspect of this tropical circulation is a large-scale zonal (east-west) overturning of air across the equatorial Pacific Ocean-driven by convection to the west and subsidence to the east-known as the Walker circulation(6). Here we explore changes in tropical Pacific circulation since the mid-nineteenth century using observations and a suite of global climate model experiments. Observed Indo-Pacific sea level pressure reveals a weakening of the Walker circulation. The size of this trend is consistent with theoretical predictions, is accurately reproduced by climate model simulations and, within the climate models, is largely due to anthropogenic forcing. The climate model indicates that the weakened surface winds have altered the thermal structure and circulation of the tropical Pacific Ocean. These results support model projections of further weakening of tropical atmospheric circulation during the twenty-first century(4,5,7).
C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Miami
RP Vecchi, GA (corresponding author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM Gabriel.A.Vecchi@noaa.gov
NR 30
TC 901
Z9 1015
U1 4
U2 244
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/nature04744
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600034
PM 16672967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hosten, O
   Rakher, MT
   Barreiro, JT
   Peters, NA
   Kwiat, PG
AF Hosten, O
   Rakher, MT
   Barreiro, JT
   Peters, NA
   Kwiat, PG
TI Counterfactual quantum computation through quantum interrogation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The logic underlying the coherent nature of quantum information processing often deviates from intuitive reasoning, leading to surprising effects. Counterfactual computation constitutes a striking example: the potential outcome of a quantum computation can be inferred, even if the computer is not run(1). Relying on similar arguments to interaction-free measurements(2) (or quantum interrogation(3)), counterfactual computation is accomplished by putting the computer in a superposition of 'running' and 'not running' states, and then interfering the two histories. Conditional on the as-yet-unknown outcome of the computation, it is sometimes possible to counterfactually infer information about the solution. Here we demonstrate counterfactual computation, implementing Grover's search algorithm with an all-optical approach(4). It was believed that the overall probability of such counterfactual inference is intrinsically limited(1,5), so that it could not perform better on average than random guesses. However, using a novel 'chained' version of the quantum Zeno effect(6), we show how to boost the counterfactual inference probability to unity, thereby beating the random guessing limit. Our methods are general and apply to any physical system, as illustrated by a discussion of trapped-ion systems. Finally, we briefly show that, in certain circumstances, counterfactual computation can eliminate errors induced by decoherence.
C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Hosten, O (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM hosten@uiuc.edu
NR 17
TC 163
Z9 179
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 949
EP 952
DI 10.1038/nature04523
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100041
PM 16495993
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hara, T
   Nakamura, K
   Matsui, M
   Yamamoto, A
   Nakahara, Y
   Suzuki-Migishima, R
   Yokoyama, M
   Mishima, K
   Saito, I
   Okano, H
   Mizushima, N
AF Hara, Taichi
   Nakamura, Kenji
   Matsui, Makoto
   Yamamoto, Akitsugu
   Nakahara, Yohko
   Suzuki-Migishima, Rika
   Yokoyama, Minesuke
   Mishima, Kenji
   Saito, Ichiro
   Okano, Hideyuki
   Mizushima, Noboru
TI Suppression of basal autophagy in neural cells causes neurodegenerative disease in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar purkinje-cells; transgenic mice; neuronal death; mutant mouse; polyglutamine; aggresm; huntingtin; protein; gene; degradation
AB Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation process through which a portion of the cytoplasm is delivered to lysosomes to be degraded(1-4). Although the primary role of autophagy in many organisms is in adaptation to starvation, autophagy is also thought to be important for normal turnover of cytoplasmic contents, particularly in quiescent cells such as neurons. Autophagy may have a protective role against the development of a number of neurodegenerative diseases(5-8). Here we report that loss of autophagy causes neurodegeneration even in the absence of any disease-associated mutant proteins. Mice deficient for Atg5 (autophagy-related 5) specifically in neural cells develop progressive deficits in motor function that are accompanied by the accumulation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons. In Atg5(-/-) cells, diffuse, abnormal intracellular proteins accumulate, and then form aggregates and inclusions. These results suggest that the continuous clearance of diffuse cytosolic proteins through basal autophagy is important for preventing the accumulation of abnormal proteins, which can disrupt neural function and ultimately lead to neurodegeneration.
C1 Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Bioregulat & Metab, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   Mitsubishi Kagaku Inst Life Sci, Mouse Genome Technol Lab, Tokyo, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Sch Life Sci, Dept Basic Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Natl Inst Basic Biol, Dept Cell Biol, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan.
   Nagahama Inst Biosci & Technol, Dept Biosci, Nagahama 5260829, Japan.
   Niigata Univ, Brain Res Inst, Niigata 9518510, Japan.
   Tsurumi Univ, Sch Dent Med, Dept Pathol, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2308501, Japan.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, SORST, Kawaguchi 3320012, Japan.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science & Technology; Niigata University; Tsurumi University; Keio University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Mizushima, N (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Dept Bioregulat & Metab, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
EM nmizu@rinshoken.or.jp
NR 30
TC 3325
Z9 3864
U1 1
U2 437
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 885
EP 889
DI 10.1038/nature04724
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100045
PM 16625204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iye, M
   Ota, K
   Kashikawa, N
   Furusawa, H
   Hashimoto, T
   Hattori, T
   Matsuda, Y
   Morokuma, T
   Ouchi, M
   Shimasaku, K
AF Iye, Masanori
   Ota, Kazuaki
   Kashikawa, Nobunari
   Furusawa, Hisanori
   Hashimoto, Tetsuya
   Hattori, Takashi
   Matsuda, Yuichi
   Morokuma, Tomoki
   Ouchi, Masami
   Shimasaku, Kazuhiro
TI A galaxy at a redshift z=6.96
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ly-alpha emitters; subaru deep field; reionization; constraints; emission; search; camera
AB When galaxy formation started in the history of the Universe remains unclear. Studies of the cosmic microwave background indicate that the Universe, after initial cooling ( following the Big Bang), was reheated and reionized by hot stars in newborn galaxies at a redshift in the range 6 < z < 14 ( ref. 1). Though several candidate galaxies at redshift z > 7 have been identified photometrically(2,3), galaxies with spectroscopically confirmed redshifts have been confined to z < 6.6 ( refs 4 - 8). Here we report a spectroscopic redshift of z = 6.96 ( corresponding to just 750 Myr after the Big Bang) for a galaxy whose spectrum clearly shows Lyman-alpha emission at 9,682 angstrom, indicating active star formation at a rate of similar to 10M(.) yr(-1), where M-. is the mass of the Sun. This demonstrates that galaxy formation was under way when the Universe was only similar to 6 per cent of its present age. The number density of galaxies at z approximate to 7 seems to be only 18 - 36 per cent of the density at z = 6.6.
C1 Natl Astron Observ, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Grad Univ Adv Studies, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Astron, Tokyo 1810015, Japan.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); University of Tokyo; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Kyoto University; University of Tokyo; Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Iye, M (corresponding author), Natl Astron Observ, 2-21-1 Osawa, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
EM iye@optik.mtk.nao.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 309
Z9 327
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 186
EP 188
DI 10.1038/nature05104
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000040
PM 16971942
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, G
   Luo, ZX
AF Li, G
   Luo, ZX
TI A Cretaceous symmetrodont therian with some monotreme-like postcranial features
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian evolution; mesozoic mammals; skeleton; china
AB A new spalacotheriid mammal preserved with a complete postcranium and a partial skull has been discovered from the Yixian Formation(1-3) of Liaoning, China. Spalacotheroid symmetrodonts(4-11) are relatives to modern therians ( combined group of marsupials and placentals) and are characterized by many skeletal apomorphies of therians. But unlike the closely related spalacotheroids and living therians, this new mammal revealed some surprisingly convergent features to monotremes in the lumbar vertebrae, pelvis and hindlimb(12,13). These peculiar features may have developed as functional convergence to locomotory features of monotremes, or the presence of lumbar ribs in this newly discovered mammal and their absence in its close relatives might be due to evolutionary developmental homoplasy. Analysis including this new taxon suggests that spalacotheroids evolved earlier in Eurasia and then dispersed to North America, in concordance with prevailing geodispersal patterns of several common mammalian groups during the Early Cretaceous period.
C1 Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Nanjing Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Nanjing 200017, Peoples R China.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Nanjing Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China.
C3 Nanjing University; Chinese Academy of Sciences
RP Luo, ZX (corresponding author), Carnegie Museum Nat Hist, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
EM luoz@carnegiemnh.org
NR 30
TC 81
Z9 100
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 195
EP 200
DI 10.1038/nature04168
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400038
PM 16407951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riedel, CG
   Katis, VL
   Katou, Y
   Mori, S
   Itoh, T
   Helmhart, W
   Gálova, M
   Petronczki, M
   Gregan, J
   Cetin, B
   Mudrak, I
   Ogris, E
   Mechtler, K
   Pelletier, L
   Buchholz, F
   Shirahige, K
   Nasmyth, K
AF Riedel, CG
   Katis, VL
   Katou, Y
   Mori, S
   Itoh, T
   Helmhart, W
   Gálova, M
   Petronczki, M
   Gregan, J
   Cetin, B
   Mudrak, I
   Ogris, E
   Mechtler, K
   Pelletier, L
   Buchholz, F
   Shirahige, K
   Nasmyth, K
TI Protein phosphatase 2A protects centromeric sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; chromosome segregation; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; regulatory subunits; human oocytes; kinase cdc5; morphogenesis; homologs; mei-s332
AB Segregation of homologous maternal and paternal centromeres to opposite poles during meiosis I depends on post-replicative crossing over between homologous non-sister chromatids, which creates chiasmata and therefore bivalent chromosomes. Destruction of sister chromatid cohesion along chromosome arms due to proteolytic cleavage of cohesin's Rec8 subunit by separase resolves chiasmata and thereby triggers the first meiotic division. This produces univalent chromosomes, the chromatids of which are held together by centromeric cohesin that has been protected from separase by shugoshin (Sgo1/MEI-S332) proteins. Here we show in both fission and budding yeast that Sgo1 recruits to centromeres a specific form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Its inactivation causes loss of centromeric cohesin at anaphase I and random segregation of sister centromeres at the second meiotic division. Artificial recruitment of PP2A to chromosome arms prevents Rec8 phosphorylation and hinders resolution of chiasmata. Our data are consistent with the notion that efficient cleavage of Rec8 requires phosphorylation of cohesin and that this is blocked by PP2A at meiosis I centromeres.
C1 Res Inst Mol Pathol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Lab Genome Struct & Funct, Div Gene Res, Ctr Biol Resources & Informat,Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268501, Japan.
   Mitsubishi Res Inst Inc, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1008141, Japan.
   Med Univ Vienna, Dept Biochem Med, Max F Perutz Labs, Vienna Bioctr, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   MPI CBG, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Mitsubishi International Corporation (MIC); Mitsubishi Research Institute; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL); Medical University of Vienna; Max Planck Society
RP Nasmyth, K (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
EM kim.nasmyth@bioch.ox.ac.uk
NR 46
TC 373
Z9 464
U1 2
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 53
EP 61
DI 10.1038/nature04664
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600030
PM 16541024
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buehler, MJ
   Gao, HJ
AF Buehler, MJ
   Gao, HJ
TI Dynamical fracture instabilities due to local hyperelasticity at crack tips
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress; propagation; silicon
AB As the speed of a crack propagating through a brittle material increases, a dynamical instability leads to an increased roughening of the fracture surface. Cracks moving at low speeds create atomically flat mirror-like surfaces; at higher speeds, rougher, less reflective ('mist') and finally very rough, irregularly faceted ('hackle') surfaces(1-5) are formed. The behaviour is observed in many different brittle materials, but the underlying physical principles, though extensively debated, remain unresolved(1-4). Most existing theories of fracture(6-12) assume a linear elastic stress-strain law. However, the relation between stress and strain in real solids is strongly nonlinear due to large deformations near a moving crack tip, a phenomenon referred to as hyperelasticity(13-17). Here we use massively parallel large-scale atomistic simulations-employing a simple atomistic material model that allows a systematic transition from linear elastic to strongly nonlinear behaviour-to show that hyperelasticity plays a governing role in the onset of the instability. We report a generalized model that describes the onset of instability as a competition between different mechanisms controlled by the local stress field(6-8) and local energy flow(13,14) near the crack tip. Our results indicate that such instabilities are intrinsic to dynamical fracture and they help to explain a range of controversial experimental(1-5,18) and computational(19-26) results.
C1 MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Met Res, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Max Planck Society
RP Buehler, MJ (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Room 1-272, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM mbuehler@MIT.EDU
NR 30
TC 253
Z9 275
U1 3
U2 154
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 307
EP 310
DI 10.1038/nature04408
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100038
PM 16421566
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mori, M
   Umemura, M
AF Mori, M
   Umemura, M
TI The evolution of galaxies from primeval irregulars to present-day ellipticals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-break galaxy; cold dark-matter; ly-alpha blobs; forming galaxy; star-formation; redshift; simulations; luminosity; region; dwarf
AB Galaxy formation is believed to proceed in a 'bottom up' manner, starting with the formation of small clumps of gas and stars that then merge hierarchically into giant systems(1,2). The baryonic gas loses thermal energy by radiative cooling and falls towards the centres of the new galaxies, while supernovae blow gas out(3,4). Any realistic model therefore requires a proper treatment of these processes, but hitherto this has been far from satisfactory(5). Here we report a simulation that follows evolution from the earliest stages of galaxy formation through the period of dynamical relaxation, at which point the resulting galaxy is in its final form. The bubble structures of gas revealed in our simulation (for times of less than 3 x 10(8) years) resemble closely high-red-shift Lyman-alpha emitters(6,7). After 10(9) years, these bodies are dominated by stellar continuum radiation and then resemble the Lyman break galaxies(8,9), which are high-redshift star-forming galaxies. At this point, the abundance of elements heavier than helium ('metallicity') appears to be solar. After 1.3 x 10(10) years, these galaxies resemble present-day ellipticals.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Senshu Univ, Inst Nat Sci, Kanagawa 2148580, Japan.
   Univ Tsukuba, Ctr Computat Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Tsukuba
RP Mori, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM mmori@isc.senshu-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 71
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 644
EP 647
DI 10.1038/nature04553
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400037
PM 16572164
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garrett, TJ
   Zhao, CF
AF Garrett, TJ
   Zhao, CF
TI Increased Arctic cloud longwave emissivity associated with pollution from mid-latitudes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid water; aerosol; surface; climate; trends; impact; particles; barrow; albedo; alaska
AB There is consensus among climate models that Arctic climate is particularly sensitive to anthropogenic greenhouse gases and that, over the next century, Arctic surface temperatures are projected to rise at a rate about twice the global mean(1). The response of Arctic surface temperatures to greenhouse gas thermal emission is modified by Northern Hemisphere synoptic meteorology and local radiative processes(2-4). Aerosols may play a contributing factor through changes to cloud radiative properties. Here we evaluate a previously suggested contribution of anthropogenic aerosols to cloud emission and surface temperatures in the Arctic(5-8). Using four years of ground-based aerosol and radiation measurements obtained near Barrow, Alaska, we show that, where thin water clouds and pollution are coincident, there is an increase in cloud longwave emissivity resulting from elevated haze levels. This results in an estimated surface warming under cloudy skies of between 3.3 and 5.2 W m(-2) or 1 and 1.6 degrees C. Arctic climate is closely tied to cloud longwave emission(2,4,9), but feedback mechanisms in the system are complex(10) and the actual climate response to the described sensitivity remains to be evaluated.
C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Garrett, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA.
EM tgarrett@met.utah.edu
NR 30
TC 344
Z9 375
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 787
EP 789
DI 10.1038/nature04636
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400039
PM 16598255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Wassenbergh, S
   Herrel, A
   Adriaens, D
   Huysentruyt, F
   Devaere, S
   Aerts, P
AF Van Wassenbergh, S
   Herrel, A
   Adriaens, D
   Huysentruyt, F
   Devaere, S
   Aerts, P
TI A catfish that can strike its prey on land
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID capture
C1 Univ Antwerp, Dept Biol, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Univ Ghent, Dept Movement & Sports Sci, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
C3 University of Antwerp; Ghent University; Ghent University
RP Van Wassenbergh, S (corresponding author), Univ Antwerp, Dept Biol, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
EM sam.vanwassenbergh@ua.ac.be
NR 9
TC 37
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 881
EP 881
DI 10.1038/440881a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700028
PM 16612372
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Andersen, CBF
   Becker, T
   Blau, M
   Anand, M
   Halic, M
   Balar, B
   Mielke, T
   Boesen, T
   Pedersen, JS
   Spahn, CMT
   Kinzy, TG
   Andersen, GR
   Beckmann, R
AF Andersen, Christian B. F.
   Becker, Thomas
   Blau, Michael
   Anand, Monika
   Halic, Mario
   Balar, Bharvi
   Mielke, Thorsten
   Boesen, Thomas
   Pedersen, Jan Skov
   Spahn, Christian M. T.
   Kinzy, Terri Goss
   Andersen, Gregers R.
   Beckmann, Roland
TI Structure of eEF3 and the mechanism of transfer RNA release from the E-site
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atp-binding cassette; elongation-factor 3; ray solution scattering; angstrom resolution; electron-microscopy; escherichia-coli; abc transporters; 80s ribosome; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; crystal-structure
AB Elongation factor eEF3 is an ATPase that, in addition to the two canonical factors eEF1A and eEF2, serves an essential function in the translation cycle of fungi. eEF3 is required for the binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA-eEF1A-GTP ternary complex to the ribosomal A-site and has been suggested to facilitate the clearance of deacyl-tRNA from the E-site. Here we present the crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae eEF3, showing that it consists of an amino-terminal HEAT repeat domain, followed by a four-helix bundle and two ABC-type ATPase domains, with a chromodomain inserted in ABC2. Moreover, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the ATP-bound form of eEF3 in complex with the post-translocational-state 80S ribosome from yeast. eEF3 uses an entirely new factor binding site near the ribosomal E-site, with the chromodomain likely to stabilize the ribosomal L1 stalk in an open conformation, thus allowing tRNA release.
C1 Humboldt Univ, Inst Biochem, Charite, Univ Med Sch, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Ctr Struct Biol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, Dept Mol Genet Microbiol & Immunol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, UltraStruct Network, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Chem, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Aarhus Univ, iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanosci Ctr, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Med Phys & Biophys, Charite, Univ Med Sch, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Aarhus University; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Max Planck Society; Aarhus University; Aarhus University; Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin
RP Beckmann, R (corresponding author), Humboldt Univ, Inst Biochem, Charite, Univ Med Sch, Monbijoustr 2, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
EM gra@mb.au.dk; beckmann@lmb.uni-muenchen.de
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM057483, R01 GM062789] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 121
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 663
EP 668
DI 10.1038/nature05126
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500039
PM 16929303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trotman, LC
   Alimonti, A
   Scaglioni, PP
   Koutcher, JA
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Pandolfi, PP
AF Trotman, Lloyd C.
   Alimonti, Andrea
   Scaglioni, Pier Paolo
   Koutcher, Jason A.
   Cordon-Cardo, Carlos
   Pandolfi, Pier Paolo
TI Identification of a tumour suppressor network opposing nuclear Akt function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-survival; pten; cancer; pml; mice; phosphatase; mutation; gene
AB The proto-oncogene AKT (also known as PKB) is activated in many human cancers, mostly owing to loss of the PTEN tumour suppressor(1). In such tumours, AKT becomes enriched at cell membranes where it is activated by phosphorylation. Yet many targets inhibited by phosphorylated AKT (for example, the FOXO transcription factors) are nuclear; it has remained unclear how relevant nuclear phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) function is for tumorigenesis. Here we show that the PML tumour suppressor prevents cancer by inactivating pAKT inside the nucleus. We find in a mouse model that Pml loss markedly accelerates tumour onset, incidence and progression in Pten-heterozygous mutants, and leads to female sterility with features that recapitulate the phenotype of Foxo3a knockout mice(2). We show that Pml deficiency on its own leads to tumorigenesis in the prostate, a tissue that is exquisitely sensitive to pAkt levels, and demonstrate that Pml specifically recruits the Akt phosphatase PP2a as well as pAkt into Pml nuclear bodies. Notably, we find that Pml-null cells are impaired in PP2a phosphatase activity towards Akt, and thus accumulate nuclear pAkt. As a consequence, the progressive reduction in Pml dose leads to inactivation of Foxo3a-mediated transcription of proapoptotic Bim and the cell cycle inhibitor p27(kip1). Our results demonstrate that Pml orchestrates a nuclear tumour suppressor network for inactivation of nuclear pAkt, and thus highlight the importance of AKT compartmentalization in human cancer pathogenesis and treatment.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Radiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Med Phys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Pandolfi, PP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM p-pandolfi@ski.mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA137050, P50 CA092629] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P50CA092629] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 30
TC 335
Z9 391
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 523
EP 527
DI 10.1038/nature04809
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900053
PM 16680151
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weaver, HA
   Stern, SA
   Mutchler, MJ
   Steffl, AJ
   Buie, MW
   Merline, WJ
   Spencer, JR
   Young, EF
   Young, LA
AF Weaver, HA
   Stern, SA
   Mutchler, MJ
   Steffl, AJ
   Buie, MW
   Merline, WJ
   Spencer, JR
   Young, EF
   Young, LA
TI Discovery of two new satellites of Pluto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID advanced camera; charon; constraints; performance; size
AB Pluto's first known satellite, Charon, was discovered(1) in 1978. It has a diameter (similar to 1,200 km) about half that of Pluto(2-4,17), which makes it larger, relative to its primary, than any other moon in the Solar System. Previous searches for other satellites around Pluto have been unsuccessful(5-7), but they were not sensitive to objects less than or similar to 150 km in diameter and there are no fundamental reasons why Pluto should not have more satellites(6). Here we report the discovery of two additional moons around Pluto, provisionally designated S/2005 P1 (hereafter P1) and S/2005 P2 (hereafter P2), which makes Pluto the first Kuiper belt object known to have multiple satellites. These new satellites are much smaller than Charon, with estimates of P1's diameter ranging from 60 km to 165 km, depending on the surface reflectivity; P2 is about 20 per cent smaller than P1. Although definitive orbits cannot be derived, both new satellites appear to be moving in circular orbits in the same orbital plane as Charon, with orbital periods of similar to 38 days (P1) and similar to 25 days (P2).
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   SW Res Inst, Dept Space Studies, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Weaver, HA (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Dept Space, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
EM hal.weaver@jhuapl.edu
NR 16
TC 112
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 943
EP 945
DI 10.1038/nature04547
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100039
PM 16495991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pian, E
   Mazzali, PA
   Masetti, N
   Ferrero, P
   Klose, S
   Palazzi, E
   Ramirez-Ruiz, E
   Woosley, SE
   Kouveliotou, C
   Deng, J
   Filippenko, AV
   Foley, RJ
   Fynbo, JPU
   Kann, DA
   Li, W
   Hjorth, J
   Nomoto, K
   Patat, F
   Sauer, DN
   Sollerman, J
   Vreeswijk, PM
   Guenther, EW
   Levan, A
   O'Brien, P
   Tanvir, NR
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Dumas, C
   Hainaut, O
   Wong, DS
   Baade, D
   Wang, L
   Amati, L
   Cappellaro, E
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Ellison, S
   Frontera, F
   Fruchter, AS
   Greiner, J
   Kawabata, K
   Ledoux, C
   Maeda, K
   Moller, P
   Nicastro, L
   Rol, E
   Starling, R
AF Pian, E.
   Mazzali, P. A.
   Masetti, N.
   Ferrero, P.
   Klose, S.
   Palazzi, E.
   Ramirez-Ruiz, E.
   Woosley, S. E.
   Kouveliotou, C.
   Deng, J.
   Filippenko, A. V.
   Foley, R. J.
   Fynbo, J. P. U.
   Kann, D. A.
   Li, W.
   Hjorth, J.
   Nomoto, K.
   Patat, F.
   Sauer, D. N.
   Sollerman, J.
   Vreeswijk, P. M.
   Guenther, E. W.
   Levan, A.
   O'Brien, P.
   Tanvir, N. R.
   Wijers, R. A. M. J.
   Dumas, C.
   Hainaut, O.
   Wong, D. S.
   Baade, D.
   Wang, L.
   Amati, L.
   Cappellaro, E.
   Castro-Tirado, A. J.
   Ellison, S.
   Frontera, F.
   Fruchter, A. S.
   Greiner, J.
   Kawabata, K.
   Ledoux, C.
   Maeda, K.
   Moller, P.
   Nicastro, L.
   Rol, E.
   Starling, R.
TI An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID low-luminosity; light-curve; burst; afterglow; models; grb-030329; grb-031203; discovery; sn-2006aj; emission
AB Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae(1) that are more luminous than average(2-5) and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB - supernovae were thought to be rare events(6). Whether X-ray flashes - analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer gamma-rays - can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst(7), is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218. Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB - supernovae, but more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups, which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output(8) and the supernova radio flux(9). Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations(8-10), suggest that XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB observed off-axis. This extends the GRB - supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are probably more numerous than GRB - supernovae.
C1 Trieste Astron Observ, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Kavli Inst Theoret Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Astrophys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Sch Sci, Res Ctr Early Universe, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   IASF, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
   Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.
   Inst Adv Study, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   NASA, MSFC, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Astron Observ, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Dark Cosmol Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   European So Observ, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Astron, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Chile, Dept Astron, Santiago, Chile.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Xray & Observat Astron Grp, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Chinese Acad Sci, Purple Mt Observ, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.
   Padova Astron Observ, Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   CSIC, IAA, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8P 1A1, Canada.
   Univ Ferrara, Dept Phys, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85741 Garching, Germany.
   Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima Astrophys Sci Ctr, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Coll Arts & Sci, Dept Earth Sci & Astron, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; Max Planck Society; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Institute for Advanced Study - USA; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Astronomical Observatory, CAS; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; European Southern Observatory; Stockholm University; Universidad de Chile; European Southern Observatory; University of Hertfordshire; University of Leicester; University of Amsterdam; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics & Technology, NAOC, CAS; University of Padua; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); University of Victoria; University of Ferrara; Space Telescope Science Institute; Max Planck Society; Hiroshima University; University of Tokyo
RP Pian, E (corresponding author), Trieste Astron Observ, Ist Nazl Astrofis, Via GB Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy.
EM pian@oats.inaf.it
FU Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D000920/1] Funding Source: researchfish; STFC [PP/D000920/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 475
Z9 510
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1011
EP 1013
DI 10.1038/nature05082
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000042
PM 16943831
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mashchenko, S
   Couchman, HMP
   Wadsley, J
AF Mashchenko, Sergey
   Couchman, H. M. P.
   Wadsley, James
TI The removal of cusps from galaxy centres by stellar feedback in the early Universe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dwarf galaxy; globular-clusters; star-formation; dark halo; resolution; evolution; profiles; hydrogen
AB The standard cosmological model, now strongly constrained by direct observations of the Universe at early epochs, is very successful in describing the evolution of structure on large and intermediate scales(1). Unfortunately, serious contradictions remain on smaller, galactic scales(1,2). Among the main small-scale problems is a significant and persistent discrepancy between observations of nearby galaxies, which imply that galactic dark matter haloes have a density profile with a flat core(3-6), and the cosmological model, which predicts that the haloes should have divergent density ( a cusp) at the centre(7,8). Here we report numerical simulations that show that random bulk motions of gas in small primordial galaxies, of the magnitude expected in these systems, will result in a flattening of the central dark matter cusp on relatively short timescales (similar to 10(8) years). Gas bulk motions in early galaxies are driven by supernova explosions that result from ongoing star formation. Our mechanism is general, and would have operated in all star-forming galaxies at redshifts z >= 10. Once removed, the cusp cannot be reintroduced during the subsequent mergers involved in the build-up of larger galaxies(9,10). As a consequence, in the present Universe both small and large galaxies would have flat dark matter core density profiles, in agreement with observations.
C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
C3 McMaster University
RP Mashchenko, S (corresponding author), McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
EM syam@physics.mcmaster.ca
NR 30
TC 238
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 539
EP 542
DI 10.1038/nature04944
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900037
PM 16885978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nielsen, SG
   Rehkämper, M
   Norman, MD
   Halliday, AN
   Harrison, D
AF Nielsen, SG
   Rehkämper, M
   Norman, MD
   Halliday, AN
   Harrison, D
TI Thallium isotopic evidence for ferromanganese sediments in the mantle source of Hawaiian basalts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace-elements; geochemistry; plumes; pb; systematics; enrichment; seawater; precise; samples; crusts
AB Ocean island basalts are generally thought to be the surface expression of mantle plumes, but the nature of the components in the source regions of such mantle plumes is a subject of long-standing debate. The lavas erupted at Hawaii have attracted particular attention, as it has been proposed that coupled Os-186 and Os-187 anomalies reflect interaction with the Earth's metallic core(1,2). It has recently been suggested, however, that such variations could also result from addition of oceanic ferromanganese sediments to the mantle source of these lavas(3-5). Here we show that Hawaiian picrites with osmium isotope anomalies also exhibit pronounced thallium isotope variations, which are coupled with caesium/thallium ratios that extend to values much lower than commonly observed for mantle-derived rocks. This correlation cannot be created by admixing of core material, and is best explained by the addition of ferromanganese sediments into the Hawaii mantle source region. However, the lack of correlation between thallium and osmium isotopes and the high thallium/osmium ratios of ferromanganese sediments preclude a sedimentary origin for the osmium isotope anomalies, and leaves core-mantle interaction as a viable explanation for the osmium isotope variations of the Hawaiian picrites.
C1 ETH, Dept Earth Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Macquarie Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, GEMOC, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Earth Sci & Engn, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Earth Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Macquarie University; Imperial College London; Australian National University; University of Oxford
RP Nielsen, SG (corresponding author), ETH, Dept Earth Sci, Sonneggstr 5, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM snielsen@els.mq.edu.au
NR 32
TC 106
Z9 119
U1 2
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 314
EP 317
DI 10.1038/nature04450
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100040
PM 16421568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Androutsellis-Theotokis, A
   Leker, RR
   Soldner, F
   Hoeppner, DJ
   Ravin, R
   Poser, SW
   Rueger, MA
   Bae, SK
   Kittappa, R
   McKay, RDG
AF Androutsellis-Theotokis, Andreas
   Leker, Ronen R.
   Soldner, Frank
   Hoeppner, Daniel J.
   Ravin, Rea
   Poser, Steve W.
   Rueger, Maria A.
   Bae, Soo-Kyung
   Kittappa, Raja
   McKay, Ronald D. G.
TI Notch signalling regulates stem cell numbers in vitro and in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hedgehog pathway; nervous-system; adult brain; differentiation; activation; neurogenesis; stat3; akt; medulloblastoma; expression
AB The hope of developing new transplantation therapies for degenerative diseases is limited by inefficient stem cell growth and immunological incompatibility with the host(1,2). Here we show that Notch receptor activation induces the expression of the specific target genes hairy and enhancer of split 3 (Hes3) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) through rapid activation of cytoplasmic signals, including the serine/threonine kinase Akt, the transcription factor STAT3 and mammalian target of rapamycin, and thereby promotes the survival of neural stem cells. In both murine somatic and human embryonic stem cells, these positive signals are opposed by a control mechanism that involves the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Transient administration of Notch ligands to the brain of adult rats increases the numbers of newly generated precursor cells and improves motor skills after ischaemic injury. These data indicate that stem cell expansion in vitro and in vivo, two central goals of regenerative medicine, may be achieved by Notch ligands through a pathway that is fundamental to development and cancer(3-5).
C1 Natl Inst Neurol Disorders & Stroke, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP McKay, RDG (corresponding author), Natl Inst Neurol Disorders & Stroke, Mol Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mckay@codon.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 819
Z9 975
U1 0
U2 123
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/nature04940
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700048
PM 16799564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Konstantatos, G
   Howard, I
   Fischer, A
   Hoogland, S
   Clifford, J
   Klem, E
   Levina, L
   Sargent, EH
AF Konstantatos, Gerasimos
   Howard, Ian
   Fischer, Armin
   Hoogland, Sjoerd
   Clifford, Jason
   Klem, Ethan
   Levina, Larissa
   Sargent, Edward H.
TI Ultrasensitive solution-cast quantum dot photodetectors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nanocrystal solids; photoconductivity; emission; films
AB Solution-processed electronic(1) and optoelectronic(2-5) devices offer low cost, large device area, physical flexibility and convenient materials integration compared to conventional epitaxially grown, lattice-matched, crystalline semiconductor devices. Although the electronic or optoelectronic performance of these solution-processed devices is typically inferior to that of those fabricated by conventional routes, this can be tolerated for some applications in view of the other benefits. Here we report the fabrication of solution-processed infrared photodetectors that are superior in their normalized detectivity (D*, the figure of merit for detector sensitivity) to the best epitaxially grown devices operating at room temperature. We produced the devices in a single solution-processing step, overcoating a prefabricated planar electrode array with an unpatterned layer of PbS colloidal quantum dot nanocrystals. The devices showed large photoconductive gains with responsivities greater than 10(3) AW(-1). The best devices exhibited a normalized detectivity D* of 1.8 x 10(13) jones (1 jones = 1 cm Hz(1/2) W-1) at 1.3 mu m at room temperature: today's highest performance infrared photodetectors are photovoltaic devices made from epitaxially grown InGaAs that exhibit peak D* in the 10(12) jones range at room temperature, whereas the previous record for D* from a photoconductive detector lies at 10(11) jones. The tailored selection of absorption onset energy through the quantum size effect, combined with deliberate engineering of the sequence of nanoparticle fusing and surface trap functionalization, underlie the superior performance achieved in this readily fabricated family of devices.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Sargent, EH (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 10 Kings Coll Rd, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada.
EM ted.sargent@utoronto.ca
NR 25
TC 1708
Z9 1969
U1 16
U2 1119
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 180
EP 183
DI 10.1038/nature04855
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700042
PM 16838017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clutton-Brock, TH
   Hodge, SJ
   Spong, G
   Russell, AF
   Jordan, NR
   Bennett, NC
   Sharpe, LL
   Manser, MB
AF Clutton-Brock, T. H.
   Hodge, S. J.
   Spong, G.
   Russell, A. F.
   Jordan, N. R.
   Bennett, N. C.
   Sharpe, L. L.
   Manser, M. B.
TI Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID female; dominance; evolution; behavior; rank
AB In most animals, the sex that invests least in its offspring competes more intensely for access to the opposite sex and shows greater development of secondary sexual characters than the sex that invests most(1,2). However, in some mammals where females are the primary care-givers, females compete more frequently or intensely with each other than males(3-5). A possible explanation is that, in these species, the resources necessary for successful female reproduction are heavily concentrated and intrasexual competition for breeding opportunities is more intense among females than among males. Intrasexual competition between females is likely to be particularly intense in cooperative breeders where a single female monopolizes reproduction in each group(6). Here, we use data from a twelve-year study of wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta), where females show high levels of reproductive skew, to show that females gain greater benefits from acquiring dominant status than males and traits that increase competitive ability exert a stronger influence on their breeding success. Females that acquire dominant status also develop a suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural characteristics that help them to control other group members. Our results show that sex differences in parental investment are not the only mechanism capable of generating sex differences in reproductive competition and emphasize the extent to which competition for breeding opportunities between females can affect the evolution of sex differences and the operation of sexual selection.
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
   Univ Pretoria, Mammal Res Inst, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Uppsala Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Zool, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa.
   Univ Zurich, Inst Zool, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Pretoria; Uppsala University; University of Sheffield; Stellenbosch University; University of Zurich
RP Clutton-Brock, TH (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Zool, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, England.
EM thcb@cam.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C511348/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 260
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 161
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1065
EP 1068
DI 10.1038/nature05386
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100055
PM 17183322
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dyhrman, ST
   Chappell, PD
   Haley, ST
   Moffett, JW
   Orchard, ED
   Waterbury, JB
   Webb, EA
AF Dyhrman, ST
   Chappell, PD
   Haley, ST
   Moffett, JW
   Orchard, ED
   Waterbury, JB
   Webb, EA
TI Phosphonate utilization by the globally important marine diazotroph Trichodesmium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fixation
AB The factors that control the growth and nitrogen fixation rates of marine diazotrophs such as Trichodesmium have been intensively studied because of the role that these processes have in the global cycling of carbon and nitrogen, and in the sequestration of carbon to the deep sea. Because the phosphate concentrations of many ocean gyres are low(1), the bioavailability of the larger, chemically heterogeneous pool of dissolved organic phosphorus could markedly influence Trichodesmium physiology. Here we describe the induction, by phosphorus stress, of genes from the Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 genome that are predicted to encode proteins associated with the high-affinity transport and hydrolysis of phosphonate compounds by a carbon - phosphorus lyase pathway. We show the importance of these genes through expression analyses with T. erythraeum from the Sargasso Sea. Phosphonates are known to be present in oligotrophic marine systems, but have not previously been considered to be bioavailable to marine diazotrophs. The apparent absence of genes encoding a carbon phosphorus lyase pathway in the other marine cyanobacterial genomes suggests that, relative to other phytoplankton, Trichodesmium is uniquely adapted for scavenging phosphorus from organic sources. This adaptation may help to explain the prevalence of Trichodesmium in low phosphate, oligotrophic systems.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Webb, EA (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM ewebb@whoi.edu
NR 24
TC 474
Z9 562
U1 7
U2 240
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 68
EP 71
DI 10.1038/nature04203
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700035
PM 16397497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, K
   Xu, X
   Fukao, T
   Canlas, P
   Maghirang-Rodriguez, R
   Heuer, S
   Ismail, AM
   Bailey-Serres, J
   Ronald, PC
   Mackill, DJ
AF Xu, Kenong
   Xu, Xia
   Fukao, Takeshi
   Canlas, Patrick
   Maghirang-Rodriguez, Reycel
   Heuer, Sigrid
   Ismail, Abdelbagi M.
   Bailey-Serres, Julia
   Ronald, Pamela C.
   Mackill, David J.
TI Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oryza-sativa l.; transcription factors; linkage map; deep-water; genome; expression; sequence; marker; plants; activation
AB Most Oryza sativa cultivars die within a week of complete submergence - a major constraint to rice production in south and southeast Asia that causes annual losses of over US$ 1 billion and affects disproportionately the poorest farmers in the world(1,2). A few cultivars, such as the O. sativa ssp. indica cultivar FR13A, are highly tolerant and survive up to two weeks of complete submergence owing to a major quantitative trait locus designated Submergence 1 ( Sub1) near the centromere of chromosome 9 ( refs 3 - 6). Here we describe the identification of a cluster of three genes at the Sub1 locus, encoding putative ethylene response factors. Two of these genes, Sub1B and Sub1C, are invariably present in the Sub1 region of all rice accessions analysed. In contrast, the presence of Sub1A is variable. A survey identified two alleles within those indica varieties that possess this gene: a tolerance- specific allele named Sub1A- 1 and an intolerance- specific allele named Sub1A- 2. Overexpression of Sub1A- 1 in a submergence- intolerant O. sativa ssp. japonica conferred enhanced tolerance to the plants, downregulation of Sub1C and upregulation of Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 ( Adh1), indicating that Sub1A- 1 is a primary determinant of submergence tolerance. The FR13A Sub1 locus was introgressed into a widely grown Asian rice cultivar using marker- assisted selection. The new variety maintains the high yield and other agronomic properties of the recurrent parent and is tolerant to submergence. Cultivation of this variety is expected to provide protection against damaging floods and increase crop security for farmers.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Ctr Plant Cell Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Int Rice Res Inst, Manila, Philippines.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Riverside; CGIAR; International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
RP Ronald, PC (corresponding author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
EM pcronald@ucdavis.edu; d.mackill@cgiar.org
NR 30
TC 1191
Z9 1407
U1 7
U2 379
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 705
EP 708
DI 10.1038/nature04920
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200050
PM 16900200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Voss, TS
   Healer, J
   Marty, AJ
   Duffy, MF
   Thompson, JK
   Beeson, JG
   Reeder, JC
   Crabb, BS
   Cowman, AF
AF Voss, TS
   Healer, J
   Marty, AJ
   Duffy, MF
   Thompson, JK
   Beeson, JG
   Reeder, JC
   Crabb, BS
   Cowman, AF
TI A var gene promoter controls allelic exclusion of virulence genes in Plasmodium falciparum malaria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigenic variation; infected erythrocytes; expression; proteins; distinct; transcription; chromosm; phenotypes; parasites; switches
AB Mono-allelic expression of gene families is used by many organisms to mediate phenotypic variation of surface proteins. In the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, responsible for the severe form of malaria in humans, this is exemplified by antigenic variation of the highly polymorphic P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 ( PfEMP1)(1,2). PfEMP1, encoded by the 60-member var gene family(3-6), represents a major virulence factor due to its central role in immune evasion and intravascular parasite sequestration. Mutually exclusive expression of PfEMP1 is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms involving chromatin modification and perinuclear var locus repositioning(7,8). Here we show that a var promoter mediates the nucleation and spreading of stably inherited silenced chromatin. Transcriptional activation of this promoter occurs at the nuclear periphery in association with chromosome-end clusters. Additionally, the var promoter sequence is sufficient to infiltrate a transgene into the allelic exclusion programme of var gene expression, as transcriptional activation of this transgene results in silencing of endogenous var gene transcription. These results show that a var promoter is sufficient for epigenetic silencing and mono-allelic transcription of this virulence gene family, and are fundamental for our understanding of antigenic variation in P. falciparum. Furthermore, the PfEMP1 knockdown parasites obtained in this study will be important tools to increase our understanding of P. falciparum-mediated virulence and immune evasion.
C1 Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Dept Microbiol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Univ Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hosp, Dept Med, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Papua New Guinea Inst Med Res, Goroka EHP 441, Papua N Guinea.
C3 Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Monash University; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; PNG Institute Of Medical Research
RP Cowman, AF (corresponding author), Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
EM cowman@wehi.edu.au
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 212
Z9 258
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 1004
EP 1008
DI 10.1038/nature04407
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100053
PM 16382237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, PM
   Doetzlhofer, A
   Lee, YS
   Groves, AK
   Segil, N
AF White, Patricia M.
   Doetzlhofer, Angelika
   Lee, Yun Shain
   Groves, Andrew K.
   Segil, Neil
TI Mammalian cochlear supporting cells can divide and trans-differentiate into hair cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner-ear; acoustic trauma; regeneration; expression; math1; gene; mice; proliferation; progenitors; proteins
AB Sensory hair cells of the mammalian organ of Corti in the inner ear do not regenerate when lost as a consequence of injury, disease, or age-related deafness. This contrasts with other vertebrates such as birds, where the death of hair cells causes surrounding supporting cells to re-enter the cell cycle and give rise to both new hair cells and supporting cells(1,2). It is not clear whether the lack of mammalian hair cell regeneration is due to an intrinsic inability of supporting cells to divide and differentiate or to an absence or blockade of regenerative signals. Here we show that post-mitotic supporting cells(3) purified from the postnatal mouse cochlea retain the ability to divide and trans-differentiate into new hair cells in culture. Furthermore, we show that age-dependent changes in supporting cell proliferative capacity are due in part to changes in the ability to downregulate the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) ( also known as Cdkn1b). These results indicate that postnatal mammalian supporting cells are potential targets for therapeutic manipulation.
C1 House Ear Res Inst, Gonda Dept Cell & Mol Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90057 USA.
   Univ So Calif, Keck Sch Med, Dept Cell & Neurobiol, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA.
C3 House Research Institute; University of Southern California
RP Groves, AK (corresponding author), House Ear Res Inst, Gonda Dept Cell & Mol Biol, 2100 W 3rd St, Los Angeles, CA 90057 USA.
EM agroves@hei.org; nsegil@hei.org
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [F32 DC005282, R01 DC004189] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 350
Z9 426
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 984
EP 987
DI 10.1038/nature04849
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300043
PM 16791196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sui, HX
   Downing, KH
AF Sui, Haixin
   Downing, Kenneth H.
TI Molecular architecture of axonemal microtubule doublets revealed by cryo-electron tomography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynein-regulatory-complex; intermediate-filament proteins; urchin sperm flagella; chlamydomonas-flagella; components; tubulin; tektins; arms; heterogeneity; mutations
AB The axoneme, which forms the core of eukaryotic flagella and cilia, is one of the largest macromolecular machines, with a structure that is largely conserved from protists to mammals(1). Microtubule doublets are structural components of axonemes that contain a number of proteins besides tubulin, and are usually found in arrays of nine doublets arranged around two singlet microtubules. Coordinated sliding of adjacent doublets, which involves a host of other proteins in the axoneme, produces periodic beating movements of the axoneme. We have obtained a three-dimensional density map of intact microtubule doublets using cryo-electron tomography and image averaging. Our map, with a resolution of about 3 nm, provides insights into locations of particular proteins within the doublets and the structural features of the doublets that define their mechanical properties. We identify likely candidates for several of these non-tubulin components of the doublets. This work offers insight on how tubulin protofilaments and accessory proteins attach together to form the doublets and provides a structural basis for understanding doublet function in axonemes.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Downing, KH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Life Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM khdowning@lbl.gov
NR 30
TC 137
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 475
EP 478
DI 10.1038/nature04816
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900048
PM 16738547
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mehdiabadi, NJ
   Jack, CN
   Farnham, TT
   Platt, TG
   Kalla, SE
   Shaulsky, G
   Queller, DC
   Strassmann, JE
AF Mehdiabadi, Natasha J.
   Jack, Chandra N.
   Farnham, Tiffany Talley
   Platt, Thomas G.
   Kalla, Sara E.
   Shaulsky, Gad
   Queller, David C.
   Strassmann, Joan E.
TI Kin preference in a social microbe - Given the right circumstances, even an amoeba chooses to be altruistic towards its relatives.
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; behavior
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Rice University; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Mehdiabadi, NJ (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
EM njum@rice.edu
NR 10
TC 125
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 881
EP 882
DI 10.1038/442881a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500025
PM 16929288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gorb, SN
   Niederegger, S
   Hayashi, CY
   Summers, AP
   Voetsch, W
   Walther, P
AF Gorb, Stanislav N.
   Niederegger, Senta
   Hayashi, Cheryl Y.
   Summers, Adam P.
   Voetsch, Walter
   Walther, Paul
TI Silk-like secretion from tarantula feet
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spider silk; origin; evolution; araneae
C1 Max Planck Inst Met Res, Evolutionary Biomat Grp, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, D-71076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Jena, Inst Forens Med, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
   Univ Ulm, Dept Electron Microscopy, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; University of California System; University of California Riverside; Ulm University
RP Gorb, SN (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Met Res, Evolutionary Biomat Grp, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
EM s.gorb@mf.mpg.de
NR 11
TC 47
Z9 54
U1 2
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 407
EP 407
DI 10.1038/443407a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800033
PM 17006505
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dasgupta, R
   Hirschmann, MM
AF Dasgupta, R
   Hirschmann, MM
TI Melting in the Earth's deep upper mantle caused by carbon dioxide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; seismic anisotropy; phase-relations; midocean ridge; oceanic-crust; low-velocity; co2; solidus; beneath; gpa
AB The onset of partial melting beneath mid-ocean ridges governs the cycling of highly incompatible elements from the mantle to the crust(1), the flux of key volatiles (such as CO2, He and Ar)(1,2) and the rheological properties of the upper mantle(3). Geophysical observations(4-6) indicate that melting beneath ridges begins at depths approaching 300 km, but the cause of this melting has remained unclear. Here we determine the solidus of carbonated peridotite from 3 to 10 GPa and demonstrate that melting beneath ridges may occur at depths up to 330 km, producing 0.03 - 0.3% carbonatite liquid. We argue that these melts promote recrystallization and realignment of the mineral matrix, which may explain the geophysical observations. Extraction of incipient carbonatite melts from deep within the oceanic mantle produces an abundant source of metasomatic fluids and a vast mantle residue depleted in highly incompatible elements and fractionated in key parent-daughter elements. We infer that carbon, helium, argon and highly incompatible heat-producing elements ( such as uranium, thorium and potassium) are efficiently scavenged from depths of similar to 200 - 330 km in the upper mantle.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
RP Dasgupta, R (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Geol & Geophys, 30 Pillsbury Dr SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
EM dasg0007@umn.edu
NR 33
TC 500
Z9 579
U1 5
U2 185
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 659
EP 662
DI 10.1038/nature04612
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400041
PM 16572168
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuba, H
   Ishii, TM
   Ohmori, H
AF Kuba, Hiroshi
   Ishii, Takahiro M.
   Ohmori, Harunori
TI Axonal site of spike initiation enhances auditory coincidence detection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID action-potential initiation; cerebellar purkinje neurons; nucleus laminaris; brain-stem; synaptic depression; pyramidal neurons; time differences; barn owl; chicken; sound
AB Neurons initiate spikes in the axon initial segment or at the first node in the axon(1-4). However, it is not yet understood how the site of spike initiation affects neuronal activity and function. In nucleus laminaris of birds, neurons behave as coincidence detectors for sound source localization and encode interaural time differences (ITDs) separately at each characteristic frequency (CF)(5-7). Here we show, in nucleus laminaris of the chick, that the site of spike initiation in the axon is arranged at a distance from the soma, so as to achieve the highest ITD sensitivity at each CF. Na+ channels were not found in the soma of high-CF (2.5-3.3 kHz) and middle-CF (1.0-2.5 kHz) neurons but were clustered within a short segment of the axon separated by 20-50 mu m from the soma; in low-CF (0.4-1.0 kHz) neurons they were clustered in a longer stretch of the axon closer to the soma. Thus, neurons initiate spikes at a more remote site as the CF of neurons increases. Consequently, the somatic amplitudes of both orthodromic and antidromic spikes were small in high-CF and middle-CF neurons and were large in low-CF neurons. Computer simulation showed that the geometry of the initiation site was optimized to reduce the threshold of spike generation and to increase the ITD sensitivity at each CF. Especially in high-CF neurons, a distant localization of the spike initiation site improved the ITD sensitivity because of electrical isolation of the initiation site from the soma and dendrites, and because of reduction of Na+-channel inactivation by attenuating the temporal summation of synaptic potentials through the low-pass filtering along the axon.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Physiol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Ohmori, H (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Med, Dept Physiol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
EM ohmori@nbiol.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 176
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1069
EP 1072
DI 10.1038/nature05347
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100056
PM 17136099
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernhard, H
   Fischbacher, U
   Fehr, E
AF Bernhard, Helen
   Fischbacher, Urs
   Fehr, Ernst
TI Parochial altruism in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID indirect reciprocity; social norms; evolution; punishment; enforcement; behavior
AB Social norms and the associated altruistic behaviours are decisive for the evolution of human cooperation(1-9) and the maintenance of social order(10), and they affect family life, politics(11) and economic interactions(12). However, as altruistic norm compliance and norm enforcement often emerge in the context of inter-group conflicts(13,14), they are likely to be shaped by parochialism(15) - a preference for favouring the members of one's ethnic, racial or language group. We have conducted punishment experiments(16), which allow 'impartial' observers to punish norm violators, with indigenous groups in Papua New Guinea. Here we show that these experiments confirm the prediction of parochialism. We found that punishers protect ingroup victims - who suffer from a norm violation - much more than they do outgroup victims, regardless of the norm violator's group affiliation. Norm violators also expect that punishers will be lenient if the latter belong to their social group. As a consequence, norm violations occur more often if the punisher and the norm violator belong to the same group. Our results are puzzling for evolutionary multi-level selection theories based on selective group extinction(2-5) as well as for theories of individual selection(17-19); they also indicate the need to explicitly examine the interactions between individuals stemming from different groups in evolutionary models.
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Coll Helveticum, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 University of Zurich
RP Fehr, E (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Empir Res Econ, Blumlisalpstr 10, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM fiba@iew.unizh.ch; efehr@iew.unizh.ch
NR 33
TC 551
Z9 659
U1 5
U2 197
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 912
EP 915
DI 10.1038/nature04981
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500036
PM 16929297
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rejec, T
   Meir, Y
AF Rejec, Tomaz
   Meir, Yigal
TI Magnetic impurity formation in quantum point contacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dimensional electron-gas; conductance; dots
AB A quantum point contact (QPC) is a narrow constriction between two wider electron reservoirs, and is the standard building block of sub-micrometre devices such as quantum dots and qubits ( the proposed basic elements of quantum computers). The conductance through a QPC changes as a function of its width in integer steps of G(0) = 2e(2)/h ( where e is the charge on an electron, and h is Planck's constant), signalling the quantization of its transverse modes(1,2). But measurements of these conductance steps also reveal an additional shoulder at a value around 0.7 G(0) (refs 1 - 4), an observation that has remained a puzzle for more than a decade. It has recently been suggested(5,6) that this phenomenon can be explained by the existence of a magnetic 'impurity' in the QPC at low electron densities. Here we present extensive numerical density-functional calculations that reveal the formation of an electronic state with a spin-1/2 magnetic moment in the channel under very general conditions. In addition, we show that such an impurity will also form at large magnetic fields, for a specific value of the field, and sometimes even at the opening of the second transverse mode in the QPC. Beyond explaining the source of the '0.7 anomaly', these results may have far-reaching implications for spin-filling of electronic states in quantum dots and for the dephasing of quantum information stored in semiconductor qubits.
C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
   Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Ilse Katz Ctr Meso & Nano Scale Sci & Technol, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
C3 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
RP Rejec, T (corresponding author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Phys, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel.
EM tomaz.rejec@ijs.si
NR 20
TC 144
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 900
EP 903
DI 10.1038/nature05054
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500033
PM 16929294
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diederichs, C
   Tignon, J
   Dasbach, G
   Ciuti, C
   Lemaître, A
   Bloch, J
   Roussignol, P
   Delalande, C
AF Diederichs, C
   Tignon, J
   Dasbach, G
   Ciuti, C
   Lemaître, A
   Bloch, J
   Roussignol, P
   Delalande, C
TI Parametric oscillation in vertical triple microcavities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coupled semiconductor microcavity; quantum cryptography; polariton amplifier; interference; emission; photons; laser
AB Optical parametric oscillation is a nonlinear process that enables coherent generation of 'signal' and 'idler' waves, shifted in frequency from the pump wave(1,2). Efficient parametric conversion is the paradigm for the generation of twin or entangled photons for quantum optics applications such as quantum cryptography(3,4), or for the generation of new frequencies in spectral domains not accessible by existing devices. Rapid development in the field of quantum information requires monolithic, alignment-free sources that enable efficient coupling into optical fibres and possibly electrical injection. During the past decade, much effort has been devoted to the development of integrated devices for quantuminformation(5-7) and to the realization of all-semiconductor parametric oscillators(8,9). Nevertheless, at present optical parametric oscillators typically rely on nonlinear crystals placed into complex external cavities, and pumped by powerful external lasers. Long interaction lengths are typically required and the phase mismatch between the parametric waves propagating at different velocities(2) results in poor parametric conversion efficiencies. Here we report the demonstration of parametric oscillation in a monolithic semiconductor triple microcavity with signal, pump and idler waves propagating along the vertical direction of the nanostructure. Alternatively, signal and idler beams can also be collected at finite angles, allowing the generation of entangled photon pairs. The pump threshold intensity is low enough to envisage the realization of an all-semiconductor electrically pumped micro-parametric oscillator.
C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Pierre Aigrain, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   CNRS, LPN, F-91460 Marcoussis, France.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Tignon, J (corresponding author), Ecole Normale Super, Lab Pierre Aigrain, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
EM Jerome.Tignon@lpa.ens.fr
NR 29
TC 138
Z9 141
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 904
EP 907
DI 10.1038/nature04602
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700034
PM 16612377
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ye, QZ
   Krug, RM
   Tao, YZJ
AF Ye, Qiaozhen
   Krug, Robert M.
   Tao, Yizhi Jane
TI The mechanism by which influenza A virus nucleoprotein forms oligomers and binds RNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-localization; crystal-structure; polymerase; identification; import; np
AB Influenza A viruses pose a serious threat to world public health, particularly the currently circulating avian H5N1 viruses. The influenza viral nucleoprotein forms the protein scaffold of the helical genomic ribonucleoprotein complexes, and has a critical role in viral RNA replication(1). Here we report a 3.2 angstrom crystal structure of this nucleoprotein, the overall shape of which resembles a crescent with a head and a body domain, with a protein fold different compared with that of the rhabdovirus nucleoprotein(2,3). Oligomerization of the influenza virus nucleoprotein is mediated by a flexible tail loop that is inserted inside a neighbouring molecule. This flexibility in the tail loop enables the nucleoprotein to form loose polymers as well as rigid helices, both of which are important for nucleoprotein functions. Single residue mutations in the tail loop result in the complete loss of nucleoprotein oligomerization. An RNA-binding groove, which is found between the head and body domains at the exterior of the nucleoprotein oligomer, is lined with highly conserved basic residues widely distributed in the primary sequence. The nucleoprotein structure shows that only one of two proposed nuclear localization signals are accessible, and suggests that the body domain of nucleoprotein contains the binding site for the viral polymerase. Our results identify the tail loop binding pocket as a potential target for antiviral development.
C1 Rice Univ, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Univ Texas, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
C3 Rice University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Tao, YZJ (corresponding author), Rice Univ, Dept Biochem & Cell Biol, 6100 Main St,MS140, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
EM ytao@rice.edu
NR 30
TC 375
Z9 453
U1 1
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1078
EP 1082
DI 10.1038/nature05379
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100058
PM 17151603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Azevedo, RBR
   Lohaus, R
   Srinivasan, S
   Dang, KK
   Burch, CL
AF Azevedo, RBR
   Lohaus, R
   Srinivasan, S
   Dang, KK
   Burch, CL
TI Sexual reproduction selects for robustness and negative epistasis in artificial gene networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deleterious mutations; synergistic epistasis; evolution; canalization; drosophila; fitness; perspective; load
AB The mutational deterministic hypothesis for the origin and maintenance of sexual reproduction posits that sex enhances the ability of natural selection to purge deleterious mutations after recombination brings them together into single genomes(1). This explanation requires negative epistasis, a type of genetic interaction where mutations are more harmful in combination than expected from their separate effects. The conceptual appeal of the mutational deterministic hypothesis has been offset by our inability to identify the mechanistic and evolutionary bases of negative epistasis. Here we show that negative epistasis can evolve as a consequence of sexual reproduction itself. Using an artificial gene network model(2,3), we find that recombination between gene networks imposes selection for genetic robustness, and that negative epistasis evolves as a by-product of this selection. Our results suggest that sexual reproduction selects for conditions that favour its own maintenance, a case of evolution forging its own path.
C1 Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biomed Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of Houston System; University of Houston; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
RP Azevedo, RBR (corresponding author), Univ Houston, Dept Biol & Biochem, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
EM razevedo@uh.edu
NR 30
TC 181
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature04488
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700045
PM 16511495
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bernardi, R
   Guernah, I
   Jin, D
   Grisendi, S
   Alimonti, A
   Teruya-Feldstein, J
   Cordon-Cardo, C
   Simon, MC
   Rafii, S
   Pandolfi, PP
AF Bernardi, Rosa
   Guernah, Ilhem
   Jin, David
   Grisendi, Silvia
   Alimonti, Andrea
   Teruya-Feldstein, Julie
   Cordon-Cardo, Carlos
   Simon, M. Celeste
   Rafii, Shahin
   Pandolfi, Pier Paolo
TI PML inhibits HIF-1α translation and neoangiogenesis through repression of mTOR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian target; tumor angiogenesis; suppressor pml; rar-alpha; rapamycin; protein; hypoxia; growth; cancer; expression
AB Loss of the promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) tumour suppressor has been observed in several human cancers. The tumour-suppressive function of PML has been attributed to its ability to induce growth arrest, cellular senescence and apoptosis. Here we identify PML as a critical inhibitor of neoangiogenesis ( the formation of new blood vessels) in vivo, in both ischaemic and neoplastic conditions, through the control of protein translation. We demonstrate that in hypoxic conditions PML acts as a negative regulator of the synthesis rate of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) by repressing mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR). PML physically interacts with mTOR and negatively regulates its association with the small GTPase Rheb by favouring mTOR nuclear accumulation. Notably, Pml(-/-) cells and tumours display higher sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo to growth inhibition by rapamycin, and lack of PML inversely correlates with phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and tumour angiogenesis in mouse and human tumours. Thus, our findings identify PML as a novel suppressor of mTOR and neoangiogenesis.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Dept Pathol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Weill Cornell Med Coll, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med Genet, Div Hematol Oncol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Canc, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Ctr Canc, Abramson Family Canc Res Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania
RP Pandolfi, PP (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Sloan Kettering Inst, Canc Biol & Genet Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM p-pandolfi@ski.mskcc.org
NR 47
TC 335
Z9 395
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 779
EP 785
DI 10.1038/nature05029
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700038
PM 16915281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, RB
   Gordus, A
   Krall, JA
   MacBeath, G
AF Jones, RB
   Gordus, A
   Krall, JA
   MacBeath, G
TI A quantitative protein interaction network for the ErbB receptors using protein microarrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor receptor; sh2 domains; tyrosine kinases; wide prediction; breast-cancer; identification; transformation; expression; binding; egf
AB Although epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR; also called ErbB1) and its relatives initiate one of the most well-studied signalling networks, there is not yet a genome-wide view of even the earliest step in this pathway: recruitment of proteins to the activated receptors. Here we use protein microarrays comprising virtually every Src homology 2 (SH2) and phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain encoded in the human genome to measure the equilibrium dissociation constant of each domain for 61 peptides representing physiological sites of tyrosine phosphorylation on the four ErbB receptors. This involved 77,592 independent biochemical measurements and provided a quantitative protein interaction network that reveals many new interactions, including ones that fall outside of our current view of domain selectivity. By slicing through the network at different affinity thresholds, we found surprising differences between the receptors. Most notably, EGFR and ErbB2 become markedly more promiscuous as the threshold is lowered, whereas ErbB3 does not. Because EGFR and ErbB2 are overexpressed in many human cancers, our results suggest that the extent to which promiscuity changes with protein concentration may contribute to the oncogenic potential of receptor tyrosine kinases, and perhaps other signalling proteins as well.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Program Biophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP MacBeath, G (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM macbeath@chemistry.harvard.edu
NR 36
TC 586
Z9 736
U1 0
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 168
EP 174
DI 10.1038/nature04177
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400032
PM 16273093
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agnor, CB
   Hamilton, DP
AF Agnor, CB
   Hamilton, DP
TI Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kuiper-belt binary; orbital evolution; gas drag; origin; asteroids
AB Triton is Neptune's principal satellite and is by far the largest retrograde satellite in the Solar System ( its mass is similar to 40 per cent greater than that of Pluto). Its inclined and circular orbit lies between a group of small inner prograde satellites and a number of exterior irregular satellites with both prograde and retrograde orbits. This unusual configuration has led to the belief that Triton originally orbited the Sun before being captured in orbit around Neptune(1-3). Existing models(4-6) for its capture, however, all have significant bottlenecks that make their effectiveness doubtful. Here we report that a three-body gravitational encounter between a binary system (of similar to 10(3)-kilometre-sized bodies) and Neptune is a far more likely explanation for Triton's capture. Our model predicts that Triton was once a member of a binary with a range of plausible characteristics, including ones similar to the Pluto - Charon pair.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Ctr Origin Dynam & Evolut Planets, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Agnor, CB (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Ctr Origin Dynam & Evolut Planets, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM cagnor@pmc.ucsc.edu
NR 30
TC 236
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 192
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature04792
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800039
PM 16688170
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, M
   Collins, SR
   Toyama, BH
   Weissman, JS
AF Tanaka, Motomasa
   Collins, Sean R.
   Toyama, Brandon H.
   Weissman, Jonathan S.
TI The physical basis of how prion conformations determine strain phenotypes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast psi+ prion; guanidine-hydrochloride; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; molecular-basis; in-vitro; protein; generation; hsp104; transmission; replication
AB A principle that has emerged from studies of protein aggregation is that proteins typically can misfold into a range of different aggregated forms. Moreover, the phenotypic and pathological consequences of protein aggregation depend critically on the specific misfolded form(1,2). A striking example of this is the prion strain phenomenon, in which prion particles composed of the same protein cause distinct heritable states(3). Accumulating evidence from yeast prions such as [PSI+] and mammalian prions argues that differences in the prion conformation underlie prion strain variants(3-7). Nonetheless, it remains poorly understood why changes in the conformation of misfolded proteins alter their physiological effects. Here we present and experimentally validate an analytical model describing how [PSI+] strain phenotypes arise from the dynamic interaction among the effects of prion dilution, competition for a limited pool of soluble protein, and conformation-dependent differences in prion growth and division rates. Analysis of three distinct prion conformations of yeast Sup35 ( the [PSI+] protein determinant) and their in vivo phenotypes reveals that the Sup35 amyloid causing the strongest phenotype surprisingly shows the slowest growth. This slow growth, however, is more than compensated for by an increased brittleness that promotes prion division. The propensity of aggregates to undergo breakage, thereby generating new seeds, probably represents a key determinant of their physiological impact for both infectious ( prion) and non-infectious amyloids.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Calif Inst Quantitat Biomed Res, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Weissman, JS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM weissman@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 503
Z9 598
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 585
EP 589
DI 10.1038/nature04922
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900048
PM 16810177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bashyam, R
   Zelenay, P
AF Bashyam, Rajesh
   Zelenay, Piotr
TI A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fe-based catalysts; oxygen reduction; platinum monolayer; o-2 reduction; carbon-black; electrocatalysts; cathode; polypyrrole; proton; energy
AB Fuel cells, as devices for direct conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity by electrochemical reactions, are among the key enabling technologies for the transition to a hydrogen-based economy(1-3). Of several different types of fuel cells under development today, polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have been recognized as a potential future power source for zero-emission vehicles(4,5). However, to become commercially viable, PEFCs have to overcome the barrier of high catalyst cost caused by the exclusive use of platinum and platinum-based catalysts(6-8) in the fuel-cell electrodes. Here we demonstrate a new class of low-cost (non-precious metal)/(heteroatomic polymer) nanocomposite catalysts for the PEFC cathode, capable of combining high oxygen-reduction activity with good performance durability. Without any optimization, the cobalt-polypyrrole composite catalyst enables power densities of about 0.15 W cm(-2) in H-2-O-2 fuel cells and displays no signs of performance degradation for more than 100 hours. The results of this study show that heteroatomic polymers can be used not only to stabilize the non-precious metal in the acidic environment of the PEFC cathode but also to generate active sites for oxygen reduction reaction.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory
RP Zelenay, P (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM zelenay@lanl.gov
NR 30
TC 1963
Z9 2131
U1 10
U2 1601
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/nature05118
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900039
PM 16957726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scannell, DR
   Byrne, KP
   Gordon, JL
   Wong, S
   Wolfe, KH
AF Scannell, DR
   Byrne, KP
   Gordon, JL
   Wong, S
   Wolfe, KH
TI Multiple rounds of speciation associated with reciprocal gene loss in polyploid yeasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; genome duplication; evolution; hybrid; divergent; sterility; order
AB A whole- genome duplication occurred in a shared ancestor of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces castellii and Candida glabrata. Here we trace the subsequent losses of duplicated genes, and show that the pattern of loss differs among the three species at 20% of all loci. For example, several transcription factor genes, including STE12, TEC1, TUP1 and MCM1, are single-copy in S. cerevisiae but are retained in duplicate in S. castellii and C. glabrata. At many loci, different species have lost different members of a duplicated gene pair, so that 4 - 7% of single- copy genes compared between any two species are not orthologues. This pattern of gene loss provides strong evidence for speciation through a version of the Bateson - Dobzhansky - Muller mechanism, in which the loss of alternative copies of duplicated genes leads to reproductive isolation(1,2). We show that the lineages leading to the three species diverged shortly after the whole-genome duplication, during a period of precipitous gene loss. The set of loci at which single- copy paralogues are retained is biased towards genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and genes that evolve slowly, consistent with the hypothesis that reciprocal gene loss is more likely to occur between duplicated genes that are functionally indistinguishable. We propose a simple, unified model in which a single mechanism - passive gene loss - enabled whole- genome duplication and led to the rapid emergence of new yeast species.
C1 Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Smurfit Inst Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
C3 Trinity College Dublin
RP Wolfe, KH (corresponding author), Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Smurfit Inst Genet, Dublin 2, Ireland.
EM khwolfe@tcd.ie
NR 25
TC 332
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 341
EP 345
DI 10.1038/nature04562
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600054
PM 16541074
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McCauley, DW
   Bronner-Fraser, M
AF McCauley, DW
   Bronner-Fraser, M
TI Importance of SoxE in neural crest development and the evolution of the pharynx
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early vertebrate evolution; transcription factor sox9; lamprey; origin; head; expression; insights; genes; jaw
AB The neural crest, a defining character of vertebrates(1), is of prime importance to their evolutionary origin(2). To understand neural crest evolution, we explored molecular mechanisms underlying craniofacial development in the basal jawless vertebrate, sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus), focusing on the SoxE ( Sox8, Sox9 and Sox10) gene family. In jawed vertebrates, these are important transcriptional regulators of the neural crest(3), and the loss of Sox9 causes abnormal craniofacial development(4,5). Here we report that two lamprey SoxE genes are expressed in migrating neural crest and crest-derived prechondrocytes in posterior branchial arches, whereas a third paralogue is expressed later in the perichondrium and mandibular arch. Morpholino knock-down of SoxE1 reveals that it is essential for posterior branchial arch development, although the mandibular arch is unaffected. The results show that chondrogenic function of SoxE regulators can be traced to the lamprey-gnathostome common ancestor and indicate that lamprey SoxE genes might have undergone independent duplication to have distinct functions in mandibular versus caudal branchial arches. This work sheds light on the homology of vertebrate branchial arches and supports their common origin at the base of vertebrates.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP McCauley, DW (corresponding author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Zool, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
EM dwmccauley@ou.edu
NR 24
TC 115
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 750
EP 752
DI 10.1038/nature04691
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100054
PM 16760978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daeschler, EB
   Shubin, NH
   Jenkins, FA
AF Daeschler, EB
   Shubin, NH
   Jenkins, FA
TI A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earliest-known tetrapod; dermal skull roof; acanthostega-gunnari; braincase; interrelationships; sarcopterygii; panderichthys; anatomy; latvia; stapes
AB The relationship of limbed vertebrates (tetrapods) to lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygians) is well established, but the origin of major tetrapod features has remained obscure for lack of fossils that document the sequence of evolutionary changes. Here we report the discovery of a well-preserved species of fossil sarcopterygian fish from the Late Devonian of Arctic Canada that represents an intermediate between fish with fins and tetrapods with limbs, and provides unique insights into how and in what order important tetrapod characters arose. Although the body scales, fin rays, lower jaw and palate are comparable to those in more primitive sarcopterygians, the new species also has a shortened skull roof, a modified ear region, a mobile neck, a functional wrist joint, and other features that presage tetrapod conditions. The morphological features and geological setting of this new animal are suggestive of life in shallow-water, marginal and subaerial habitats.
C1 Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Drexel University; University of Chicago; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Daeschler, EB (corresponding author), Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA.
EM daeschler@acnatsci.org; nshubin@uchicago.edu
NR 39
TC 305
Z9 369
U1 6
U2 296
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 757
EP 763
DI 10.1038/nature04639
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400033
PM 16598249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Velicogna, I
   Wahr, J
AF Velicogna, Isabella
   Wahr, John
TI Acceleration of Greenland ice mass loss in spring 2004
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sheet; surface; balance; model
AB In 2001 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projected the contribution to sea level rise from the Greenland ice sheet to be between -0.02 and +0.09m from 1990 to 2100 (ref. 1). However, recent work(2-4) has suggested that the ice sheet responds more quickly to climate perturbations than previously thought, particularly near the coast. Here we use a satellite gravity survey by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE) conducted from April 2002 to April 2006 to provide an independent estimate of the contribution of Greenland icemass loss to sea level change. We detect an ice mass loss of 248 +/- 36 km(3) yr(-1), equivalent to a global sea level rise of 0.5 +/- 0.1 mm yr(-1). The rate of ice loss increased by 250 per cent between the periods April 2002 to April 2004 and May 2004 to April 2006, almost entirely due to accelerated rates of ice loss in southern Greenland; the rate of mass loss in north Greenland was almost constant. Continued monitoring will be needed to identify any future changes in the rate of ice loss in Greenland.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
RP Velicogna, I (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM isabella@colorado.edu
NR 22
TC 300
Z9 345
U1 3
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 329
EP 331
DI 10.1038/nature05168
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000044
PM 16988710
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ciruna, B
   Jenny, A
   Lee, D
   Mlodzik, M
   Schier, AF
AF Ciruna, B
   Jenny, A
   Lee, D
   Mlodzik, M
   Schier, AF
TI Planar cell polarity signalling couples cell division and morphogenesis during neurulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural-tube defects; convergent extension; loop-tail; zebrafish gastrulation; floor plate; mouse; movements; strabismus; orientation; migration
AB Environmental and genetic aberrations lead to neural tube closure defects (NTDs) in 1 out of every 1,000 births(1). Mouse and frog models for these birth defects have indicated that Van Gogh-like 2 (Vangl2, also known as Strabismus) and other components of planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling might control neurulation by promoting the convergence of neural progenitors to the midline(2-8). Here we show a novel role for PCP signalling during neurulation in zebrafish. We demonstrate that non-canonical Wnt/PCP signalling polarizes neural progenitors along the anteroposterior axis. This polarity is transiently lost during cell division in the neural keel but is re-established as daughter cells reintegrate into the neuroepithelium. Loss of zebrafish Vangl2 ( in trilobite mutants) abolishes the polarization of neural keel cells, disrupts re-intercalation of daughter cells into the neuroepithelium, and results in ectopic neural progenitor accumulations and NTDs. Remarkably, blocking cell division leads to rescue of trilobite neural tube morphogenesis despite persistent defects in convergence and extension. These results reveal a function for PCP signalling in coupling cell division and morphogenesis at neurulation and indicate a previously unrecognized mechanism that might underlie NTDs.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst Biomol Med, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Mt Sinai Sch Med, Brookdale Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New York, NY 10029 USA.
C3 New York University; New York University; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
RP Ciruna, B (corresponding author), Hosp Sick Children, Program Dev Biol, Toronto Med Discovery Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
EM ciruna@sickkids.ca; schier@fas.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM056211] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 329
Z9 429
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 220
EP 224
DI 10.1038/nature04375
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400044
PM 16407953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sadler, LE
   Higbie, JM
   Leslie, SR
   Vengalattore, M
   Stamper-Kurn, DM
AF Sadler, L. E.
   Higbie, J. M.
   Leslie, S. R.
   Vengalattore, M.
   Stamper-Kurn, D. M.
TI Spontaneous symmetry breaking in a quenched ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; domains; vortex; analog; phase
AB A central goal in condensed matter and modern atomic physics is the exploration of quantum phases of matter - in particular, how the universal characteristics of zero-temperature quantum phase transitions differ from those established for thermal phase transitions at non-zero temperature. Compared to conventional condensed matter systems, atomic gases provide a unique opportunity to explore quantum dynamics far from equilibrium. For example, gaseous spinor Bose - Einstein condensates(1-3) ( whose atoms have non-zero internal angular momentum) are quantum fluids that simultaneously realize superfluidity and magnetism, both of which are associated with symmetry breaking. Here we explore spontaneous symmetry breaking in Rb-87 spinor condensates, rapidly quenched across a quantum phase transition to a ferromagnetic state. We observe the formation of spin textures, ferromagnetic domains and domain walls, and demonstrate phase-sensitive in situ detection of spin vortices. The latter are topological defects resulting from the symmetry breaking, containing non-zero spin current but no net mass current(4).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Stamper-Kurn, DM (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM dmsk@berkeley.edu
NR 28
TC 849
Z9 919
U1 1
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 312
EP 315
DI 10.1038/nature05094
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000040
PM 16988706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briseno, AL
   Mannsfeld, SCB
   Ling, MM
   Liu, SH
   Tseng, RJ
   Reese, C
   Roberts, ME
   Yang, Y
   Wudl, F
   Bao, ZN
AF Briseno, Alejandro L.
   Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B.
   Ling, Mang M.
   Liu, Shuhong
   Tseng, Ricky J.
   Reese, Colin
   Roberts, Mark E.
   Yang, Yang
   Wudl, Fred
   Bao, Zhenan
TI Patterning organic single-crystal transistor arrays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-film transistors; self-assembled monolayers; growth; pentacene; nucleation; performance; devices
AB Field-effect transistors made of organic single crystals are ideal for studying the charge transport characteristics of organic semiconductor materials(1). Their outstanding device performance(2-8), relative to that of transistors made of organic thin films, makes them also attractive candidates for electronic applications such as active matrix displays and sensor arrays. These applications require minimal cross-talk between neighbouring devices. In the case of thin film systems, simple patterning of the active semiconductor layer(9,10) minimizes cross-talk. But when using organic single crystals, the only approach currently available for creating arrays of separate devices is manual selection and placing of individual crystals - a process prohibitive for producing devices at high density and with reasonable throughput. In contrast, inorganic crystals have been grown in extended arrays(11-13), and efficient and large-area fabrication of silicon crystalline islands with high mobilities for electronic applications has been reported(14,15). Here we describe a method for effectively fabricating large arrays of single crystals of a wide range of organic semiconductor materials directly onto transistor source - drain electrodes. We find that film domains of octadecyltriethoxysilane microcontact-printed onto either clean Si/SiO2 surfaces or flexible plastic provide control over the nucleation of vapour-grown organic single crystals. This allows us to fabricate large arrays of high-performance organic single-crystal field-effect transistors with mobilities as high as 2.4 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) and on/off ratios greater than 10(7), and devices on flexible substrates that retain their performance after significant bending. These results suggest that our fabrication approach constitutes a promising step that might ultimately allow us to utilize high-performance organic single-crystal field-effect transistors for large-area electronics applications.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Exot Mat Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Stanford University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Bao, ZN (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM zbao@chemeng.stanford.edu
NR 28
TC 954
Z9 1089
U1 7
U2 913
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/nature05427
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400052
PM 17167482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bredemeyer, AL
   Sharma, GG
   Huang, CY
   Helmink, BA
   Walker, LM
   Khor, KC
   Nuskey, B
   Sullivan, KE
   Pandita, TK
   Bassing, CH
   Sleckman, BP
AF Bredemeyer, Andrea L.
   Sharma, Girdhar G.
   Huang, Ching-Yu
   Helmink, Beth A.
   Walker, Laura M.
   Khor, Katrina C.
   Nuskey, Beth
   Sullivan, Kathleen E.
   Pandita, Tej K.
   Bassing, Craig H.
   Sleckman, Barry P.
TI ATM stabilizes DNA double-strand-break complexes during V(D)J recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell development; ataxia-telangiectasia; rag proteins; b-cell; ends; tumorigenesis; rearrangement; inhibitor; deficient; lymphoma
AB The ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) protein kinase mediates early cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated during metabolic processes or by DNA-damaging agents(1-4). ATM deficiency leads to ataxia-telangiectasia, a disease marked by lymphopenia, genomic instability and an increased predisposition to lymphoid malignancies with chromosomal translocations involving lymphocyte antigen receptor loci(5,6). ATM activates cell-cycle checkpoints and can induce apoptosis in response to DNA DSBs(1-4). However, defects in these pathways of the DNA damage response cannot fully account for the phenotypes of ATM deficiency. Here, we show that ATM also functions directly in the repair of chromosomal DNA DSBs by maintaining DNA ends in repair complexes generated during lymphocyte antigen receptor gene assembly. When coupled with the cell-cycle checkpoint and pro-apoptotic activities of ATM, these findings provide a molecular explanation for the increase in lymphoid tumours with translocations involving antigen receptor loci associated with ataxia-telangiectasia.
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Radiat Oncol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Sch Med, Div Allergy & Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Abramson Family Canc Res Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania
RP Sleckman, BP (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA.
EM Sleckman@immunology.wustl.edu
NR 29
TC 338
Z9 412
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 466
EP 470
DI 10.1038/nature04866
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900046
PM 16799570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kieffer, HH
   Christensen, PR
   Titus, TN
AF Kieffer, Hugh H.
   Christensen, Philip R.
   Titus, Timothy N.
TI CO2 jets formed by sublimation beneath translucent slab ice in Mars' seasonal south polar ice cap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface; tes; themis
AB The martian polar caps are among the most dynamic regions on Mars, growing substantially in winter as a significant fraction of the atmosphere freezes out in the form of CO2 ice. Unusual dark spots, fans and blotches form as the south-polar seasonal CO2 ice cap retreats during spring and summer. Small radial channel networks are often associated with the location of spots once the ice disappears. The spots have been proposed to be simply bare, defrosted ground(1-3); the formation of the channels has remained uncertain. Here we report infrared and visible observations that show that the spots and fans remain at CO2 ice temperatures well into summer, and must be granular materials that have been brought up to the surface of the ice, requiring a complex suite of processes to get them there. We propose that the seasonal ice cap forms an impermeable, translucent slab of CO2 ice that sublimates from the base, building up high-pressure gas beneath the slab. This gas levitates the ice, which eventually ruptures, producing high-velocity CO2 vents that erupt sand-sized grains in jets to form the spots and erode the channels. These processes are unlike any observed on Earth.
C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Celestial Reasonings, Carson City, NV 89703 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
C3 Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Christensen, PR (corresponding author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
EM phil.christensen@asu.edu
NR 27
TC 149
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 793
EP 796
DI 10.1038/nature04945
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700041
PM 16915284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mouchel, CF
   Osmont, KS
   Hardtke, CS
AF Mouchel, Celine F.
   Osmont, Karen S.
   Hardtke, Christian S.
TI BRX mediates feedback between brassinosteroid levels and auxin signalling in root growth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; arabidopsis-thaliana; cell-proliferation; regulated genes; brevis-radix; elongation; efflux; cytochrome-p450; cytokinin; division
AB Brassinosteroid and auxin decisively influence plant development, and overlapping transcriptional responses to these phytohormones suggest an interaction between the two pathways(1-3). However, whether this reflects direct feedback or merely parallel inputs on common targets is unclear. Here we show that in Arabidopsis roots, this interaction is mediated by BREVIS RADIX (BRX), which is required for optimal root growth(4). We demonstrate that the brx phenotype results from a root-specific deficiency of brassinosteroid and is due to reduced, BRX-dependent expression of a rate-limiting enzyme in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Unexpectedly, this deficiency affects the root expression level of similar to 15% of all Arabidopsis genes, but the transcriptome profile can be restored to wild type by brassinosteroid treatment. Thus, proper brassinosteroid levels are required for the correct expression of many more genes than previously suspected. Moreover, embryonic or post-embryonic brassinosteroid application fully or partially, respectively, rescues the brx phenotype. Further, auxin-responsive gene expression is globally impaired in brx, demonstrating that brassinosteroid levels are rate-limiting for auxin-responsive transcription. BRX expression is strongly induced by auxin and mildly repressed by brassinolide, which means that BRX acts at the nexus of a feedback loop that maintains threshold brassinosteroid levels to permit optimal auxin action.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Dept Plant Mol Biol, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP Hardtke, CS (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Dept Plant Mol Biol, Biophore Bldg, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM christian.hardtke@unil.ch
NR 30
TC 220
Z9 261
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 458
EP 461
DI 10.1038/nature05130
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800046
PM 17006513
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberts, DM
   Nanda, A
   Havenga, MJE
   Abbink, P
   Lynch, DM
   Ewald, BA
   Liu, J
   Thorner, AR
   Swanson, PE
   Gorgone, DA
   Lifton, MA
   Lemckert, AAC
   Holterman, L
   Chen, B
   Dilraj, A
   Carville, A
   Mansfield, KG
   Goudsmit, J
   Barouch, DH
AF Roberts, DM
   Nanda, A
   Havenga, MJE
   Abbink, P
   Lynch, DM
   Ewald, BA
   Liu, J
   Thorner, AR
   Swanson, PE
   Gorgone, DA
   Lifton, MA
   Lemckert, AAC
   Holterman, L
   Chen, B
   Dilraj, A
   Carville, A
   Mansfield, KG
   Goudsmit, J
   Barouch, DH
TI Hexon-chimaeric adenovirus serotype 5 vectors circumvent pre-existing anti-vector immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutralizing antibody; recombinant adenovirus; rhesus-monkeys; vaccine vector; protein; gene; immunogenicity; virus; resolution; infection
AB A common viral immune evasion strategy involves mutating viral surface proteins in order to evade host neutralizing antibodies. Such immune evasion tactics have not previously been intentionally applied to the development of novel viral gene delivery vectors that overcome the critical problem of anti-vector immunity. Recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vector-based vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other pathogens have proved highly immunogenic in preclinical studies(1,2) but will probably be limited by the high prevalence of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity in human populations, particularly in the developing world(3-6). Here we show that rAd5 vectors can be engineered to circumvent anti-Ad5 immunity. We constructed novel chimaeric rAd5 vectors in which the seven short hypervariable regions (HVRs) on the surface of the Ad5 hexon protein were replaced with the corresponding HVRs from the rare adenovirus serotype Ad48. These HVR-chimaeric rAd5 vectors were produced at high titres and were stable through serial passages in vitro. HVR-chimaeric rAd5 vectors expressing simian immunodeficiency virus Gag proved comparably immunogenic to parental rAd5 vectors in naive mice and rhesus monkeys. In the presence of high levels of pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity, the immunogenicity of HVR-chimaeric rAd5 vectors was not detectably suppressed, whereas the immunogenicity of parental rAd5 vectors was abrogated. These data demonstrate that functionally relevant Ad5-specific neutralizing antibodies are focused on epitopes located within the hexon HVRs. Moreover, these studies show that recombinant viral vectors can be engineered to circumvent pre-existing anti-vector immunity by removing key neutralizing epitopes on the surface of viral capsid proteins. Such chimaeric viral vectors may have important practical implications for vaccination and gene therapy.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Viral Pathogenesis, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Crucell Holland BV, NL-2301 CA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Hosp, Mol Med Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   S African MRC, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa.
   New England Reg Primate Res Ctr, Southborough, MA 01772 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Johnson & Johnson; Johnson & Johnson Netherlands; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; South African Medical Research Council
RP Barouch, DH (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Viral Pathogenesis, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu
NR 22
TC 417
Z9 516
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 239
EP 243
DI 10.1038/nature04721
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800051
PM 16625206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stevenson, RM
   Young, RJ
   Atkinson, P
   Cooper, K
   Ritchie, DA
   Shields, AJ
AF Stevenson, RM
   Young, RJ
   Atkinson, P
   Cooper, K
   Ritchie, DA
   Shields, AJ
TI A semiconductor source of triggered entangled photon pairs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum-dot; cryptography; conversion; violation
AB Entangled photon pairs are an important resource in quantum optics(1), and are essential for quantum information(2) applications such as quantum key distribution(3,4) and controlled quantum logic operations(5). The radiative decay of biexcitons - that is, states consisting of two bound electron - hole pairs - in a quantum dot has been proposed as a source of triggered polarization-entangled photon pairs(6). To date, however, experiments have indicated that a splitting of the intermediate exciton energy yields only classically correlated emission(7-9). Here we demonstrate triggered photon pair emission from single quantum dots suggestive of polarization entanglement. We achieve this by tuning the splitting to zero, through either application of an in-plane magnetic field or careful control of growth conditions. Entangled photon pairs generated 'on demand' have significant fundamental advantages over other schemes(10-13), which can suffer from multiple pair emission, or require post-selection techniques or the use of photon-number discriminating detectors. Furthermore, control over the pair generation time is essential for scaling many quantum information schemes beyond a few gates. Our results suggest that a triggered entangled photon pair source could be implemented by a simple semiconductor light-emitting diode(14).
C1 Toshiba Res Europe Ltd, Cambridge CB4 OWE, England.
   Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England.
C3 Toshiba Corporation; University of Cambridge
RP Stevenson, RM (corresponding author), Toshiba Res Europe Ltd, 260 Cambridge Sci Pk, Cambridge CB4 OWE, England.
EM mark.stevenson@crl.toshiba.co.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S05779/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 825
Z9 900
U1 0
U2 212
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 179
EP 182
DI 10.1038/nature04446
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400034
PM 16407947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harigaya, Y
   Tanaka, H
   Yamanaka, S
   Tanaka, K
   Watanabe, Y
   Tsutsumi, C
   Chikashige, Y
   Hiraoka, Y
   Yamashita, A
   Yamamoto, M
AF Harigaya, Yuriko
   Tanaka, Hirotsugu
   Yamanaka, Soichiro
   Tanaka, Kayoko
   Watanabe, Yoshinori
   Tsutsumi, Chihiro
   Chikashige, Yuji
   Hiraoka, Yasushi
   Yamashita, Akira
   Yamamoto, Masayuki
TI Selective elimination of messenger RNA prevents an incidence of untimely meiosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meiotic regulator mei2p; fission yeast; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; sexual development; transcription factor; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; protein; encodes; phosphorylation; sporulation
AB Much remains unknown about the molecular regulation of meiosis. Here we show that meiosis-specific transcripts are selectively removed if expressed during vegetative growth in fission yeast. These messenger RNAs contain a cis-acting region-which we call the DSR-that confers this removal via binding to a YTH-family protein Mmi1. Loss of Mmi1 function severely impairs cell growth owing to the untimely expression of meiotic transcripts. Microarray analysis reveals that at least a dozen such meiosis-specific transcripts are eliminated by the DSR-Mmi1 system. Mmi1 remains in the form of multiple nuclear foci during vegetative growth. At meiotic prophase these foci precipitate to a single focus, which coincides with the dot formed by the master meiosis-regulator Mei2. A meiotic arrest due to the loss of the Mei2 dot is released by a reduction in Mmi1 activity. We propose that Mei2 turns off the DSR-Mmi1 system by sequestering Mmi1 to the dot and thereby secures stable expression of meiosis-specific transcripts.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Mol Genet Res Lab, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Natl Inst Informat & Commun Technol, Kansai Adv Res Ctr, Kobe, Hyogo 6512492, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; National Institute of Information & Communications Technology (NICT) - Japan
RP Yamamoto, M (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
EM yamamoto@biochem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 40
TC 265
Z9 301
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 45
EP 50
DI 10.1038/nature04881
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500032
PM 16823445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sadqi, M
   Fushman, D
   Muñoz, V
AF Sadqi, Mourad
   Fushman, David
   Munoz, Victor
TI Atom-by-atom analysis of global downhill protein folding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-shifts; speed limit; 2-state; model; stability; domain
AB Protein folding is an inherently complex process involving coordination of the intricate networks of weak interactions that stabilize native three-dimensional structures. In the conventional paradigm, simple protein structures are assumed to fold in an all-or-none process(1) that is inaccessible to experiment. Existing experimental methods therefore probe folding mechanisms indirectly. A widely used approach interprets changes in protein stability(2) and/or folding kinetics(3,4), induced by engineered mutations, in terms of the structure of the native protein. In addition to limitations in connecting energetics with structure(5), mutational methods have significant experimental uncertainties(6) and are unable to map complex networks of interactions. In contrast, analytical theory predicts small barriers to folding and the possibility of downhill folding(7,8). These theoretical predictions have been confirmed experimentally in recent years(9-11), including the observation of global downhill folding(12). However, a key remaining question is whether downhill folding can indeed lead to the high-resolution analysis of protein folding processes(13). Here we show, with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), that the downhill protein BBL from Escherichia coli unfolds atom by atom starting from a defined three-dimensional structure. Thermal unfolding data on 158 backbone and side-chain protons out of a total of 204 provide a detailed view of the structural events during folding. This view confirms the statistical nature of folding, and exposes the interplay between hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic forces, backbone conformation and side-chain entropy. From the data we also obtain a map of the interaction network in this protein, which reveals the source of folding cooperativity. Our approach can be extended to other proteins with marginal barriers ( less than 3RT), providing a new tool for the study of protein folding.
C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Ctr Biomol Struct & Org, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Muñoz, V (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
EM vmunoz@umd.edu
NR 29
TC 218
Z9 246
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 317
EP 321
DI 10.1038/nature04859
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100042
PM 16799571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goldblatt, C
   Lenton, TM
   Watson, AJ
AF Goldblatt, Colin
   Lenton, Timothy M.
   Watson, Andrew J.
TI Bistability of atmospheric oxygen and the Great Oxidation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular fossils; life detection; methane; rise; cycle
AB The history of the Earth has been characterized by a series of major transitions separated by long periods of relative stability(1). The largest chemical transition was the 'Great Oxidation', approximately 2.4 billion years ago, when atmospheric oxygen concentrations rose from less than 10(-5) of the present atmospheric level (PAL) to more than 0.01 PAL, and possibly(2) to more than 0.1 PAL. This transition took place long after oxygenic photosynthesis is thought to have evolved(3-5), but the causes of this delay and of the Great Oxidation itself remain uncertain(6-11). Here we show that the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis gave rise to two simultaneously stable steady states for atmospheric oxygen. The existence of a low-oxygen (less than 10(-5) PAL) steady state explains how a reducing atmosphere persisted for at least 300 million years after the onset of oxygenic photosynthesis. The Great Oxidation can be understood as a switch to the high-oxygen (more than 5 x 10(-3) PAL) steady state. The bistability arises because ultraviolet shielding of the troposphere by ozone becomes effective once oxygen levels exceed 10(-5) PAL, causing a nonlinear increase in the lifetime of atmospheric oxygen. Our results indicate that the existence of oxygenic photosynthesis is not a sufficient condition for either an oxygen-rich atmosphere or the presence of an ozone layer, which has implications for detecting life on other planets using atmospheric analysis(12,13) and for the evolution of multicellular life.
C1 Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
   Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Edinburgh Res Stn, Penicuik EH26 0QB, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 University of East Anglia; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)
RP Goldblatt, C (corresponding author), Univ E Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England.
EM c.goldblatt@uea.ac.uk
FU NERC [CEH010024] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 222
Z9 253
U1 3
U2 135
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 683
EP 686
DI 10.1038/nature05169
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500044
PM 17036001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Solit, DB
   Garraway, LA
   Pratilas, CA
   Sawai, A
   Getz, G
   Basso, A
   Ye, Q
   Lobo, JM
   She, YH
   Osman, I
   Golub, TR
   Sebolt-Leopold, J
   Sellers, WR
   Rosen, N
AF Solit, DB
   Garraway, LA
   Pratilas, CA
   Sawai, A
   Getz, G
   Basso, A
   Ye, Q
   Lobo, JM
   She, YH
   Osman, I
   Golub, TR
   Sebolt-Leopold, J
   Sellers, WR
   Rosen, N
TI BRAF mutation predicts sensitivity to MEK inhibition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin d1; protein-kinase; ras mutations; in-vivo; melanoma; cancer; expression; pathway; gene; proteolysis
AB The kinase pathway comprising RAS, RAF, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) is activated in most human tumours, often through gain-of-function mutations of RAS and RAF family members(1). Using small-molecule inhibitors of MEK and an integrated genetic and pharmacologic analysis, we find that mutation of BRAF is associated with enhanced and selective sensitivity to MEK inhibition when compared to either 'wild-type' cells or cells harbouring a RAS mutation. This MEK dependency was observed in BRAF mutant cells regardless of tissue lineage, and correlated with both downregulation of cyclin D1 protein expression and the induction of G1 arrest. Pharmacological MEK inhibition completely abrogated tumour growth in BRAF mutant xenografts, whereas RAS mutant tumours were only partially inhibited. These data suggest an exquisite dependency on MEK activity in BRAF mutant tumours, and offer a rational therapeutic strategy for this genetically defined tumour subtype.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   MIT, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   NYU Med Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU Med Ctr, Dept Urol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); New York University; New York University; Pfizer; Pfizer USA
RP Rosen, N (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM rosenn@mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [T32 CA009172, P01 CA094060] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [T32CA009172] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 28
TC 1117
Z9 1272
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 358
EP 362
DI 10.1038/nature04304
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100050
PM 16273091
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawai, N
   Kosugi, G
   Aoki, K
   Yamada, T
   Totani, T
   Ohta, K
   Iye, M
   Hattori, T
   Aoki, W
   Furusawa, H
   Hurley, K
   Kawabata, KS
   Kobayashi, N
   Komiyama, Y
   Mizumoto, Y
   Nomoto, K
   Noumaru, J
   Ogasawara, R
   Sato, R
   Sekiguchi, K
   Shirasaki, Y
   Suzuki, M
   Takata, T
   Tamagawa, T
   Terada, H
   Watanabe, J
   Yatsu, Y
   Yoshida, A
AF Kawai, N
   Kosugi, G
   Aoki, K
   Yamada, T
   Totani, T
   Ohta, K
   Iye, M
   Hattori, T
   Aoki, W
   Furusawa, H
   Hurley, K
   Kawabata, KS
   Kobayashi, N
   Komiyama, Y
   Mizumoto, Y
   Nomoto, K
   Noumaru, J
   Ogasawara, R
   Sato, R
   Sekiguchi, K
   Shirasaki, Y
   Suzuki, M
   Takata, T
   Tamagawa, T
   Terada, H
   Watanabe, J
   Yatsu, Y
   Yoshida, A
TI An optical spectrum of the afterglow of a γ-ray burst at a redshift of z=6.295
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gunn-peterson trough; progenitor; reionization; grb-021004; universe; density
AB The prompt gamma-ray emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) should be detectable out to distances of z > 10 (ref. 1), and should therefore provide an excellent probe of the evolution of cosmic star formation, reionization of the intergalactic medium, and the metal enrichment history of the Universe(1-4). Hitherto, the highest measured redshift for a GRB has been z = 4.50 (ref. 5). Here we report the optical spectrum of the afterglow of GRB 050904 obtained 3.4 days after the burst; the spectrum shows a clear continuum at the long-wavelength end of the spectrum with a sharp cut-off at around 9,000 angstrom due to Lyman alpha absorption at z approximate to 6.3 (with a damping wing). A system of absorption lines of heavy elements at z = 6.295 +/- 0.002 was also detected, yielding the precise measurement of the redshift. The Si II fine-structure lines suggest a dense, metal-enriched environment around the progenitor of the GRB.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Astron, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Hiroshima Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Hiroshima 7398526, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Astron, Tokyo 1810015, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Astron, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   RIKEN, Inst Phys & Chem Res, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Aoyama Gakuin Univ, Dept Phys, Kanagawa 2298558, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Kyoto University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Hiroshima University; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; RIKEN; Aoyama Gakuin University
RP Kawai, N (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
EM nkawai@phys.titech.ac.jp
NR 25
TC 284
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 184
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature04498
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500039
PM 16525466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wysocka, J
   Swigut, T
   Xiao, H
   Milne, TA
   Kwon, SY
   Landry, J
   Kauer, M
   Tackett, AJ
   Chait, BT
   Badenhorst, P
   Wu, C
   Allis, CD
AF Wysocka, Joanna
   Swigut, Tomek
   Xiao, Hua
   Milne, Thomas A.
   Kwon, So Yeon
   Landry, Joe
   Kauer, Monika
   Tackett, Alan J.
   Chait, Brian T.
   Badenhorst, Paul
   Wu, Carl
   Allis, C. David
TI A PHD finger of NURF couples histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation with chromatin remodelling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; complex nurf; methylation; h3; binding; methyltransferase; acetylation; association; bromodomain; domain
AB Lysine methylation of histones is recognized as an important component of an epigenetic indexing system demarcating transcriptionally active and inactive chromatin domains. Trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) marks transcription start sites of virtually all active genes(1-4). Recently, we reported that the WD40-repeat protein WDR5 is important for global levels of H3K4me3 and control of HOX gene expression(5). Here we show that a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger of nucleosome remodelling factor (NURF), an ISWI-containing ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complex, mediates a direct preferential association with H3K4me3 tails. Depletion of H3K4me3 causes partial release of the NURF subunit, BPTF (bromodomain and PHD finger transcription factor), from chromatin and defective recruitment of the associated ATPase, SNF2L (also known as ISWI and SMARCA1), to the HOXC8 promoter. Loss of BPTF in Xenopus embryos mimics WDR5 loss-of-function phenotypes, and compromises spatial control of Hox gene expression. These results strongly suggest that WDR5 and NURF function in a common biological pathway in vivo, and that NURF-mediated ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling is directly coupled to H3K4 trimethylation to maintain Hox gene expression patterns during development. We also identify a previously unknown function for the PHD finger as a highly specialized methyl-lysine-binding domain.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromatin Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Vertebrate Embryol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mass Spectrometry & Gaseous Ion Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NCI, Mol Cell Biol Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA.
   Univ Birmingham, Inst Biomed Res, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Birmingham
RP Wu, C (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromatin Biol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM carlwu@helix.nih.gov
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/D522470/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/D522470/1] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 942
Z9 1230
U1 2
U2 139
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 86
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature04815
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500042
PM 16728976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Subarya, C
   Chlieh, M
   Prawirodirdjo, L
   Avouac, JP
   Bock, Y
   Sieh, K
   Meltzner, AJ
   Natawidjaja, DH
   McCaffrey, R
AF Subarya, C
   Chlieh, M
   Prawirodirdjo, L
   Avouac, JP
   Bock, Y
   Sieh, K
   Meltzner, AJ
   Natawidjaja, DH
   McCaffrey, R
TI Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gps measurements; subduction zone; coral microatolls; crustal motion; seismicity; fault; arc; constraints; indonesia; history
AB The Sumatra - Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake ( moment magnitude M-w. 9.0) to have occurred since the advent of modern space-based geodesy and broadband seismology. It therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the characteristics of one of these enormous and rare events. Here we report estimates of the ground displacement associated with this event, using near-field Global Positioning System ( GPS) surveys in northwestern Sumatra combined with in situ and remote observations of the vertical motion of coral reefs. These data show that the earthquake was generated by rupture of the Sunda subduction megathrust over a distance of >1,500 kilometres and a width of,150 kilometres. Megathrust slip exceeded 20 metres offshore northern Sumatra, mostly at depths shallower than 30 kilometres. Comparison of the geodetically and seismically inferred slip distribution indicates that,30 per cent additional fault slip accrued in the 1.5 months following the 500-second-long seismic rupture. Both seismic and aseismic slip before our re-occupation of GPS sites occurred on the shallow portion of the megathrust, where the large Aceh tsunami originated. Slip tapers off abruptly along strike beneath Simeulue Island at the southeastern edge of the rupture, where the earthquake nucleated and where an M-w = 7.2 earthquake occurred in late 2002. This edge also abuts the northern limit of slip in the 28 March 2005 M-w = 8.7 Nias - Simeulue earthquake.
C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Tecton Observ, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Natl Coordinating Agcy Surveys & Mapping, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Cecil H & Ida M Green Inst Geophys & Planetary Ph, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Indonesian Inst Sci, Res Ctr Geotechnol, Bandung 40135, Indonesia.
   Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Troy, NY 12180 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; National Research & Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN); Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
RP Avouac, JP (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Tecton Observ, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM avouac@gps.caltech.edu
NR 44
TC 352
Z9 401
U1 2
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 46
EP 51
DI 10.1038/nature04522
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700035
PM 16511486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ambati, BK
   Nozaki, M
   Singh, N
   Takeda, A
   Jani, PD
   Suthar, T
   Albuquerque, RJC
   Richter, E
   Sakurai, E
   Newcomb, MT
   Kleinman, ME
   Caldwell, RB
   Lin, Q
   Ogura, Y
   Orecchia, A
   Samuelson, DA
   Agnew, DW
   St Leger, J
   Green, WR
   Mahasreshti, PJ
   Curiel, DT
   Kwan, D
   Marsh, H
   Ikeda, S
   Leiper, LJ
   Collinson, JM
   Bogdanovich, S
   Khurana, TS
   Shibuya, M
   Baldwin, ME
   Ferrara, N
   Gerber, HP
   De Falco, S
   Witta, J
   Baffi, JZ
   Raisler, BJ
   Ambati, J
AF Ambati, Balamurali K.
   Nozaki, Miho
   Singh, Nirbhai
   Takeda, Atsunobu
   Jani, Pooja D.
   Suthar, Tushar
   Albuquerque, Romulo J. C.
   Richter, Elizabeth
   Sakurai, Eiji
   Newcomb, Michael T.
   Kleinman, Mark E.
   Caldwell, Ruth B.
   Lin, Qing
   Ogura, Yuichiro
   Orecchia, Angela
   Samuelson, Don A.
   Agnew, Dalen W.
   St. Leger, Judy
   Green, W. Richard
   Mahasreshti, Parameshwar J.
   Curiel, David T.
   Kwan, Donna
   Marsh, Helene
   Ikeda, Sakae
   Leiper, Lucy J.
   Collinson, J. Martin
   Bogdanovich, Sasha
   Khurana, Tejvir S.
   Shibuya, Masabumi
   Baldwin, Megan E.
   Ferrara, Napoleone
   Gerber, Hans-Peter
   De Falco, Sandro
   Witta, Jassir
   Baffi, Judit Z.
   Raisler, Brian J.
   Ambati, Jayakrishna
TI Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic ablation; tyrosine kinase; neovascularization; growth; mice; flt-1; angiogenesis; inhibition; abnormality; aniridia
AB Corneal avascularity - the absence of blood vessels in the cornea is required for optical clarity and optimal vision, and has led to the cornea being widely used for validating pro- and anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies for many disorders(1-4). But the molecular underpinnings of the avascular phenotype have until now remained obscure(5-10) and are all the more remarkable given the presence in the cornea of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, a potent stimulator of angiogenesis, and the proximity of the cornea to vascularized tissues. Here we show that the cornea expresses soluble VEGF receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1; also known as sflt-1) and that suppression of this endogenous VEGF-A trap(11) by neutralizing antibodies, RNA interference or Cre-lox-mediated gene disruption abolishes corneal avascularity in mice. The spontaneously vascularized corneas of corn1 and Pax6(+/-) mice(12,13) and Pax6(+/-) patients with aniridia(14) are deficient in sflt-1, and recombinant sflt-1 administration restores corneal avascularity in corn1 and Pax6(+/-) mice. Manatees, the only known creatures uniformly to have vascularized corneas(15), do not express sflt-1, whereas the avascular corneas of dugongs, also members of the order Sirenia, elephants, the closest extant terrestrial phylogenetic relatives of manatees, and other marine mammals ( dolphins and whales) contain sflt-1, indicating that it has a crucial, evolutionarily conserved role. The recognition that sflt-1 is essential for preserving the avascular ambit of the cornea can rationally guide its use as a platform for angiogenic modulators, supports its use in treating neovascular diseases, and might provide insight into the immunological privilege of the cornea.
C1 Med Coll Georgia, Dept Ophthalmol, Augusta, GA 30907 USA.
   Med Coll Georgia, Dept Cell Biol, Augusta, GA 30907 USA.
   Augusta Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Augusta, GA 30907 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Internal Med, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Dept Physiol, Lexington, KY 40506 USA.
   Nagoya City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Nagoya, Aichi 4678601, Japan.
   Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA.
   IRCCS, IDI, Mol & Cell Biol Lab, I-00167 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Small Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Sea World, Dept Pathol, San Diego, CA 92109 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Wilmer Inst, Eye Pathol Lab, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Gene Therapy Ctr, Div Human Gene Therapy, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Trop Environm Studies & Geog, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Genet, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Aberdeen, Sch Med Sci, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Penn Muscle Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Tokyo 1088639, Japan.
   Dept Mol Oncol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   CNR, Inst Genet & Biophys, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
C3 University System of Georgia; Augusta University; University System of Georgia; Augusta University; University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky; Nagoya City University; Vanderbilt University; IRCCS Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI); State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of California System; University of California Davis; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; James Cook University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Aberdeen; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Tokyo; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica Adriano Buzzati-Traverso (IGB-CNR)
RP Ambati, BK (corresponding author), Med Coll Georgia, Dept Ophthalmol, Augusta, GA 30907 USA.
EM bambati@mail.mcg.edu; jamba2@uky.edu
FU Wellcome Trust [074127] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 577
Z9 668
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 993
EP 997
DI 10.1038/nature05249
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400055
PM 17051153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Björklund, M
   Taipale, M
   Varjosalo, M
   Saharinen, J
   Lahdenperä, J
   Taipale, J
AF Björklund, M
   Taipale, M
   Varjosalo, M
   Saharinen, J
   Lahdenperä, J
   Taipale, J
TI Identification of pathways regulating cell size and cell-cycle progression by RNAi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-damage; drosophila-melanogaster; checkpoint kinase; cop9 signalosome; genome; growth; screen; cdc25; map
AB Many high-throughput loss-of-function analyses of the eukaryotic cell cycle have relied on the unicellular yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In multicellular organisms, however, additional control mechanisms regulate the cell cycle to specify the size of the organism and its constituent organs(1). To identify such genes, here we analysed the effect of the loss of function of 70% of Drosophila genes (including 90% of genes conserved in human) on cell-cycle progression of S2 cells using flow cytometry. To address redundancy, we also targeted genes involved in protein phosphorylation simultaneously with their homologues. We identify genes that control cell size, cytokinesis, cell death and/or apoptosis, and the G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Classification of the genes into pathways by unsupervised hierarchical clustering on the basis of these phenotypes shows that, in addition to classical regulatory mechanisms such asMyc/Max, Cyclin/Cdk and E2F, cell-cycle progression in S2 cells is controlled by vesicular and nuclear transport proteins, COP9 signalosome activity and four extracellular-signal-regulated pathways (Wnt, p38 beta MAPK, FRAP/TOR and JAK/STAT). In addition, by simultaneously analysing several phenotypes, we identify a translational regulator, eIF-3p66, that specifically affects the Cyclin/Cdk pathway activity.
C1 Univ Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Mol & Canc Biol Program, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Univ Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, High Throughput Ctr, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Mol Med, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
   Biomedicum, Biomedicum Bioinformat Unit, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; Finland National Institute for Health & Welfare; University of Helsinki
RP Taipale, M (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Mol & Canc Biol Program, POB 63,Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM minna.taipale@helsinki.fi
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 271
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 1009
EP 1013
DI 10.1038/nature04469
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100054
PM 16496002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Catania, KC
AF Catania, Kenneth C.
TI Olfaction - Underwater 'sniffing' by semi-aquatic mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol Sci, VU Stn B, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
RP Catania, KC (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Biol Sci, VU Stn B, Box 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
EM ken.catania@vanderbilt.edu
NR 9
TC 53
Z9 66
U1 2
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1024
EP 1025
DI 10.1038/4441024a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100044
PM 17183311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freedman, DJ
   Assad, JA
AF Freedman, David J.
   Assad, John A.
TI Experience-dependent representation of visual categories in parietal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral intraparietal area; perceptual decision; prefrontal cortex; single neurons; monkey; attention; stimuli; signals; motion
AB Categorization is a process by which the brain assigns meaning to sensory stimuli. Through experience, we learn to group stimuli into categories, such as 'chair', 'table' and 'vehicle', which are critical for rapidly and appropriately selecting behavioural responses(1,2). Although much is known about the neural representation of simple visual stimulus features (for example, orientation, direction and colour), relatively little is known about how the brain learns and encodes the meaning of stimuli. We trained monkeys to classify 360 degrees of visual motion directions into two discrete categories, and compared neuronal activity in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) and middle temporal (MT) areas, two interconnected brain regions(3) known to be involved in visual motion processing(4-6). Here we show that neurons in LIP-an area known to be centrally involved in visuo-spatial attention(7-9), motor planning(10-13) and decision-making(14-16)-robustly reflect the category of motion direction as a result of learning. The activity of LIP neurons encoded directions of motion according to their category membership, and that encoding shifted after the monkeys were retrained to group the same stimuli into two new categories. In contrast, neurons in area MT were strongly direction selective but carried little, if any, explicit category information. This indicates that LIP might be an important nexus for the transformation of visual direction selectivity to more abstract representations that encode the behavioural relevance, or meaning, of stimuli.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Freedman, DJ (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM davidfreedman@alum.mit.edu
NR 28
TC 408
Z9 484
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/nature05078
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900044
PM 16936716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peterson, DM
   Hummel, CA
   Pauls, TA
   Armstrong, JT
   Benson, JA
   Gilbreath, GC
   Hindsley, RB
   Hutter, DJ
   Johnston, KJ
   Mozurkewich, D
   Schmitt, HR
AF Peterson, DM
   Hummel, CA
   Pauls, TA
   Armstrong, JT
   Benson, JA
   Gilbreath, GC
   Hindsley, RB
   Hutter, DJ
   Johnston, KJ
   Mozurkewich, D
   Schmitt, HR
TI Vega is a rapidly rotating star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prototype optical interferometer; a-type stars; model atmospheres; calibration; photometry; continuum; altair; flux
AB Vega, the second brightest star in the northern hemisphere, serves as a primary spectral type standard(1). Although its spectrum is dominated by broad hydrogen lines, the narrower lines of the heavy elements suggested slow to moderate rotation, giving confidence that the ground-based calibration of its visible spectrum could be safely extrapolated into the ultraviolet and near-infrared (through atmosphere models(2)), where it also serves as the primary photometric calibrator. But there have been problems: the star is too bright compared to its peers(3) and it has unusually shaped absorption line profiles, leading some(4,5) to suggest that it is a distorted, rapidly rotating star seen pole-on. Here we report optical interferometric observations that show that Vega has the asymmetric brightness distribution of the bright, slightly offset polar axis of a star rotating at 93 per cent of its breakup speed. In addition to explaining the unusual brightness and line shape peculiarities, this result leads to the prediction of an excess of near-infrared emission compared to the visible, in agreement with observations(6,7). The large temperature differences predicted across its surface call into question composition determinations, adding uncertainty to Vega's age and opening the possibility that its debris disk(8) could be substantially older than previously thought(9,10).
C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   USN Observ, Washington, DC 20392 USA.
   USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA.
   US Naval Observ, Flagstaff Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Seabrook Engn, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA.
   Interferomet Inc, Herndon, VA USA.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; European Southern Observatory; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy; United States Naval Research Laboratory; NRL Chesapeake
RP Peterson, DM (corresponding author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
EM dpeterson@astro.sunysb.edu
NR 26
TC 142
Z9 154
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 896
EP 899
DI 10.1038/nature04661
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700032
PM 16612375
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumar, KA
   Sano, G
   Boscardin, S
   Nussenzweig, RS
   Nussenzweig, MC
   Zavala, F
   Nussenzweig, V
AF Kumar, Kota Arun
   Sano, Gen-ichiro
   Boscardin, Silvia
   Nussenzweig, Ruth S.
   Nussenzweig, Michel C.
   Zavala, Fidel
   Nussenzweig, Victor
TI The circumsporozoite protein is an immunodominant protective antigen in irradiated sporozoites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liver-stages; t-cells; malaria; immunity; vaccine; transcriptome; immunization; infection; virulence; epitopes
AB Malaria infection starts when mosquitoes inject sporozoites into the skin. The parasites enter the blood stream and make their way to the liver where they develop into the exo-erythrocytic forms (EEFs). Immunization with irradiated sporozoites (IrSp) leads to robust protection against malaria infection in rodents(1), monkeys(2) and humans(3) by eliciting antibodies to circumsporozoite protein (CS) that inhibit sporozoite infectivity, and T cells that destroy the EEFs(4). To study the role of non-CS antigens in protection, we produced CS transgenic mice that were tolerant to CS T-cell epitopes. Here we show that in the absence of T-cell-dependent immune responses to CS, protection induced by immunization with two doses of IrSp was greatly reduced. Thus, although hundreds of other Plasmodium genes are expressed in sporozoites(5) and EEFs(6), CS is a dominant protective antigen. Nevertheless, sterile immunity could be obtained by immunization of CS transgenics with three doses of IrSp.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Michael Heidelberger Div Immunol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Med & Mol Parasitol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 New York University; Keio University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
RP Kumar, KA (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Michael Heidelberger Div Immunol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM arun.kumar@med.nyu.edu
NR 30
TC 221
Z9 263
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 937
EP 940
DI 10.1038/nature05361
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400058
PM 17151604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, YS
   Hasenstaub, A
   Duque, A
   Yu, YG
   McCormick, DA
AF Shu, Yousheng
   Hasenstaub, Andrea
   Duque, Alvaro
   Yu, Yuguo
   McCormick, David A.
TI Modulation of intracortical synaptic potentials by presynaptic somatic membrane potential
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat visual-cortex; underlying contrast adaptation; neocortical pyramidal neurons; transmitter release; hippocampal-neurons; nerve-terminals; rat neocortex; in-vivo; cells; connections
AB Traditionally, neuronal operations in the cerebral cortex have been viewed as occurring through the interaction of synaptic potentials in the dendrite and soma, followed by the initiation of an action potential, typically in the axon(1,2). Propagation of this action potential to the synaptic terminals is widely believed to be the only form of rapid communication of information between the soma and axonal synapses, and hence to postsynaptic neurons. Here we show that the voltage fluctuations associated with dendrosomatic synaptic activity propagate significant distances along the axon, and that modest changes in the somatic membrane potential of the presynaptic neuron modulate the amplitude and duration of axonal action potentials and, through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, the average amplitude of the postsynaptic potential evoked by these spikes. These results indicate that synaptic activity in the dendrite and soma controls not only the pattern of action potentials generated, but also the amplitude of the synaptic potentials that these action potentials initiate in local cortical circuits, resulting in synaptic transmission that is a mixture of triggered and graded ( analogue) signals.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Kavli Inst Neurosci, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP McCormick, DA (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Kavli Inst Neurosci, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM david.mccormick@yale.edu
NR 31
TC 333
Z9 379
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 761
EP 765
DI 10.1038/nature04720
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100057
PM 16625207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grottoli, AG
   Rodrigues, LJ
   Palardy, JE
AF Grottoli, AG
   Rodrigues, LJ
   Palardy, JE
TI Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reef corals; tissue biomass; climate-change; zooplankton; hawaiian; patterns; carbon; rates
AB Mass coral bleaching events caused by elevated seawater temperatures(1,2) have resulted in extensive coral mortality throughout the tropics over the past few decades(3,4). With continued global warming, bleaching events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity, causing up to 60% coral mortality globally within the next few decades(4-6). Although some corals are able to recover and to survive bleaching(7,8), the mechanisms underlying such resilience are poorly understood. Here we show that the coral host has a significant role in recovery and resilience. Bleached and recovering Montipora capitata (branching) corals met more than 100% of their daily metabolic energy requirements by markedly increasing their feeding rates and CHAR (per cent contribution of heterotrophically acquired carbon to daily animal respiration), whereas Porites compressa (branching) and Porites lobata (mounding) corals did not. These findings suggest that coral species with high-CHAR capability during bleaching and recovery, irrespective of morphology, will be more resilient to bleaching events over the long term, could become the dominant coral species on reefs, and may help to safeguard affected reefs from potential local and global extinction.
C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
   Villanova Univ, Dept Biol, Villanova, PA 19085 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; Villanova University; Brown University
RP Grottoli, AG (corresponding author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
EM grottoli.1@osu.edu
NR 28
TC 767
Z9 925
U1 5
U2 251
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1186
EP 1189
DI 10.1038/nature04565
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000044
PM 16641995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jin, HC
   Sperka, T
   Herrlich, P
   Morrison, H
AF Jin, Hongchuan
   Sperka, Tobias
   Herrlich, Peter
   Morrison, Helen
TI Tumorigenic transformation by CPI-17 through inhibition of a merlin phosphatase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf2 tumor-suppressor; myosin-binding subunit; rho-associated kinase; neurofibromatosis type-2; protein phosphatase; smooth-muscle; gene-product; phosphorylation; association; cancer
AB The tumour suppressor protein merlin ( encoded by the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene NF2) is an important regulator of proliferation in many cell and tissue types(1-4). Merlin is activated by dephosphorylation at serine 518 (S518), which occurs on serum withdrawal or on cell - cell or cell - matrix contact(5,6). However, the relevant phosphatase that activates merlin's tumour suppressor function is unknown. Here we identify this enzyme as the myosin phosphatase (MYPT-1-PP1 delta). The cellular MYPT-1-PP1 delta - specific inhibitor CPI-17 causes a loss of merlin function characterized by merlin phosphorylation, Ras activation and transformation. Constitutively active merlin (S518A) reverses CPI-17-induced transformation, showing that merlin is the decisive substrate of MYPT-1-PP1 delta in tumour suppression. In addition we show that CPI-17 levels are raised in several human tumour cell lines and that the downregulation of CPI-17 induces merlin dephosphorylation, inhibits Ras activation and abolishes the transformed phenotype. MYPT-1-PP1 delta and its substrate merlin are part of a previously undescribed tumour suppressor cascade that can be hindered in two ways, by mutation of the NF2 gene and by upregulation of the oncoprotein CPI-17.
C1 Fritz Lipmann Inst, Liebniz Inst Age Res, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Toxicol & Genet, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
C3 Leibniz Association; Leibniz Institut fur Alternsforschung - Fritz-Lipmann-Institut (FLI); Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
RP Morrison, H (corresponding author), Fritz Lipmann Inst, Liebniz Inst Age Res, Beutenbergstr 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
EM helen@fli-leibniz.de
NR 28
TC 159
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 576
EP 579
DI 10.1038/nature04856
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900046
PM 16885985
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bjork, A
   Pitnick, S
AF Bjork, Adam
   Pitnick, Scott
TI Intensity of sexual selection along the anisogamy-isogamy continuum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sperm competition; evolution; size; ejaculate; testes; cost; long
AB Research into the evolution of giant sperm has uncovered a paradox within the foundations of sexual selection theory. Post-copulatory sexual selection on males ( that is, sperm competition and cryptic female choice) can lead to decreased sperm numbers by favouring the production of larger sperm(1). However, a decline in sperm numbers is predicted to weaken selection on males and increase selection on females(2,3). As isogamy is approached ( that is, as investment per gamete by males approaches that by females), sperm become less abundant, ova become relatively less rare, and competition between males for fertilization success is predicted to weaken. Sexual selection for longer sperm, therefore, is expected to be self limiting. Here we examine this paradox in Drosophila along the anisogamy-isogamy continuum using intraspecific experimental evolution techniques and interspecific comparative techniques. Our results confirm the big-sperm paradox by showing that the sex difference in sexual selection gradients(4) decreases as sperm size increases. However, a resolution to the paradox is provided when this finding is interpreted in concert with the 'opportunity for selection' and the 'opportunity for sexual selection'(5,6). Furthermore, we show that most of the variation in measures of selection intensity is explained by sperm length and relative investment in sperm production.
C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Biol, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
C3 Syracuse University
RP Bjork, A (corresponding author), Syracuse Univ, Dept Biol, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.
EM acbjork@syr.edu
NR 29
TC 103
Z9 114
U1 1
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 742
EP 745
DI 10.1038/nature04683
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100052
PM 16760976
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jop, P
   Forterre, Y
   Pouliquen, O
AF Jop, Pierre
   Forterre, Yoel
   Pouliquen, Olivier
TI A constitutive law for dense granular flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID model
AB A continuum description of granular flows would be of considerable help in predicting natural geophysical hazards or in designing industrial processes. However, the constitutive equations for dry granular flows, which govern how the material moves under shear, are still a matter of debate(1-10). One difficulty is that grains can behave(11) like a solid ( in a sand pile), a liquid ( when poured from a silo) or a gas ( when strongly agitated). For the two extreme regimes, constitutive equations have been proposed based on kinetic theory for collisional rapid flows(12), and soil mechanics for slow plastic flows(13). However, the intermediate dense regime, where the granular material flows like a liquid, still lacks a unified view and has motivated many studies over the past decade(14). The main characteristics of granular liquids are: a yield criterion ( a critical shear stress below which flow is not possible) and a complex dependence on shear rate when flowing. In this sense, granular matter shares similarities with classical visco-plastic fluids such as Bingham fluids. Here we propose a new constitutive relation for dense granular flows, inspired by this analogy and recent numerical(15,16) and experimental work(17-19). We then test our three-dimensional ( 3D) model through experiments on granular flows on a pile between rough sidewalls, in which a complex 3D flow pattern develops. We show that, without any fitting parameter, the model gives quantitative predictions for the flow shape and velocity profiles. Our results support the idea that a simple visco-plastic approach can quantitatively capture granular flow properties, and could serve as a basic tool for modelling more complex flows in geophysical or industrial applications.
C1 Univ Aix Marseille 1, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 6595, F-13453 Marseille 13, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Jop, P (corresponding author), Univ Aix Marseille 1, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 6595, 5 Rue Enrico Fermi, F-13453 Marseille 13, France.
EM Pierre.Jop@polytech.univ-mrs.fr
NR 30
TC 1521
Z9 1752
U1 19
U2 525
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 727
EP 730
DI 10.1038/nature04801
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100048
PM 16760972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fialko, Y
AF Fialko, Yuri
TI Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID america plate boundary; hector mine earthquake; northern california; crustal deformation; francisco; slip; recurrence; chronology; pacific; rates
AB The San Andreas fault in California is a mature continental transform fault that accommodates a significant fraction of motion between the North American and Pacific plates. The two most recent great earthquakes on this fault ruptured its northern and central sections in 1906 and 1857, respectively. The southern section of the fault, however, has not produced a great earthquake in historic times ( for at least 250 years). Assuming the average slip rate of a few centimetres per year, typical of the rest of the San Andreas fault, the minimum amount of slip deficit accrued on the southern section is of the order of 7 - 10 metres, comparable to the maximum co-seismic offset ever documented on the fault(1,2). Here I present high-resolution measurements of interseismic deformation across the southern San Andreas fault system using a well-populated catalogue of space-borne synthetic aperture radar data. The data reveal a nearly equal partitioning of deformation between the southern San Andreas and San Jacinto faults, with a pronounced asymmetry in strain accumulation with respect to the geologically mapped fault traces. The observed strain rates confirm that the southern section of the San Andreas fault may be approaching the end of the interseismic phase of the earthquake cycle.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Fialko, Y (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM yfialko@ucsd.edu
NR 33
TC 377
Z9 474
U1 0
U2 69
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 968
EP 971
DI 10.1038/nature04797
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300039
PM 16791192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akkerman, HB
   Blom, PWM
   de Leeuw, DM
   de Boer, B
AF Akkerman, HB
   Blom, PWM
   de Leeuw, DM
   de Boer, B
TI Towards molecular electronics with large-area molecular junctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-assembled monolayers; conductance; transport; contact; metals
AB Electronic transport through single molecules has been studied extensively by academic(1-8) and industrial(9,10) research groups. Discrete tunnel junctions, or molecular diodes, have been reported using scanning probes(11,12), break junctions(13,14), metallic crossbars(6) and nanopores(8,15). For technological applications, molecular tunnel junctions must be reliable, stable and reproducible. The conductance per molecule, however, typically varies by many orders of magnitude(5). Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) may offer a promising route to the fabrication of reliable devices, and charge transport through SAMs of alkanethiols within nanopores is well understood, with non-resonant tunnelling dominating the transport mechanism(8). Unfortunately, electrical shorts in SAMs are often formed upon vapour deposition of the top electrode(16-18), which limits the diameter of the nanopore diodes to about 45 nm. Here we demonstrate a method to manufacture molecular junctions with diameters up to 100 mu m with high yields (>95 per cent). The junctions show excellent stability and reproducibility, and the conductance per unit area is similar to that obtained for benchmark nanopore diodes. Our technique involves processing the molecular junctions in the holes of a lithographically patterned photoresist, and then inserting a conducting polymer interlayer between the SAM and the metal top electrode. This simple approach is potentially low-cost and could pave the way for practical molecular electronics.
C1 Univ Groningen, Mat Sci Ctr Plus, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
   Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AA Eindhoven, Netherlands.
C3 University of Groningen; Philips; Philips Research
RP Akkerman, HB (corresponding author), Univ Groningen, Mat Sci Ctr Plus, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands.
EM b.de.boer@rug.nl
NR 23
TC 584
Z9 673
U1 8
U2 318
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/nature04699
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600033
PM 16672966
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elliott, T
   Thomas, A
   Jeffcoate, A
   Niu, YL
AF Elliott, Tim
   Thomas, Alex
   Jeffcoate, Alistair
   Niu, Yaoling
TI Lithium isotope evidence for subduction-enriched mantle in the source of mid-ocean-ridge basalts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; marble-cake mantle; red-sea mantle; icp-ms; crust; li; fractionation; origin; geochemistry; constraints
AB 'Recycled' crustal materials, returned from the Earth's surface to the mantle by subduction, have long been invoked to explain compositional heterogeneity in the upper mantle(1). Yet increasingly, problems have been noted with this model(2,3). The debate can be definitively addressed using stable isotope ratios, which should only significantly vary in primitive, mantle-derived materials as a consequence of recycling. Here we present data showing a notable range in lithium isotope ratios in basalts from the East Pacific Rise, which correlate with traditional indices of mantle heterogeneity (for example, Nd-143/Nd-144 ratios). Such co-variations of stable and radiogenic isotopes in melts from a normal ridge segment provide critical evidence for the importance of recycled material in generating chemical heterogeneity in the upper mantle. Contrary to many models, however, the elevated lithium isotope ratios of the 'enriched' East Pacific Rise lavas imply that subducted ocean crust is not the agent of enrichment. Instead, we suggest that fluid-modified mantle, which is enriched during residency in a subduction zone, is mixed back into the upper mantle to cause compositional variability.
C1 Univ Bristol, Bristol Isotope Grp, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ Durham, Dept Earth Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Oxford; Durham University
RP Elliott, T (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Bristol Isotope Grp, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg,Queens Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM tim.elliott@bris.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 238
U1 3
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 565
EP 568
DI 10.1038/nature05144
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200041
PM 17024091
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emoto, K
   Parrish, JZ
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
AF Emoto, Kazuo
   Parrish, Jay Z.
   Jan, Lily Yeh
   Jan, Yuh-Nung
TI The tumour suppressor Hippo acts with the NDR kinases in dendritic tiling and maintenance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila sensory neurons; cell-proliferation; promotes apoptosis; protein-kinase; signaling pathway; family; encodes; growth; shape; morphogenesis
AB Precise patterning of dendritic fields is essential for neuronal circuit formation and function, but how neurons establish and maintain their dendritic fields during development is poorly understood. In Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization neurons, dendritic tiling, which allows for the complete but nonoverlapping coverage of the dendritic fields(1-3), is established through a 'like-repels-like' behaviour of dendrites mediated by Tricornered (Trc), one of two NDR ( nuclear Dbf2-related) family kinases in Drosophila(4-7). Here we report that the other NDR family kinase, the tumour suppressor Warts/Lats (Wts)(8-10), regulates the maintenance of dendrites; in wts mutants, dendrites initially tile the body wall normally, but progressively lose branches at later larval stages, whereas the axon shows no obvious defects. We further provide biochemical and genetic evidence for the tumour suppressor kinase Hippo (Hpo)(11-15) as an upstream regulator of Wts and Trc for dendrite maintenance and tiling, respectively, thereby revealing important functions of tumour suppressor genes of the Hpo signalling pathway in dendrite morphogenesis.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Jan, YN (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM yuhnung.jan@ucsf.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [F32 MH071101] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 163
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 210
EP 213
DI 10.1038/nature05090
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000046
PM 16906135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohki, K
   Chung, SY
   Kara, P
   Hübener, M
   Bonhoeffer, T
   Reid, RC
AF Ohki, Kenichi
   Chung, Sooyoung
   Kara, Prakash
   Huebener, Mark
   Bonhoeffer, Tobias
   Reid, R. Clay
TI Highly ordered arrangement of single neurons in orientation pinwheels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey striate cortex; primary visual-cortex; in-vivo; functional architecture; ocular dominance; preference maps; deprived cats; direction; columns; organization
AB In the visual cortex of higher mammals, neurons are arranged across the cortical surface in an orderly map of preferred stimulus orientations(1,2). This map contains 'orientation pinwheels', structures that are arranged like the spokes of a wheel such that orientation changes continuously around a centre. Conventional optical imaging(3,4) first demonstrated these pinwheels(3,5), but the technique lacked the spatial resolution to determine the response properties and arrangement of cells near pinwheel centres. Electrophysiological recordings later demonstrated sharply selective neurons near pinwheel centres(6,7), but it remained unclear whether they were arranged randomly or in an orderly fashion. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging in vivo(8-12) to determine the microstructure of pinwheel centres in cat visual cortex with single-cell resolution. We find that pinwheel centres are highly ordered: neurons selective to different orientations are clearly segregated even in the very centre. Thus, pinwheel centres truly represent singularities in the cortical map. This highly ordered arrangement at the level of single cells suggests great precision in the development of cortical circuits underlying orientation selectivity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Neurobiol, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Max Planck Society
RP Reid, RC (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM clay_reid@hms.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 245
Z9 303
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 925
EP 928
DI 10.1038/nature05019
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500039
PM 16906137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, DK
   Cann, JR
   Escartín, J
AF Smith, Deborah K.
   Cann, Johnson R.
   Escartin, Javier
TI Widespread active detachment faulting and core complex formation near 13°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 15-20 fracture-zone; transform intersections; ultramafic exposures; megamullion; topography; origin
AB Oceanic core complexes are massifs in which lower-crustal and upper-mantle rocks are exposed at the sea floor(1-3). They form at mid-ocean ridges through slip on detachment faults rooted below the spreading axis(2-6). To date, most studies of core complexes have been based on isolated inactive massifs that have spread away from ridge axes. Here we present a survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 13 degrees N containing a segment in which a number of linked detachment faults extend for 75 km along one flank of the spreading axis. The detachment faults are apparently all currently active and at various stages of development. A field of extinct core complexes extends away from the axis for at least 100 km. Our observations reveal the topographic characteristics of actively forming core complexes and their evolution from initiation within the axial valley floor to maturity and eventual inactivity. Within the surrounding region there is a strong correlation between detachment fault morphology at the ridge axis and high rates of hydroacoustically recorded earthquake seismicity. Preliminary examination of seismicity and seafloor morphology farther north along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge suggests that active detachment faulting is occurring in many segments and that detachment faulting is more important in the generation of ocean crust at this slow-spreading ridge than previously suspected.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Earth Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   CNRS, Marine Geosci Grp, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Leeds; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Smith, DK (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM dsmith@whoi.edu
NR 26
TC 250
Z9 282
U1 4
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 440
EP 443
DI 10.1038/nature04950
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900040
PM 16871215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reyes, N
   Gadsby, DC
AF Reyes, Nicolas
   Gadsby, David C.
TI Ion permeation through the Na+,K+-ATPase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sarcoplasmic-reticulum ca2+-atpase; calcium-pump; binding-sites; sodium-pump; xenopus-laevis; cation-binding; alpha-subunit; na,k-atpase; mechanism; occlusion
AB P-type ATPase pumps generate concentration gradients of cations across membranes in nearly all cells. They provide a polar transmembrane pathway, to which access is strictly controlled by coupled gates that are constrained to open alternately, thereby enabling thermodynamically uphill ion transport ( for example, see ref. 1). Here we examine the ion pathway through the Na+, K+-ATPase, a representative P-type pump, after uncoupling its extra- and intracellular gates with the marine toxin palytoxin(2). We use small hydrophilic thiol-specific reagents(3) as extracellular probes and we monitor their reactions, and the consequences, with cysteine residues introduced along the anticipated cation pathway through the pump. The distinct effects of differently charged reagents indicate that a wide outer vestibule penetrates deep into the Na+, K+-ATPase, where the pathway narrows and leads to a charge-selectivity filter. Acidic residues in this region, which are conserved to coordinate pumped ions, allow the approach of cations but exclude anions. Reversing the charge at just one of those positions converts the pathway from cation selective to anion selective. Close structural homology among the catalytic subunits of Ca2+-, Na+, K+- and H+, K+-ATPases(4-6) argues that their extracytosolic cation exchange pathways all share these physical characteristics.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cardiac Membrane Physiol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Gadsby, DC (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Lab Cardiac Membrane Physiol, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM gadsby@rockefeller.edu
NR 30
TC 73
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 470
EP 474
DI 10.1038/nature05129
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800049
PM 17006516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corder, R
   Mullen, W
   Khan, NQ
   Marks, SC
   Wood, EG
   Carrier, MJ
   Crozier, A
AF Corder, R.
   Mullen, W.
   Khan, N. Q.
   Marks, S. C.
   Wood, E. G.
   Carrier, M. J.
   Crozier, A.
TI Red wine procyanidins and vascular health
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beer
C1 Barts & London Queen Marys Sch Med & Dent, William Harvey Res Inst, London EC1M 6BQ, England.
   Univ Glasgow, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Plant Prod & Human Nutr Grp, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
C3 University of London; Queen Mary University London; University of Glasgow
RP Corder, R (corresponding author), Barts & London Queen Marys Sch Med & Dent, William Harvey Res Inst, London EC1M 6BQ, England.
EM r.corder@qmul.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 274
Z9 311
U1 1
U2 110
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 566
EP 566
DI 10.1038/444566a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600033
PM 17136085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maret, S
   Bergin, EA
   Lada, CJ
AF Maret, S.
   Bergin, E. A.
   Lada, C. J.
TI A low fraction of nitrogen in molecular form in a dark cloud
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dense interstellar clouds; o1 hale-bopp; starless cores; depletion; comets; n2h+; desorption; abundance; chemistry
AB Nitrogen is the fifth most abundant element in the Universe. In the interstellar medium, it has been thought to be mostly molecular (N-2)(1). However, N-2 has no observable rotational or vibrational transitions, so its abundance in the interstellar medium remains poorly known. In comets, the N-2 abundance is very low(2,3), while the elemental nitrogen abundance is deficient with respect to the solar value. Moreover, large nitrogen isotopic anomalies are observed in meteorites and interstellar dust particles(4). Here we report the N2H+ (and by inference the N-2) abundance inside a cold dark molecular cloud. We find that only a small fraction of nitrogen in the gas phase is molecular, with most of it being atomic. Because the compositions of comets probably reflect those of dark clouds(5), this result explains the low N-2 abundance in comets. We argue that the elemental nitrogen abundance deficiency in comets can be understood if the atomic oxygen abundance is lower than predicted by present chemical models. Furthermore, the lack of molecular nitrogen in molecular clouds explains the nitrogen anomalies in meteorites and interstellar dust particles, as nitrogen fractionation is enhanced if gaseous nitrogen is atomic(6).
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Harvard University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
RP Maret, S (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, 500 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM smaret@umich.edu
NR 25
TC 98
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 425
EP 427
DI 10.1038/nature04919
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900036
PM 16871211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Oliveira, T
   Pybus, OG
   Rambaut, A
   Salemi, M
   Cassol, S
   Ciccozzi, M
   Rezza, G
   Gattinara, GC
   D'Arrigo, R
   Amicosante, M
   Perrin, L
   Colizzi, V
   Perno, CF
AF de Oliveira, Tulio
   Pybus, Oliver G.
   Rambaut, Andrew
   Salemi, Marco
   Cassol, Sharon
   Ciccozzi, Massimo
   Rezza, Giovanni
   Gattinara, Guido Castelli
   D'Arrigo, Roberta
   Amicosante, Massimo
   Perrin, Luc
   Colizzi, Vittorio
   Perno, Carlo Federico
TI Molecular epidemiology - HIV-1 and HCV sequences from Libyan outbreak
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatitis-c virus; nosocomial outbreak
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Florida, Coll Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA.
   Univ Pretoria, Fac Hlth Sci, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Ist Super Sanita, Dept Infect Dis, I-00161 Rome, Italy.
   Bambino Gesu Pediat Hosp, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, I-00165 Rome, Italy.
   Spallanzani Inst Infect Dis, I-00149 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Internal Med, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Hosp Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Biol, I-00133 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Roma Tor Vergata, Dept Expt Med & Biochem Sci, I-00173 Rome, Italy.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Edinburgh; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Pretoria; Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS); IRCCS Bambino Gesu; University of Rome Tor Vergata; University of Geneva; University of Rome Tor Vergata; University of Rome Tor Vergata
RP de Oliveira, T (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PS, England.
EM tulio.deoliveira@zoo.ox.ac.uk
NR 12
TC 101
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 836
EP 837
DI 10.1038/444836a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400034
PM 17171825
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aravin, A
   Gaidatzis, D
   Pfeffer, S
   Lagos-Quintana, M
   Landgraf, P
   Iovino, N
   Morris, P
   Brownstein, MJ
   Kuramochi-Miyagawa, S
   Nakano, T
   Chien, MC
   Russo, JJ
   Ju, JY
   Sheridan, R
   Sander, C
   Zavolan, M
   Tuschl, T
AF Aravin, Alexei
   Gaidatzis, Dimos
   Pfeffer, Sebastien
   Lagos-Quintana, Mariana
   Landgraf, Pablo
   Iovino, Nicola
   Morris, Patricia
   Brownstein, Michael J.
   Kuramochi-Miyagawa, Satomi
   Nakano, Toru
   Chien, Minchen
   Russo, James J.
   Ju, Jingyue
   Sheridan, Robert
   Sander, Chris
   Zavolan, Mihaela
   Tuschl, Thomas
TI A novel class of small RNAs bind to MILI protein in mouse testes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microrna genes; identification; piwi; genm; family; cells; spermatogenesis; vertebrate; profile; world
AB Small RNAs bound to Argonaute proteins recognize partially or fully complementary nucleic acid targets in diverse gene-silencing processes(1-4). A subgroup of the Argonaute proteins - known as the 'Piwi family'(5) - is required for germ- and stem-cell development in invertebrates(6,7), and two Piwi members - MILI and MIWI - are essential for spermatogenesis in mouse(8,9). Here we describe a new class of small RNAs that bind to MILI in mouse male germ cells, where they accumulate at the onset of meiosis. The sequences of the over 1,000 identified unique molecules share a strong preference for a 50 uridine, but otherwise cannot be readily classified into sequence families. Genomic mapping of these small RNAs reveals a limited number of clusters, suggesting that these RNAs are processed from long primary transcripts. The small RNAs are 26 - 31 nucleotides (nt) in length - clearly distinct from the 21 - 23 nt of microRNAs ( miRNAs) or short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) - and we refer to them as 'Piwi-interacting RNAs' or piRNAs. Orthologous human chromosomal regions also give rise to small RNAs with the characteristics of piRNAs, but the cloned sequences are distinct. The identification of this new class of small RNAs provides an important starting point to determine the molecular function of Piwi proteins in mammalian spermatogenesis.
C1 Univ Basel, Bioctr, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab RNA Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Populat Council, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   J Craig Venter Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Columbia Genome Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem Engn, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Computat Biol Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 University of Basel; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Population Council; J. Craig Venter Institute; University of Osaka; Columbia University; Columbia University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Tuschl, T (corresponding author), Univ Basel, Bioctr, Klingelbergstr 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
EM ttuschl@rockefeller.edu
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD039024] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 1219
Z9 1483
U1 1
U2 140
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 203
EP 207
DI 10.1038/nature04916
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700048
PM 16751777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daw, ND
   O'Doherty, JP
   Dayan, P
   Seymour, B
   Dolan, RJ
AF Daw, Nathaniel D.
   O'Doherty, John P.
   Dayan, Peter
   Seymour, Ben
   Dolan, Raymond J.
TI Cortical substrates for exploratory decisions in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID prefrontal cortex; parietal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex; human brain; reward; prediction; dopamine; striatum; systems; representations
AB Decision making in an uncertain environment poses a conflict between the opposing demands of gathering and exploiting information. In a classic illustration of this 'exploration-exploitation' dilemma(1), a gambler choosing between multiple slot machines balances the desire to select what seems, on the basis of accumulated experience, the richest option, against the desire to choose a less familiar option that might turn out more advantageous ( and thereby provide information for improving future decisions). Far from representing idle curiosity, such exploration is often critical for organisms to discover how best to harvest resources such as food and water. In appetitive choice, substantial experimental evidence, underpinned by computational reinforcement learning(2) (RL) theory, indicates that a dopaminergic(3,4), striatal(5-9) and medial prefrontal network mediates learning to exploit. In contrast, although exploration has been well studied from both theoretical(1) and ethological(10) perspectives, its neural substrates are much less clear. Here we show, in a gambling task, that human subjects' choices can be characterized by a computationally well-regarded strategy for addressing the explore/exploit dilemma. Furthermore, using this characterization to classify decisions as exploratory or exploitative, we employ functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that the frontopolar cortex and intraparietal sulcus are preferentially active during exploratory decisions. In contrast, regions of striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex exhibit activity characteristic of an involvement in value-based exploitative decision making. The results suggest a model of action selection under uncertainty that involves switching between exploratory and exploitative behavioural modes, and provide a computationally precise characterization of the contribution of key decision-related brain systems to each of these functions.
C1 UCL, Gatsby Computat Neurosci Unit, London WC1N 3AR, England.
   UCL, Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
RP O'Doherty, JP (corresponding author), UCL, Gatsby Computat Neurosci Unit, Alexandra House,17 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3AR, England.
EM jdoherty@hss.caltech.edu
FU Wellcome Trust [078865] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1534
Z9 1812
U1 5
U2 334
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 876
EP 879
DI 10.1038/nature04766
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100043
PM 16778890
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, G
   Abdi, K
   Jiang, Y
   Michaely, P
   Bennett, V
   Marszalek, PE
AF Lee, G
   Abdi, K
   Jiang, Y
   Michaely, P
   Bennett, V
   Marszalek, PE
TI Nanospring behaviour of ankyrin repeats
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; spectroscopy; microscopy; spectrin; hearing; channel
AB Ankyrin repeats are an amino-acid motif believed to function in protein recognition; they are present in tandem copies in diverse proteins in nearly all phyla(1). Ankyrin repeats contain antiparallel alpha-helices that can stack to form a superhelical spiral(2). Visual inspection of the extrapolated structure of 24 ankyrin-R repeats(2) indicates the possibility of spring-like behaviour of the putative superhelix. Moreover, stacks of 17-29 ankyrin repeats in the cytoplasmic domains of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels have been identified as candidates for a spring that gates mechanoreceptors in hair cells as well as in Drosophila bristles(3-5). Here we report that tandem ankyrin repeats exhibit tertiary-structure-based elasticity and behave as a linear and fully reversible spring in single-molecule measurements by atomic force microscopy. We also observe an unexpected ability of unfolded repeats to generate force during refolding, and report the first direct measurement of the refolding force of a protein domain. Thus, we show that one of the most common amino-acid motifs has spring properties that could be important in mechanotransduction and in the design of nanodevices.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Ctr Biol Inspired Mat & Mat Syst, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Cell Biol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Duke University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Bennett, V (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM benne012@mc.duke.edu; pemar@duke.edu
NR 28
TC 299
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 246
EP 249
DI 10.1038/nature04437
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500054
PM 16415852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Canals, M
   Puig, P
   de Madron, XD
   Heussner, S
   Palanques, A
   Fabres, J
AF Canals, Miquel
   Puig, Pere
   de Madron, Xavier Durrieu
   Heussner, Serge
   Palanques, Albert
   Fabres, Joan
TI Flushing submarine canyons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dense water; continental-shelf; gravity flow; cascades; dynamics
AB The continental slope is a steep, narrow fringe separating the coastal zone from the deep ocean. During low sea- level stands, slides and dense, sediment- laden flows erode the outer continental shelf and the continental slope, leading to the formation of submarine canyons that funnel large volumes of sediment and organic matter from shallow regions to the deep ocean (1). During high sea-level stands, such as at present, these canyons still experience occasional sediment gravity flows(2 - 5), which are usually thought to be triggered by sediment failure or river flooding. Here we present observations from a submarine canyon on the Gulf of Lions margin, in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, that demonstrate that these flows can also be triggered by dense shelf water cascading ( DSWC) - a type of current that is driven solely by seawater density contrast. Our results show that DSWC can transport large amounts of water and sediment, reshape submarine canyon floors and rapidly affect the deep- sea environment. This cascading is seasonal, resulting from the formation of dense water by cooling and/ or evaporation, and occurs on both high- and low- latitude continental margins(6 - 8). DSWC may therefore transport large amounts of sediment and organic matter to the deep ocean. Furthermore, changes in the frequency and intensity of DSWC driven by future climate change may have a significant impact on the supply of organic matter to deep- sea ecosystems and on the amount of carbon stored on continental margins and in ocean basins.
C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Stratig Paleontol & Marine Geosci, CRG Marine Geosci, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
   CSIC, Inst Marine Sci, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
   Univ Perpignan, CEFREM, CNRS, UMR 5110, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
C3 University of Barcelona; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Centro Mediterraneo de Investigaciones Marinas y Ambientales (CMIMA); CSIC - Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Perpignan Via Domitia; CEFREM; CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU)
RP Canals, M (corresponding author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Stratig Paleontol & Marine Geosci, CRG Marine Geosci, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
EM miquelcanals@ub.edu
NR 27
TC 668
Z9 700
U1 5
U2 160
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 354
EP 357
DI 10.1038/nature05271
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300045
PM 17108962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Storchová, Z
   Breneman, A
   Cande, J
   Dunn, J
   Burbank, K
   O'Toole, E
   Pellman, D
AF Storchova, Zuzana
   Breneman, Amanda
   Cande, Jessica
   Dunn, Joshua
   Burbank, Kendra
   O'Toole, Eileen
   Pellman, David
TI Genome-wide genetic analysis of polyploidy in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; bi-orientation; sister chromatids; mitotic spindle; budding yeast; recombination; protein; evolution; tension; kinase
AB Polyploidy, increased sets of chromosomes, occurs during development, cellular stress, disease and evolution. Despite its prevalence, little is known about the physiological alterations that accompany polyploidy. We previously described 'ploidy-specific lethality', where a gene deletion that is not lethal in haploid or diploid budding yeast causes lethality in triploids or tetraploids. Here we report a genome-wide screen to identify ploidy-specific lethal functions. Only 39 out of 3,740 mutations screened exhibited ploidy-specific lethality. Almost all of these mutations affect genomic stability by impairing homologous recombination, sister chromatid cohesion, or mitotic spindle function. We uncovered defects in wild-type tetraploids predicted by the screen, and identified mechanisms by which tetraploidization affects genomic stability. We show that tetraploids have a high incidence of syntelic/monopolar kinetochore attachments to the spindle pole. We suggest that this defect can be explained by mismatches in the ability to scale the size of the spindle pole body, spindle and kinetochores. Thus, geometric constraints may have profound effects on genome stability; the phenomenon described here may be relevant in a variety of biological contexts, including disease states such as cancer.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat Hematol Oncol, Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Boulder Lab 3D Elect Microscopy Cells, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Pellman, D (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM david_pellman@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 47
TC 290
Z9 354
U1 2
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 541
EP 547
DI 10.1038/nature05178
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200036
PM 17024086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenstein, M
AF Eisenstein, M
TI Cell sorting: Divide and conquer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 74
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1179
EP +
DI 10.1038/4411179a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500057
PM 16810261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ivanova, N
   Dobrin, R
   Lu, R
   Kotenko, I
   Levorse, J
   DeCoste, C
   Schafer, X
   Lun, Y
   Lemischka, IR
AF Ivanova, Natalia
   Dobrin, Radu
   Lu, Rong
   Kotenko, Iulia
   Levorse, John
   DeCoste, Christina
   Schafer, Xenia
   Lun, Yi
   Lemischka, Ihor R.
TI Dissecting self-renewal in stem cells with RNA interference
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse embryos; differentiation; pluripotency; expression; nanog; maintenance; activation; induction; epiblast; lacking
AB We present an integrated approach to identify genetic mechanisms that control self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells. We use short hairpin RNA (shRNA) loss-of-function techniques to downregulate a set of gene products whose expression patterns suggest self-renewal regulatory functions. We focus on transcriptional regulators and identify seven genes for which shRNA-mediated depletion negatively affects self-renewal, including four genes with previously unrecognized roles in self-renewal. Perturbations of these gene products are combined with dynamic, global analyses of gene expression. Our studies suggest specific biological roles for these molecules and reveal the complexity of cell fate regulation in embryonic stem cells.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Ivanova, N (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM nivanova@molbio.princeton.edu; ilemischka@molbio.princeton.edu
NR 37
TC 778
Z9 971
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 533
EP 538
DI 10.1038/nature04915
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900036
PM 16767105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, J
   Taylor, DW
   Krementsova, EB
   Trybus, KM
   Taylor, KA
AF Liu, Jun
   Taylor, Dianne W.
   Krementsova, Elena B.
   Trybus, Kathleen M.
   Taylor, Kenneth A.
TI Three-dimensional structure of the myosin V inhibited state by cryoelectron tomography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unconventional myosin; tail domain; electron tomography; atpase activity; motor-activity; tilt series; actin; reconstruction; localization; calmodulin
AB Unconventional myosin V (myoV) is an actin-based molecular motor that has a key function in organelle and mRNA transport, as well as in membrane trafficking(1). MyoV was the first member of the myosin superfamily shown to be processive, meaning that a single motor protein can 'walk' hand-over-hand along an actin filament for many steps before detaching(2-4). Full-length myoV has a low actin-activated MgATPase activity at low [Ca2+], whereas expressed constructs lacking the cargo-binding domain have a high activity regardless of [Ca2+] (refs 5 - 7). Hydrodynamic data and electron micrographs indicate that the active state is extended, whereas the inactive state is compact(8-10). Here we show the first three-dimensional structure of the myoV inactive state. Each myoV molecule consists of two heads that contain an amino-terminal motor domain followed by a lever arm that binds six calmodulins. The heads are followed by a coiled-coil dimerization domain (S2) and a carboxy-terminal globular cargo-binding domain. In the inactive structure, bending of myoV at the head S2 junction places the cargo-binding domain near the motor domain's ATP-binding pocket, indicating that ATPase inhibition might occur through decreased rates of nucleotide exchange. The actin-binding interfaces are unobstructed, and the lever arm is oriented in a position typical of strong actin-binding states. This structure indicates that motor recycling after cargo delivery might occur through transport on actively treadmilling actin filaments rather than by diffusion.
C1 Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Univ Vermont, Dept Mol Physiol & Biophys, Burlington, VT 05405 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; University of Vermont
RP Trybus, KM (corresponding author), Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
EM trybus@physiology.med.uvm.edu
FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR047421] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 169
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 208
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature04719
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700049
PM 16625208
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Halic, M
   Blau, M
   Becker, T
   Mielke, T
   Pool, MR
   Wild, K
   Sinning, I
   Beckmann, R
AF Halic, Mario
   Blau, Michael
   Becker, Thomas
   Mielke, Thorsten
   Pool, Martin R.
   Wild, Klemens
   Sinning, Irmgard
   Beckmann, Roland
TI Following the signal sequence from ribosomal tunnel exit to signal recognition particle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; electron-microscopy; trigger factor; crystal-structure; nascent membrane; protein; srp; receptor; core; visualization
AB Membrane and secretory proteins can be co-translationally inserted into or translocated across the membrane 1. This process is dependent on signal sequence recognition on the ribosome by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which results in targeting of the ribosome-nascent-chain complex to the protein-conducting channel at the membrane(2,3). Here we present an ensemble of structures at subnanometre resolution, revealing the signal sequence both at the ribosomal tunnel exit and in the bacterial and eukaryotic ribosome-SRP complexes. Molecular details of signal sequence interaction in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic complexes were obtained by fitting high-resolution molecular models. The signal sequence is presented at the ribosomal tunnel exit in an exposed position ready for accommodation in the hydrophobic groove of the rearranged SRP54 M domain. Upon ribosome binding, the SRP54 NG domain also undergoes a conformational rearrangement, priming it for the subsequent docking reaction with the NG domain of the SRP receptor. These findings provide the structural basis for improving our understanding of the early steps of co-translational protein sorting.
C1 Univ Munich, Dept Chem & Biochem, Gene Ctr, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Genet, USN, UltraStructureNetwork, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
   Univ Manchester, Fac Life Sci, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Univ Heidelberg, Biochem Ctr, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 University of Munich; Max Planck Society; University of Manchester; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Beckmann, R (corresponding author), Univ Munich, Dept Chem & Biochem, Gene Ctr, Feodor Lynen Str 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
EM beckmann@lmb.uni-muenchen.de
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [C20431] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [C20431] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 172
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 507
EP 511
DI 10.1038/nature05326
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700051
PM 17086193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenstein, M
AF Eisenstein, Michael
TI Quality control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 30
Z9 38
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1067
EP 1070
DI 10.1038/4421067a
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000056
PM 16943838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muchhala, N
AF Muchhala, Nathan
TI Nectar bat stows huge tongue in its rib cage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pollination
C1 Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33143 USA.
C3 University of Miami
RP Muchhala, N (corresponding author), Univ Miami, Dept Biol, Coral Gables, FL 33143 USA.
EM muchhala@bio.miami.edu
NR 11
TC 70
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 701
EP 702
DI 10.1038/444701a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100042
PM 17151655
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Endres, NF
   Yoshioka, C
   Milligan, RA
   Vale, RD
AF Endres, NF
   Yoshioka, C
   Milligan, RA
   Vale, RD
TI A lever-arm rotation drives motility of the minus-end-directed kinesin Ncd
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hand-over-hand; motor protein; microtubule motor; cryoelectron microscopy; crystal-structure; drosophila; mechanism; domains; directionality; movement
AB Kinesins are microtubule-based motor proteins that power intracellular transport(1,2). Most kinesin motors, exemplified by Kinesin-1, move towards the microtubule plus end, and the structural changes that govern this directional preference have been described(3-5). By contrast, the nature and timing of the structural changes underlying the minus-end-directed motility of Kinesin-14 motors (such as Drosophila Ncd(6,7)) are less well understood. Using cryo-electron microscopy, here we demonstrate that a coiled-coil mechanical element of microtubule-bound Ncd rotates similar to 70 degrees towards the minus end upon ATP binding. Extending or shortening this coiled coil increases or decreases velocity, respectively, without affecting ATPase activity. An unusual Ncd mutant that lacks directional preference(8) shows unstable nucleotide-dependent conformations of its coiled coil, underscoring the role of this mechanical element in motility. These results show that the force-producing conformational change in Ncd occurs on ATP binding, as in other kinesins, but involves the swing of a lever-arm mechanical element similar to that described for myosins.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, Ctr Integrat Mol Biosci, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Scripps Research Institute
RP Vale, RD (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
EM vale@cmp.ucsf.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIAMS NIH HHS [P01 AR042895] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 90
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 875
EP 878
DI 10.1038/nature04320
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600056
PM 16382238
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vrabioiu, AM
   Mitchison, TJ
AF Vrabioiu, Alina M.
   Mitchison, Timothy J.
TI Structural insights into yeast septin organization from polarized fluorescence microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID budding yeast; cell cortex; protein; cytokinesis; membrane; ring; orientation; dynamics; actin; cycle
AB Septins are polymerizing GTPases(1) that function in cortical organization and cell division(2-4). In Saccharomyces cerevisiae they localize at the isthmus between the mother and the daughter cells, where they undergo a transition from a non-dynamic hourglass-shaped assembly(5) to two separate rings, at the onset of cytokinesis(6,7). Septins form filaments as pure protein(8) and in vivo(9), but the filament organization within the hourglass and ring structures is controversial(9,10). Here, we use polarized fluorescence microscopy(11) of orientationally constrained green fluorescent protein to determine septin filament organization and dynamics in living yeast. We found that the hourglass is made of filaments aligned along the yeast bud neck. During the transition from hourglass to rings the filaments rotate through 90 degrees in the membrane plane and become circumferential. These data resolve a long-standing controversy in the field and provide strong evidence that septins have a mechanical function in cell division.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Vrabioiu, AM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM alina_vrabioiu@student.hms.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 185
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/nature05109
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800048
PM 17006515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, L
   Hayashi, M
   Jiang, X
   Moriya, R
   Rettner, C
   Parkin, SSP
AF Thomas, Luc
   Hayashi, Masamitsu
   Jiang, Xin
   Moriya, Rai
   Rettner, Charles
   Parkin, Stuart S. P.
TI Oscillatory dependence of current-driven magnetic domain wall motion on current pulse length
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ferromagnets; nanowires; strips
AB Magnetic domain walls, in which the magnetization direction varies continuously from one direction to another, have long been objects of considerable interest(1). New concepts for devices based on such domain walls are made possible by the direct manipulation of the walls using spin-polarized electrical current(2,3) through the phenomenon of spin momentum transfer(4,5). Most experiments to date have considered the current-driven motion of domain walls under quasi-static conditions(6-12), whereas for technological applications, the walls must be moved on much shorter timescales. Here we show that the motion of domain walls under nanosecond-long current pulses is surprisingly sensitive to the pulse length. In particular, we find that the probability of dislodging a domain wall, confined to a pinning site in a permalloy nanowire, oscillates with the length of the current pulse, with a period of just a few nanoseconds. Using an analytical model(13-17) and micromagnetic simulations, we show that this behaviour is connected to a current-induced oscillatory motion of the domain wall. The period is determined by the wall's mass(18) and the slope of the confining potential. When the current is turned off during phases of the domain wall motion when it has enough momentum, the domain wall is driven out of the confining potential in the opposite direction to the flow of spin angular momentum. This dynamic amplification effect could be exploited in magnetic nanodevices based on domain wall motion.
C1 IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Stanford University
RP Thomas, L (corresponding author), IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, CA 95120 USA.
EM lucthom@us.ibm.com; parkin@almaden.ibm.com
NR 25
TC 380
Z9 415
U1 0
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 197
EP 200
DI 10.1038/nature05093
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000043
PM 16971945
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russell, AG
   Charette, JM
   Spencer, DF
   Gray, MW
AF Russell, Anthony G.
   Charette, J. Michael
   Spencer, David F.
   Gray, Michael W.
TI An early evolutionary origin for the minor spliceosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna introns; at-ac intron; u12-dependent introns; u12 snrna; u12-type spliceosome; in-vivo; identification; conservation; genome; vertebrates
AB The minor spliceosome is a ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyses the removal of an atypical class of spliceosomal introns (U12-type) from eukaryotic messenger RNAs1,2. It was first identified and characterized in animals, where it was found to contain several unique RNA constituents that share structural similarity with and seem to be functionally analogous to the small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) contained in the major spliceosome(3-8). Subsequently, minor spliceosomal components and U12-type introns have been found in plants(9-12) but not in fungi. Unlike that of the major spliceosome, which arose early in the eukaryotic lineage(13,14), the evolutionary history of the minor spliceosome is unclear because there is evidence of it in so few organisms. Here we report the identification of homologues of minor-spliceosome-specific proteins and snRNAs, and U12-type introns, in distantly related eukaryotic microbes (protists) and in a fungus ( Rhizopus oryzae). Cumulatively, our results indicate that the minor spliceosome had an early origin: several of its characteristic constituents are present in representative organisms from all eukaryotic supergroups for which there is any substantial genome sequence information. In addition, our results reveal marked evolutionary conservation of functionally important sequence elements contained within U12-type introns and snRNAs.
C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
C3 Dalhousie University
RP Gray, MW (corresponding author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 5850 Coll St, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
EM m.w.gray@dal.ca
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 863
EP 866
DI 10.1038/nature05228
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700053
PM 17051219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dornelas, M
   Connolly, SR
   Hughes, TP
AF Dornelas, M
   Connolly, SR
   Hughes, TP
TI Coral reef diversity refutes the neutral theory of biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID species-abundance distribution; forest biodiversity; long-term; community; ecology; hypothesis; stability; model
AB The global decline of coral reefs(1,2) highlights the need to understand the mechanisms that regulate community structure and sustain biodiversity in these systems. The neutral theory, which assumes that individuals are demographically identical regardless of species, seeks to explain ubiquitous features of community structure and biodiversity patterns(3-5). Here we present a test of neutral-theory predictions with the use of an extensive species-level data set of Indo-Pacific coral communities. We show that coral assemblages differ markedly from neutral-model predictions for patterns of community similarity and the relative abundance of species. Within local communities, neutral models do not fit relative abundance distributions as well as the classical log-normal distribution. Relative abundances of species across local communities also differ markedly from neutral-theory predictions: coral communities exhibit community similarity values that are far more variable, and lower on average, than the neutral theory can produce. Empirical community similarities deviate from the neutral model in a direction opposite to that predicted in previous critiques of the neutral theory(6-9). Instead, our results support spatio-temporal environmental stochasticity as a major driver of diversity patterns on coral reefs(10,11).
C1 James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
   James Cook Univ N Queensland, Sch Marine Biol & Aquaculture, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
C3 James Cook University; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University
RP Dornelas, M (corresponding author), James Cook Univ N Queensland, ARC Ctr Excellence Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
EM maria.dornelas@jcu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 207
Z9 243
U1 3
U2 165
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 80
EP 82
DI 10.1038/nature04534
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700043
PM 16511493
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huybers, P
   Curry, W
AF Huybers, P
   Curry, W
TI Links between annual, Milankovitch and continuum temperature variability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate; spectrum
AB Climate variability exists at all timescales - and climatic processes are intimately coupled, so that understanding variability at any one timescale requires some understanding of the whole. Records of the Earth's surface temperature illustrate this interdependence, having a continuum of variability following a power-law scaling(1-7). But although specific modes of interannual variability are relatively well understood(8,9), the general controls on continuum variability are uncertain and usually described as purely stochastic processes(10-13). Here we show that power-law relationships of surface temperature variability scale with annual and Milankovitch-period ( 23,000- and 41,000- year) cycles. The annual cycle corresponds to scaling at monthly to decadal periods, while millennial and longer periods are tied to the Milankovitch cycles. Thus the annual, Milankovitch and continuum temperature variability together represent the response to deterministic insolation forcing. The identification of a deterministic control on the continuum provides insight into the mechanisms governing interannual and longer-period climate variability.
C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Huybers, P (corresponding author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
EM phuybers@whoi.edu
NR 30
TC 261
Z9 295
U1 2
U2 60
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 329
EP 332
DI 10.1038/nature04745
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200043
PM 16710417
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roux, A
   Uyhazi, K
   Frost, A
   De Camilli, P
AF Roux, Aurelien
   Uyhazi, Katherine
   Frost, Adam
   De Camilli, Pietro
TI GTP-dependent twisting of dynamin implicates constriction and tension in membrane fission
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanochemical enzyme; invagination; tubulation; curvature; cortactin; rings
AB Dynamin, a crucial factor in endocytosis(1-3), is a member of a family of GTPases that participates in membrane fission(4-6). It was initially proposed to act as a machine that constricts and cuts the neck of nascent vesicles in a GTP-hydrolysis-dependent reaction(4,5), but subsequent studies suggested alternative models(2,7,8). Here we monitored the effect of nucleotides on dynamin-coated lipid tubules in real time. Addition of GTP, but not of GDP or GTP-gamma S, resulted in twisting of the tubules and supercoiling, suggesting a rotatory movement of the helix turns relative to each other during GTP hydrolysis. Rotation was confirmed by the movement of beads attached to the tubules. Twisting activity produced a longitudinal tension that was released by tubule breakage when both ends of the tubule were anchored. Fission also occurred when dynamin and GTP were added to lipid tubules that had been generated from liposomes by the motor activity of kinesin on microtubules. No fission events were observed in the absence of longitudinal tension. These findings demonstrate a mechanoenzyme activity of dynamin in endocytosis, but also imply that constriction is not sufficient for fission. At the short necks of endocytic vesicles, other factors(6,9,10) leading to tension may cooperate with the constricting activity of dynamin to induce fission(11-13).
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Kavli Inst Neurosci, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biophys, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP De Camilli, P (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Kavli Inst Neurosci, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Dept Cell Biol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM pietro.decamilli@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 388
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 528
EP 531
DI 10.1038/nature04718
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900054
PM 16648839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belevich, I
   Verkhovsky, MI
   Wikström, M
AF Belevich, I
   Verkhovsky, MI
   Wikström, M
TI Proton-coupled electron transfer drives the proton pump of cytochrome c oxidase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID catalytic cycle; subunit-i; translocation; reduction; oxygen; heme; bacteriorhodopsin; respiration; mechanism; dioxygen
AB Electron transfer in cell respiration is coupled to proton translocation across mitochondrial and bacterial membranes, which is a primary event of biological energy transduction. The resulting electrochemical proton gradient is used to power energy-requiring reactions, such as ATP synthesis. Cytochrome c oxidase is a key component of the respiratory chain, which harnesses dioxygen as a sink for electrons and links O-2 reduction to proton pumping(1). Electrons from cytochrome c are transferred sequentially to the O-2 reduction site of cytochrome c oxidase via two other metal centres, Cu-A and haem a, and this is coupled to vectorial proton transfer across the membrane by a hitherto unknown mechanism. On the basis of the kinetics of proton uptake and release on the two aqueous sides of the membrane, it was recently suggested that proton pumping by cytochrome c oxidase is not mechanistically coupled to internal electron transfer(2). Here we have monitored translocation of electrical charge equivalents as well as electron transfer within cytochrome c oxidase in real time. The results show that electron transfer from haem a to the O-2 reduction site initiates the proton pump mechanism by being kinetically linked to an internal vectorial proton transfer. This reaction drives the proton pump and occurs before relaxation steps in which protons are taken up from the aqueous space on one side of the membrane and released on the other(2).
C1 Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Bioenerget Grp, Inst Biotechnol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Wikström, M (corresponding author), Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Bioenerget Grp, Inst Biotechnol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
EM marten.wikstrom@helsinki.fi
NR 29
TC 237
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/nature04619
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400048
PM 16598262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, HT
   Ilin, S
   Wang, WK
   Duncan, EM
   Wysocka, J
   Allis, CD
   Patel, DJ
AF Li, Haitao
   Ilin, Serge
   Wang, Wooikoon
   Duncan, Elizabeth M.
   Wysocka, Joanna
   Allis, C. David
   Patel, Dinshaw J.
TI Molecular basis for site-specific read-out of histone H3K4me3 by the BPTF PHD finger of NURF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; lysine methylation; structural basis; h3 tail; chromodomain; chromatin; bromodomain; binding; domain; recognize
AB Mono-, di- and trimethylated states of particular histone lysine residues are selectively found in different regions of chromatin, thereby implying specialized biological functions for these marks ranging from heterochromatin formation to X-chromosome inactivation and transcriptional regulation(1-3). A major challenge in chromatin biology has centred on efforts to define the connection between specific methylation states and distinct biological readouts impacting on function(4). For example, histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is associated with transcription start sites of active genes(5-7), but the molecular 'effectors' involved in specific recognition of H3K4me3 tails remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate the molecular basis for specific recognition of H3(1-15)K4me3 (residues 1-15 of histone H3 trimethylated at K4) by a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger of human BPTF (bromodomain and PHD domain transcription factor), the largest subunit of the ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complex, NURF (nucleosome remodelling factor). We report on crystallographic and NMR structures of the bromodomain-proximal PHD finger of BPTF in free and H3(1-15)K4me3-bound states. H3(1-15)K4me3 interacts through anti-parallel beta-sheet formation on the surface of the PHD finger, with the long side chains of arginine 2 (R2) and K4me3 fitting snugly in adjacent pre-formed surface pockets, and bracketing an invariant tryptophan. The observed stapling role by non-adjacent R2 and K4me3 provides a molecular explanation for H3K4me3 site specificity. Binding studies establish that the BPTF PHD finger exhibits a modest preference for K4me3- over K4me2-containing H3 peptides, and discriminates against monomethylated and unmodified counterparts. Furthermore, we identified key specificity-determining residues from binding studies of H3(1-15)K4me3 with PHD finger point mutants. Our findings call attention to the PHD finger as a previously uncharacterized chromatin-binding module found in a large number of chromatin-associated proteins.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Chromatin Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Rockefeller University
RP Allis, CD (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM alliscd@rockefeller.edu; pateld@mskcc.org
FU NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline; National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 31
TC 646
Z9 850
U1 1
U2 86
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 91
EP 95
DI 10.1038/nature04802
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500043
PM 16728978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peers, G
   Price, NM
AF Peers, G
   Price, NM
TI Copper-containing plastocyanin used for electron transport by an oceanic diatom
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace-metals; iron requirement; centric diatoms; coastal; phytoplankton; cadmium; growth; gene; zinc; limitation
AB The supply of some essential metals to pelagic ecosystems is less than the demand, so many phytoplankton have slow rates of photosynthetic production and restricted growth(1). The types and amounts of metals required by phytoplankton depends on their evolutionary history(2) and on their adaptations to metal availability(3,4), which varies widely among ocean habitats. Diatoms, for example, need considerably less iron ( Fe) to grow than chlorophyll-b-containing taxa(2), and the oceanic species demand roughly one-tenth the amount of coastal strains(5-7). Like Fe, copper (Cu) is scarce in the open sea, but notably higher concentrations of it are required for the growth of oceanic than of coastal isolates(8). Here we report that the greater Cu requirement in an oceanic diatom, Thalassiosira oceanica, is entirely due to a single Cu-containing protein, plastocyanin, which - until now - was only known to exist in organisms with chlorophyll b and cyanobacteria. Algae containing chlorophyll c, including the closely related coastal species T. weissflogii, are thought to lack plastocyanin and contain a functionally equivalent Fe-containing homologue, cytochrome c(6) (ref. 9). Copper deficiency in T. oceanica inhibits electron transport regardless of Fe status, implying a constitutive role for plastocyanin in the light reactions of photosynthesis in this species. The results suggest that selection pressure imposed by Fe limitation has resulted in the use of a Cu protein for photosynthesis in an oceanic diatom. This biochemical switch reduces the need for Fe and increases the requirement for Cu, which is relatively more abundant in the open sea.
C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
C3 McGill University
RP Peers, G (corresponding author), McGill Univ, Dept Biol, 1205 Doctor Penfield Ave, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada.
EM graham.peers@mail.mcgill.ca
NR 30
TC 327
Z9 390
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 341
EP 344
DI 10.1038/nature04630
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200046
PM 16572122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU ter Steege, H
   Pitman, NCA
   Phillips, OL
   Chave, J
   Sabatier, D
   Duque, A
   Molino, JF
   Prévost, MF
   Spichiger, R
   Castellanos, H
   von Hildebrand, P
   Vásquez, R
AF ter Steege, Hans
   Pitman, Nigel C. A.
   Phillips, Oliver L.
   Chave, Jerome
   Sabatier, Daniel
   Duque, Alvaro
   Molino, Jean-Francois
   Prevost, Marie-Francois
   Spichiger, Rodolphe
   Castellanos, Hernan
   von Hildebrand, Patricio
   Vasquez, Rodolfo
TI Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and function across Amazonia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest; diversity; disturbance; density
AB The world's greatest terrestrial stores of biodiversity and carbon are found in the forests of northern South America, where large-scale biogeographic patterns and processes have recently begun to be described(1-4). Seven of the nine countries with territory in the Amazon basin and the Guiana shield have carried out large-scale forest inventories, but such massive data sets have been little exploited by tropical plant ecologists(5-8). Although forest inventories often lack the species-level identifications favoured by tropical plant ecologists, their consistency of measurement and vast spatial coverage make them ideally suited for numerical analyses at large scales, and a valuable resource to describe the still poorly understood spatial variation of biomass, diversity, community composition and forest functioning across the South American tropics(9). Here we show, by using the seven forest inventories complemented with trait and inventory data collected elsewhere, two dominant gradients in tree composition and function across the Amazon, one paralleling a major gradient in soil fertility and the other paralleling a gradient in dry season length. The data set also indicates that the dominance of Fabaceae in the Guiana shield is not necessarily the result of root adaptations to poor soils ( nodulation or ectomycorrhizal associations) but perhaps also the result of their remarkably high seed mass there as a potential adaptation to low rates of disturbance.
C1 Inst Environm Biol, Sect Plant Ecol & Biodivers, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Natl Herbarium Netherlands, Utrecht Univ Branch, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Amazon Conservat Assoc, Washington, DC 20009 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Earth & Biosphere Inst, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Toulouse 3, CNRS, UMR 5174, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
   IRD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France.
   Univ Nacl Colombia, Dept Ciencias Forestales, Medellin 1027, Colombia.
   IRD, UMR AMAP, Cayenne 97323, French Guiana.
   Conservatoire & Jardin Bot Ville Geneve, CH-1292 Geneva, Switzerland.
   UNEG, Puerto Ordaz, Edo Bolivar, Venezuela.
   Fdn Puerto Rastrojo, Bogota 241438, Colombia.
   Jardin Bot Missouri, Proyecto Flora Peru, Jaen, Cajamarca, Peru.
C3 Utrecht University; University of Leeds; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Federale Toulouse Midi-Pyrenees (ComUE); Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Ecole Nationale Formation Agronomique (ENSFEA); CIRAD; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP ter Steege, H (corresponding author), Inst Environm Biol, Sect Plant Ecol & Biodivers, Sorbonnelaan 14-16, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM h.tersteege@bio.uu.nl
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/B504630/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 570
Z9 639
U1 5
U2 171
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 444
EP 447
DI 10.1038/nature05134
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800043
PM 17006512
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iimura, T
   Pourquié, O
AF Iimura, Tadahiro
   Pourquie, Olivier
TI Collinear activation of Hoxb genes during gastrulation is linked to mesoderm cell ingression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse embryo; expression; chick; complexes; pattern; murine
AB The vertebral column exhibits segmentation and regionalization along the antero-posterior axis. During embryogenesis, the rhythmic production of the precursors of the vertebrae, the somites, imposes a segmented aspect to the spine, whereas the spine's regional differentiation is controlled by Hox genes(1,2). Here we show that in the paraxial mesoderm, Hoxb genes are first activated in a temporal collinear fashion in precursors located in the epiblast lateral to the primitive streak. Our data suggest that collinear activation of Hoxb genes regulates the flux of cells from the epiblast to the streak and thus directly controls the establishment of the genes' characteristic nested expression domains in the somites. This suggests that establishment of the spatial co-linearity in the embryo is directly controlled by the Hox genes themselves.
C1 Howard Hughes Med Inst, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
   Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stowers Institute for Medical Research
RP Pourquié, O (corresponding author), Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
EM olp@stowers-institute.org
NR 24
TC 179
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 568
EP 571
DI 10.1038/nature04838
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900044
PM 16760928
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Westermann, S
   Wang, HW
   Avila-Sakar, A
   Drubin, DG
   Nogales, E
   Barnes, G
AF Westermann, S
   Wang, HW
   Avila-Sakar, A
   Drubin, DG
   Nogales, E
   Barnes, G
TI The Dam1 kinetochore ring complex moves processively on depolymerizing microtubule ends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID budding yeast kinetochore; spindle microtubules; force production; fission yeast; dash complex; attachment; dynamics; architecture; microscopy; interface
AB Chromosomes interact through their kinetochores with microtubule plus ends and they are segregated to the spindle poles as the kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase A of mitosis. The molecular natures and identities of coupling proteins that allow microtubule depolymerization to pull chromosomes to poles during anaphase have long remained elusive(1). In budding yeast, the ten-protein Dam1 complex is a critical microtubule-binding component of the kinetochore(2) that oligomerizes into a 50-nm ring around a microtubule in vitro(3,4). Here we show, with the use of a real-time, two-colour fluorescence microscopy assay, that the ring complex moves processively for several micrometres at the ends of depolymerizing microtubules without detaching from the lattice. Electron microscopic analysis of 'end-on views' revealed a 16-fold symmetry of the kinetochore rings. This out-of-register arrangement with respect to the 13-fold microtubule symmetry is consistent with a sliding mechanism based on an electrostatically coupled ring-microtubule interface. The Dam1 ring complex is a molecular device that can translate the force generated by microtubule depolymerization into movement along the lattice to facilitate chromosome segregation.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Barnes, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM gbarnes@socrates.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 230
Z9 304
U1 1
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 565
EP 569
DI 10.1038/nature04409
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100063
PM 16415853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mavárez, J
   Salazar, CA
   Bermingham, E
   Salcedo, C
   Jiggins, CD
   Linares, M
AF Mavarez, Jesus
   Salazar, Camilo A.
   Bermingham, Eldredge
   Salcedo, Christian
   Jiggins, Chris D.
   Linares, Mauricio
TI Speciation by hybridization in Heliconius butterflies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hybrid origin; melpomene; evolution; mimicry; population; selection; cydno
AB Speciation is generally regarded to result from the splitting of a single lineage. An alternative is hybrid speciation, considered to be extremely rare, in which two distinct lineages contribute genes to a daughter species. Here we show that a hybrid trait in an animal species can directly cause reproductive isolation. The butterfly species Heliconius heurippa is known to have an intermediate morphology and a hybrid genome(1), and we have recreated its intermediate wing colour and pattern through laboratory crosses between H. melpomene, H. cydno and their F-1 hybrids. We then used mate preference experiments to show that the phenotype of H. heurippa reproductively isolates it from both parental species. There is strong assortative mating between all three species, and in H. heurippa the wing pattern and colour elements derived from H. melpomene and H. cydno are both critical for mate recognition by males.
C1 Univ Los Andes, Inst Genet, Bogota, Colombia.
   Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Panama City, Panama.
   Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
C3 Universidad de los Andes (Colombia); Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh
RP Mavárez, J (corresponding author), Univ Los Andes, Inst Genet, Carrera 1E 18a-10,POB 4976, Bogota, Colombia.
EM mavarezj@sl.edu
NR 29
TC 368
Z9 465
U1 0
U2 212
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 868
EP 871
DI 10.1038/nature04738
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100041
PM 16778888
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bard, F
   Casano, L
   Mallabiabarrena, A
   Wallace, E
   Saito, K
   Kitayama, H
   Guizzunti, G
   Hu, Y
   Wendler, F
   DasGupta, R
   Perrimon, N
   Malhotra, V
AF Bard, F
   Casano, L
   Mallabiabarrena, A
   Wallace, E
   Saito, K
   Kitayama, H
   Guizzunti, G
   Hu, Y
   Wendler, F
   DasGupta, R
   Perrimon, N
   Malhotra, V
TI Functional genomics reveals genes involved in protein secretion and Golgi organization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitosis; transport; mechanism; nuclear; growth; cells
AB Yeast genetics and in vitro biochemical analysis have identified numerous genes involved in protein secretion(1,2). As compared with yeast, however, the metazoan secretory pathway is more complex and many mechanisms that regulate organization of the Golgi apparatus remain poorly characterized. We performed a genome-wide RNA-mediated interference screen in a Drosophila cell line to identify genes required for constitutive protein secretion. We then classified the genes on the basis of the effect of their depletion on organization of the Golgi membranes. Here we show that depletion of class A genes redistributes Golgi membranes into the endoplasmic reticulum, depletion of class B genes leads to Golgi fragmentation, depletion of class C genes leads to aggregation of Golgi membranes, and depletion of class D genes causes no obvious change. Of the 20 new gene products characterized so far, several localize to the Golgi membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Malhotra, V (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM malhotra@biomail.ucsd.edu
NR 18
TC 307
Z9 376
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 604
EP 607
DI 10.1038/nature04377
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900044
PM 16452979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brumm, A
   Aziz, F
   van den Bergh, GD
   Morwood, MJ
   Moore, MW
   Kurniawan, I
   Hobbs, DR
   Fullagar, R
AF Brumm, Adam
   Aziz, Fachroel
   van den Bergh, Gert D.
   Morwood, Michael J.
   Moore, Mark W.
   Kurniawan, Iwan
   Hobbs, Douglas R.
   Fullagar, Richard
TI Early stone technology on Flores and its implications for Homo floresiensis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late pleistocene; indonesia; paleoanthropology; artifacts; hominin
AB In the Soa Basin of central Flores, eastern Indonesia, stratified archaeological sites, including Mata Menge, Boa Lesa and Kobatuwa ( Fig. 1), contain stone artefacts associated with the fossilized remains of Stegodon florensis, Komodo dragon, rat and various other taxa. These sites have been dated to 840 - 700 kyr BP ( thousand years before present)(1). The authenticity of the Soa Basin artefacts and their provenance have been demonstrated by previous work(2-6), but to quell lingering doubts(7), here we describe the context, attributes and production modes of 507 artefacts excavated at Mata Menge. We also note specific similarities, and apparent technological continuity, between the Mata Menge stone artefacts and those excavated from Late Pleistocene levels at Liang Bua cave, 50 km to the west. The latter artefacts, dated to between 95 - 74 and 12 kyr ago(8,9), are associated with the remains of a dwarfed descendent of S. florensis, Komodo dragon, rat and a small-bodied hominin species, Homo floresiensis, which had a brain size of about 400 cubic centimetres(10,11). The Mata Menge evidence negates claims that stone artefacts associated with H. floresiensis are so complex that they must have been made by modern humans ( Homo sapiens)(7).
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Dept Archaeol & Nat Hist, Res Sch Pacific & Asian Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Geol Res & Dev Ctr, Bandung 40122, Indonesia.
   Naturalis Natl Museum Nat Hist, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ New England, Sch Human & Environm Studies, Dept Archaeol & Palaeoanthropol, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
   Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
   Univ Sydney, Dept Archaeol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; University of New England; University of Wollongong; University of Sydney
RP Brumm, A (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Dept Archaeol & Nat Hist, Res Sch Pacific & Asian Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM adam.brumm@anu.edu.au; mmorwood@pobox.une.edu.au
NR 17
TC 110
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 624
EP 628
DI 10.1038/nature04618
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800045
PM 16738657
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shamovsky, I
   Ivannikov, M
   Kandel, ES
   Gershon, D
   Nudler, E
AF Shamovsky, I
   Ivannikov, M
   Kandel, ES
   Gershon, D
   Nudler, E
TI RNA-mediated response to heat shock in mammalian cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; stress-response; factor-i; activation; factor-1; complex; hsf; temperature; expression; repression
AB The heat-shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) has an important role in the heat-shock response in vertebrates by inducing the expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and other cytoprotective proteins(1). HSF1 is present in unstressed cells in an inactive monomeric form and becomes activated by heat and other stress stimuli. HSF1 activation involves trimerization and acquisition of a site-specific DNA-binding activity(2,3), which is negatively regulated by interaction with certain HSPs(4-6). Here we show that HSF1 activation by heat shock is an active process that is mediated by a ribonucleoprotein complex containing translation elongation factor eEF1A and a previously unknown non-coding RNA that we term HSR1 (heat shock RNA-1). HSR1 is constitutively expressed in human and rodent cells and its homologues are functionally interchangeable. Both HSR1 and eEF1A are required for HSF1 activation in vitro; antisense oligonucleotides or short interfering (si)RNA against HSR1 impair the heat-shock response in vivo, rendering cells thermosensitive. The central role of HSR1 during heat shock implies that targeting this RNA could serve as a new therapeutic model for cancer, inflammation and other conditions associated with HSF1 deregulation.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Fac Biol, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Cleveland Clin Fdn, Lerner Res Inst, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
   Redox Pharmaceut Corp, Greenvale, NY 11548 USA.
C3 New York University; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Cleveland Clinic Foundation
RP Gershon, D (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM dgershon@redoxpharm.com; evgeny.nudler@med.nyu.edu
NR 30
TC 289
Z9 368
U1 1
U2 50
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 556
EP 560
DI 10.1038/nature04518
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100061
PM 16554823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pollard, KS
   Salama, SR
   Lambert, N
   Lambot, MA
   Coppens, S
   Pedersen, JS
   Katzman, S
   King, B
   Onodera, C
   Siepel, A
   Kern, AD
   Dehay, C
   Igel, H
   Ares, M
   Vanderhaeghen, P
   Haussler, D
AF Pollard, Katherine S.
   Salama, Sofie R.
   Lambert, Nelle
   Lambot, Marie-Alexandra
   Coppens, Sandra
   Pedersen, Jakob S.
   Katzman, Sol
   King, Bryan
   Onodera, Courtney
   Siepel, Adam
   Kern, Andrew D.
   Dehay, Colette
   Igel, Haller
   Ares, Manuel, Jr.
   Vanderhaeghen, Pierre
   Haussler, David
TI An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marginal zone; layer-i; evolution; reelin; neurons; vertebrate; mouse; isochores; origin; system
AB The developmental and evolutionary mechanisms behind the emergence of human-specific brain features remain largely unknown. However, the recent ability to compare our genome to that of our closest relative, the chimpanzee, provides new avenues to link genetic and phenotypic changes in the evolution of the human brain. We devised a ranking of regions in the human genome that show significant evolutionary acceleration. Here we report that the most dramatic of these 'human accelerated regions', HAR1, is part of a novel RNA gene (HAR1F) that is expressed specifically in Cajal Retzius neurons in the developing human neocortex from 7 to 19 gestational weeks, a crucial period for cortical neuron specification and migration. HAR1F is co-expressed with reelin, a product of Cajal - Retzius neurons that is of fundamental importance in specifying the six-layer structure of the human cortex. HAR1 and the other human accelerated regions provide new candidates in the search for uniquely human biology.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Mol Biol RNA, Dept Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Free Univ Brussels, IRIBHM, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
   Free Univ Brussels, Erasme Hosp, Dept Psychiat, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
   INSERM, U371, F-69500 Bron, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, F-69500 Bron, France.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Lyon 1
RP Haussler, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM haussler@soe.ucsc.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM040478] Funding Source: Medline
NR 41
TC 734
Z9 881
U1 3
U2 109
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 167
EP 172
DI 10.1038/nature05113
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000037
PM 16915236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gibson, MC
   Patel, AB
   Nagpal, R
   Perrimon, N
AF Gibson, Matthew C.
   Patel, Ankit B.
   Nagpal, Radhika
   Perrimon, Norbert
TI The emergence of geometric order in proliferating metazoan epithelia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID patterned cell-proliferation; drosophila-melanogaster; wing disk; division; polarity; protein; growth; shape; size
AB The predominantly hexagonal cell pattern of simple epithelia was noted in the earliest microscopic analyses of animal tissues(1), a topology commonly thought to reflect cell sorting into optimally packed honeycomb arrays(2). Here we use a discrete Markov model validated by time-lapse microscopy and clonal analysis to demonstrate that the distribution of polygonal cell types in epithelia is not a result of cell packing, but rather a direct mathematical consequence of cell proliferation. On the basis of in vivo analysis of mitotic cell junction dynamics in Drosophila imaginal discs, we mathematically predict the convergence of epithelial topology to a fixed equilibrium distribution of cellular polygons. This distribution is empirically confirmed in tissue samples from vertebrate, arthropod and cnidarian organisms, suggesting that a similar proliferation-dependent cell pattern underlies pattern formation and morphogenesis throughout the metazoa.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
RP Gibson, MC (corresponding author), Stowers Inst Med Res, 1000 E 50th St, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
EM mgx@stowers-institute.org; rad@eecs.harvard.edu
NR 26
TC 337
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1038
EP 1041
DI 10.1038/nature05014
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000049
PM 16900102
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pertz, O
   Hodgson, L
   Klemke, RL
   Hahn, KM
AF Pertz, O
   Hodgson, L
   Klemke, RL
   Hahn, KM
TI Spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity in migrating cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluorescent protein; rac; activation; phosphorylation; fibroblasts; cdc42
AB Rho family GTPases regulate the actin and adhesion dynamics that control cell migration. Current models postulate that Rac promotes membrane protrusion at the leading edge and that RhoA regulates contractility in the cell body(1,2). However, there is evidence that RhoA also regulates membrane protrusion(3,4). Here we use a fluorescent biosensor, based on a novel design preserving reversible membrane interactions, to visualize the spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity during cell migration. In randomly migrating cells, RhoA activity is concentrated in a sharp band directly at the edge of protrusions. It is observed sporadically in retracting tails, and is low in the cell body. RhoA activity is also associated with peripheral ruffles and pinocytic vesicles, but not with dorsal ruffles induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In contrast to randomly migrating cells, PDGF-induced membrane protrusions have low RhoA activity, potentially because PDGF strongly activates Rac, which has previously been shown to antagonize RhoA activity(5,6). Our data therefore show that different extracellular cues induce distinct patterns of RhoA signalling during membrane protrusion.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Lineberger Canc Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Scripps Research Institute
RP Pertz, O (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM pertz@ucsd.edu; khahn@med.unc.edu
NR 21
TC 660
Z9 856
U1 2
U2 98
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1069
EP 1072
DI 10.1038/nature04665
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000040
PM 16547516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ronnow, HM
   Renner, C
   Aeppli, G
   Kimura, T
   Tokura, Y
AF Ronnow, HM
   Renner, C
   Aeppli, G
   Kimura, T
   Tokura, Y
TI Polarons and confinement of electronic motion to two dimensions in a layered manganite
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant magnetoresistance; quasi-particle; charge; surface; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; interference; transition; perovskite; pseudogap; oxides
AB A remarkable feature of layered transition-metal oxides-most famously, the high-temperature superconductors-is that they can display hugely anisotropic electrical and optical properties (for example, seeming to be insulating perpendicular to the layers and metallic within them), even when prepared as bulk three-dimensional single crystals. This is the phenomenon of 'confinement', a concept at odds with the conventional theory of solids, and recognized(1) as due to magnetic and electron-lattice interactions within the layers that must be overcome at a substantial energy cost if electrons are to be transferred between layers. The associated energy gap, or 'pseudogap', is particularly obvious in experiments where charge is moved perpendicular to the planes, most notably scanning tunnelling microscopy(2) and polarized infrared spectroscopy(3). Here, using the same experimental tools, we show that there is a second family of transition-metal oxides-the layered manganites La(2-2x)Sr(1+2x)Mn(2)O(7)-with even more extreme confinement and pseudogap effects. The data demonstrate quantitatively that because the charge carriers are attached to polarons (lattice- and spin-textures within the planes), it is as difficult to remove them from the planes through vacuum-tunnelling into a conventional metallic tip, as it is for them to move between Mn-rich layers within the material itself.
C1 UCL, London Ctr Nanotechnol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   ETH, Neutron Scattering Lab, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
   UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Lucent Technol, Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, ERATO, Spin Superstruct Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050046, Japan.
C3 University of London; University College London; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of London; University College London; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; AT&T; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Renner, C (corresponding author), UCL, London Ctr Nanotechnol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM c.renner@ucl.ac.uk
NR 31
TC 95
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 85
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1025
EP 1028
DI 10.1038/nature04650
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000030
PM 16625191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU James, TY
   Kauff, F
   Schoch, CL
   Matheny, PB
   Hofstetter, V
   Cox, CJ
   Celio, G
   Gueidan, C
   Fraker, E
   Miadlikowska, J
   Lumbsch, HT
   Rauhut, A
   Reeb, V
   Arnold, AE
   Amtoft, A
   Stajich, JE
   Hosaka, K
   Sung, GH
   Johnson, D
   O'Rourke, B
   Crockett, M
   Binder, M
   Curtis, JM
   Slot, JC
   Wang, Z
   Wilson, AW
   Schüssler, A
   Longcore, JE
   O'Donnell, K
   Mozley-Standridge, S
   Porter, D
   Letcher, PM
   Powell, MJ
   Taylor, JW
   White, MM
   Griffith, GW
   Davies, DR
   Humber, RA
   Morton, JB
   Sugiyama, J
   Rossman, AY
   Rogers, JD
   Pfister, DH
   Hewitt, D
   Hansen, K
   Hambleton, S
   Shoemaker, RA
   Kohlmeyer, J
   Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B
   Spotts, RA
   Serdani, M
   Crous, PW
   Hughes, KW
   Matsuura, K
   Langer, E
   Langer, G
   Untereiner, WA
   Lücking, R
   Büdel, B
   Geiser, DM
   Aptroot, A
   Diederich, P
   Schmitt, I
   Schultz, M
   Yahr, R
   Hibbett, DS
   Lutzoni, F
   McLaughlin, DJ
   Spatafora, JW
   Vilgalys, R
AF James, Timothy Y.
   Kauff, Frank
   Schoch, Conrad L.
   Matheny, P. Brandon
   Hofstetter, Valerie
   Cox, Cymon J.
   Celio, Gail
   Gueidan, Cecile
   Fraker, Emily
   Miadlikowska, Jolanta
   Lumbsch, H. Thorsten
   Rauhut, Alexandra
   Reeb, Valerie
   Arnold, A. Elizabeth
   Amtoft, Anja
   Stajich, Jason E.
   Hosaka, Kentaro
   Sung, Gi-Ho
   Johnson, Desiree
   O'Rourke, Ben
   Crockett, Michael
   Binder, Manfred
   Curtis, Judd M.
   Slot, Jason C.
   Wang, Zheng
   Wilson, Andrew W.
   Schuessler, Arthur
   Longcore, Joyce E.
   O'Donnell, Kerry
   Mozley-Standridge, Sharon
   Porter, David
   Letcher, Peter M.
   Powell, Martha J.
   Taylor, John W.
   White, Merlin M.
   Griffith, Gareth W.
   Davies, David R.
   Humber, Richard A.
   Morton, Joseph B.
   Sugiyama, Junta
   Rossman, Amy Y.
   Rogers, Jack D.
   Pfister, Don H.
   Hewitt, David
   Hansen, Karen
   Hambleton, Sarah
   Shoemaker, Robert A.
   Kohlmeyer, Jan
   Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, Brigitte
   Spotts, Robert A.
   Serdani, Maryna
   Crous, Pedro W.
   Hughes, Karen W.
   Matsuura, Kenji
   Langer, Ewald
   Langer, Gitta
   Untereiner, Wendy A.
   Lucking, Robert
   Buedel, Burkhard
   Geiser, David M.
   Aptroot, Andre
   Diederich, Paul
   Schmitt, Imke
   Schultz, Matthias
   Yahr, Rebecca
   Hibbett, David S.
   Lutzoni, Francois
   McLaughlin, David J.
   Spatafora, Joseph W.
   Vilgalys, Rytas
TI Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular phylogeny; tree; glomeromycota; microsporidia; sequences; relatives; animals; tubulin; rozella; utility
AB The ancestors of fungi are believed to be simple aquatic forms with flagellated spores, similar to members of the extant phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids). Current classifications assume that chytrids form an early-diverging clade within the kingdom Fungi and imply a single loss of the spore flagellum, leading to the diversification of terrestrial fungi. Here we develop phylogenetic hypotheses for Fungi using data from six gene regions and nearly 200 species. Our results indicate that there may have been at least four independent losses of the flagellum in the kingdom Fungi. These losses of swimming spores coincided with the evolution of new mechanisms of spore dispersal, such as aerial dispersal in mycelial groups and polar tube eversion in the microsporidia ( unicellular forms that lack mitochondria). The enigmatic microsporidia seem to be derived from an endoparasitic chytrid ancestor similar to Rozella allomycis, on the earliest diverging branch of the fungal phylogenetic tree.
C1 Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   Clark Univ, Dept Biol, Worcester, MA 01610 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA.
   Fachbereich Biol, Abt Pflanzenokol & Systemat, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   New York Bot Garden, Inst Systemat Bot, Bronx, NY 10458 USA.
   Duke Univ, Univ Program Genet & Genom, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Bot, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA.
   USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Biol, Athens, GA 30605 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   Univ Wales, Inst Biol Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, Dyfed, Wales.
   Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales.
   ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA.
   TechnoSuruga, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 1010052, Japan.
   ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA.
   Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
   Harvard Univ Hebaria, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Agr & Agri Food Canada, Biodivers Mycol & Bot, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
   Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Mid Columbia Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Hood River, OR 97031 USA.
   Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodivers Ctr, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Tennessee, Dept Bot, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Okayama Univ, Fac Agr, Okayama 7008530, Japan.
   Univ Kassel, Inst Biol, D-34132 Kassel, Germany.
   Brandon Univ, Dept Bot, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Adviesbur Bryol Lichenol, NL-3762 XK Soest, Netherlands.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
   Univ Hamburg, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek & Bot Garten, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 Duke University; Oregon State University; Clark University; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago); New York Botanical Garden; Duke University; Technical University of Darmstadt; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Kansas; Aberystwyth University; Aberystwyth University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); West Virginia University; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Washington State University; Harvard University; Agriculture & Agri Food Canada; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Oregon State University; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (KNAW); University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; Okayama University; Universitat Kassel; Brandon University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Hamburg
RP James, TY (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Dept Biol, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
EM tyj2@duke.edu; fungi@duke.edu
NR 41
TC 1377
Z9 1675
U1 5
U2 421
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 818
EP 822
DI 10.1038/nature05110
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700042
PM 17051209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schüssler, A
   Martin, H
   Cohen, D
   Fitz, M
   Wipf, D
AF Schuessler, Arthur
   Martin, Holger
   Cohen, David
   Fitz, Michael
   Wipf, Daniel
TI Characterization of a carbohydrate transporter from symbiotic glomeromycotan fungi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; glomus-intraradices; carbon; phylogeny; hyphae; genome; roots; genes
AB The symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plants have an enormous impact on terrestrial ecosystems(1). Most common are the arbuscular mycorrhizas, formed by fungi belonging to the phylum Glomeromycota(2). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitate the uptake of soil nutrients by plants(3) and in exchange obtain carbohydrates, thus representing a large sink(4) for atmospheric plant-fixed CO2. However, how carbohydrates are transported through the symbiotic interface is still unknown. Here we report the characterization of the first known glomeromycotan monosaccharide transporter, GpMST1, by exploiting the unique symbiosis of a glomeromycotan fungus (Geosiphon pyriformis) with cyanobacteria(5). The GpMST1 gene has a very low GC content and contains six introns with unusual boundaries. GpMST1 possesses twelve predicted transmembrane domains and functions as a proton cotransporter with highest affinity for glucose, then mannose, galactose and fructose. It belongs to an as yet uncharacterized phylogenetic monosaccharide transporter clade. This initial characterization of a new transporter family involved in fungal symbiosis will lead to a better understanding of carbon flows in terrestrial environments.
C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Inst Bot, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, IZMB, NWG Transport Mycorrhiza, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Darmstadt; University of Bonn
RP Schüssler, A (corresponding author), Dept Biol 1, Bereich Genet, Maria Ward Str 1A, D-80638 Munich, Germany.
EM arthur.schuessler@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
NR 25
TC 107
Z9 133
U1 2
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 933
EP 936
DI 10.1038/nature05364
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400057
PM 17167486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stagg, SM
   Gürkan, C
   Fowler, DM
   LaPointe, P
   Foss, TR
   Potter, CS
   Carragher, B
   Balch, WE
AF Stagg, SM
   Gürkan, C
   Fowler, DM
   LaPointe, P
   Foss, TR
   Potter, CS
   Carragher, B
   Balch, WE
TI Structure of the Sec13/31 COPII coat cage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum; vesicle formation; electron cryomicroscopy; complex; er; transport; clathrin; protein; golgi; purification
AB Endomembranes of eukaryotic cells are dynamic structures that are in continuous communication through the activity of specialized cellular machineries(1), such as the coat protein complex II ( COPII), which mediates cargo export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(2,3). COPII consists of the Sar1 GTPase, Sec23 and Sec24 (Sec23/24), where Sec23 is a Sar1-specific GTPase-activating protein and Sec24 functions in cargo selection, and Sec13 and Sec31 (Sec13/31), which has a structural role(3). Whereas recent results have shown that Sec23/24 and Sec13/31 can self-assemble to form COPII cage-like particles(4), we now show that Sec13/31 can self-assemble to form minimal cages in the absence of Sec23/24. We present a three-dimensional reconstruction of these Sec13/31 cages at 30 angstrom resolution using cryo-electron microscopy and single particle analysis. These results reveal a novel cuboctahedron geometry with the potential to form a flexible lattice and to generate a diverse range of containers. Our data are consistent with a model for COPII coat complex assembly in which Sec23/24 has a non-structural role as a multivalent ligand localizing the self-assembly of Sec13/31 to form a cage lattice driving ER cargo export.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, Natl Resource Automated Mol Microscopy, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Cell, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Dept Chem, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, Inst Childhood & Neglected Dis, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
RP Carragher, B (corresponding author), Scripps Res Inst, Natl Resource Automated Mol Microscopy, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM bcarr@scripps.edu; webalch@scripps.edu
NR 29
TC 260
Z9 361
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 234
EP 238
DI 10.1038/nature04339
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400047
PM 16407955
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peppiatt, CM
   Howarth, C
   Mobbs, P
   Attwell, D
AF Peppiatt, Claire M.
   Howarth, Clare
   Mobbs, Peter
   Attwell, David
TI Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat retina; containing microvasculature; blood-flow; in-vivo; brain; calcium; muscle; cortex; cells
AB Neural activity increases local blood flow in the central nervous system (CNS), which is the basis of BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) and PET (positron emission tomography) functional imaging techniques(1-3). Blood flow is assumed to be regulated by precapillary arterioles, because capillaries lack smooth muscle. However, most (65%) noradrenergic innervation of CNS blood vessels terminates near capillaries rather than arterioles(4), and in muscle and brain a dilatory signal propagates from vessels near metabolically active cells to precapillary arterioles(5,6), suggesting that blood flow control is initiated in capillaries. Pericytes, which are apposed to CNS capillaries and contain contractile proteins(7), could initiate such signalling. Here we show that pericytes can control capillary diameter in whole retina and cerebellar slices. Electrical stimulation of retinal pericytes evoked a localized capillary constriction, which propagated at similar to 2 mu m s(-1) to constrict distant pericytes. Superfused ATP in retina or noradrenaline in cerebellum resulted in constriction of capillaries by pericytes, and glutamate reversed the constriction produced by noradrenaline. Electrical stimulation or puffing GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) receptor blockers in the inner retina also evoked pericyte constriction. In simulated ischaemia, some pericytes constricted capillaries. Pericytes are probably modulators of blood flow in response to changes in neural activity, which may contribute to functional imaging signals and to CNS vascular disease.
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Attwell, D (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM D.Attwell@ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [017948, 075232] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 912
Z9 1093
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 700
EP 704
DI 10.1038/nature05193
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500048
PM 17036005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hosie, AM
   Wilkins, ME
   da Silva, HMA
   Smart, TG
AF Hosie, Alastair M.
   Wilkins, Megan E.
   da Silva, Helena M. A.
   Smart, Trevor G.
TI Endogenous neurosteroids regulate GABAA receptors through two discrete transmembrane sites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aminobutyric-acid receptor; neuroactive steroids; a receptor; stress; brain; accessibility; modulation; mechanisms; residues; subunit
AB Inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by GABA(A) receptors can be modulated by the endogenous neurosteroids, allopregnanolone and tetrahydro-deoxycorticosterone(1). Neurosteroids are synthesized de novo in the brain during stress(2), pregnancy(3) and after ethanol consumption(4), and disrupted steroid regulation of GABAergic transmission is strongly implicated in several debilitating conditions such as panic disorder, major depression, schizophrenia, alcohol dependence and catamenial epilepsy(3,5-8). Determining how neurosteroids interact with the GABA(A) receptor is a prerequisite for understanding their physiological and pathophysiological roles in the brain. Here we identify two discrete binding sites in the receptor's transmembrane domains that mediate the potentiating and direct activation effects of neurosteroids. They potentiate GABA responses from a cavity formed by the alpha-subunit transmembrane domains, whereas direct receptor activation is initiated by interfacial residues between alpha and beta subunits and is enhanced by steroid binding to the potentiation site. Thus, significant receptor activation by neurosteroids relies on occupancy of both the activation and potentiation sites. These sites are highly conserved throughout the GABA(A) receptor family, and their identification provides a unique opportunity for the development of new therapeutic, neurosteroid-based ligands and transgenic disease models of neurosteroid dysfunction.
C1 UCL, Dept Pharmacol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Hosie, AM (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Pharmacol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM alastair.hosie@ucl.ac.uk; t.smart@ucl.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0601529] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 599
Z9 680
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 486
EP 489
DI 10.1038/nature05324
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700046
PM 17108970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beaulieu, JP
   Bennett, DP
   Fouqué, P
   Williams, A
   Dominik, M
   Jorgensen, UG
   Kubas, D
   Cassan, A
   Coutures, C
   Greenhill, J
   Hill, K
   Menzies, J
   Sackett, PD
   Albrow, M
   Brillant, S
   Caldwell, JAR
   Calitz, JJ
   Cook, KH
   Corrales, E
   Desort, M
   Dieters, S
   Dominis, D
   Donatowicz, J
   Hoffman, M
   Kane, S
   Marquette, JB
   Martin, R
   Meintjes, P
   Pollard, K
   Sahu, K
   Vinter, C
   Wambsganss, J
   Woller, K
   Horne, K
   Steele, I
   Bramich, DM
   Burgdorf, M
   Snodgrass, C
   Bode, M
   Udalski, A
   Szymanski, MK
   Kubiak, M
   Wieckowski, T
   Pietrzynski, G
   Soszynski, I
   Szewczyk, O
   Wyrzykowski, L
   Paczynski, B
   Abe, F
   Bond, IA
   Britton, TR
   Gilmore, AC
   Hearnshaw, JB
   Itow, Y
   Kamiya, K
   Kilmartin, PM
   Korpela, AV
   Masuda, K
   Matsubara, Y
   Motomura, M
   Muraki, Y
   Nakamura, S
   Okada, C
   Ohnishi, K
   Rattenbury, NJ
   Sako, T
   Sato, S
   Sasaki, M
   Sekiguchi, T
   Sullivan, DJ
   Tristram, PJ
   Yock, PCM
   Yoshioka, T
AF Beaulieu, JP
   Bennett, DP
   Fouqué, P
   Williams, A
   Dominik, M
   Jorgensen, UG
   Kubas, D
   Cassan, A
   Coutures, C
   Greenhill, J
   Hill, K
   Menzies, J
   Sackett, PD
   Albrow, M
   Brillant, S
   Caldwell, JAR
   Calitz, JJ
   Cook, KH
   Corrales, E
   Desort, M
   Dieters, S
   Dominis, D
   Donatowicz, J
   Hoffman, M
   Kane, S
   Marquette, JB
   Martin, R
   Meintjes, P
   Pollard, K
   Sahu, K
   Vinter, C
   Wambsganss, J
   Woller, K
   Horne, K
   Steele, I
   Bramich, DM
   Burgdorf, M
   Snodgrass, C
   Bode, M
   Udalski, A
   Szymanski, MK
   Kubiak, M
   Wieckowski, T
   Pietrzynski, G
   Soszynski, I
   Szewczyk, O
   Wyrzykowski, L
   Paczynski, B
   Abe, F
   Bond, IA
   Britton, TR
   Gilmore, AC
   Hearnshaw, JB
   Itow, Y
   Kamiya, K
   Kilmartin, PM
   Korpela, AV
   Masuda, K
   Matsubara, Y
   Motomura, M
   Muraki, Y
   Nakamura, S
   Okada, C
   Ohnishi, K
   Rattenbury, NJ
   Sako, T
   Sato, S
   Sasaki, M
   Sekiguchi, T
   Sullivan, DJ
   Tristram, PJ
   Yock, PCM
   Yoshioka, T
TI Discovery of a cool planet of 5.5 Earth masses through gravitational microlensing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferometry; systems; search; model
AB In the favoured core-accretion model of formation of planetary systems, solid planetesimals accumulate to build up planetary cores, which then accrete nebular gas if they are sufficiently massive. Around M-dwarf stars ( the most common stars in our Galaxy), this model favours the formation of Earth-mass (M+) to Neptune-mass planets with orbital radii of 1 to 10 astronomical units (AU), which is consistent with the small number of gas giant planets known to orbit M-dwarf host stars(1-4). More than 170 extrasolar planets have been discovered with a wide range of masses and orbital periods, but planets of Neptune's mass or less have not hitherto been detected at separations of more than 0.15 AU from normal stars. Here we report the discovery of a 5.5(-2.7)(+5.5)M(+) planetary companion at a separation of 2.6(-0.6)(+1.5) AU from a 0.22(-0.11)(+0.21)M(.) M-dwarf star, where M-. refers to a solar mass. (We propose to name it OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, indicating a planetary mass companion to the lens star of the microlensing event.) The mass is lower than that of GJ876d (ref. 5), although the error bars overlap. Our detection suggests that such cool, sub-Neptune-mass planets may be more common than gas giant planets, as predicted by the core accretion theory.
C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7095, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Univ Toulouse 3, Observ Midi Pyrenees, Astrophys Lab, UMR 5572, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
   Perth Observ, Perth, WA 6076, Australia.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, Scottish Univ Phys Alliance, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
   Astron Observ, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   CEA, DAPNIA, SPP Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Tasmania, Sch Math & Phys, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia.
   S African Astron Observ, ZA-7935 Cape Town, South Africa.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo Observ, Res Sch Astron & Astrophys, Weston, ACT 2611, Australia.
   Univ Canterbury, Dept Phys & Astron, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand.
   McDonald Observ, Ft Davis, TX 79734 USA.
   Univ Orange Free State, Dept Phys, Boyden Observ, ZA-9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, IGPP, Livermore, CA 94551 USA.
   Univ Potsdam, Inst Phys, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
   Astrophys Inst Potsdam, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany.
   Vienna Univ Technol, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Astron, ARI, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England.
   Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Phys, Astron & Planetary Sci Div, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Observ Astron Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, PL-00478 Warsaw, Poland.
   Univ Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
   Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Nagoya, Aichi 464860, Japan.
   Massey Univ, Inst Informat & Math Sci, Auckland, New Zealand.
   Univ Auckland, Dept Phys, Auckland, New Zealand.
   Univ Victoria, Sch Chem & Phys Sci, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Nagoya Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Astrophys, Nagoya, Aichi 464860, Japan.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); University of Notre Dame; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Perth Observatory; University of St Andrews; University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; European Southern Observatory; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; University of Tasmania; National Research Foundation - South Africa; South African Astronomical Observatory; Australian National University; University of Canterbury; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of the Free State; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of Potsdam; Technische Universitat Wien; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; Space Telescope Science Institute; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Liverpool John Moores University; Queens University Belfast; University of Warsaw; Universidad de Concepcion; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; Princeton University; Nagoya University; Massey University; University of Auckland; Victoria University Wellington; Nagoya University
RP Beaulieu, JP (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7095, Inst Astrophys Paris, F-75014 Paris, France.
EM beaulieu@iap.fr; bennett@nd.edu
FU STFC [PP/D000890/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D000890/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 502
Z9 570
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 437
EP 440
DI 10.1038/nature04441
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200038
PM 16437108
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Johnson, DM
   Liebhold, AM
   Tobin, PC
   Bjornstad, ON
AF Johnson, Derek M.
   Liebhold, Andrew M.
   Tobin, Patrick C.
   Bjornstad, Ottar N.
TI Allee effects and pulsed invasion by the gypsy moth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biological invasions; insect outbreaks; north-america; spread; lymantriidae; lepidoptera; dispersal; dynamics; populations; synchrony
AB Biological invasions pose considerable threats to the world's ecosystems (1) and cause substantial economic losses (2). A prime example is the invasion of the gypsy moth in the United States, for which more than $ 194 million was spent on management and monitoring between 1985 and 2004 alone (3). The spread of the gypsy moth across eastern North America is, perhaps, the most thoroughly studied biological invasion in the world, providing a unique opportunity to explore spatiotemporal variability in rates of spread. Here we describe evidence for periodic pulsed invasions, defined as regularly punctuated range expansions interspersed among periods of range stasis. We use a theoretical model with parameter values estimated from long- term monitoring data to show how an interaction between strong Allee effects ( negative population growth at low densities) (4) and stratified diffusion ( most individuals disperse locally, but a few seed new colonies by long- range movement)(5) can explain the invasion pulses. Our results indicate that suppressing population peaks along range borders might greatly slow invasion.
C1 Univ Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA.
   US Forest Serv, USDA, No Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of Louisiana Lafayette; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); United States Forest Service; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Johnson, DM (corresponding author), Univ Louisiana, Dept Biol, POB 42451, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA.
EM derekjohnson@louisiana.edu
NR 30
TC 200
Z9 230
U1 1
U2 78
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 361
EP 363
DI 10.1038/nature05242
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300047
PM 17108964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holtmaat, A
   Wilbrecht, L
   Knott, GW
   Welker, E
   Svoboda, K
AF Holtmaat, Anthony
   Wilbrecht, Linda
   Knott, Graham W.
   Welker, Egbert
   Svoboda, Karel
TI Experience-dependent and cell-type-specific spine growth in the neocortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat barrel cortex; dendritic spines; pyramidal neurons; visual-cortex; in-vivo; cortical plasticity; adult cortex; synapses; ampa; hippocampus
AB Functional circuits in the adult neocortex adjust to novel sensory experience, but the underlying synaptic mechanisms remain unknown(1). Growth and retraction of dendritic spines with synapse formation and elimination could change brain circuits(2-7). In the apical tufts of layer 5B (L5B) pyramidal neurons in the mouse barrel cortex, a subset of dendritic spines appear and disappear over days, whereas most spines are persistent for months(4-6,8,9). Under baseline conditions, new spines are mostly transient and rarely survive for more than a week. Transient spines tend to be small(4,5,9), whereas persistent spines are usually large(4-6,8,9). Because most excitatory synapses in the cortex occur on spines, and because synapse size(10) and the number of alpha-amino-3- hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid ( AMPA) receptors(11-13) are proportional to spine volume, the excitation of pyramidal neurons is probably driven through synapses on persistent spines. Here we test whether the generation and loss of persistent spines are enhanced by novel sensory experience. We repeatedly imaged dendritic spines for one month after trimming alternate whiskers, a paradigm that induces adaptive functional changes in neocortical circuits(14,15). Whisker trimming stabilized new spines and destabilized previously persistent spines. New-persistent spines always formed synapses. They were preferentially added on L5B neurons with complex apical tufts rather than simple tufts. Our data indicate that novel sensory experience drives the stabilization of new spines on subclasses of cortical neurons. These synaptic changes probably underlie experience-dependent remodelling of specific neocortical circuits.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   Univ Lausanne, IBCM, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Lausanne; GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
RP Svoboda, K (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM svoboda@cshl.edu
NR 30
TC 498
Z9 613
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 979
EP 983
DI 10.1038/nature04783
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300042
PM 16791195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moran, K
   Backman, J
   Brinkhuis, H
   Clemens, SC
   Cronin, T
   Dickens, GR
   Eynaud, F
   Gattacceca, J
   Jakobsson, M
   Jordan, RW
   Kaminski, M
   King, J
   Koc, N
   Krylov, A
   Martinez, N
   Matthiessen, J
   McInroy, D
   Moore, TC
   Onodera, J
   O'Regan, M
   Pälike, H
   Rea, B
   Rio, D
   Sakamoto, T
   Smith, DC
   Stein, R
   St John, K
   Suto, I
   Suzuki, N
   Takahashi, K
   Watanabe, M
   Yamamoto, M
   Farrell, J
   Frank, M
   Kubik, P
   Jokat, W
   Kristoffersen, Y
AF Moran, Kathryn
   Backman, Jan
   Brinkhuis, Henk
   Clemens, Steven C.
   Cronin, Thomas
   Dickens, Gerald R.
   Eynaud, Frederique
   Gattacceca, Jerome
   Jakobsson, Martin
   Jordan, Richard W.
   Kaminski, Michael
   King, John
   Koc, Nalan
   Krylov, Alexey
   Martinez, Nahysa
   Matthiessen, Jens
   McInroy, David
   Moore, Theodore C.
   Onodera, Jonaotaro
   O'Regan, Matthew
   Palike, Heiko
   Rea, Brice
   Rio, Domenico
   Sakamoto, Tatsuhiko
   Smith, David C.
   Stein, Ruediger
   St John, Kristen
   Suto, Itsuki
   Suzuki, Noritoshi
   Takahashi, Kozo
   Watanabe, Mahito
   Yamamoto, Masanobu
   Farrell, John
   Frank, Martin
   Kubik, Peter
   Jokat, Wilfried
   Kristoffersen, Yngve
TI The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermohaline circulation; sedimentation-rates; glaciation
AB The history of the Arctic Ocean during the Cenozoic era ( 0 - 65 million years ago) is largely unknown from direct evidence. Here we present a Cenozoic palaeoceanographic record constructed from >400 m of sediment core from a recent drilling expedition to the Lomonosov ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Our record shows a palaeoenvironmental transition from a warm 'greenhouse' world, during the late Palaeocene and early Eocene epochs, to a colder 'icehouse' world influenced by sea ice and icebergs from the middle Eocene epoch to the present. For the most recent similar to 14 Myr, we find sedimentation rates of 1 - 2 cm per thousand years, in stark contrast to the substantially lower rates proposed in earlier studies; this record of the Neogene reveals cooling of the Arctic that was synchronous with the expansion of Greenland ice (similar to 3.2 Myr ago) and East Antarctic ice (similar to 14 Myr ago). We find evidence for the first occurrence of ice-rafted debris in the middle Eocene epoch (similar to 45 Myr ago), some 35 Myr earlier than previously thought; fresh surface waters were present at,49 Myr ago, before the onset of ice-rafted debris. Also, the temperatures of surface waters during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum (similar to 55 Myr ago) appear to have been substantially warmer than previously estimated. The revised timing of the earliest Arctic cooling events coincides with those from Antarctica, supporting arguments for bipolar symmetry in climate change.
C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Ocean Engn, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol & Geochem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Biol, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, NL-3584 DC Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA.
   Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77251 USA.
   Univ Bordeaux, Dept Geol & Oceanog, F-33405 Talence, France.
   CNRS, CEREGE, Dept Geophys, F-13545 Aix En Provence, France.
   Yamagata Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Yamagata 9908560, Japan.
   UCL, Dept Earth Sci, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Polar Environm Ctr, N-9296 Tromso, Norway.
   VNIIOkeangeol, Dept Lithol & Geochem, St Petersburg 190121, Russia.
   Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Fdn Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   British Geol Survey, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Univ Southampton, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Geog & Environm, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, Scotland.
   Univ Padua, Dept Geol Paleontol & Geophys, I-35137 Padua, Italy.
   JAMSTEC, IFREE, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
   James Madison Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA.
   Nagoya Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Geol & Palaeontol, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
   Geol Survey Japan, Inst Geosci, Ibaraki 3058567, Japan.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan.
   IFM GEOMAR, Leibniz Inst Marine Sci, D-24148 Kiel, Germany.
   ETH, Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Bergen, Dept Earth Sci, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
C3 University of Rhode Island; University of Rhode Island; Stockholm University; Utrecht University; Brown University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Rice University; Universite de Bordeaux; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; Yamagata University; University of London; University College London; Norwegian Polar Institute; Boston University; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Geological Survey; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Kyushu University; University of Southampton; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Aberdeen; University of Padua; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); James Madison University; Nagoya University; Tohoku University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Hokkaido University; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of Bergen
RP Moran, K (corresponding author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
EM kate.moran@gso.uri.edu
FU Natural Environment Research Council [bgs03002] Funding Source: researchfish; NERC [bgs03002] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 41
TC 415
Z9 475
U1 0
U2 152
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 601
EP 605
DI 10.1038/nature04800
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800039
PM 16738653
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guloy, AM
   Ramlau, R
   Tang, ZJ
   Schnelle, W
   Baitinger, M
   Grin, Y
AF Guloy, Arnold M.
   Ramlau, Reiner
   Tang, Zhongjia
   Schnelle, Walter
   Baitinger, Michael
   Grin, Yuri
TI A guest-free germanium clathrate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silicon; semiconductors; clusters; sodium; phases; form; ge; si
AB The challenges associated with synthesizing expanded semiconductor frameworks with cage-like crystal structures continue to be of interest(1,2). Filled low-density germanium and silicon framework structures have distinct properties that address important issues in thermoelectric phonon glass - electron crystals(3), superconductivity(4) and the possibility of Kondo insulators(5). Interest in empty framework structures of silicon and germanium is motivated by their predicted wide optical bandgaps of the same magnitude as quantum dots and porous silicon, making them and their alloys promising materials for silicon-based optoelectronic devices(6,7). Although almost-empty Na1-xSi136 has already been reported(8,9), the synthesis of guest-free germanium clathrate has so far been unsuccessful. Here we report the high-yield synthesis and characteristics of germanium with the empty clathrate-II structure through the oxidation of Ge-9(4-) Zintl anions in ionic liquids under ambient conditions. The approach demonstrates the potential of ionic liquids as media for the reactions of polar intermetallic phases.
C1 Max Planck Inst Chem Phys Stoffe, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Houston, Texas Ctr Superconduct, Houston, TX 77204 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Houston System; University of Houston
RP Guloy, AM (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Chem Phys Stoffe, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
EM aguloy@uh.edu; grin@cpfs.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 362
Z9 405
U1 1
U2 249
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 320
EP 323
DI 10.1038/nature05145
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000042
PM 16988708
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finlayson, C
   Pacheco, FG
   Rodríguez-Vidal, J
   Fa, DA
   López, JMG
   Pérez, AS
   Finlayson, G
   Allue, E
   Preysler, JB
   Cáceres, I
   Carrión, JS
   Fernandez-Jalvo, Y
   Gleed-Owen, CP
   Espejo, FJJ
   López, P
   Sáez, JAL
   Cantal, JAR
   Marco, AS
   Guzman, FG
   Brown, K
   Fuentes, N
   Valarino, CA
   Villalpando, A
   Stringer, CB
   Ruiz, FM
   Sakamoto, T
AF Finlayson, Clive
   Giles Pacheco, Francisco
   Rodriguez-Vidal, Joaquin
   Fa, Darren A.
   Gutierrez Lopez, Jose Maria
   Santiago Perez, Antonio
   Finlayson, Geraldine
   Allue, Ethel
   Preysler, Javier Baena
   Caceres, Isabel
   Carrion, Jose S.
   Fernandez Jalvo, Yolanda
   Gleed-Owen, Christopher P.
   Jimenez Espejo, Francisco J.
   Lopez, Pilar
   Lopez Saez, Jose Antonio
   Riquelme Cantal, Jose Antonio
   Sanchez Marco, Antonio
   Giles Guzman, Francisco
   Brown, Kimberly
   Fuentes, Noemi
   Valarino, Claire A.
   Villalpando, Antonio
   Stringer, Christopher B.
   Martinez Ruiz, Francisca
   Sakamoto, Tatsuhiko
TI Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The late survival of archaic hominin populations and their long contemporaneity with modern humans is now clear for southeast Asia(1). In Europe the extinction of the Neanderthals, firmly associated with Mousterian technology, has received much attention, and evidence of their survival after 35 kyr BP has recently been put in doubt(2). Here we present data, based on a high-resolution record of human occupation from Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, that establish the survival of a population of Neanderthals to 28 kyr BP. These Neanderthals survived in the southernmost point of Europe, within a particular physiographic context, and are the last currently recorded anywhere. Our results show that the Neanderthals survived in isolated refuges well after the arrival of modern humans in Europe.
C1 Gibraltar Museum, Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Social Sci, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
   Museo Arqueol El Puerto Maria, El Puerto Santa Maria 11500, Spain.
   Univ Huelva, Fac Ciencias Expt, Dept Geodinam & Paleontol, Huelva 21071, Spain.
   Museo Municipal, Villamartin 11650, Spain.
   Univ Rovira & Virgili, Inst Catala Paleoecol Humana & Evolucio Social, Area Prehist, Tarragona 43003, Spain.
   Univ Autonoma Madrid, Dept Prehist & Arqueol, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Murcia, Dept Plant Biol, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
   CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
   Herpetol Conservat Trust, Bournemouth BH1 4AP, Dorset, England.
   CSIC, UGR, Inst Andaluz Ciencias Tierra, Granada 18002, Spain.
   Univ London, Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Geog, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   CSIC, Hist Inst, Lab Arqueobot, E-28014 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Granada, Dept Prehist & Arqueol, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Cadiz, Fac Filosofia & Letras, Area Prehist, Cadiz 11003, Spain.
   Univ Cambridge, Dept Biol Anthropol, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, England.
   Nat Hist Museum, Dept Palaeontol, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Japan Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Inst Res Earth Evolut, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2370061, Japan.
C3 University of Toronto; Universidad de Huelva; ICREA; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Catalan Institute of Human Paleo-Ecology & Social Evolution (IPHES); Autonomous University of Madrid; University of Murcia; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN); University of Granada; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT); University of London; Royal Holloway University London; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Historia (IH); University of Granada; Universidad de Cadiz; University of Cambridge; Natural History Museum London; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC)
RP Finlayson, C (corresponding author), Gibraltar Museum, 18-20 Bomb House Lane, Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
EM jcfinlay@gibraltar.gi
NR 27
TC 344
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 231
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 850
EP 853
DI 10.1038/nature05195
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700050
PM 16971951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marinov, I
   Gnanadesikan, A
   Toggweiler, JR
   Sarmiento, JL
AF Marinov, I
   Gnanadesikan, A
   Toggweiler, JR
   Sarmiento, JL
TI The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric co2; thermohaline circulation; carbon-dioxide; high-latitude; models; ventilation; thermocline; water; pump
AB Modelling studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and carbon cycles in the Southern Ocean play a central role in setting the air - sea balance of CO2 and global biological production(1-8). Box model studies(1-4) first pointed out that an increase in nutrient utilization in the high latitudes results in a strong decrease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure (p(CO2)). This early research led to two important ideas: high latitude regions are more important in determining atmospheric p(CO2) than low latitudes, despite their much smaller area, and nutrient utilization and atmospheric p(CO2) are tightly linked. Subsequent general circulation model simulations show that the Southern Ocean is the most important high latitude region in controlling preindustrial atmospheric CO2 because it serves as a lid to a larger volume of the deep ocean(5,6). Other studies point out the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide(7) and in controlling global biological production(8). Here we probe the system to determine whether certain regions of the Southern Ocean are more critical than others for air - sea CO2 balance and the biological export production, by increasing surface nutrient drawdown in an ocean general circulation model. We demonstrate that atmospheric CO2 and global biological export production are controlled by different regions of the Southern Ocean. The air - sea balance of carbon dioxide is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Antarctic deep-water formation region, whereas global export production is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Subantarctic intermediate and mode water formation region. The existence of this biogeochemical divide separating the Antarctic from the Subantarctic suggests that it may be possible for climate change or human intervention to modify one of these without greatly altering the other.
C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 Princeton University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Marinov, I (corresponding author), MIT, Program Atmospheres Oceans & Climate, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM imarinov@mit.edu
NR 28
TC 270
Z9 311
U1 2
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 964
EP 967
DI 10.1038/nature04883
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300038
PM 16791191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nusbaum, C
   Mikkelsen, TS
   Zody, MC
   Asakawa, S
   Taudien, S
   Garber, M
   Kodira, CD
   Schueler, MG
   Shimizu, A
   Whittaker, CA
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, MG
   Yang, XP
   Allen, NR
   Anderson, S
   Asakawa, T
   Blechschmidt, K
   Bloom, T
   Borowsky, ML
   Butler, J
   Cook, A
   Corum, B
   DeArellano, K
   DeCaprio, D
   Dooley, KT
   Dorris, L III
   Engels, R
   Glöckner, G
   Hafez, N
   Hagopian, DS
   Hall, JL
   Ishikawa, SK
   Jaffe, DB
   Kamat, A
   Kudoh, J
   Lehmann, R
   Lokitsang, T
   Macdonald, P
   Major, JE
   Matthews, CD
   Mauceli, E
   Menzel, U
   Mihalev, AH
   Minoshima, S
   Murayama, Y
   Naylor, JW
   Nicol, R
   Nguyen, C
   O'Leary, SB
   O'Neill, K
   Parker, SCJ
   Polley, A
   Raymond, CK
   Reichwald, K
   Rodriguez, J
   Sasaki, T
   Schilhabel, M
   Siddiqui, R
   Smith, CL
   Sneddon, TP
   Talamas, JA
   Tenzin, P
   Topham, K
   Venkataraman, V
   Wen, GP
   Yamazaki, S
   Young, SK
   Zeng, QD
   Zimmer, AR
   Rosenthal, A
   Birren, BW
   Platzer, M
   Shimizu, N
   Lander, ES
AF Nusbaum, C
   Mikkelsen, TS
   Zody, MC
   Asakawa, S
   Taudien, S
   Garber, M
   Kodira, CD
   Schueler, MG
   Shimizu, A
   Whittaker, CA
   Chang, JL
   Cuomo, CA
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, MG
   Yang, XP
   Allen, NR
   Anderson, S
   Asakawa, T
   Blechschmidt, K
   Bloom, T
   Borowsky, ML
   Butler, J
   Cook, A
   Corum, B
   DeArellano, K
   DeCaprio, D
   Dooley, KT
   Dorris, L III
   Engels, R
   Glöckner, G
   Hafez, N
   Hagopian, DS
   Hall, JL
   Ishikawa, SK
   Jaffe, DB
   Kamat, A
   Kudoh, J
   Lehmann, R
   Lokitsang, T
   Macdonald, P
   Major, JE
   Matthews, CD
   Mauceli, E
   Menzel, U
   Mihalev, AH
   Minoshima, S
   Murayama, Y
   Naylor, JW
   Nicol, R
   Nguyen, C
   O'Leary, SB
   O'Neill, K
   Parker, SCJ
   Polley, A
   Raymond, CK
   Reichwald, K
   Rodriguez, J
   Sasaki, T
   Schilhabel, M
   Siddiqui, R
   Smith, CL
   Sneddon, TP
   Talamas, JA
   Tenzin, P
   Topham, K
   Venkataraman, V
   Wen, GP
   Yamazaki, S
   Young, SK
   Zeng, QD
   Zimmer, AR
   Rosenthal, A
   Birren, BW
   Platzer, M
   Shimizu, N
   Lander, ES
TI DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genome sequence; microcephalin; annotation; defensins; mutation; history; map
AB The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC) recently completed a sequence of the human genome(1). As part of this project, we have focused on chromosome 8. Although some chromosomes exhibit extreme characteristics in terms of length, gene content, repeat content and fraction segmentally duplicated, chromosome 8 is distinctly typical in character, being very close to the genome median in each of these aspects. This work describes a finished sequence and gene catalogue for the chromosome, which represents just over 5% of the euchromatic human genome. A unique feature of the chromosome is a vast region of similar to 15 megabases on distal 8p that appears to have a strikingly high mutation rate, which has accelerated in the hominids relative to other sequenced mammals. This fast-evolving region contains a number of genes related to innate immunity and the nervous system, including loci that appear to be under positive selection(2)-these include the major defensin (DEF) gene cluster(3,4) and MCPH1(5,6), a gene that may have contributed to the evolution of expanded brain size in the great apes. The data from chromosome 8 should allow a better understanding of both normal and disease biology and genome evolution.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Keio Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan.
   Inst Mol Biotechnol, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
   NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982 USA.
   UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, HGNC, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Keio University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); University of London; University College London
RP Nusbaum, C (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 320 Charles St, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
EM chad@broad.mit.edu; shimizu@dmb.med.keio.ac.jp
FU MRC [G0000107] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: Medline
NR 32
TC 104
Z9 537
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 331
EP 335
DI 10.1038/nature04406
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100044
PM 16421571
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marek, PE
   Bond, JE
AF Marek, Paul E.
   Bond, Jason E.
TI Rediscovery of the world's leggiest animal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID millipedes diplopoda
C1 E Carolina Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; East Carolina University
RP Marek, PE (corresponding author), E Carolina Univ, Dept Biol, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.
EM pm0623@ecu.edu
NR 12
TC 17
Z9 21
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 707
EP 707
DI 10.1038/441707a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100041
PM 16760967
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Langevin, Y
   Douté, S
   Vincendon, M
   Poulet, F
   Bibring, JP
   Gondet, B
   Schmitt, B
   Forget, F
AF Langevin, Yves
   Doute, Sylvain
   Vincendon, Mathieu
   Poulet, Francois
   Bibring, Jean-Pierre
   Gondet, Brigitte
   Schmitt, Bernard
   Forget, F.
TI No signature of clear CO2 ice from the 'cryptic' regions in Mars' south seasonal polar cap
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wavelengths; absorption; aerosol; albedo; frost; model; tes
AB The seasonal polar ice caps of Mars are composed mainly of CO2 ice(1,2). A region of low (< 30%) albedo has been observed within the south seasonal cap during early to mid-spring(3,4). The low temperature of this 'cryptic region' has been attributed to a clear slab of nearly pure CO2 ice, with the low albedo resulting from absorption by the underlying surface(4). Here we report near-infrared imaging spectroscopy of the south seasonal cap. The deep and broad CO2 absorption bands that are expected in the near-infrared with a thick transparent slab of CO2 ice are not observed. Models of the observed spectra indicate that the low albedo results from extensive dust contamination close to the surface of a CO2 ice layer, which could be linked to atmospheric circulation patterns(5,6). The strength of the CO2 absorption increases after mid-spring, so part of the dust is either carried away or buried more deeply in the ice layer during the CO2 ice sublimation process.
C1 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, Lab Planetol Grenoble, F-38400 Grenoble, France.
   Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Langevin, Y (corresponding author), Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Inst Astrophys Spatiale, Orsay Campus, F-91405 Orsay, France.
EM yves.langevin@ias.u-psud.fr
NR 21
TC 53
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 790
EP 792
DI 10.1038/nature05012
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700040
PM 16915283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU King, MC
   Lusk, CP
   Blobel, G
AF King, Megan C.
   Lusk, C. Patrick
   Blobel, Guenter
TI Karyopherin-mediated import of integral inner nuclear membrane proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pore complex; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast nucleoporin; nucleocytoplasmic transport; cell-cycle; envelope; export; nup2p; signals
AB Targeting of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins to the appropriate cellular compartment is specified by discrete sequence elements, many of which have been well characterized. An understanding of the signals required to direct integral membrane proteins to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) remains a notable exception. Here we show that integral INM proteins possess basic sequence motifs that resemble 'classical' nuclear localization signals. These sequences can mediate direct binding to karyopherin-alpha and are essential for the passage of integral membrane proteins to the INM. Furthermore, karyopherin-alpha, karyopherin-beta 1 and the Ran GTPase cycle are required for INM targeting, underscoring parallels between mechanisms governing the targeting of integral INM proteins and soluble nuclear transport. We also provide evidence that specific nuclear pore complex proteins contribute to this process, suggesting a role for signal-mediated alterations in the nuclear pore complex to allow for passage of INM proteins along the pore membrane.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cell Biol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
RP King, MC (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cell Biol Lab, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mking@rockefeller.edu; plusk@rockefeller.edu
NR 32
TC 221
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1003
EP 1007
DI 10.1038/nature05075
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000040
PM 16929305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Uehara, T
   Nakamura, T
   Yao, DD
   Shi, ZQ
   Gu, ZZ
   Ma, YL
   Masliah, E
   Nomura, Y
   Lipton, SA
AF Uehara, Takashi
   Nakamura, Tomohiro
   Yao, Dongdong
   Shi, Zhong-Qing
   Gu, Zezong
   Ma, Yuliang
   Masliah, Eliezer
   Nomura, Yasuyuki
   Lipton, Stuart A.
TI S-Nitrosylated protein-disulphide isomerase links protein misfolding to neurodegeneration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum stress; apoptotic cell-death; parkinsons-disease; nitric-oxide; pathway; thioredoxin; polypeptide; ischemia; cultures
AB Stress proteins located in the cytosol or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) maintain cell homeostasis and afford tolerance to severe insults(1-3). In neurodegenerative diseases, several chaperones ameliorate the accumulation of misfolded proteins triggered by oxidative or nitrosative stress, or of mutated gene products(4,5). Although severe ER stress can induce apoptosis(2,6), the ER withstands relatively mild insults through the expression of stress proteins or chaperones such as glucose-regulated protein (GRP) and protein-disulphide isomerase (PDI), which assist in the maturation and transport of unfolded secretory proteins. PDI catalyses thiol-disulphide exchange, thus facilitating disulphide bond formation and rearrangement reactions(7-10). PDI has two domains that function as independent active sites with homology to the small, redox-active protein thioredoxin(7,8). During neurodegenerative disorders and cerebral ischaemia, the accumulation of immature and denatured proteins results in ER dysfunction(11), but the upregulation of PDI represents an adaptive response to protect neuronal cells(12-14). Here we show, in brains manifesting sporadic Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, that PDI is S-nitrosylated, a reaction transferring a nitric oxide (NO) group to a critical cysteine thiol to affect protein function(15-18). NO-induced S-nitrosylation of PDI inhibits its enzymatic activity, leads to the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins, and activates the unfolded protein response. S-Nitrosylation also abrogates PDI-mediated attenuation of neuronal cell death triggered by ER stress, misfolded proteins or proteasome inhibition. Thus, PDI prevents neurotoxicity associated with ER stress and protein misfolding, but NO blocks this protective effect in neurodegenerative disorders through the S-nitrosylation of PDI.
C1 Burnham Inst Med Res, Ctr Neurosci & Aging, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Burnham Inst Med Res, Proteom Facil, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600812, Japan.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Hokkaido University
RP Lipton, SA (corresponding author), Burnham Inst Med Res, Ctr Neurosci & Aging, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA.
EM slipton@burnham.org
NR 30
TC 793
Z9 889
U1 0
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 513
EP 517
DI 10.1038/nature04782
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900051
PM 16724068
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freitas, R
   Zhang, GJ
   Cohn, MJ
AF Freitas, Renata
   Zhang, GuangJun
   Cohn, Martin J.
TI Evidence that mechanisms of fin development evolved in the midline of early vertebrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hox gene-expression; trunk neural crest; petromyzon-marinus; zebrafish; origin; lamprey; embryos; regeneration; organization; mesenchyme
AB The origin of paired appendages was a major evolutionary innovation for vertebrates, marking the first step towards fin( and later limb-) driven locomotion. The earliest vertebrate fossils lack paired fins but have well-developed median fins(1,2), suggesting that the mechanisms of fin development were assembled first in the midline. Here we show that shark median fin development involves the same genetic programs that operate in paired appendages. Using molecular markers for different cell types, we show that median fins arise predominantly from somitic ( paraxial) mesoderm, whereas paired appendages develop from lateral plate mesoderm. Expression of Hoxd and Tbx18 genes, which specify paired limb positions(3,4), also delineates the positions of median fins. Proximodistal development of median fins occurs beneath an apical ectodermal ridge, the structure that controls outgrowth of paired appendages(5-7). Each median fin bud then acquires an anteroposteriorly-nested pattern of Hoxd expression similar to that which establishes skeletal polarity in limbs(8,9). Thus, despite their different embryonic origins, paired and median fins utilize a common suite of developmental mechanisms. We extended our analysis to lampreys, which diverged from the lineage leading to gnathostomes before the origin of paired appendages(2,10), and show that their median fins also develop from somites and express orthologous Hox and Tbx genes. Together these results suggest that the molecular mechanisms for fin development originated in somitic mesoderm of early vertebrates, and that the origin of paired appendages was associated with re-deployment of these mechanisms to lateral plate mesoderm.
C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
   Univ Florida, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Cohn, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, POB 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA.
EM cohn@zoo.ufl.edu
NR 30
TC 171
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1033
EP 1037
DI 10.1038/nature04984
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000048
PM 16878142
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Behrenfeld, MJ
   Worthington, K
   Sherrell, RM
   Chavez, FP
   Strutton, P
   McPhaden, M
   Shea, DM
AF Behrenfeld, Michael J.
   Worthington, Kirby
   Sherrell, Robert M.
   Chavez, Francisco P.
   Strutton, Peter
   McPhaden, Michael
   Shea, Donald M.
TI Controls on tropical Pacific Ocean productivity revealed through nutrient stress diagnostics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iron-deficiency; electron-transport; synechococcus sp; photosystem-ii; phytoplankton bloom; southern-ocean; chlorophyll; light; cyanobacteria; fluorescence
AB In situ enrichment experiments have shown that the growth of bloom-forming diatoms in the major high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the world's oceans is limited by the availability of iron(1-3). Yet even the largest of these manipulative experiments represents only a small fraction of an ocean basin, and the responses observed are strongly influenced by the proliferation of rare species rather than the growth of naturally dominant populations(4,5). Here we link unique fluorescence attributes of phytoplankton to specific physiological responses to nutrient stress, and use these relationships to evaluate the factors that constrain phytoplankton growth in the tropical Pacific Ocean on an unprecedented spatial scale. On the basis of fluorescence measurements taken over 12 years, we delineate three major ecophysiological regimes in this region. We find that iron has a key function in regulating phytoplankton growth in both HNLC and oligotrophic waters near the Equator and further south, whereas nitrogen and zooplankton grazing are the primary factors that regulate biomass production in the north. Application of our findings to the interpretation of satellite chlorophyll fields shows that productivity in the tropical Pacific basin may be 1.2 - 2.5 Pg C yr(-1) lower than previous estimates have suggested, a difference that is comparable to the global change in ocean production that accompanied the largest El Nino to La Nina transition on record(6).
C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   NASA, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.
   Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.
   Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
   NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.
C3 Oregon State University; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; Oregon State University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Behrenfeld, MJ (corresponding author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Cordley Hall 2082, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.
EM mjb@science.oregonstate.edu
NR 29
TC 227
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1025
EP 1028
DI 10.1038/nature05083
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000046
PM 16943835
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moyen, JF
   Stevens, G
   Kisters, A
AF Moyen, Jean-Francois
   Stevens, Gary
   Kisters, Alexander
TI Record of mid-Archaean subduction from metamorphism in the Barberton terrain, South Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenstone-belt; exhumation; tectonics; granites
AB Although plate tectonics is the central geological process of the modern Earth, its form and existence during the Archaean era (4.0 - 2.5 Gyr ago) are disputed(1,2). The existence of subduction during this time is particularly controversial because characteristic subduction-related mineral assemblages, typically documenting apparent geothermal gradients of 15 degrees C km(-1) or less(3), have not yet been recorded from in situ Archaean rocks ( the lowest recorded apparent geothermal gradients(4) are greater than 25 degrees C km(-1)). Despite this absence from the rock record, low Archaean geothermal gradients are suggested by eclogitic nodules in kimberlites(5,6) and circumstantial evidence for subduction processes, including possible accretion-related structures(2), has been reported in Archaean terrains. The lack of spatially and temporally well-constrained high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism continues, however, to cast doubt on the relevance of subduction-driven tectonics during the first 1.5 Gyr of the Earth's history(7). Here we report garnet-albite-bearing mineral assemblages that record pressures of 1.2 - 1.5 GPa at temperatures of 600 - 650 degrees C from supracrustal amphibolites from the mid-Archaean Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain. These conditions point to apparent geothermal gradients of 12 - 15 degrees C - similar to those found in recent subduction zones - that coincided with the main phase of terrane accretion in the structurally overlying Barberton greenstone belt(8). These high-pressure, low-temperature conditions represent metamorphic evidence for cold and strong lithosphere, as well as subduction-driven tectonic processes, during the evolution of the early Earth.
C1 Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Geol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa.
C3 Stellenbosch University
RP Moyen, JF (corresponding author), Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Geol, South Africa Private Bag X-1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa.
EM moyen@sun.ac.za; gs@sun.ac.za
NR 24
TC 249
Z9 261
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 559
EP 562
DI 10.1038/nature04972
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900042
PM 16885983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirichok, Y
   Navarro, B
   Clapham, DE
AF Kirichok, Y
   Navarro, B
   Clapham, DE
TI Whole-cell patch-clamp measurements of spermatozoa reveal an alkaline-activated Ca2+ channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ion channels; mouse sperm; calcium-channels; motility; ph; depolarization; fertilization; permeation; physiology; catsper1
AB In mammals, sperm cells become motile during ejaculation and swim up the female reproductive tract. Before fertilization and to overcome various barriers, their motility must be hyperactivated, a motion that is characterized by vigorous asymmetric tail beating(1). Hyperactivation requires an increase in calcium in the flagella, a process that probably involves plasmalemmal ion channels(2-8). Numerous attempts in the past two decades to understand sperm cell channels have been frustrated by the difficulty of measuring spermatozoan transmembrane ion currents(2,3,9 - 16). Here, by using a simple approach to patch-clamp spermatozoa and to characterize whole-spermatozoan currents, we describe a constitutively active flagellar calcium channel that is strongly potentiated by intracellular alkalinization. This current is not present in spermatozoa lacking the sperm-specific putative ion channel protein, CatSper1. This plasma membrane protein of the six transmembrane-spanning ion channel superfamily is specifically localized to the principal piece of the sperm tail and is required for sperm cell hyperactivation and male fertility(4,5). Our results identify CatSper1 as a component of the key flagellar calcium channel, and suggest that intracellular alkalinization potentiates CatSper current to increase intraflagellar calcium and induce sperm hyperactivation.
C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Dept Cardiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital
RP Clapham, DE (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst,Dept Cardiol, Enders 1309,320 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM dclapham@enders.tch.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 384
Z9 446
U1 1
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 737
EP 740
DI 10.1038/nature04417
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100047
PM 16467839
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Park, T
   Ronning, F
   Yuan, HQ
   Salamon, MB
   Movshovich, R
   Sarrao, JL
   Thompson, JD
AF Park, T
   Ronning, F
   Yuan, HQ
   Salamon, MB
   Movshovich, R
   Sarrao, JL
   Thompson, JD
TI Hidden magnetism and quantum criticality in the heavy fermion superconductor CeRhIn5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductor; unconventional superconductivity; antiferromagnetic order; pressure; field; spin
AB With only a few exceptions that are well understood, conventional superconductivity does not coexist with long-range magnetic order ( for example, ref. 1). Unconventional superconductivity, on the other hand, develops near a phase boundary separating magnetically ordered and magnetically disordered phases(2,3). A maximum in the superconducting transition temperature T-c develops where this boundary extrapolates to zero Kelvin, suggesting that fluctuations associated with this magnetic quantum-critical point are essential for unconventional superconductivity(4,5). Invariably, though, unconventional superconductivity masks the magnetic phase boundary when T < T-c, preventing proof of a magnetic quantum-critical point(5). Here we report specific-heat measurements of the pressure-tuned unconventional superconductor CeRhIn5 in which we find a line of quantum-phase transitions induced inside the superconducting state by an applied magnetic field. This quantum-critical line separates a phase of coexisting antiferromagnetism and superconductivity from a purely unconventional superconducting phase, and terminates at a quantum tetracritical point where the magnetic field completely suppresses superconductivity. The T --> 0 K magnetic field - pressure phase diagram of CeRhIn5 is well described with a theoretical model(6,7) developed to explain field-induced magnetism in the high-T-c copper oxides, but in which a clear delineation of quantum - phase boundaries has not been possible. These experiments establish a common relationship among hidden magnetism, quantum criticality and unconventional superconductivity in copper oxides and heavy-electron systems such as CeRhIn5.
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Park, T (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM tuson@lanl.gov
FU Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0844115] Funding Source: National Science Foundation; Division Of Materials Research [0844115] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
NR 25
TC 422
Z9 456
U1 4
U2 150
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/nature04571
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700039
PM 16511490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ji, HT
   Burin, M
   Schartman, E
   Goodman, J
AF Ji, Hantao
   Burin, Michael
   Schartman, Ethan
   Goodman, Jeremy
TI Hydrodynamic turbulence cannot transport angular momentum effectively in astrophysical disks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rotating cylinders; accretion disks; nonlinear stability; shear turbulence; stratified disks; reynolds-number; instability; flow; circulation; evolution
AB The most efficient energy sources known in the Universe are accretion disks. Those around black holes convert 5 - 40 per cent of restmass energy to radiation. Like water circling a drain, inflowing mass must lose angular momentum, presumably by vigorous turbulence in disks, which are essentially inviscid(1). The origin of the turbulence is unclear. Hot disks of electrically conducting plasma can become turbulent by way of the linear magnetorotational instability(2). Cool disks, such as the planet- forming disks of protostars, may be too poorly ionized for the magnetorotational instability to occur, and therefore essentially unmagnetized and linearly stable. Nonlinear hydrodynamic instability often occurs in linearly stable flows ( for example, pipe flows) at sufficiently large Reynolds numbers. Although planet- forming disks have extreme Reynolds numbers, keplerian rotation enhances their linear hydrodynamic stability, so the question of whether they can be turbulent and thereby transport angular momentum effectively is controversial(3-15). Here we report a laboratory experiment, demonstrating that non- magnetic quasi- keplerian flows at Reynolds numbers up to millions are essentially steady. Scaled to accretion disks, rates of angular momentum transport lie far below astrophysical requirements. By ruling out purely hydrodynamic turbulence, our results indirectly support the magnetorotational instability as the likely cause of turbulence, even in cool disks.
C1 Princeton Univ, Ctr Magnet Self Org Lab & Astrophys Plasmas, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Astrophys Sci, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
C3 Princeton University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory; Princeton University
RP Ji, HT (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Ctr Magnet Self Org Lab & Astrophys Plasmas, Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA.
EM hji@pppl.gov
NR 32
TC 202
Z9 228
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/nature05323
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300042
PM 17108959
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macchiarelli, R
   Bondioli, L
   Debénath, A
   Mazurier, A
   Tournepiche, JF
   Birch, W
   Dean, C
AF Macchiarelli, Roberto
   Bondioli, Luca
   Debenath, Andre
   Mazurier, Arnaud
   Tournepiche, Jean-Francois
   Birch, Wendy
   Dean, Christopher
TI How Neanderthal molar teeth grew
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID life-history; dental development; enamel thickness; modern humans; growth; tooth; crown; hominidae; evolution; serial
AB Growth and development are both fundamental components of demographic structure and life history strategy. Together with information about developmental timing they ultimately contribute to a better understanding of Neanderthal extinction. Primate molar tooth development tracks the pace of life history evolution most closely(1,2), and tooth histology reveals a record of birth as well as the timing of crown and root growth. High-resolution micro-computed tomography now allows us to image complex structures and uncover subtle differences in adult tooth morphology that are determined early in embryonic development(3). Here we show that the timing of molar crown and root completion in Neanderthals matches those known for modern humans but that a more complex enamel - dentine junction morphology and a late peak in root extension rate sets them apart. Previous predictions about Neanderthal growth, based only on anterior tooth surfaces(4,5), were necessarily speculative. These data are the first on internal molar microstructure; they firmly place key Neanderthal life history variables within those known for modern humans.
C1 UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Univ Bordeaux 1, CNRS, UMR 5199, F-33405 Bordeaux, France.
   Musee Angouleme, F-16000 Angouleme, France.
   Etud Rech Mat, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Univ Perpignan, F-66000 Perignan, France.
   Museo Nazl Preistorico Etnog L Pigorini, Sez Antropol, I-00144 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 6046, Lab Geobiol Biochronol & Paleontol Humaine, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
C3 University of London; University College London; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Universite de Bordeaux; Universite de Poitiers; Universite Perpignan Via Domitia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Poitiers
RP Dean, C (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, Mortimer St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM ucgacrd@ucl.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 221
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 748
EP 751
DI 10.1038/nature05314
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100058
PM 17122777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, M
   Mackenzie, IR
   Pickering-Brown, SM
   Gass, J
   Rademakers, R
   Lindholm, C
   Snowden, J
   Adamson, J
   Sadovnick, AD
   Rollinson, S
   Cannon, A
   Dwosh, E
   Neary, D
   Melquist, S
   Richardson, A
   Dickson, D
   Berger, Z
   Eriksen, J
   Robinson, T
   Zehr, C
   Dickey, CA
   Crook, R
   McGowan, E
   Mann, D
   Boeve, B
   Feldman, H
   Hutton, M
AF Baker, Matt
   Mackenzie, Ian R.
   Pickering-Brown, Stuart M.
   Gass, Jennifer
   Rademakers, Rosa
   Lindholm, Caroline
   Snowden, Julie
   Adamson, Jennifer
   Sadovnick, A. Dessa
   Rollinson, Sara
   Cannon, Ashley
   Dwosh, Emily
   Neary, David
   Melquist, Stacey
   Richardson, Anna
   Dickson, Dennis
   Berger, Zdenek
   Eriksen, Jason
   Robinson, Todd
   Zehr, Cynthia
   Dickey, Chad A.
   Crook, Richard
   McGowan, Eileen
   Mann, David
   Boeve, Bradley
   Feldman, Howard
   Hutton, Mike
TI Mutations in progranulin cause tau-negative frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor; inclusions; expression; disease; family; 17q21
AB Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common cause of dementia in people under the age of 65 years(1). A large proportion of FTD patients ( 35 - 50%) have a family history of dementia, consistent with a strong genetic component to the disease(2). In 1998, mutations in the gene encoding the microtubule-associated protein tau ( MAPT) were shown to cause familial FTD with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17q21 (FTDP- 17)(3). The neuropathology of patients with defined MAPT mutations is characterized by cytoplasmic neurofibrillary inclusions composed of hyperphosphorylated tau(3,4). However, in multiple FTD families with significant evidence for linkage to the same region on chromosome 17q21 (D17S1787 - D17S806), mutations in MAPT have not been found and the patients consistently lack tauimmunoreactive inclusion pathology(5-12). In contrast, these patients have ubiquitin (ub)-immunoreactive neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions and characteristic lentiform ub-immunoreactive neuronal intranuclear inclusions(11-13). Here we demonstrate that in these families, FTD is caused by mutations in progranulin (PGRN) that are likely to create null alleles. PGRN is located 1.7 Mb centromeric of MAPT on chromosome 17q21.31 and encodes a 68.5-kDa secreted growth factor involved in the regulation of multiple processes including development, wound repair and inflammation(14). PGRN has also been strongly linked to tumorigenesis(14). Moreover, PGRN expression is increased in activated microglia in many neurodegenerative diseases including Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease, motor neuron disease and Alzheimer's disease(15,16). Our results identify mutations in PGRN as a cause of neurodegenerative disease and indicate the importance of PGRN function for neuronal survival.
C1 Mayo Clin Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Div Neurol, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
   Univ Manchester, Dept Med, Div Lab & Regenerat Med, Manchester M13 9PT, Lancs, England.
   Hope Hosp, Greater Manchester Neurosci Ctr, Ctr Clin Neurosci, Salford M6 8HD, Lancs, England.
   Mayo Clin Coll Med, Dept Neurol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
C3 Mayo Clinic; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; University of Manchester; Mayo Clinic
RP Hutton, M (corresponding author), Mayo Clin Coll Med, Dept Neurosci, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA.
EM ian.mackenzie@vch.ca; hutton.michael@mayo.edu
FU Medical Research Council [G0400356] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G0400356] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0400356] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 31
TC 1671
Z9 1879
U1 0
U2 95
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 916
EP 919
DI 10.1038/nature05016
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500037
PM 16862116
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, HT
   Padilla, WJ
   Zide, JMO
   Gossard, AC
   Taylor, AJ
   Averitt, RD
AF Chen, Hou-Tong
   Padilla, Willie J.
   Zide, Joshua M. O.
   Gossard, Arthur C.
   Taylor, Antoinette J.
   Averitt, Richard D.
TI Active terahertz metamaterial devices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID time-domain spectroscopy; negative permeability; explosives; spectra
AB The development of artificially structured electromagnetic materials, termed metamaterials, has led to the realization of phenomena that cannot be obtained with natural materials(1). This is especially important for the technologically relevant terahertz ( 1 THz = 10(12) Hz) frequency regime; many materials inherently do not respond to THz radiation, and the tools that are necessary to construct devices operating within this range - sources, lenses, switches, modulators and detectors - largely do not exist. Considerable efforts are underway to fill this 'THz gap' in view of the useful potential applications of THz radiation(2-7). Moderate progress has been made in THz generation and detection(8); THz quantum cascade lasers are a recent example(9). However, techniques to control and manipulate THz waves are lagging behind. Here we demonstrate an active metamaterial device capable of efficient real-time control and manipulation of THz radiation. The device consists of an array of gold electric resonator elements ( the metamaterial) fabricated on a semiconductor substrate. The metamaterial array and substrate together effectively form a Schottky diode, which enables modulation of THz transmission by 50 per cent, an order of magnitude improvement over existing devices(10).
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, Mat Phys & Applicat Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Chen, HT (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Ctr Integrated Nanotechnol, Mat Phys & Applicat Div, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM chenht@lanl.gov
NR 29
TC 2240
Z9 2536
U1 22
U2 1684
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 597
EP 600
DI 10.1038/nature05343
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600043
PM 17136089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ule, J
   Stefani, G
   Mele, A
   Ruggiu, M
   Wang, XN
   Taneri, B
   Gaasterland, T
   Blencowe, BJ
   Darnell, RB
AF Ule, Jernej
   Stefani, Giovanni
   Mele, Aldo
   Ruggiu, Matteo
   Wang, Xuning
   Taneri, Bahar
   Gaasterland, Terry
   Blencowe, Benjamin J.
   Darnell, Robert B.
TI An RNA map predicting Nova-dependent splicing regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tract-binding-protein; pre-messenger-rna; rich elements; hnrnp a1; u1 snrnp; in-vivo; identification; exon; enhancer; complex
AB Nova proteins are neuron-specific alternative splicing factors. We have combined bioinformatics, biochemistry and genetics to derive an RNA map describing the rules by which Nova proteins regulate alternative splicing. This map revealed that the position of Nova binding sites (YCAY clusters) in a pre-messenger RNA determines the outcome of splicing. The map correctly predicted Nova's effect to inhibit or enhance exon inclusion, which led us to examine the relationship between the map and Nova's mechanism of action. Nova binding to an exonic YCAY cluster changed the protein complexes assembled on pre-mRNA, blocking U1 snRNP ( small nuclear ribonucleoprotein) binding and exon inclusion, whereas Nova binding to an intronic YCAY cluster enhanced spliceosome assembly and exon inclusion. Assays of splicing intermediates of Nova-regulated transcripts in mouse brain revealed that Nova preferentially regulates removal of introns harbouring ( or closest to) YCAY clusters. These results define a genome-wide map relating the position of a cis-acting element to its regulation by an RNA binding protein, namely that Nova binding to YCAY clusters results in a local and asymmetric action to regulate spliceosome assembly and alternative splicing in neurons.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Mol Neurooncol Lab, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Computat Genom, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; University of Toronto
RP Darnell, RB (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM darnelr@rockefeller.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 431
Z9 553
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 580
EP 586
DI 10.1038/nature05304
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600040
PM 17065982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Törnroth-Horsefield, S
   Wang, Y
   Hedfalk, K
   Johanson, U
   Karlsson, M
   Tajkhorshid, E
   Neutze, R
   Kjellbom, P
AF Törnroth-Horsefield, S
   Wang, Y
   Hedfalk, K
   Johanson, U
   Karlsson, M
   Tajkhorshid, E
   Neutze, R
   Kjellbom, P
TI Structural mechanism of plant aquaporin gating
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water channel; proton exclusion; molecular-mechanisms; glycerol conduction; membrane aquaporin; permeation; transport; permeability; dynamics; selectivity
AB Plants counteract fluctuations in water supply by regulating all aquaporins in the cell plasma membrane. Channel closure results either from the dephosphorylation of two conserved serine residues under conditions of drought stress, or from the protonation of a conserved histidine residue following a drop in cytoplasmic pH due to anoxia during flooding. Here we report the X-ray structure of the spinach plasma membrane aquaporin SoPIP2; 1 in its closed conformation at 2.1 angstrom resolution and in its open conformation at 3.9 angstrom resolution, and molecular dynamics simulations of the initial events governing gating. In the closed conformation loop D caps the channel from the cytoplasm and thereby occludes the pore. In the open conformation loop D is displaced up to 16 angstrom and this movement opens a hydrophobic gate blocking the channel entrance from the cytoplasm. These results reveal a molecular gating mechanism which appears conserved throughout all plant plasma membrane aquaporins.
C1 Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Chem & Biosci, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
   Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Theoret & Computat Biophys Grp, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Lund Univ, Dept Plant Biochem, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Chalmers University of Technology; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Lund University
RP Neutze, R (corresponding author), Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Chem & Biosci, POB 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
EM emad@ks.uiuc.edu; richard.neutze@chembio.chalmers.se; per.kjellbom@plantbio.lu.se
NR 47
TC 696
Z9 804
U1 5
U2 298
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 688
EP 694
DI 10.1038/nature04316
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100036
PM 16340961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shevchenko, EV
   Talapin, DV
   Kotov, NA
   O'Brien, S
   Murray, CB
AF Shevchenko, EV
   Talapin, DV
   Kotov, NA
   O'Brien, S
   Murray, CB
TI Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID semiconductor quantum dots; 2 different sizes; nanocrystal superlattices; spheres; crystalline; arrangements; particle; phase; films
AB Assembly of small building blocks such as atoms, molecules and nanoparticles into macroscopic structures - that is, 'bottom up' assembly - is a theme that runs through chemistry, biology and material science. Bacteria(1), macromolecules(2) and nanoparticles(3) can self-assemble, generating ordered structures with a precision that challenges current lithographic techniques. The assembly of nanoparticles of two different materials into a binary nanoparticle superlattice (BNSL)(3-7) can provide a general and inexpensive path to a large variety of materials (metamaterials) with precisely controlled chemical composition and tight placement of the components. Maximization of the nanoparticle packing density has been proposed as the driving force for BNSL formation(3,8,9), and only a few BNSL structures have been predicted to be thermodynamically stable. Recently, colloidal crystals with micrometre-scale lattice spacings have been grown from oppositely charged polymethyl methacrylate spheres(10,11). Here we demonstrate formation of more than 15 different BNSL structures, using combinations of semiconducting, metallic and magnetic nanoparticle building blocks. At least ten of these colloidal crystalline structures have not been reported previously. We demonstrate that electrical charges on sterically stabilized nanoparticles determine BNSL stoichiometry; additional contributions from entropic, van der Waals, steric and dipolar forces stabilize the variety of BNSL structures.
C1 IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; Columbia University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Talapin, DV (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Mol Foundry, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM dvtalapin@lbl.gov; cbmurray@us.ibm.com
NR 30
TC 1917
Z9 2282
U1 15
U2 1140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 55
EP 59
DI 10.1038/nature04414
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700032
PM 16397494
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Monson, RK
   Lipson, DL
   Burns, SP
   Turnipseed, AA
   Delany, AC
   Williams, MW
   Schmidt, SK
AF Monson, RK
   Lipson, DL
   Burns, SP
   Turnipseed, AA
   Delany, AC
   Williams, MW
   Schmidt, SK
TI Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbulent flux measurements; temperature-dependence; high-elevation; air-flows; co2; n2o; ch4; snowpack
AB Most terrestrial carbon sequestration at mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere occurs in seasonal, montane forest ecosystems(1). Winter respiratory carbon dioxide losses from these ecosystems are high, and over half of the carbon assimilated by photosynthesis in the summer can be lost the following winter(2,3). The amount of winter carbon dioxide loss is potentially susceptible to changes in the depth of the snowpack; a shallower snowpack has less insulation potential, causing colder soil temperatures and potentially lower soil respiration rates. Recent climate analyses have shown widespread declines in the winter snowpack of mountain ecosystems in the western USA and Europe that are coupled to positive temperature anomalies(4-6). Here we study the effect of changes in snow cover on soil carbon cycling within the context of natural climate variation. We use a six-year record of net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in a subalpine forest to show that years with a reduced winter snowpack are accompanied by significantly lower rates of soil respiration. Furthermore, we show that the cause of the high sensitivity of soil respiration rate to changes in snow depth is a unique soil microbial community that exhibits exponential growth and high rates of substrate utilization at the cold temperatures that exist beneath the snow. Our observations suggest that a warmer climate may change soil carbon sequestration rates in forest ecosystems owing to changes in the depth of the insulating snow cover.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
   San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; California State University System; San Diego State University; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
RP Monson, RK (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM Russell.Monson@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 447
Z9 565
U1 17
U2 389
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 711
EP 714
DI 10.1038/nature04555
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100041
PM 16467835
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Block, DL
   Bournaud, F
   Combes, F
   Groess, R
   Barmby, P
   Ashby, MLN
   Fazio, GG
   Pahre, MA
   Willner, SP
AF Block, D. L.
   Bournaud, F.
   Combes, F.
   Groess, R.
   Barmby, P.
   Ashby, M. L. N.
   Fazio, G. G.
   Pahre, M. A.
   Willner, S. P.
TI An almost head-on collision as the origin of two off-centre rings in the Andromeda galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionized-gas; model; m31
AB The unusual morphology of the Andromeda galaxy ( Messier 31, the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way) has long been an enigma. Although regarded for decades as showing little evidence of a violent history, M31 has a well-known(1-7) outer ring of star formation at a radius of ten kiloparsecs whose centre is offset from the galaxy nucleus. In addition, the outer galaxy disk is warped, as seen at both optical(8) and radio(9) wavelengths. The halo contains numerous loops and ripples. Here we report the presence of a second, inner dust ring with projected dimensions of 1.5 x 1 kiloparsecs and offset by about half a kiloparsec from the centre of the galaxy (based upon an analysis of previously-obtained data(10)). The two rings appear to be density waves propagating in the disk. Numerical simulations indicate that both rings result from a companion galaxy plunging through the centre of the disk of M31. The most likely interloper is M32. Head-on collisions between galaxies are rare, but it appears nonetheless that one took place 210 million years ago in our Local Group of galaxies.
C1 Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Computat & Appl Math, Anglo Amer Cosm Dust Lab, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Observ Paris, LERMA, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Witwatersrand; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University
RP Block, DL (corresponding author), Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Computat & Appl Math, Anglo Amer Cosm Dust Lab, Private Bag 3, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
EM block@cam.wits.ac.za
NR 30
TC 108
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 832
EP 834
DI 10.1038/nature05184
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700045
PM 17051212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schattschneider, P
   Rubino, S
   Hébert, C
   Rusz, J
   Kunes, J
   Novák, P
   Carlino, E
   Fabrizioli, M
   Panaccione, G
   Rossi, G
AF Schattschneider, P.
   Rubino, S.
   Hebert, C.
   Rusz, J.
   Kunes, J.
   Novak, P.
   Carlino, E.
   Fabrizioli, M.
   Panaccione, G.
   Rossi, G.
TI Detection of magnetic circular dichroism using a transmission electron microscope
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-dichroism; spectroscopy; origin; iron; co
AB A material is said to exhibit dichroism if its photon absorption spectrum depends on the polarization of the incident radiation. In the case of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), the absorption cross-section of a ferromagnet or a paramagnet in a magnetic field changes when the helicity of a circularly polarized photon is reversed relative to the magnetization direction. Although similarities between X-ray absorption and electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) have long been recognized, it has been assumed that extending such equivalence to circular dichroism would require the electron beam in the TEM to be spin-polarized. Recently, it was argued on theoretical grounds that this assumption is probably wrong(1). Here we report the direct experimental detection of magnetic circular dichroism in a TEM. We compare our measurements of electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD) with XMCD spectra obtained from the same specimen that, together with theoretical calculations, show that chiral atomic transitions in a specimen are accessible with inelastic electron scattering under particular scattering conditions. This finding could have important consequences for the study of magnetism on the nanometre and subnanometre scales, as EMCD offers the potential for such spatial resolution down to the nanometre scale while providing depth information-in contrast to X-ray methods, which are mainly surface-sensitive.
C1 Vienna Univ Technol, Serv Ctr Transmiss Electron Microscopy, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Vienna Univ Technol, Inst Festkorperphys, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
   Inst Phys ASCR, Prague 16253 6, Czech Republic.
   CNR Natl Lab, TASC INFM, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Trieste, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
   Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Fis, I-41100 Modena, Italy.
C3 Technische Universitat Wien; Technische Universitat Wien; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; University of Trieste; Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia
RP Schattschneider, P (corresponding author), Vienna Univ Technol, Serv Ctr Transmiss Electron Microscopy, Wiedner Hauptstr 8-10-052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria.
EM schatt@ifp.tuwien.ac.at
NR 21
TC 282
Z9 332
U1 2
U2 199
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 486
EP 488
DI 10.1038/nature04778
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900044
PM 16724061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raper, SCB
   Braithwaite, RJ
AF Raper, SCB
   Braithwaite, RJ
TI Low sea level rise projections from mountain glaciers and icecaps under global warming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID climate-change
AB The mean sea level has been projected to rise in the 21st century as a result of global warming(1). Such projections of sea level change depend on estimated future greenhouse emissions and on differing models, but model-average results from a mid-range scenario (A1B) suggests a 0.387-m rise by 2100 (refs 1, 2). The largest contributions to sea level rise are estimated to come from thermal expansion (0.288 m) and the melting of mountain glaciers and icecaps (0.106 m), with smaller inputs from Greenland (0.024 m) and Antarctica (20.074 m)(1). Here we apply a melt model(3) and a geometric volume model(4) to our lower estimate of ice volume(5-7) and assess the contribution of glaciers to sea level rise, excluding those in Greenland and Antarctica. We provide the first separate assessment of melt contributions from mountain glaciers and icecaps, as well as an improved treatment of volume shrinkage. We find that icecaps melt more slowly than mountain glaciers, whose area declines rapidly in the 21st century, making glaciers a limiting source for ice melt. Using two climate models, we project sea level rise due to melting of mountain glaciers and icecaps to be 0.046 and 0.051 m by 2100, about half that of previous projections(1,8).
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Univ Manchester, Sch Environm & Dev, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; University of Manchester
RP Raper, SCB (corresponding author), Manchester Metropolitan Univ, Dalton Res Inst, CATE, Manchester M1 5GD, Lancs, England.
EM s.raper@mmu.ac.uk
NR 23
TC 225
Z9 271
U1 7
U2 105
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 311
EP 313
DI 10.1038/nature04448
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100039
PM 16421567
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cash, W
AF Cash, W
TI Detection of Earth-like planets around nearby stars using a petal-shaped occulter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID telescope
AB Direct observation of Earth-like planets is extremely challenging, because their parent stars are about 10(10) times brighter but lie just a fraction of an arcsecond away(1). In space, the twinkle of the atmosphere that would smear out the light is gone, but the problems of light scatter and diffraction in telescopes remain. The two proposed solutions-a coronagraph internal to a telescope and nulling interferometry from formation-flying telescopes-both require exceedingly clean wavefront control in the optics(2). An attractive variation to the coronagraph is to place an occulting shield outside the telescope, blocking the starlight before it even enters the optical path(3). Diffraction and scatter around or through the occulter, however, have limited effective suppression in practically sized missions(4-6). Here I report an occulter design that would achieve the required suppression and can be built with existing technology. The compact mission architecture of a coronagraph is traded for the inconvenience of two spacecraft, but the daunting optics challenges are replaced with a simple deployable sheet 30 to 50 m in diameter. When such an occulter is flown in formation with a telescope of at least one metre aperture, terrestrial planets could be seen and studied around stars to a distance of ten parsecs.
C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Cash, W (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM cash@casa.colorado.edu
NR 9
TC 185
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 51
EP 53
DI 10.1038/nature04930
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500033
PM 16823446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gulbis, AAS
   Elliot, JL
   Person, MJ
   Adams, ER
   Babcock, BA
   Emilio, M
   Gangestad, JW
   Kern, SD
   Kramer, EA
   Osip, DJ
   Pasachoff, JM
   Souza, SP
   Tuvikene, T
AF Gulbis, AAS
   Elliot, JL
   Person, MJ
   Adams, ER
   Babcock, BA
   Emilio, M
   Gangestad, JW
   Kern, SD
   Kramer, EA
   Osip, DJ
   Pasachoff, JM
   Souza, SP
   Tuvikene, T
TI Charon's radius and atmospheric constraints from observations of a stellar occultation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plutos atmosphere; mass-ratio; water ice; origin
AB The physical characteristics of Pluto and its moon, Charon, provide insight into the evolution of the outer Solar System. Although previous measurements have constrained the masses of these bodies(1,2), their radii and densities have remained uncertain. The observation of a stellar occultation by Charon in 1980 established a lower limit on its radius of 600 km (ref. 3) ( later refined to 601.5 km; ref. 4) and suggested a possible atmosphere(4). Subsequent, mutual event modelling yielded a range of 600 650-km (ref. 5), corresponding to a density of 1.56 +/- 0.22 g cm(-3) (refs 2, 5). Here we report multiple-station observations of a stellar occultation by Charon. From these data, we find a mean radius of 606 +/- 8 km, a bulk density of 1.72 +/- 0.15 g cm(-3), and rock-mass fraction 0.63 +/- 0.05. We do not detect a significant atmosphere and place 3 sigma upper limits on atmospheric number densities for candidate gases. These results seem to be consistent with collisional formation for the Pluto - Charon system in which the precursor objects may have been differentiated(6), and they leave open the possibility of atmospheric retention by the largest objects in the outer Solar System.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
   Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Williams Coll, Dept Astron, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA.
   Univ catolica Norte, Inst Astron, Antofagasta, Chile.
   Univ Estadual Ponta Grossa, Dept Geociencia, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil.
   Carnegie Observ, Las Campanas Observ, La Serena, Chile.
   Vrije Univ Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Williams College; Williams College; Universidad Catolica del Norte; Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa; Carnegie Institution for Science; Vrije Universiteit Brussel
RP Gulbis, AAS (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM gulbis@mit.edu
NR 28
TC 48
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 48
EP 51
DI 10.1038/nature04276
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700030
PM 16397492
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martinon, F
   Pétrilli, V
   Mayor, A
   Tardivel, A
   Tschopp, J
AF Martinon, F
   Pétrilli, V
   Mayor, A
   Tardivel, A
   Tschopp, J
TI Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cold autoinflammatory syndrome; necrosis-factor-alpha; monosodium urate; immune-system; protein; pyrin; identification; interleukin-1; antagonist; colchicine
AB Development of the acute and chronic inflammatory responses known as gout and pseudogout are associated with the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals, respectively, in joints and periarticular tissues. Although MSU crystals were first identified as the aetiological agent of gout in the eighteenth century(1) and more recently as a 'danger signal' released from dying cells(2), little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying MSU- or CPPD-induced inflammation. Here we show that MSU and CPPD engage the caspase-1-activating NALP3 (also called cryopyrin) inflammasome, resulting in the production of active interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-18. Macrophages from mice deficient in various components of the inflammasome such as caspase-1, ASC and NALP3 are defective in crystal-induced IL-1 beta activation. Moreover, an impaired neutrophil influx is found in an in vivo model of crystal-induced peritonitis in inflammasome-deficient mice or mice deficient in the IL-1 beta receptor (IL-1R). These findings provide insight into the molecular processes underlying the inflammatory conditions of gout and pseudogout, and further support a pivotal role of the inflammasome in several autoinflammatory diseases.
C1 Univ Lausanne, Dept Biochem, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
C3 University of Lausanne
RP Tschopp, J (corresponding author), Univ Lausanne, Dept Biochem, Chemin Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
EM jurg.tschopp@unil.ch
NR 30
TC 4294
Z9 4939
U1 20
U2 535
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 237
EP 241
DI 10.1038/nature04516
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500052
PM 16407889
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zody, MC
   Garber, M
   Adams, DJ
   Sharpe, T
   Harrow, J
   Lupski, JR
   Nicholson, C
   Searle, SM
   Wilming, L
   Young, SK
   Abouelleil, A
   Allen, NR
   Bi, WM
   Bloom, T
   Borowsky, ML
   Bugalter, BE
   Butler, J
   Chang, JL
   Chen, CK
   Cook, A
   Corum, B
   Cuomo, CA
   de Jong, PJ
   DeCaprio, D
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, M
   Gilbert, J
   Gibson, R
   Gnerre, S
   Goldstein, S
   Grafham, DV
   Grocock, R
   Hafez, N
   Hagopian, DS
   Hart, E
   Norman, CH
   Humphray, S
   Jaffe, DB
   Jones, M
   Kamal, M
   Khodiyar, VK
   LaButti, K
   Laird, G
   Lehoczky, J
   Liu, XH
   Lokyitsang, T
   Loveland, J
   Lui, A
   Macdonald, P
   Major, JE
   Matthews, L
   Mauceli, E
   McCarroll, SA
   Mihalev, AH
   Mudge, J
   Nguyen, C
   Nicol, R
   O'Leary, SB
   Osoegawa, K
   Schwartz, DC
   Shaw-Smith, C
   Stankiewicz, P
   Steward, C
   Swarbreck, D
   Venkataraman, V
   Whittaker, CA
   Yang, XP
   Zimmer, AR
   Bradley, A
   Hubbard, T
   Birren, BW
   Rogers, J
   Lander, ES
   Nusbaum, C
AF Zody, MC
   Garber, M
   Adams, DJ
   Sharpe, T
   Harrow, J
   Lupski, JR
   Nicholson, C
   Searle, SM
   Wilming, L
   Young, SK
   Abouelleil, A
   Allen, NR
   Bi, WM
   Bloom, T
   Borowsky, ML
   Bugalter, BE
   Butler, J
   Chang, JL
   Chen, CK
   Cook, A
   Corum, B
   Cuomo, CA
   de Jong, PJ
   DeCaprio, D
   Dewar, K
   FitzGerald, M
   Gilbert, J
   Gibson, R
   Gnerre, S
   Goldstein, S
   Grafham, DV
   Grocock, R
   Hafez, N
   Hagopian, DS
   Hart, E
   Norman, CH
   Humphray, S
   Jaffe, DB
   Jones, M
   Kamal, M
   Khodiyar, VK
   LaButti, K
   Laird, G
   Lehoczky, J
   Liu, XH
   Lokyitsang, T
   Loveland, J
   Lui, A
   Macdonald, P
   Major, JE
   Matthews, L
   Mauceli, E
   McCarroll, SA
   Mihalev, AH
   Mudge, J
   Nguyen, C
   Nicol, R
   O'Leary, SB
   Osoegawa, K
   Schwartz, DC
   Shaw-Smith, C
   Stankiewicz, P
   Steward, C
   Swarbreck, D
   Venkataraman, V
   Whittaker, CA
   Yang, XP
   Zimmer, AR
   Bradley, A
   Hubbard, T
   Birren, BW
   Rogers, J
   Lander, ES
   Nusbaum, C
TI DNA sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the human lineage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-genome; segmental duplications; homologous recombination; evolution; gene; architecture; mechanism; region
AB Chromosome 17 is unusual among the human chromosomes in many respects. It is the largest human autosome with orthology to only a single mouse chromosome(1), mapping entirely to the distal half of mouse chromosome 11. Chromosome 17 is rich in protein-coding genes, having the second highest gene density in the genome(2,3). It is also enriched in segmental duplications, ranking third in density among the autosomes(4). Here we report a finished sequence for human chromosome 17, as well as a structural comparison with the finished sequence for mouse chromosome 11, the first finished mouse chromosome. Comparison of the orthologous regions reveals striking differences. In contrast to the typical pattern seen in mammalian evolution(5,6), the human sequence has undergone extensive intrachromosomal rearrangement, whereas the mouse sequence has been remarkably stable. Moreover, although the human sequence has a high density of segmental duplication, the mouse sequence has a very low density. Notably, these segmental duplications correspond closely to the sites of structural rearrangement, demonstrating a link between duplication and rearrangement. Examination of the main classes of duplicated segments provides insight into the dynamics underlying expansion of chromosome-specific, low-copy repeats in the human genome.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Childrens Hosp Oakland, Res Inst, BACPAC Resources, Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Lab Mol & Computat Genom, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; UCSF Medical Center; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of London; University College London
RP Zody, MC (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, 7 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM mczody@broad.mit.edu; chad@broad.mit.edu
FU MRC [G0000107] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust [077187] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 128
Z9 833
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1045
EP 1049
DI 10.1038/nature04689
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000035
PM 16625196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Patterson, N
   Richter, DJ
   Gnerre, S
   Lander, ES
   Reich, D
AF Patterson, Nick
   Richter, Daniel J.
   Gnerre, Sante
   Lander, Eric S.
   Reich, David
TI Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ancestral population sizes; upper miocene; drosophila-mauritiana; divergence times; dna-sequences; genomic data; evolution; hominid; paleontology; chromosm
AB The genetic divergence time between two species varies substantially across the genome, conveying important information about the timing and process of speciation. Here we develop a framework for studying this variation and apply it to about 20 million base pairs of aligned sequence from humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and more distantly related primates. Human-chimpanzee genetic divergence varies from less than 84% to more than 147% of the average, a range of more than 4 million years. Our analysis also shows that human-chimpanzee speciation occurred less than 6.3 million years ago and probably more recently, conflicting with some interpretations of ancient fossils. Most strikingly, chromosome X shows an extremely young genetic divergence time, close to the genome minimum along nearly its entire length. These unexpected features would be explained if the human and chimpanzee lineages initially diverged, then later exchanged genes before separating permanently.
C1 Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Reich, D (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu
NR 43
TC 404
Z9 471
U1 1
U2 123
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1103
EP 1108
DI 10.1038/nature04789
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500040
PM 16710306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ostojic, S
   Somfai, E
   Nienhuis, B
AF Ostojic, S
   Somfai, E
   Nienhuis, B
TI Scale invariance and universality of force networks in static granular matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID numerical-model; fluctuations
AB Force networks form the skeleton of static granular matter(1,2). They are the key factor that determines mechanical properties such as stability(3), elasticity(4,5) and sound transmission(6,7), which are important for civil engineering and industrial processing. Previous studies have focused on investigations of the global structure of external forces(8-11) ( the boundary condition) and on the probability distribution of individual contact forces(4,12). So far, however, precise knowledge of the disordered spatial structure of the force network has remained elusive. Here we report that molecular dynamics simulations of realistic granular packings reveal scale invariance of clusters of particles interacting by means of relatively strong forces. Despite visual variation, force networks for various values of the confining pressure and other parameters have identical scaling exponents and scaling function, thereby determining a universality class. Unexpectedly, the flat ensemble of force configurations(13-15) (a simple generalization of equilibrium statistical mechanics) belongs to this universality class, whereas some widely studied simplified models(16-18) do not. This implies that the elasticity of the grains and their geometrical disorder do not affect the universal mechanical properties.
C1 Univ Amsterdam, Inst Theoret Phys, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Leiden Univ, Inst Lorentz, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
C3 University of Amsterdam; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University
RP Nienhuis, B (corresponding author), Univ Amsterdam, Inst Theoret Phys, Valckenierstr 65, NL-1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands.
EM nienhuis@science.uva.nl
NR 29
TC 133
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 58
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 828
EP 830
DI 10.1038/nature04549
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600045
PM 16482153
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brar, GA
   Kiburz, BM
   Zhang, Y
   Kim, JE
   White, F
   Amon, A
AF Brar, Gloria A.
   Kiburz, Brendan M.
   Zhang, Yi
   Kim, Ji-Eun
   White, Forest
   Amon, Angelika
TI Rec8 phosphorylation and recombination promote the step-wise loss of cohesins in meiosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sister-chromatid cohesion; polo-like kinase; protein phosphatase 2a; homologous chromosm; centromeric cohesion; spindle checkpoint; yeast meiosis; i depends; segregation; mei-s332
AB During meiosis, cohesins-protein complexes that hold sister chromatids together-are lost from chromosomes in a step-wise manner(1). Loss of cohesins from chromosome arms is necessary for homologous chromosomes to segregate during meiosis I. Retention of cohesins around centromeres until meiosis II is required for the accurate segregation of sister chromatids. Here we show that phosphorylation of the cohesin subunit Rec8 contributes to step-wise cohesin removal. Our data further implicate two other key regulators of meiotic chromosome segregation, the cohesin protector Sgo1 and meiotic recombination in bringing about the step-wise loss of cohesins and thus the establishment of the meiotic chromosome segregation pattern. Understanding the interplay between these processes should provide insight into the events underlying meiotic chromosome mis-segregation, the leading cause of miscarriages and mental retardation in humans.
C1 MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Canc Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Amon, A (corresponding author), MIT, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ctr Canc Res, E17-233 40 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM angelika@mit.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM062207] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 111
Z9 139
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 532
EP 536
DI 10.1038/nature04794
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900055
PM 16672979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sebastian, SE
   Harrison, N
   Batista, CD
   Balicas, L
   Jaime, M
   Sharma, PA
   Kawashima, N
   Fisher, IR
AF Sebastian, S. E.
   Harrison, N.
   Batista, C. D.
   Balicas, L.
   Jaime, M.
   Sharma, P. A.
   Kawashima, N.
   Fisher, I. R.
TI Dimensional reduction at a quantum critical point
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensation; transitions; disorder; ladders; states; field
C1 Stanford Univ, Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, NHMFL, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Natl High Magnet Field Lab, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Chiba 2778581, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; University of Tokyo
RP Sebastian, SE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Geballe Lab Adv Mat, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM suchitra@stanfordalumni.org
NR 29
TC 227
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 617
EP 620
DI 10.1038/nature04732
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800043
PM 16738655
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naundorf, B
   Wolf, F
   Volgushev, M
AF Naundorf, B
   Wolf, F
   Volgushev, M
TI Unique features of action potential initiation in cortical neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo; coincidence detection; pyramidal neurons; visual-cortex; threshold; mechanism; kinetics
AB Neurons process and encode information by generating sequences of action potentials(1,2). For all spiking neurons, the encoding of single-neuron computations into sequences of spikes is biophysically determined by the cell's action-potential-generating mechanism. It has recently been discovered that apparently minor modifications of this mechanism can qualitatively change the nature of neuronal encoding(3,4). Here we quantitatively analyse the dynamics of action potential initiation in cortical neurons in vivo, in vitro and in computational models. Unexpectedly, key features of the initiation dynamics of cortical neuron action potentials-their rapid initiation and variable onset potential are outside the range of behaviours described by the classical Hodgkin-Huxley theory. We propose a new model based on the cooperative activation of sodium channels that reproduces the observed dynamics of action potential initiation. This new model predicts that Hodgkin-Huxley-type dynamics of action potential initiation can be induced by artificially decreasing the effective density of sodium channels. In vitro experiments confirm this prediction, supporting the hypothesis that cooperative sodium channel activation underlies the dynamics of action potential initiation in cortical neurons.
C1 Univ Gottingen, Max Planck Inst Dynam & Self Org, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Dept Phys, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Univ Gottingen, Bernstein Ctr Computat Neurosci, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Dept Neurophysiol, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Higher Nervous Act & Neurophysiol, Moscow 117485, Russia.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Gottingen; University of Gottingen; University of Gottingen; Ruhr University Bochum; Institute of Higher Nervous Activity & Neurophysiology of RAS; Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Wolf, F (corresponding author), Univ Gottingen, Max Planck Inst Dynam & Self Org, Bunsenstr 10, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany.
EM fred@chaos.gwdg.de
NR 18
TC 281
Z9 324
U1 2
U2 78
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1060
EP 1063
DI 10.1038/nature04610
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000038
PM 16625198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lynch, JA
   Brent, AE
   Leaf, DS
   Pultz, MA
   Desplan, C
AF Lynch, JA
   Brent, AE
   Leaf, DS
   Pultz, MA
   Desplan, C
TI Localized maternal orthodenticle patterns anterior and posterior in the long germ wasp Nasonia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segmentation gene hunchback; drosophila embryos; beetle tribolium; expression; vitripennis; proteins; gradient; axis
AB The Bicoid (Bcd) gradient in Drosophila has long been a model for the action of a morphogen in establishing embryonic polarity(1). However, it is now clear that bcd is a unique feature of higher Diptera(2,3). An evolutionarily ancient gene, orthodenticle (otd), has a bcd-like role in the beetle Tribolium(4). Unlike the Bcd gradient, which arises by diffusion of protein from an anteriorly localized messenger RNA(1,5), the Tribolium Otd gradient forms by translational repression of otd mRNA by a posteriorly localized factor. These differences in gradient formation are correlated with differences in modes of embryonic patterning. Drosophila uses long germ embryogenesis, where the embryo derives from the entire anterior - posterior axis, and all segments are patterned at the blastoderm stage, before gastrulation. In contrast, Tribolium undergoes short germ embryogenesis: the embryo arises from cells in the posterior of the egg, and only anterior segments are patterned at the blastoderm stage, with the remaining segments arising after gastrulation from a growth zone. Here we describe the role of otd in the long germband embryo of the wasp Nasonia vitripennis. We show that Nasonia otd maternal mRNA is localized at both poles of the embryo, and resulting protein gradients pattern both poles. Thus, localized Nasonia otd has two major roles that allow long germ development. It activates anterior targets at the anterior of the egg in a manner reminiscent of the Bcd gradient, and it is required for pre-gastrulation expression of posterior gap genes.
C1 NYU Biol, Ctr Dev Genet, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Western Washington Univ, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA.
C3 New York University; Western Washington University
RP Desplan, C (corresponding author), NYU Biol, Ctr Dev Genet, 100 Washington Sq E, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM cd38@nyu.edu
NR 27
TC 139
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 728
EP 732
DI 10.1038/nature04445
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100045
PM 16467838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, ZX
   Chakrabarty, D
   Kaplan, DL
AF Wang, ZX
   Chakrabarty, D
   Kaplan, DL
TI A debris disk around an isolated young neutron star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray pulsars; planetary system; fallback disks; variability; 4u0142+61; accretion; supernova; emission
AB Pulsars are rotating, magnetized neutron stars that are born in supernova explosions following the collapse of the cores of massive stars. If some of the explosion ejecta fails to escape, it may fall back onto the neutron star(1) or it may possess sufficient angular momentum to form a disk(2). Such 'fallback' is both a general prediction of current supernova models(3) and, if the material pushes the neutron star over its stability limit, a possible mode of black hole formation(4). Fallback disks could dramatically affect the early evolution of pulsars(2,5), yet there are few observational constraints on whether significant fallback occurs or even the actual existence of such disks. Here we report the discovery of mid-infrared emission from a cool disk around an isolated young X-ray pulsar. The disk does not power the pulsar's X-ray emission but is passively illuminated by these X-rays. The estimated mass of the disk is of the order of 10 Earth masses, and its lifetime (>= 10(6) years) significantly exceeds the spin-down age of the pulsar, supporting a supernova fallback origin. The disk resembles protoplanetary disks seen around ordinary young stars(6), suggesting the possibility of planet formation around young neutron stars.
C1 MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chakrabarty, D (corresponding author), MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM deepto@space.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 772
EP 775
DI 10.1038/nature04669
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400035
PM 16598251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ueno, Y
   Yamada, K
   Yoshida, N
   Maruyama, S
   Isozaki, Y
AF Ueno, Y
   Yamada, K
   Yoshida, N
   Maruyama, S
   Isozaki, Y
TI Evidence from fluid inclusions for microbial methanogenesis in the early Archaean era
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western-australia; isotope fractionation; warrawoona group; north-pole; carbon; geochemistry; signatures; reduction; evolution; hydrogen
AB Methanogenic microbes may be one of the most primitive organisms(1), although it is uncertain when methanogens first appeared on Earth. During the Archaean era (before 2.5 Gyr ago), methanogens may have been important in regulating climate, because they could have provided sufficient amounts of the greenhouse gas methane to mitigate a severely frozen condition that could have resulted from lower solar luminosity(2) during these times. Nevertheless, no direct geological evidence has hitherto been available in support of the existence of methanogens in the Archaean period, although circumstantial evidence is available in the form of similar to 2.8-Gyr-old carbon-isotope-depleted kerogen(3). Here we report crushing extraction and carbon isotope analysis of methane-bearing fluid inclusions in similar to 3.5-Gyr-old hydrothermal precipitates from Pilbara craton, Australia. Our results indicate that the extracted fluids contain microbial methane with carbon isotopic compositions of less than -56 parts per thousand included within original precipitates. This provides the oldest evidence of methanogen (>3.46 Gyr ago), pre-dating previous geochemical evidence by about 700 million years.
C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Res Ctr Evolving Earth & Planet, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Technol, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Environm Chem & Engn, Midori Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, SORST Project, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth Sci & Astron, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan.
C3 Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Tokyo
RP Ueno, Y (corresponding author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Res Ctr Evolving Earth & Planet, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan.
EM yueno@depe.titech.ac.jp
NR 27
TC 391
Z9 462
U1 1
U2 142
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 516
EP 519
DI 10.1038/nature04584
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100053
PM 16554816
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prakriya, M
   Feske, S
   Gwack, Y
   Srikanth, S
   Rao, A
   Hogan, PG
AF Prakriya, Murali
   Feske, Stefan
   Gwack, Yousang
   Srikanth, Sonal
   Rao, Anjana
   Hogan, Patrick G.
TI Orai1 is an essential pore subunit of the CRAC channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated ca2+ channels; t-lymphocytes; calcium-channels; plasma-membrane; i-crac; store; selectivity; permeation; cells; stim1
AB Stimulation of immune cells causes depletion of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum ( ER) stores, thereby triggering sustained Ca2+ entry through store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ ( CRAC) channels, an essential signal for lymphocyte activation and proliferation(1,2). Recent evidence indicates that activation of CRAC current is initiated by STIM proteins, which sense ER Ca2+ levels through an EF-hand located in the ER lumen and relocalize upon store depletion into puncta closely associated with the plasma membrane(3-5). We and others recently identified Drosophila Orai and human Orai1 ( also called TMEM142A) as critical components of store- operated Ca2+ entry downstream of STIM6-8. Combined overexpression of Orai and Stim in Drosophila cells(8), or Orai1 and STIM1 in mammalian cells(9-11), leads to a marked increase in CRAC current. However, these experiments did not establish whether Orai is an essential intracellular link between STIM and the CRAC channel, an accessory protein in the plasma membrane, or an actual pore subunit. Here we show that Orai1 is a plasma membrane protein, and that CRAC channel function is sensitive to mutation of two conserved acidic residues in the transmembrane segments. E106D and E190Q substitutions in transmembrane helices 1 and 3, respectively, diminish Ca2+ influx, increase current carried by monovalent cations, and render the channel permeable to Cs+. These changes in ion selectivity provide strong evidence that Orai1 is a pore subunit of the CRAC channel.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biol Chem, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine
RP Rao, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM arao@cbr.med.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1143
Z9 1342
U1 3
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 230
EP 233
DI 10.1038/nature05122
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000051
PM 16921383
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yin, HS
   Wen, XL
   Paterson, RG
   Lamb, RA
   Jardetzky, TS
AF Yin, HS
   Wen, XL
   Paterson, RG
   Lamb, RA
   Jardetzky, TS
TI Structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 F protein in its metastable, prefusion conformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paramyxovirus fusion protein; viral membrane-fusion; envelope glycoprotein; influenza-virus; nipah virus; hemagglutinin; receptor; activation; binding; domain
AB Enveloped viruses have evolved complex glycoprotein machinery that drives the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, permitting entry of the viral genome into the cell. For the paramyxoviruses, the fusion ( F) protein catalyses this membrane merger and entry step, and it has been postulated that the F protein undergoes complex refolding during this process. Here we report the crystal structure of the parainfluenza virus 5 F protein in its prefusion conformation, stabilized by the addition of a carboxy-terminal trimerization domain. The structure of the F protein shows that there are profound conformational differences between the pre- and postfusion states, involving transformations in secondary and tertiary structure. The positions and structural transitions of key parts of the fusion machinery, including the hydrophobic fusion peptide and two helical heptad repeat regions, clarify the mechanism of membrane fusion mediated by the F protein.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Jardetzky, TS (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, 2153 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM tedj@northwestern.edu
NR 49
TC 371
Z9 490
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 38
EP 44
DI 10.1038/nature04322
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700028
PM 16397490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gridi-Papp, M
   Rand, AS
   Ryan, MJ
AF Gridi-Papp, M
   Rand, AS
   Ryan, MJ
TI Animal communication: Complex call production in the tungara frog
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID physalaemus-pustulosus; sexual selection; morphology; syrinx
C1 Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama.
   Univ Texas, Sect Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-13506900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Universidade de Sao Paulo; Universidade Estadual Paulista
RP Gridi-Papp, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Physiol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM mryan@mail.utexas.edu
NR 10
TC 90
Z9 106
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 38
EP 38
DI 10.1038/441038a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600025
PM 16672962
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miyai, E
   Sakai, K
   Okano, T
   Kunishi, W
   Ohnishi, D
   Noda, S
AF Miyai, Eiji
   Sakai, Kyosuke
   Okano, Takayuki
   Kunishi, Wataru
   Ohnishi, Dai
   Noda, Susumu
TI Photonics: Lasers producing tailored beams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID distributed-feedback; lattice
AB Compact lasers that can produce a range of beam patterns are important for progress in several areas, including the improvement of optical tweezers, ultra-high-density optical memory and microfluidics. Here we engineer photonic crystals to generate semiconductor lasers that produce a range of beam patterns while maintaining stable single-mode oscillation. Our results could contribute to the realization of compact lasers that are capable of producing diverse beam patterns on demand.
C1 Kyoto Univ, Dept Elect Sci & Engn, Nishikyo Ku, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
   ROHM, Opt Device Res & Dev Ctr, Ukyo Ku, Saiin, Kyoto 6158585, Japan.
C3 Kyoto University
RP Noda, S (corresponding author), Kyoto Univ, Dept Elect Sci & Engn, Nishikyo Ku, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Kyoto 6158510, Japan.
EM snoda@kuee.kyoto-u.ac.jp
NR 10
TC 267
Z9 301
U1 3
U2 92
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 946
EP 946
DI 10.1038/441946a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300030
PM 16791186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Redon, R
   Ishikawa, S
   Fitch, KR
   Feuk, L
   Perry, GH
   Andrews, TD
   Fiegler, H
   Shapero, MH
   Carson, AR
   Chen, WW
   Cho, EK
   Dallaire, S
   Freeman, JL
   González, JR
   Gratacós, M
   Huang, J
   Kalaitzopoulos, D
   Komura, D
   MacDonald, JR
   Marshall, CR
   Mei, R
   Montgomery, L
   Nishimura, K
   Okamura, K
   Shen, F
   Somerville, MJ
   Tchinda, J
   Valsesia, A
   Woodwark, C
   Yang, FT
   Zhang, JJ
   Zerjal, T
   Zhang, J
   Armengol, L
   Conrad, DF
   Estivill, X
   Tyler-Smith, C
   Carter, NP
   Aburatani, H
   Lee, C
   Jones, KW
   Scherer, SW
   Hurles, ME
AF Redon, Richard
   Ishikawa, Shumpei
   Fitch, Karen R.
   Feuk, Lars
   Perry, George H.
   Andrews, T. Daniel
   Fiegler, Heike
   Shapero, Michael H.
   Carson, Andrew R.
   Chen, Wenwei
   Cho, Eun Kyung
   Dallaire, Stephanie
   Freeman, Jennifer L.
   Gonzalez, Juan R.
   Gratacos, Monica
   Huang, Jing
   Kalaitzopoulos, Dimitrios
   Komura, Daisuke
   MacDonald, Jeffrey R.
   Marshall, Christian R.
   Mei, Rui
   Montgomery, Lyndal
   Nishimura, Kunihiro
   Okamura, Kohji
   Shen, Fan
   Somerville, Martin J.
   Tchinda, Joelle
   Valsesia, Armand
   Woodwark, Cara
   Yang, Fengtang
   Zhang, Junjun
   Zerjal, Tatiana
   Zhang, Jane
   Armengol, Lluis
   Conrad, Donald F.
   Estivill, Xavier
   Tyler-Smith, Chris
   Carter, Nigel P.
   Aburatani, Hiroyuki
   Lee, Charles
   Jones, Keith W.
   Scherer, Stephen W.
   Hurles, Matthew E.
TI Global variation in copy number in the human genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segmental duplications; linkage disequilibrium; deletion polymorphism; structural variation; genetic-structure; wide detection; dna; selection; disease; rearrangements
AB Copy number variation (CNV) of DNA sequences is functionally significant but has yet to be fully ascertained. We have constructed a first-generation CNV map of the human genome through the study of 270 individuals from four populations with ancestry in Europe, Africa or Asia (the HapMap collection). DNA from these individuals was screened for CNV using two complementary technologies: single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays, and clone-based comparative genomic hybridization. A total of 1,447 copy number variable regions (CNVRs), which can encompass overlapping or adjacent gains or losses, covering 360 megabases (12% of the genome) were identified in these populations. These CNVRs contained hundreds of genes, disease loci, functional elements and segmental duplications. Notably, the CNVRs encompassed more nucleotide content per genome than SNPs, underscoring the importance of CNV in genetic diversity and evolution. The data obtained delineate linkage disequilibrium patterns for many CNVs, and reveal marked variation in copy number among populations. We also demonstrate the utility of this resource for genetic disease studies.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
   Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
   Affymetrix Inc, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA.
   Hosp Sick Children, Ctr Appl Genom, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
   Hosp Sick Children, Program Genet & Genom Biol, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Ctr Genom Regulat, Genes & Dis Program, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Med Genet, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
   Univ Alberta, Dept Pediat, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Human Genet, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Pompeu Fabra Univ, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
   Natl Genotyping Ctr, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; University of Tokyo; Affymetrix; University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Pompeu Fabra University; Centre de Regulacio Genomica (CRG); University of Alberta; University of Alberta; University of Chicago; Pompeu Fabra University; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Scherer, SW (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, England.
EM steve@genet.sickkids.on.ca; meh@sanger.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [077009, 077014, 077008] Funding Source: Medline
NR 77
TC 3275
Z9 4048
U1 5
U2 394
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 444
EP 454
DI 10.1038/nature05329
PG 11
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700038
PM 17122850
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitchen, D
   Richardella, A
   Tang, JM
   Flatté, ME
   Yazdani, A
AF Kitchen, Dale
   Richardella, Anthony
   Tang, Jian-Ming
   Flatte, Michael E.
   Yazdani, Ali
TI Atom-by-atom substitution of Mn in GaAs and visualization of their hole-mediated interactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ferromagnetic semiconductors; curie-temperature; ga1-xmnxas; (ga,mn)as
AB The discovery of ferromagnetism in Mn-doped GaAs1 has ignited interest in the development of semiconductor technologies based on electron spin and has led to several proof-of-concept spintronic devices(2-4). A major hurdle for realistic applications of Ga1-xMnxAs, or other dilute magnetic semiconductors, remains that their ferromagnetic transition temperature is below room temperature. Enhancing ferromagnetism in semiconductors requires us to understand the mechanisms for interaction between magnetic dopants, such as Mn, and identify the circumstances in which ferromagnetic interactions are maximized(5). Here we describe an atom-by-atom substitution technique using a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) and apply it to perform a controlled study at the atomic scale of the interactions between isolated Mn acceptors, which are mediated by holes in GaAs. High-resolution STM measurements are used to visualize the GaAs electronic states that participate in the Mn - Mn interaction and to quantify the interaction strengths as a function of relative position and orientation. Our experimental findings, which can be explained using tight-binding model calculations, reveal a strong dependence of ferromagnetic interaction on crystallographic orientation. This anisotropic interaction can potentially be exploited by growing oriented Ga1-xMnxAs structures to enhance the ferromagnetic transition temperature beyond that achieved in randomly doped samples.
C1 Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Opt Sci & Technol Ctr, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
   Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Iowa; University of Iowa
RP Yazdani, A (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Joseph Henry Labs, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM yazdani@princeton.edu
NR 28
TC 257
Z9 293
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 436
EP 439
DI 10.1038/nature04971
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900039
PM 16871214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lund, DC
   Lynch-Stieglitz, J
   Curry, WB
AF Lund, David C.
   Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean
   Curry, William B.
TI Gulf Stream density structure and transport during the past millennium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID florida current; planktonic-foraminifera; variability; temperature; straits; period
AB The Gulf Stream transports approximately 31 Sv ( 1 Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) of water(1,2) and 1.3 x 10(15) W of heat(3) into the North Atlantic ocean. The possibility of abrupt changes in Gulf Stream heat transport is one of the key uncertainties in predictions of climate change for the coming centuries. Given the limited length of the instrumental record, our knowledge of Gulf Stream behaviour on long timescales must rely heavily on information from geologic archives. Here we use foraminifera from a suite of high-resolution sediment cores in the Florida Straits to show that the cross-current density gradient and vertical current shear of the Gulf Stream were systematically lower during the Little Ice Age ( AD 1200 to 1850). We also estimate that Little Ice Age volume transport was ten per cent weaker than today's. The timing of reduced flow is consistent with temperature minima in several palaeoclimate records(4-9), implying that diminished oceanic heat transport may have contributed to Little Ice Age cooling in the North Atlantic. The interval of low flow also coincides with anomalously high Gulf Stream surface salinity(10), suggesting a tight linkage between the Atlantic Ocean circulation and hydrologic cycle during the past millennium.
C1 MIT Woods Hole Oceanog Inst Joint Program Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Lund, DC (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM dlund@gps.caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 167
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 66
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 601
EP 604
DI 10.1038/nature05277
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600044
PM 17136090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yusupova, G
   Jenner, L
   Rees, B
   Moras, D
   Yusupov, M
AF Yusupova, Gulnara
   Jenner, Lasse
   Rees, Bernard
   Moras, Dino
   Yusupov, Marat
TI Structural basis for messenger RNA movement on the ribosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID translation initiation; crystal-structures; escherichia-coli; subunit; site; sequences
AB Translation initiation is a major determinant of the overall expression level of a gene(1 - 3). The translation of functionally active protein requires the messenger RNA to be positioned on the ribosome such that the start/ initiation codon will be read first and in the correct frame. Little is known about the molecular basis for the interaction of mRNA with the ribosome at different states of translation. Recent crystal structures of the ribosomal subunits(4 - 8), the empty 70S ribosome(9) and the 70S ribosome containing functional ligands(10 - 13) have provided information about the general organization of the ribosome and its functional centres. Here we compare the X- ray structures of eight ribosome complexes modelling the translation initiation, post- initiation and elongation states. In the initiation and post- initiation complexes, the presence of the Shine - Dalgarno ( SD) duplex causes strong anchoring of the 5' end of mRNA onto the platform of the 30S subunit, with numerous interactions between mRNA and the ribosome. Conversely, the 5' end of the ' elongator' mRNA lacking SD interactions is flexible, suggesting a different exit path for mRNA during elongation. After the initiation of translation, but while an SD interaction is still present, mRNA moves in the 3' -->5' direction with simultaneous clockwise rotation and lengthening of the SD duplex, bringing it into contact with ribosomal protein S2.
C1 Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
RP Yusupov, M (corresponding author), Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
EM marat@titus.u-strasbg.fr
NR 25
TC 211
Z9 263
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 391
EP 394
DI 10.1038/nature05281
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300054
PM 17051149
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biondi, EG
   Reisinger, SJ
   Skerker, JM
   Arif, M
   Perchuk, BS
   Ryan, KR
   Laub, MT
AF Biondi, Emanuele G.
   Reisinger, Sarah J.
   Skerker, Jeffrey M.
   Arif, Muhammad
   Perchuk, Barrett S.
   Ryan, Kathleen R.
   Laub, Michael T.
TI Regulation of the bacterial cell cycle by an integrated genetic circuit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; histidine kinase; polar localization; protein; progression; division; ctra
AB How bacteria regulate cell cycle progression at a molecular level is a fundamental but poorly understood problem. In Caulobacter crescentus, two-component signal transduction proteins are crucial for cell cycle regulation, but the connectivity of regulators involved has remained elusive and key factors are unidentified. Here we identify ChpT, an essential histidine phosphotransferase that controls the activity of CtrA, the master cell cycle regulator. We show that the essential histidine kinase CckA initiates two phosphorelays, each requiring ChpT, which lead to the phosphorylation and stabilization of CtrA. Downregulation of CckA activity therefore results in the dephosphorylation and degradation of CtrA, which in turn allow the initiation of DNA replication. Furthermore, we show that CtrA triggers its own destruction by promoting cell division and inducing synthesis of the essential regulator DivK, which feeds back to downregulate CckA immediately before S phase. Our results define a single integrated circuit whose components and connectivity can account for the cell cycle oscillations of CtrA in Caulobacter.
C1 Harvard Univ, FAS Ctr Syst Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Harvard University; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Laub, MT (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM laub@mit.edu
NR 34
TC 220
Z9 278
U1 1
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 899
EP 904
DI 10.1038/nature05321
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400049
PM 17136100
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimoda, T
   Matsuki, Y
   Furusawa, M
   Aoki, T
   Yudasaka, I
   Tanaka, H
   Iwasawa, H
   Wang, DH
   Miyasaka, M
   Takeuchi, Y
AF Shimoda, T
   Matsuki, Y
   Furusawa, M
   Aoki, T
   Yudasaka, I
   Tanaka, H
   Iwasawa, H
   Wang, DH
   Miyasaka, M
   Takeuchi, Y
TI Solution-processed silicon films and transistors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ring-opening polymerization; thin-films; fabrication; polysilane
AB The use of solution processes - as opposed to conventional vacuum processes and vapour-phase deposition - for the fabrication of electronic devices has received considerable attention for a wide range of applications(1-7), with a view to reducing processing costs. In particular, the ability to print semiconductor devices using liquid-phase materials could prove essential for some envisaged applications, such as large-area flexible displays. Recent research in this area has largely been focused on organic semiconductors(8-11), some of which have mobilities comparable to that of amorphous silicon(11) (a-Si); but issues of reliability remain. Solution processing of metal chalcogenide semiconductors to fabricate stable and high-performance transistors has also been reported(12,13). This class of materials is being explored as a possible substitute for silicon, given the complex and expensive manufacturing processes required to fabricate devices from the latter. However, if high-quality silicon films could be prepared by a solution process, this situation might change drastically. Here we demonstrate the solution processing of silicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) using a silane-based liquid precursor. Using this precursor, we have prepared polycrystalline silicon ( poly-Si) films by both spin-coating and ink-jet printing, from which we fabricate TFTs with mobilities of 108 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) and 6.5 cm(2) V-1 s(-1), respectively. Although the processing conditions have yet to be optimized, these mobilities are already greater than those that have been achieved in solution-processed organic TFTs, and they exceed those of a-Si TFTs (<= 1 cm(2) V-1 s(-1)).
C1 Seiko Epson Corp, Technol Platform Res Ctr, Nagano 3990293, Japan.
   JSR Corp, Fine Elect Res Labs, Yokaichi 5108552, Japan.
C3 Seiko Epson Corporation; JSR Corporation
RP Furusawa, M (corresponding author), Seiko Epson Corp, Technol Platform Res Ctr, 281 Fujimi, Nagano 3990293, Japan.
EM furusawa.masahiro@exc.epson.co.jp
NR 27
TC 354
Z9 424
U1 1
U2 173
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 783
EP 786
DI 10.1038/nature04613
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400038
PM 16598254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galindo-Cuspinera, V
   Winnig, M
   Bufe, B
   Meyerhof, W
   Breslin, PAS
AF Galindo-Cuspinera, V
   Winnig, M
   Bufe, B
   Meyerhof, W
   Breslin, PAS
TI A TAS1R receptor-based explanation of sweet 'water-taste'
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bitter taste; inhibition; saccharin
AB Water-tastes' are gustatory after-impressions elicited by water following the removal of a chemical solution from the mouth, akin to colour after-images appearing on 'white' paper after fixation on coloured images. Unlike colour after-images, gustatory aftereffects are poorly understood(1). One theory posits that 'water-tastes' are adaptation phenomena, in which adaptation to one taste solution causes the water presented subsequently to act as a taste stimulus(2,3). An alternative hypothesis is that removal of the stimulus upon rinsing generates a receptor-based, positive, off-response in taste-receptor cells, ultimately inducing a gustatory perception(4). Here we show that a sweet 'water-taste' is elicited when sweet-taste inhibitors are rinsed away. Responses of cultured cells expressing the human sweetener receptor directly parallel the psychophysical responses - water rinses remove the inhibitor from the heteromeric sweetener receptor TAS1R2 - TAS1R3, which activates cells and results in the perception of strong sweetness from pure water. This 'rebound' activity occurs when equilibrium forces on the two-state allosteric sweet receptors result in their coordinated shift to the activated state upon being released from inhibition by rinsing(5-7).
C1 Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   German Inst Human Nutr Potsdam Rehbrucke, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
C3 Monell Chemical Senses Center; Leibniz Association; Deutsches Institut fur Ernahrungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrucke (DIfE)
RP Breslin, PAS (corresponding author), Monell Chem Senses Ctr, 3500 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM breslin@monell.org
NR 30
TC 116
Z9 125
U1 3
U2 51
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 354
EP 357
DI 10.1038/nature04765
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200049
PM 16633339
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaláb, P
   Pralle, A
   Isacoff, EY
   Heald, R
   Weis, K
AF Kaláb, P
   Pralle, A
   Isacoff, EY
   Heald, R
   Weis, K
TI Analysis of a RanGTP-regulated gradient in mitotic somatic cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID importin-beta; nuclear import; gtp; transport
AB The RanGTPase cycle provides directionality to nucleocytoplasmic transport, regulating interactions between cargoes and nuclear transport receptors of the importin-beta family(1,2). The Ran importin-beta system also functions in mitotic spindle assembly and nuclear pore and nuclear envelope formation(1,3,4). The common principle underlying these diverse functions throughout the cell cycle is thought to be anisotropy of the distribution of RanGTP ( the RanGTP gradient), driven by the chromatin-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 ( refs 1, 4, 5). However, the existence and function of a RanGTP gradient during mitosis in cells is unclear. Here we examine the Ran - importin-beta system in cells by conventional and fluorescence lifetime microscopy using a biosensor, termed Rango, that increases its fluorescence resonance energy transfer signal when released from importin-beta by RanGTP. Rango is predominantly free in mitotic cells, but is further liberated around mitotic chromatin. In vitro experiments and modelling show that this localized increase of free cargoes corresponds to changes in RanGTP concentration sufficient to stabilize microtubules in extracts. In cells, the Ran - importin- beta - cargo gradient kinetically promotes spindle formation but is largely dispensable once the spindle has been established. Consistent with previous reports(6-8), we observe that the Ran system also affects spindle pole formation and chromosome congression in vivo. Our results demonstrate that conserved Ran-regulated pathways are involved in multiple, parallel processes required for spindle function, but that their relative contribution differs in chromatin-versus centrosome/ kinetochore-driven spindle assembly systems.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Heald, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM heald@socrates.berkeley.edu; kweis@berkeley.edu
NR 18
TC 301
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 697
EP 701
DI 10.1038/nature04589
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400050
PM 16572176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Delsuc, F
   Brinkmann, H
   Chourrout, D
   Philippe, H
AF Delsuc, F
   Brinkmann, H
   Chourrout, D
   Philippe, H
TI Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic analysis; mitochondrial genome; maximum-likelihood; oikopleura-dioica; neural crest; deuterostome; tree; amphioxus; evolution; animals
AB Tunicates or urochordates (appendicularians, salps and sea squirts), cephalochordates (lancelets) and vertebrates (including lamprey and hagfish) constitute the three extant groups of chordate animals. Traditionally, cephalochordates are considered as the closest living relatives of vertebrates, with tunicates representing the earliest chordate lineage(1,2). This view is mainly justified by overall morphological similarities and an apparently increased complexity in cephalochordates and vertebrates relative to tunicates(2). Despite their critical importance for understanding the origins of vertebrates(3), phylogenetic studies of chordate relationships have provided equivocal results(4-7). Taking advantage of the genome sequencing of the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica, we assembled a phylogenomic data set of 146 nuclear genes (33,800 unambiguously aligned amino acids) from 14 deuterostomes and 24 other slowly evolving species as an outgroup. Here we show that phylogenetic analyses of this data set provide compelling evidence that tunicates, and not cephalochordates, represent the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Chordate monophyly remains uncertain because cephalochordates, albeit with a non-significant statistical support, surprisingly grouped with echinoderms, a hypothesis that needs to be tested with additional data. This new phylogenetic scheme prompts a reappraisal of both morphological and palaeontological data and has important implications for the interpretation of developmental and genomic studies in which tunicates and cephalochordates are used as model animals.
C1 Univ Montreal, Ctr Robert Cedergren, Dept Biochim, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
   Univ Bergen, Bergen High Technol Ctr, Sars Ctr Marine Mol Biol, N-5008 Bergen, Norway.
C3 Universite de Montreal; University of Bergen
RP Philippe, H (corresponding author), Univ Montreal, Ctr Robert Cedergren, Dept Biochim, Succursale Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada.
EM herve.philippe@umontreal.ca
NR 30
TC 1313
Z9 1506
U1 3
U2 147
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 965
EP 968
DI 10.1038/nature04336
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100045
PM 16495997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spéder, P
   Adám, G
   Noselli, S
AF Spéder, P
   Adám, G
   Noselli, S
TI Type ID unconventional myosin controls left-right asymmetry in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID right determinant inversin; compartmental organization; genital disc; n-cadherin; melanogaster; calmodulin; establishment; rotation; pathway; embryo
AB Breaking left - right symmetry in Bilateria embryos is a major event in body plan organization that leads to polarized adult morphology, directional organ looping, and heart and brain function(1-4). However, the molecular nature of the determinant(s) responsible for the invariant orientation of the left - right axis ( situs choice) remains largely unknown. Mutations producing a complete reversal of left - right asymmetry ( situs inversus) are instrumental for identifying mechanisms controlling handedness, yet only one such mutation has been found in mice ( inversin)(5) and snails(6,7). Here we identify the conserved type ID unconventional myosin 31DF gene (Myo31DF) as a unique situs inversus locus in Drosophila. Myo31DF mutations reverse the dextral looping of genitalia, a prominent left - right marker in adult flies. Genetic mosaic analysis pinpoints the A8 segment of the genital disc as a left - right organizer and reveals an anterior - posterior compartmentalization of Myo31DF function that directs dextral development and represses a sinistral default state. As expected of a determinant, Myo31DF has a trigger-like function and is expressed symmetrically in the organizer, and its symmetrical overexpression does not impair left - right asymmetry. Thus Myo31DF is a dextral gene with actin-based motor activity controlling situs choice. Like mouse inversin(8), Myo31DF interacts and colocalizes with beta-catenin, suggesting that situs inversus genes can direct left - right development through the adherens junction.
C1 Univ Nice, Inst Signalling Dev Biol & Canc, CNRS, UMR6543, F-06108 Nice 2, France.
   Hungarian Acad Sci, Biol Res Ctr, Inst Genet, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; HUN-REN; HUN-REN Biological Research Center; Institute of Genetics - HAS
RP Noselli, S (corresponding author), Univ Nice, Inst Signalling Dev Biol & Canc, CNRS, UMR6543, F-06108 Nice 2, France.
EM noselli@unice.fr
NR 28
TC 172
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 803
EP 807
DI 10.1038/nature04623
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400043
PM 16598259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Armatas, GS
   Kanatzidis, MG
AF Armatas, Gerasimos S.
   Kanatzidis, Mercouri G.
TI Mesostructured germanium with cubic pore symmetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amorphous-germanium; optical-property; ge nanoparticles; oxide; nanocrystals; mechanism; sulfides; clusters; walls; films
AB Regular mesoporous oxide materials have been widely studied(1-8) and have a range of potential applications, such as catalysis, absorption and separation. They are not generally considered for their optical and electronic properties. Elemental semiconductors with nanopores running through them represent a different form of framework material with physical characteristics contrasting with those of the more conventional bulk, thin film and nanocrystalline forms(1). Here we describe cubic mesostructured germanium, MSU-Ge-1, with gyroidal channels containing surfactant molecules, separated by amorphous walls that lie on the gyroid (G) minimal surface as in the mesoporous silica MCM-48 (ref. 2). Although Ge is a high-melting, covalent semiconductor that is difficult to prepare from solution polymerization, we succeeded in assembling a continuous Ge network using a suitable precursor for Ge 42 atoms. Our results indicate that elemental semiconductors from group 14 of the periodic table can be made to adopt mesostructured forms such as MSU-Ge-1, which features two three-dimensional labyrinthine tunnels obeying Ia (3) over bard space group symmetry and separated by a continuous germanium minimal surface that is otherwise amorphous. A consequence of this new structure for germanium, which has walls only one nanometre thick, is a wider electronic energy bandgap (1.4 eV versus 0.66 eV) than has crystalline or amorphous Ge. Controlled oxidation of MSU-Ge-1 creates a range of germanium suboxides with continuously varying Ge:O ratio and a smoothly increasing energy gap.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University
RP Kanatzidis, MG (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM kanatzid@cem.msu.edu
NR 29
TC 125
Z9 135
U1 1
U2 103
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1122
EP 1125
DI 10.1038/nature04833
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500044
PM 16810250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volfson, D
   Marciniak, J
   Blake, WJ
   Ostroff, N
   Tsimring, LS
   Hasty, J
AF Volfson, D
   Marciniak, J
   Blake, WJ
   Ostroff, N
   Tsimring, LS
   Hasty, J
TI Origins of extrinsic variability in eukaryotic gene expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; noise; stochasticity; networks
AB Variable gene expression within a clonal population of cells has been implicated in a number of important processes including mutation and evolution(1,2), determination of cell fates(3,4) and the development of genetic disease(5,6). Recent studies have demonstrated that a significant component of expression variability arises from extrinsic factors thought to influence multiple genes simultaneously(7-10), yet the biological origins of this extrinsic variability have received little attention. Here we combine computational modelling(11-18) with fluorescence data generated from multiple promoter - gene inserts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify two major sources of extrinsic variability. One unavoidable source arising from the coupling of gene expression with population dynamics leads to a ubiquitous lower limit for expression variability. A second source, which is modelled as originating from a common upstream transcription factor, exemplifies how regulatory networks can convert noise in upstream regulator expression into extrinsic noise at the output of a target gene(9). Our results highlight the importance of the interplay of gene regulatory networks with population heterogeneity for understanding the origins of cellular diversity.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Nonlinear Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Boston University
RP Hasty, J (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM hasty@ucsd.edu
NR 24
TC 224
Z9 277
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 861
EP 864
DI 10.1038/nature04281
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600053
PM 16372021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hof, B
   Westerweel, J
   Schneider, TM
   Eckhardt, B
AF Hof, Bjoern
   Westerweel, Jerry
   Schneider, Tobias M.
   Eckhardt, Bruno
TI Finite lifetime of turbulence in shear flows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plane couette-flow; pipe-flow; transition; repellers
AB Generally, the motion of fluids is smooth and laminar at low speeds but becomes highly disordered and turbulent as the velocity increases. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow can involve a sequence of instabilities in which the system realizes progressively more complicated states(1), or it can occur suddenly(2,3). Once the transition has taken place, it is generally assumed that, under steady conditions, the turbulent state will persist indefinitely. The flow of a fluid down a straight pipe provides a ubiquitous example of a shear flow undergoing a sudden transition from laminar to turbulent motion(4-6). Extensive calculations(7,8) and experimental studies(9) have shown that, at relatively low flow rates, turbulence in pipes is transient, and is characterized by an exponential distribution of lifetimes. They(8,9) also suggest that for Reynolds numbers exceeding a critical value the lifetime diverges (that is, becomes infinitely large), marking a change from transient to persistent turbulence. Here we present experimental data and numerical calculations covering more than two decades of lifetimes, showing that the lifetime does not in fact diverge but rather increases exponentially with the Reynolds number. This implies that turbulence in pipes is only a transient event (contrary to the commonly accepted view), and that the turbulent and laminar states remain dynamically connected, suggesting avenues for turbulence control(10).
C1 Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
   Delft Univ Technol, Lab Aero & Hydrodynam, NL-2628 CA Delft, Netherlands.
   Univ Marburg, Fachbereich Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
C3 University of Manchester; Delft University of Technology; Philipps University Marburg
RP Hof, B (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Sch Phys & Astron, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England.
EM bjorn@reynolds.ph.man.ac.uk; j.westerweel@tudelft.nl
NR 25
TC 257
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 75
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/nature05089
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900038
PM 16957725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haislip, JB
   Nysewander, MC
   Reichart, DE
   Levan, A
   Tanvir, N
   Cenko, SB
   Fox, DB
   Price, PA
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Gorosabel, J
   Evans, CR
   Figueredo, E
   MacLeod, CL
   Kirschbrown, JR
   Jelinek, M
   Guziy, S
   Postigo, AD
   Cypriano, ES
   LaCluyze, A
   Graham, J
   Priddey, R
   Chapman, R
   Rhoads, J
   Fruchter, AS
   Lamb, DQ
   Kouveliotou, C
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Bayliss, MB
   Schmidt, BP
   Soderberg, AM
   Kulkarni, SR
   Harrison, FA
   Moon, DS
   Gal-Yam, A
   Kasliwal, MM
   Hudec, R
   Vitek, S
   Kubanek, P
   Crain, JA
   Foster, AC
   Clemens, JC
   Bartelme, JW
   Canterna, R
   Hartmann, DH
   Henden, AA
   Klose, S
   Park, HS
   Williams, GG
   Rol, E
   O'Brien, P
   Bersier, D
   Prada, F
   Pizarro, S
   Maturana, D
   Ugarte, P
   Alvarez, A
   Fernandez, AJM
   Jarvis, MJ
   Moles, M
   Alfaro, E
   Ivarsen, KM
   Kumar, ND
   Mack, CE
   Zdarowicz, CM
   Gehrels, N
   Barthelmy, S
   Burrows, DN
AF Haislip, JB
   Nysewander, MC
   Reichart, DE
   Levan, A
   Tanvir, N
   Cenko, SB
   Fox, DB
   Price, PA
   Castro-Tirado, AJ
   Gorosabel, J
   Evans, CR
   Figueredo, E
   MacLeod, CL
   Kirschbrown, JR
   Jelinek, M
   Guziy, S
   Postigo, AD
   Cypriano, ES
   LaCluyze, A
   Graham, J
   Priddey, R
   Chapman, R
   Rhoads, J
   Fruchter, AS
   Lamb, DQ
   Kouveliotou, C
   Wijers, RAMJ
   Bayliss, MB
   Schmidt, BP
   Soderberg, AM
   Kulkarni, SR
   Harrison, FA
   Moon, DS
   Gal-Yam, A
   Kasliwal, MM
   Hudec, R
   Vitek, S
   Kubanek, P
   Crain, JA
   Foster, AC
   Clemens, JC
   Bartelme, JW
   Canterna, R
   Hartmann, DH
   Henden, AA
   Klose, S
   Park, HS
   Williams, GG
   Rol, E
   O'Brien, P
   Bersier, D
   Prada, F
   Pizarro, S
   Maturana, D
   Ugarte, P
   Alvarez, A
   Fernandez, AJM
   Jarvis, MJ
   Moles, M
   Alfaro, E
   Ivarsen, KM
   Kumar, ND
   Mack, CE
   Zdarowicz, CM
   Gehrels, N
   Barthelmy, S
   Burrows, DN
TI A photometric redshift of z = 6.39 ± 0.12 for GRB 050904
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray burst; optical afterglow; radiation; emission; probe
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and their afterglows are the most brilliant transient events in the Universe. Both the bursts themselves and their afterglows have been predicted to be visible out to redshifts of z approximate to 20, and therefore to be powerful probes of the early Universe(1,2). The burst GRB 000131, at z = 4.50, was hitherto the most distant such event identified(3). Here we report the discovery of the bright near-infrared afterglow of GRB 050904 (ref. 4). From our measurements of the near-infrared afterglow, and our failure to detect the optical afterglow, we determine the photometric redshift of the burst to be z = 6.39(-0.12)(+0.11) (refs 5-7). Subsequently, it was measured(8) spectroscopically to be z = 6.29 +/- 0.01, in agreement with our photometric estimate. These results demonstrate that GRBs can be used to trace the star formation, metallicity, and reionization histories of the early Universe.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Hertfordshire, Ctr Astrophys Res, Hatfield AL10 9AB, Herts, England.
   CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Davey Lab 525, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Univ Hawaii, Inst Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA.
   Inst Astrofis Andalucia, E-18080 Granada, Spain.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Astron Geofis & Ciencias Atmosfer, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   So Observ Astrophys, La Serena, Chile.
   Lab Nacl Astrofis, BR-37500000 Itajuba, MG, Brazil.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Natl Space Sci Technol Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Ctr High Energy Astrophys, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Australian Natl Univ, Mt Stromlo & Siding Spring Observ, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia.
   CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Astron, CS-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic.
   Czech Tech Univ, Fac Electrotech, Prague 12135, Czech Republic.
   Integral Sci Data Ctr, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland.
   Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82072 USA.
   Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
   Amer Assoc Variable Star Observers, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Thueringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany.
   Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA.
   Univ Arizona, Multiple Mirror Telescope Observ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Hertfordshire; California Institute of Technology; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; University of Hawaii System; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA); Universidade de Sao Paulo; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Space Telescope Science Institute; University of Chicago; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; University of Amsterdam; Australian National University; California Institute of Technology; Czech Academy of Sciences; Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Czech Technical University Prague; University of Geneva; University of Wyoming; Clemson University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; University of Arizona; University of Leicester; Liverpool John Moores University; University of Oxford; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Reichart, DE (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Phys & Astron, Campus Box 3255, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM reichart@physics.unc.edu
NR 30
TC 134
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 181
EP 183
DI 10.1038/nature04552
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500038
PM 16525465
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stittelaar, KJ
   Neyts, J
   Naesens, L
   van Amerongen, G
   van Lavieren, RF
   Holy, A
   De Clercq, E
   Niesters, HGM
   Fries, E
   Maas, C
   Mulder, PGH
   van der Zeijst, BAM
   Osterhaus, ADME
AF Stittelaar, KJ
   Neyts, J
   Naesens, L
   van Amerongen, G
   van Lavieren, RF
   Holy, A
   De Clercq, E
   Niesters, HGM
   Fries, E
   Maas, C
   Mulder, PGH
   van der Zeijst, BAM
   Osterhaus, ADME
TI Antiviral treatment is more effective than smallpox vaccination upon lethal monkeypox virus infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID poxvirus infections; protects mice; cidofovir; efficacy; vaccinia; analogs; cowpox; prophylaxis; inhibition; therapy
AB There is concern that variola virus, the aetiological agent of smallpox, may be used as a biological weapon. For this reason several countries are now stockpiling ( vaccinia virus-based) smallpox vaccine. Although the preventive use of smallpox vaccination has been well documented, little is known about its efficacy when used after exposure to the virus. Here we compare the effectiveness of ( 1) post-exposure smallpox vaccination and ( 2) antiviral treatment with either cidofovir ( also called HPMPC or Vistide) or with a related acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue (HPMPO-DAPy) after lethal intratracheal infection of cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis) with monkeypox virus (MPXV). MPXV causes a disease similar to human smallpox(1) and this animal model can be used to measure differences in the protective efficacies of classical and new-generation candidate smallpox vaccines(2). We show that initiation of antiviral treatment 24 h after lethal intratracheal MPXV infection, using either of the antiviral agents and applying various systemic treatment regimens, resulted in significantly reduced mortality and reduced numbers of cutaneous monkeypox lesions. In contrast, when monkeys were vaccinated 24 h after MPXV infection, using a standard human dose of a currently recommended smallpox vaccine (Elstree-RIVM), no significant reduction in mortality was observed. When antiviral therapy was terminated 13 days after infection, all surviving animals had virus-specific serum antibodies and antiviral T lymphocytes. These data show that adequate preparedness for a biological threat involving smallpox should include the possibility of treating exposed individuals with antiviral compounds such as cidofovir or other selective anti-poxvirus drugs.
C1 Erasmus MC, Dept Virol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Erasmus MC, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Rega Inst Med Res, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Netherlands Vaccine Inst, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands.
   ViroClin BV, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, CR-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
C3 Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; KU Leuven; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Osterhaus, ADME (corresponding author), Erasmus MC, Dept Virol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
EM a.osterhaus@erasmusmc.nl
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 210
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 745
EP 748
DI 10.1038/nature04295
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100049
PM 16341204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiappe, LM
   Bertelli, S
AF Chiappe, Luis M.
   Bertelli, Sara
TI Skull morphology of giant terror birds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Dinosaur Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
RP Chiappe, LM (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Dinosaur Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA.
EM chiappe@nhm.org
NR 13
TC 11
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 929
EP 929
DI 10.1038/443929a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400041
PM 17066027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JB
   Hite, RK
   Hamdan, SM
   Xie, XS
   Richardson, CC
   van Oijen, AM
AF Lee, JB
   Hite, RK
   Hamdan, SM
   Xie, XS
   Richardson, CC
   van Oijen, AM
TI DNA primase acts as a molecular brake in DNA replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lagging-strand synthesis; gene 4 helicase/primase; bacteriophage t7; single-molecule; polymerase; protein; mechanism; binding; processivity; kinetics
AB A hallmark feature of DNA replication is the coordination between the continuous polymerization of nucleotides on the leading strand and the discontinuous synthesis of DNA on the lagging strand(1). This synchronization requires a precisely timed series of enzymatic steps that control the synthesis of an RNA primer, the recycling of the lagging-strand DNA polymerase, and the production of an Okazaki fragment. Primases synthesize RNA primers at a rate that is orders of magnitude lower(2-4) than the rate of DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerases at the fork. Furthermore, the recycling of the lagging-strand DNA polymerase from a finished Okazaki fragment to a new primer is inherently slower than the rate of nucleotide polymerization(5). Different models have been put forward to explain how these slow enzymatic steps can take place at the lagging strand without losing coordination with the continuous and fast leading-strand synthesis(6-8). Nonetheless, a clear picture remains elusive. Here we use single-molecule techniques to study the kinetics of a multiprotein replication complex from bacteriophage T7 and to characterize the effect of primase activity on fork progression. We observe the synthesis of primers on the lagging strand to cause transient pausing of the highly processive leading-strand synthesis. In the presence of both leading- and lagging-strand synthesis, we observe the formation and release of a replication loop on the lagging strand. Before loop formation, the primase acts as a molecular brake and transiently halts progression of the replication fork. This observation suggests a mechanism that prevents leading- strand synthesis from outpacing lagging-strand synthesis during the slow enzymatic steps on the lagging strand.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Grad Program Biol & Biomed Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
RP van Oijen, AM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, 250 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM antoine_van_oijen@hms.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 237
Z9 288
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 621
EP 624
DI 10.1038/nature04317
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900048
PM 16452983
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savill, NJ
   St Rose, SG
   Keeling, MJ
   Woolhouse, MEJ
AF Savill, Nicholas J.
   St Rose, Suzanne G.
   Keeling, Matthew J.
   Woolhouse, Mark E. J.
TI Silent spread of H5N1 in vaccinated poultry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID avian influenza; epidemiology; netherlands
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Infect Dis, Ashworth Labs, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Warwick, Inst Math, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
   Univ Warwick, Dept Biol Sci, Coventry CV4 7AL, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Warwick; University of Warwick
RP Savill, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Infect Dis, Ashworth Labs, Kings Bldg, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM nick.savill@ed.ac.uk
NR 10
TC 112
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 757
EP 757
DI 10.1038/442757a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700032
PM 16915278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enemark, EJ
   Joshua-Tor, L
AF Enemark, Eric J.
   Joshua-Tor, Leemor
TI Mechanism of DNA translocation in a replicative hexameric helicase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single-stranded-dna; large tumor-antigen; structural-changes; crystal-structure; binding domain; t-antigen; protein; e1; papillomavirus; complex
AB The E1 protein of papillomavirus is a hexameric ring helicase belonging to the AAA+ family. The mechanism that couples the ATP cycle to DNA translocation has been unclear. Here we present the crystal structure of the E1 hexamer with single-stranded DNA discretely bound within the hexamer channel and nucleotides at the subunit interfaces. This structure demonstrates that only one strand of DNA passes through the hexamer channel and that the DNA-binding hairpins of each subunit form a spiral 'staircase' that sequentially tracks the oligonucleotide backbone. Consecutively grouped ATP, ADP and apo configurations correlate with the height of the hairpin, suggesting a straightforward DNA translocation mechanism. Each subunit sequentially progresses through ATP, ADP and apo states while the associated DNA-binding hairpin travels from the top staircase position to the bottom, escorting one nucleotide of single-stranded DNA through the channel. These events permute sequentially around the ring from one subunit to the next.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, WM Keck Struct Biol Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Joshua-Tor, L (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, WM Keck Struct Biol Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM leemor@cshl.edu
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI046724] Funding Source: Medline
NR 36
TC 432
Z9 541
U1 3
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 270
EP 275
DI 10.1038/nature04943
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100031
PM 16855583
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leopold, DA
   Bondar, IV
   Giese, MA
AF Leopold, David A.
   Bondar, Igor V.
   Giese, Martin A.
TI Norm-based face encoding by single neurons in the monkey inferotemporal cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temporal cortex; distinctiveness; responses; identification; selectivity; caricatures; identity
AB The rich and immediate perception of a familiar face, including its identity, expression and even intent, is one of the most impressive shared faculties of human and non-human primate brains. Many visually responsive neurons in the inferotemporal cortex of macaque monkeys respond selectively to faces(1-4), sometimes to only one or a few individuals(5-7), while showing little sensitivity to scale and other details of the retinal image(8,9). Here we show that face-responsive neurons in the macaque monkey anterior inferotemporal cortex are tuned to a fundamental dimension of face perception. Using a norm-based caricaturization framework previously developed for human psychophysics(10-12), we varied the identity information present in photo-realistic human faces(13), and found that neurons of the anterior inferotemporal cortex were most often tuned around the average, identity-ambiguous face. These observations are consistent with face-selective responses in this area being shaped by a figural comparison, reflecting structural differences between an incoming face and an internal reference or norm. As such, these findings link the tuning of neurons in the inferotemporal cortex to psychological models of face identity perception.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biol Cybernet, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
   Univ Clin Tubingen, Hertie Inst Clin Brain Res, Dept Cognit Neurol, Lab Act Representat & Learning, D-72072 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen; Eberhard Karls University Hospital
RP Leopold, DA (corresponding author), NIMH, Unit Cognit Neurophysiol & Imaging, Neuropsychol Lab, NIH, 49 Convent Dr,Bldg 49,MSC 4400, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM leopoldd@mail.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Mental Health [ZIAMH002838, ZIAMH002898] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 26
TC 290
Z9 338
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 572
EP 575
DI 10.1038/nature04951
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900045
PM 16862123
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Flack, JC
   Girvan, M
   de Waal, FBM
   Krakauer, DC
AF Flack, JC
   Girvan, M
   de Waal, FBM
   Krakauer, DC
TI Policing stabilizes construction of social niches in primates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reciprocity; centrality; robustness; mechanisms; evolution
AB All organisms interact with their environment, and in doing so shape it, modifying resource availability. Termed niche construction, this process has been studied primarily at the ecological level with an emphasis on the consequences of construction across generations(1). We focus on the behavioural process of construction within a single generation, identifying the role a robustness mechanism(2) - conflict management - has in promoting interactions that build social resource networks or social niches. Using 'knockout' experiments on a large, captive group of pigtailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina), we show that a policing function, performed infrequently by a small subset of individuals(3), significantly contributes to maintaining stable resource networks in the face of chronic perturbations that arise through conflict. When policing is absent, social niches destabilize, with group members building smaller, less diverse, and less integrated grooming, play, proximity and contact-sitting networks. Instability is quantified in terms of reduced mean degree, increased clustering, reduced reach, and increased assortativity. Policing not only controls conflict(3-5), we find it significantly influences the structure of networks that constitute essential social resources in gregarious primate societies. The structure of such networks plays a critical role in infant survivorship(6), emergence and spread of cooperative behaviour(7), social learning and cultural traditions(8).
C1 Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
   Emory Univ, Yerkes Natl Primate Res Ctr, Living Links Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Neurosci & Anim Behav Program, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
C3 The Santa Fe Institute; Emory University; Emory University
RP Flack, JC (corresponding author), Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA.
EM jflack@santafe.edu
NR 29
TC 493
Z9 578
U1 3
U2 201
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 426
EP 429
DI 10.1038/nature04326
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200036
PM 16437106
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chung, Y
   Klimanskaya, I
   Becker, S
   Marh, J
   Lu, SJ
   Johnson, J
   Meisner, L
   Lanza, R
AF Chung, Y
   Klimanskaya, I
   Becker, S
   Marh, J
   Lu, SJ
   Johnson, J
   Meisner, L
   Lanza, R
TI Embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomeres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vitro; human blastocysts; 8-cell stage; proliferation; establishment; derivation; diagnosis; invitro; morulae; biopsy
AB The most basic objection to human embryonic stem (ES) cell research is rooted in the fact that ES cell derivation deprives embryos of any further potential to develop into a complete human being(1,2). ES cell lines are conventionally isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts(3-5) and, in a few instances, from cleavage stage embryos(6-9). So far, there have been no reports in the literature of stem cell lines derived using an approach that does not require embryo destruction. Here we report an alternative method of establishing ES cell lines - using a technique of single-cell embryo biopsy similar to that used in pre-implantation genetic diagnosis of genetic defects(10) - that does not interfere with the developmental potential of embryos. Five putative ES and seven trophoblast stem (TS) cell lines were produced from single blastomeres, which maintained normal karyotype and markers of pluripotency or TS cells for up to more than 50 passages. The ES cells differentiated into derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas, and showed germ line transmission. Single-blastomere-biopsied embryos developed to term without a reduction in their developmental capacity. The ability to generate human ES cells without the destruction of ex utero embryos would reduce or eliminate the ethical concerns of many.
C1 Adv Cell Technol, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, State Lab Hyg Mol Cytogenet, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Inst Regenerat Med, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Wake Forest University; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
RP Lanza, R (corresponding author), Adv Cell Technol, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM rlanza@advancedcell.com
NR 26
TC 249
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 216
EP 219
DI 10.1038/nature04277
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400043
PM 16227970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, LM
   Wu, XS
   Mohan, R
   Wu, LG
AF He, Liming
   Wu, Xin-Sheng
   Mohan, Raja
   Wu, Ling-Gang
TI Two modes of fusion pore opening revealed by cell-attached recordings at a synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmitter release; vesicles; capacitance; single; endocytosis; membrane; modulation; exocytosis; diffusion; proteins
AB Fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane opens a pore that releases transmitter to the extracellular space(1-3). The pore can either dilate fully so that the vesicle collapses completely, or close rapidly to generate 'kiss-and-run' fusion(1,2,4-7). The size of the pore determines the release rate(2). At synapses, the size of the fusion pore is unclear, 'kiss-and-run' remains controversial(8-15), and the ability of 'kiss-and-run' fusion to generate rapid synaptic currents(16,17) is questionable(18). Here, by recording fusion pore kinetics during single vesicle fusion, we found both full collapse and 'kiss-and-run' fusion at calyx-type synapses. For full collapse, the initial fusion pore conductance (G(p)) was usually > 375 pS and increased rapidly at >= 299 pS ms(-1). 'Kiss-and-run' fusion was seen as a brief capacitance flicker (< 2 s) with G(p) > 288 pS for most flickers, but within 15 - 288 pS for the remaining flickers. Large G(p) (> 288 pS) might discharge transmitter rapidly and thereby cause rapid synaptic currents, whereas small Gp might generate slow and small synaptic currents. These results show that 'kiss-and-run' fusion occurs at synapses and that it can generate rapid postsynaptic currents, and suggest that various fusion pore sizes help to control the kinetics and amplitude of synaptic currents.
C1 NINDS, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Wu, LG (corresponding author), NINDS, 35 Convent Dr,Bldg 35,Room 2B-1012, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM wul@ninds.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [ZIANS003009] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 167
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 102
EP 105
DI 10.1038/nature05250
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500054
PM 17065984
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregersen, JW
   Kranc, KR
   Ke, XY
   Svendsen, P
   Madsen, LS
   Thomsen, AR
   Cardon, LR
   Bell, JI
   Fugger, L
AF Gregersen, Jon W.
   Kranc, Kamil R.
   Ke, Xiayi
   Svendsen, Pia
   Madsen, Lars S.
   Thomsen, Allan Randrup
   Cardon, Lon R.
   Bell, John I.
   Fugger, Lars
TI Functional epistasis on a common MHC haplotype associated with multiple sclerosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major histocompatibility complex; myelin basic-protein; oligonucleotide hybridization; african-americans; human genome; hla-dr; alleles; hla-dr2; map; susceptibility
AB Genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encode proteins important in activating antigen-specific immune responses. Alleles at adjacent MHC loci are often in strong linkage disequilibrium; however, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for this linkage disequilibrium. Here we report that the human MHC HLA-DR2 haplotype, which predisposes to multiple sclerosis(1-3), shows more extensive linkage disequilibrium than other common caucasian HLA haplotypes in the DR region and thus seems likely to have been maintained through positive selection. Characterization of two multiple-sclerosis-associated HLA-DR alleles at separate loci by a functional assay in humanized mice indicates that the linkage disequilibrium between the two alleles may be due to a functional epistatic interaction, whereby one allele modifies the T-cell response activated by the second allele through activation-induced cell death. This functional epistasis is associated with a milder form of multiple-sclerosis-like disease. Such epistatic interaction might prove to be an important general mechanism for modifying exuberant immune responses that are deleterious to the host and could also help to explain the strong linkage disequilibrium in this and perhaps other HLA haplotypes.
C1 Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Immunol, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
   Univ Oxford, MRC Human Immunol Unit, Weatherall Inst Mol Med, John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford OX3 9DS, England.
   Univ Oxford, Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Copenhagen Hosp, Dept Clin Immunol, Rigshosp, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Med Microbiol & Immunol, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
   Univ Oxford, Off Regius Prof Med, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
C3 Aarhus University; University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet; University of Copenhagen; University of Oxford
RP Fugger, L (corresponding author), Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Immunol, Skejby Sygehus, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
EM lars.fugger@imm.ox.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U137881016] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [MC_U137881016] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U137881016] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 163
Z9 190
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 574
EP 577
DI 10.1038/nature05133
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200043
PM 17006452
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsuura-Tokita, K
   Takeuchi, M
   Ichihara, A
   Mikuriya, K
   Nakano, A
AF Matsuura-Tokita, Kumi
   Takeuchi, Masaki
   Ichihara, Akira
   Mikuriya, Kenta
   Nakano, Akihiko
TI Live imaging of yeast Golgi cisternal maturation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; endoplasmic-reticulum; membrane-proteins; pichia-pastoris; apparatus; microscopy; transport; complex; sec7; continuity
AB There is a debate over how protein trafficking is performed through the Golgi apparatus(1-4). In the secretory pathway, secretory proteins that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum enter the early compartment of the Golgi apparatus called cis cisternae, undergo various modifications and processing, and then leave for the plasma membrane from the late ( trans) cisternae. The cargo proteins must traverse the Golgi apparatus in the cis-totrans direction. Two typical models propose either vesicular transport or cisternal progression and maturation for this process. The vesicular transport model predicts that Golgi cisternae are distinct stable compartments connected by vesicular traffic, whereas the cisternal maturation model predicts that cisternae are transient structures that form de novo, mature from cis to trans, and then dissipate. Technical progress in live-cell imaging has long been awaited to address this problem. Here we show, by the use of high-speed three-dimensional confocal microscopy, that yeast Golgi cisternae do change the distribution of resident membrane proteins from the cis nature to the trans over time, as proposed by the maturation model, in a very dynamic way.
C1 RIKEN, Discovery Res Inst, Mol Membrane Biol Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
   Yokogawa Elect Corp, Bioctr, Tokyo 1808750, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Biol Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 RIKEN; Yokogawa Electric Corporation; University of Tokyo
RP Nakano, A (corresponding author), RIKEN, Discovery Res Inst, Mol Membrane Biol Lab, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan.
EM nakano@riken.jp
NR 24
TC 271
Z9 354
U1 2
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 1007
EP 1010
DI 10.1038/nature04737
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300048
PM 16699523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bleul, CC
   Corbeaux, T
   Reuter, A
   Fisch, P
   Mönting, JS
   Boehm, T
AF Bleul, Conrad C.
   Corbeaux, Tatiana
   Reuter, Alexander
   Fisch, Paul
   Moenting, Juergen Schulte
   Boehm, Thomas
TI Formation of a functional thymus initiated by a postnatal epithelial progenitor cell
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse; gene; differentiation; microenvironment; expression; phenotype; protein; strain
AB The thymus is essential for the generation of self-tolerant effector and regulatory T cells. Intrathymic T-cell development requires an intact stromal microenvironment, of which thymic epithelial cells (TECs) constitute a major part(1-3). For instance, cell-autonomous genetic defects of forkhead box N1 (Foxn1)(4) and autoimmune regulator (Aire)(5) in thymic epithelial cells cause primary immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, respectively. During development, the thymic epithelial rudiment gives rise to two major compartments, the cortex and medulla. Cortical TECs positively select T cells(6), whereas medullary TECs are involved in negative selection of potentially autoreactive T cells(7). It has long been unclear whether these two morphologically and functionally distinct types of epithelial cells arise from a common bi-potent progenitor cell(8) and whether such progenitors are still present in the postnatal period. Here, using in vivo cell lineage analysis in mice, we demonstrate the presence of a common progenitor of cortical and medullary TECs after birth. To probe the function of postnatal progenitors, a conditional mutant allele of Foxn1 was reverted to wild-type function in single epithelial cells in vivo. This led to the formation of small thymic lobules containing both cortical and medullary areas that supported normal thymopoiesis. Thus, single epithelial progenitor cells can give rise to a complete and functional thymic microenvironment, suggesting that cell-based therapies could be developed for thymus disorders.
C1 Max Planck Inst Immunobiol, Dept Dev Immunol, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Dept Pathol, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany.
   Univ Freiburg, Inst Med Biometry & Informat, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Freiburg; University of Freiburg
RP Boehm, T (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Immunobiol, Dept Dev Immunol, Stuebeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
EM boehm@immunbio.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 314
Z9 370
U1 1
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 992
EP 996
DI 10.1038/nature04850
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300045
PM 16791198
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lundegaard, LF
   Weck, G
   McMahon, MI
   Desgreniers, S
   Loubeyre, P
AF Lundegaard, Lars F.
   Weck, Gunnar
   McMahon, Malcolm I.
   Desgreniers, Serge
   Loubeyre, Paul
TI Observation of an O8 molecular lattice in the ε phase of solid oxygen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; gpa; metallization; spectroscopy
AB Of the simple diatomic molecules, oxygen is the only one to carry a magnetic moment. This makes solid oxygen particularly interesting: it is considered a 'spin-controlled' crystal(1) that displays unusual magnetic order(2). At very high pressures, solid oxygen changes from an insulating to a metallic state(3); at very low temperatures, it even transforms to a superconducting state(4). Structural investigations of solid oxygen began in the 1920s and at present, six distinct crystallographic phases are established unambiguously(1). Of these, the 1 phase of solid oxygen is particularly intriguing: it exhibits a dark-red colour, very strong infrared absorption, and a magnetic collapse(1). It is also stable over a very large pressure domain and has been the subject of numerous X-ray diffraction(5-7), spectroscopic(8-11) and theoretical studies(12-14). But although epsilon-oxygen has been shown to have a monoclinic C2/m symmetry(5-7,15) and its infrared absorption behaviour attributed to the association of oxygen molecules into larger units(9,14), its exact structure remains unknown. Here we use single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected between 13 and 18 GPa to determine the structure of epsilon-oxygen. We find that epsilon-oxygen is characterized by the association of four O-2 molecules into a rhombohedral molecular unit, held together by what are probably weak chemical bonds. This structure is consistent with existing spectroscopic data, and further validated by the observation of a newly predicted Raman stretching mode.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, SUPA, Sch Phys, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Sci Extreme Condit, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
   Univ Ottawa, Dept Phys, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh; CEA; University of Ottawa
RP McMahon, MI (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, SUPA, Sch Phys, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM mim@ph.ed.ac.uk; paul.loubeyre@cea.fr
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/S28396/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 146
Z9 158
U1 2
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 201
EP 204
DI 10.1038/nature05174
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000044
PM 16971946
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tomita, K
   Ishitani, R
   Fukai, S
   Nureki, O
AF Tomita, Kozo
   Ishitani, Ryuichiro
   Fukai, Shuya
   Nureki, Osamu
TI Complete crystallographic analysis of the dynamics of CCA sequence addition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adding enzyme; transfer-rna; structural basis; mechanism; nucleotidyltransferase; polymerization
AB CCA-adding polymerase matures the essential 39-CCA terminus of transfer RNA without any nucleic-acid template. However, it remains unclear how the correct nucleotide triphosphate is selected in each reaction step and how the polymerization is driven by the protein and RNA dynamics. Here we present complete sequential snapshots of six complex structures of CCA-adding enzyme and four distinct RNA substrates with and without CTP ( cytosine triphosphate) or ATP ( adenosine triphosphate). The CCA-lacking RNA stem extends by one base pair to force the discriminator nucleoside into the active-site pocket, and then tracks back after incorporation of the first cytosine monophosphate (CMP). Accommodation of the second CTP clamps the catalytic cleft, inducing a reorientation of the beta-turn, which flips C74 to allow CMP to be accepted. In contrast, after the second CMP is added, the polymerase and RNA primer are locked in the closed state, which directs the subsequent A addition. Between the CTP- and ATP-binding stages, the side-chain conformation of Arg 224 changes markedly; this is controlled by the global motion of the enzyme and position of the primer terminus, and is likely to achieve the CTP/ATP discrimination, depending on the polymerization stage. Throughout the CCA-adding reaction, the enzyme tail domain firmly anchors the TYC-loop of the tRNA, which ensures accurate polymerization and termination.
C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
   Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Biosci & Biotechnol, Dept Biol Informat, Kanagawa 2258501, Japan.
   JST, SORST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); Institute of Science Tokyo; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Tomita, K (corresponding author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Inst Biol Resources & Funct, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
EM kozo-tomita@aist.go.jp; nureki@bio.titech.ac.jp
NR 23
TC 65
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 956
EP 960
DI 10.1038/nature05204
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400046
PM 17051158
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takahashi, KS
   Gabay, M
   Jaccard, D
   Shibuya, K
   Ohnishi, T
   Lippmaa, M
   Triscone, JM
AF Takahashi, KS
   Gabay, M
   Jaccard, D
   Shibuya, K
   Ohnishi, T
   Lippmaa, M
   Triscone, JM
TI Local switching of two-dimensional superconductivity using the ferroelectric field effect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrostatic modulation; transition-temperatures; srtio3
AB Correlated oxides display a variety of extraordinary physical properties including high-temperature superconductivity(1) and colossal magnetoresistance(2). In these materials, strong electronic correlations often lead to competing ground states that are sensitive to many parameters - in particular the doping level so that complex phase diagrams are observed. A flexible way to explore the role of doping is to tune the electron or hole concentration with electric fields, as is done in standard semiconductor field effect transistors(3). Here we demonstrate a model oxide system based on high-quality heterostructures in which the ferroelectric field effect approach can be studied. We use a single-crystal film of the perovskite superconductor Nb-doped SrTiO3 as the superconducting channel and ferroelectric Pb(Zr, Ti) O-3 as the gate oxide. Atomic force microscopy is used to locally reverse the ferroelectric polarization, thus inducing large resistivity and carrier modulations, resulting in a clear shift in the superconducting critical temperature. Field-induced switching from the normal state to the ( zero resistance) superconducting state was achieved at a well-defined temperature. This unique system could lead to a field of research in which devices are realized by locally defining in the same material superconducting and normal regions with `perfect' interfaces, the interface being purely electronic. Using this approach, one could potentially design one-dimensional superconducting wires, superconducting rings and junctions, superconducting quantum interference devices ( SQUIDs) or arrays of pinning centres.
C1 Univ Geneva, DPMC, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
   Univ Paris 11, Phys Solides Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Chiba 2778581, Japan.
C3 University of Geneva; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Tokyo
RP Triscone, JM (corresponding author), Univ Geneva, DPMC, 24 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
EM Jean-Marc.Triscone@physics.unige.ch
NR 24
TC 99
Z9 119
U1 2
U2 199
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 195
EP 198
DI 10.1038/nature04731
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800040
PM 16688171
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fiegna, F
   Yu, YTN
   Kadam, SV
   Velicer, GJ
AF Fiegna, F
   Yu, YTN
   Kadam, SV
   Velicer, GJ
TI Evolution of an obligate social cheater to a superior cooperator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterium myxococcus-xanthus; parasite wasp; motility; origin; resistance; mutualism; conflict; biology; brood; pili
AB Obligate relationships have evolved many times and can be parasitic or mutualistic. Obligate organisms rely on others to survive and thus coevolve with their host or partner. An important but little explored question is whether obligate status is an evolutionarily terminal condition or whether obligate lineages can evolve back to an autonomous lifestyle. The bacterium Myxococcus xanthus survives starvation by the social development of spore-bearing fruiting bodies. Some M. xanthus genotypes defective at fruiting body development in isolation can nonetheless exploit proficient genotypes in chimaeric groups. Here we report an evolutionary transition from obligate dependence on an altruistic host to an autonomous mode of social cooperation. This restoration of social independence was caused by a single mutation of large effect that confers fitness superiority over both ancestral genotypes, including immunity from exploitation by the ancestral cheater. Thus, a temporary state of obligate cheating served as an evolutionary stepping-stone to a novel state of autonomous social dominance.
C1 Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Velicer, GJ (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Dev Biol, Spemannstr 35, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany.
EM gregory.velicer@tuebingen.mpg.de
NR 48
TC 129
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 310
EP 314
DI 10.1038/nature04677
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200039
PM 16710413
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Palliser, D
   Chowdhury, D
   Wang, QY
   Lee, SJ
   Bronson, RT
   Knipe, DM
   Lieberman, J
AF Palliser, D
   Chowdhury, D
   Wang, QY
   Lee, SJ
   Bronson, RT
   Knipe, DM
   Lieberman, J
TI An siRNA-based microbicide protects mice from lethal herpes simplex virus 2 infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; short interfering rna; replication-defective mutant; dna-binding protein; herpes; inhibition; escape; challenge; cells
AB Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection causes significant morbidity(1) and is an important cofactor for the transmission of HIV infection(2). A microbicide to prevent sexual transmission of HSV-2 would contribute substantially to controlling the spread of HIV and other infections(3,4). Because RNA interference (RNAi) provides effective antiviral defence in plants and other organisms, several studies have focused on harnessing RNAi to inhibit viral infection(5). Here we show that vaginal instillation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting HSV-2 protects mice from lethal infection. siRNAs mixed with lipid are efficiently taken up by epithelial and lamina propria cells and silence gene expression in the mouse vagina and ectocervix for at least nine days. Intravaginal application of siRNAs targeting the HSV-2 UL27 and UL29 genes ( which encode an envelope glycoprotein and a DNA binding protein(6), respectively) was well tolerated, did not induce interferon-responsive genes or cause inflammation, and protected mice when administered before and/or after lethal HSV-2 challenge. These results suggest that siRNAs are attractive candidates for the active component of a microbicide designed to prevent viral infection or transmission.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Lieberman, J (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, CBR Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM lieberman@cbr.med.harvard.edu
NR 29
TC 350
Z9 433
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 89
EP 94
DI 10.1038/nature04263
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700040
PM 16306938
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aoki, Y
   Endrodi, G
   Fodor, Z
   Katz, SD
   Szabó, KK
AF Aoki, Y.
   Endrodi, G.
   Fodor, Z.
   Katz, S. D.
   Szabo, K. K.
TI The order of the quantum chromodynamics transition predicted by the standard model of particle physics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deconfining phase-transition; chiral-symmetry restoration; lattice gauge-theory; qcd; temperature; point; su(2)
AB Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction, explaining (for example) the binding of three almost massless quarks into a much heavier proton or neutron-and thus most of the mass of the visible Universe. The standard model of particle physics predicts a QCD-related transition that is relevant for the evolution of the early Universe. At low temperatures, the dominant degrees of freedom are colourless bound states of hadrons (such as protons and pions). However, QCD is asymptotically free, meaning that at high energies or temperatures the interaction gets weaker and weaker(1,2), causing hadrons to break up. This behaviour underlies the predicted cosmological transition between the low-temperature hadronic phase and a high-temperature quark-gluon plasma phase (for simplicity, we use the word 'phase' to characterize regions with different dominant degrees of freedom). Despite enormous theoretical effort, the nature of this finite-temperature QCD transition (that is, first-order, second-order or analytic crossover) remains ambiguous. Here we determine the nature of the QCD transition using computationally demanding lattice calculations for physical quark masses. Susceptibilities are extrapolated to vanishing lattice spacing for three physical volumes, the smallest and largest of which differ by a factor of five. This ensures that a true transition should result in a dramatic increase of the susceptibilities. No such behaviour is observed: our finite-size scaling analysis shows that the finite-temperature QCD transition in the hot early Universe was not a real phase transition, but an analytic crossover (involving a rapid change, as opposed to a jump, as the temperature varied). As such, it will be difficult to find experimental evidence of this transition from astronomical observations.
C1 Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
   Eotvos Lorand Univ, Inst Theoret Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
C3 University of Wuppertal; Eotvos Lorand University
RP Katz, SD (corresponding author), Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany.
EM katz@bodri.elte.hu
NR 29
TC 1570
Z9 1757
U1 1
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 675
EP 678
DI 10.1038/nature05120
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500042
PM 17035999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turnbaugh, PJ
   Ley, RE
   Mahowald, MA
   Magrini, V
   Mardis, ER
   Gordon, JI
AF Turnbaugh, Peter J.
   Ley, Ruth E.
   Mahowald, Michael A.
   Magrini, Vincent
   Mardis, Elaine R.
   Gordon, Jeffrey I.
TI An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacterial mutualism; human intestine; diversity; software
AB The worldwide obesity epidemic is stimulating efforts to identify host and environmental factors that affect energy balance. Comparisons of the distal gut microbiota of genetically obese mice and their lean littermates, as well as those of obese and lean human volunteers have revealed that obesity is associated with changes in the relative abundance of the two dominant bacterial divisions, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes. Here we demonstrate through metagenomic and biochemical analyses that these changes affect the metabolic potential of the mouse gut microbiota. Our results indicate that the obese microbiome has an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet. Furthermore, this trait is transmissible: colonization of germ-free mice with an `obese microbiota' results in a significantly greater increase in total body fat than colonization with a 'lean microbiota'. These results identify the gut microbiota as an additional contributing factor to the pathophysiology of obesity.
C1 Washington Univ, Ctr Genome Sci, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
   Washington Univ, Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Gordon, JI (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Ctr Genome Sci, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
EM jgordon@wustl.edu
FU NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK056341] Funding Source: Medline; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [P30DK056341] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 24
TC 9487
Z9 11583
U1 57
U2 3234
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1027
EP 1031
DI 10.1038/nature05414
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100045
PM 17183312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nico, JS
   Dewey, MS
   Gentile, TR
   Mumm, HP
   Thompson, AK
   Fisher, BM
   Kremsky, I
   Wietfeldt, FE
   Chupp, TE
   Cooper, RL
   Beise, EJ
   Kiriluk, KG
   Byrne, J
   Coakley, KJ
AF Nico, Jeffrey S.
   Dewey, Maynard S.
   Gentile, Thomas R.
   Mumm, H. Pieter
   Thompson, Alan K.
   Fisher, Brian M.
   Kremsky, Isaac
   Wietfeldt, Fred E.
   Chupp, Timothy E.
   Cooper, Robert L.
   Beise, Elizabeth J.
   Kiriluk, Kristin G.
   Byrne, James
   Coakley, Kevin J.
TI Observation of the radiative decay mode of the free neutron
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-decay; low-temperature
AB The theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED) predicts that beta decay of the neutron into a proton, electron and antineutrino should be accompanied by a continuous spectrum of soft photons. While this inner bremsstrahlung branch has been previously measured in nuclear beta and electron capture decay, it has never been observed in free neutron decay. Recently, the photon energy spectrum and branching ratio for neutron radiative decay have been calculated using two approaches: a standard QED framework(1-3) and heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory(4) (an effective theory of hadrons based on the symmetries of quantum chromodynamics). The QED calculation treats the nucleons as point-like, whereas the latter approach includes the effect of nucleon structure in a systematic way. Here we observe the radiative decay mode of free neutrons, measuring photons in coincidence with both the emitted electron and proton. We determined a branching ratio of (3.13 +/- 0.34) x 10(-3) (68 per cent level of confidence) in the energy region between 15 and 340 keV, where the uncertainty is dominated by systematic effects. The value is consistent with the predictions of both theoretical approaches; the characteristic energy spectrum of the radiated photons, which differs from the uncorrelated background spectrum, is also consistent with the calculated spectrum. This result may provide opportunities for more detailed investigations of the weak interaction processes involved in neutron beta decay.
C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Tulane Univ, Dept Phys, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA.
   Univ Michigan, FOCUS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Sussex, Dept Phys & Astron, Brighton BN1 9QH, E Sussex, England.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; Tulane University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Sussex; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Nico, JS (corresponding author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
EM jnico@nist.gov
NR 20
TC 37
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1059
EP 1062
DI 10.1038/nature05390
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100053
PM 17183320
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arzy, S
   Seeck, M
   Ortigue, S
   Spinelli, L
   Blanke, O
AF Arzy, Shahar
   Seeck, Margitta
   Ortigue, Stephanie
   Spinelli, Laurent
   Blanke, Olaf
TI Induction of an illusory shadow person
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Cognit Neurosci Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
   Univ Hosp, Presurg Epilepsy Evaluat Unit, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Univ Hosp, Dept Neurol, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
   Dartmouth Coll, Ctr Cognit Neurosci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; University of Geneva; University of Geneva; Dartmouth College
RP Arzy, S (corresponding author), Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Cognit Neurosci Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
EM olaf.blanke@epfl.ch
NR 10
TC 155
Z9 165
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 287
EP 287
DI 10.1038/443287a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000032
PM 16988702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meissner, A
   Jaenisch, R
AF Meissner, A
   Jaenisch, R
TI Generation of nuclear transfer-derived pluripotent ES cells from cloned Cdx2-deficient blastocysts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; gene-therapy; cdx2; mice; complementation; differentiation; lineages; cloning
AB The derivation of embryonic stem (ES) cells by nuclear transfer holds great promise for research and therapy but involves the destruction of cloned human blastocysts. Proof of principle experiments have shown that 'customized' ES cells derived by nuclear transfer (NT-ESCs) can be used to correct immunodeficiency in mice. Importantly, the feasibility of the approach has been demonstrated recently in humans, bringing the clinical application of NT- ESCs within reach. Altered nuclear transfer (ANT) has been proposed as a variation of nuclear transfer because it would create abnormal nuclear transfer blastocysts that are inherently unable to implant into the uterus but would be capable of generating customized ES cells. To assess the experimental validity of this concept we have used nuclear transfer to derive mouse blastocysts from donor fibroblasts that carried a short hairpin RNA construct targeting Cdx2. Cloned blastocysts were morphologically abnormal, lacked functional trophoblast and failed to implant into the uterus. However, they efficiently generated pluripotent embryonic stem cells when explanted into culture.
C1 MIT, Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jaenisch, R (corresponding author), MIT, Whitehead Inst, 9 Cambridge Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM jaenisch@wi.mit.edu
NR 18
TC 166
Z9 188
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 212
EP 215
DI 10.1038/nature04257
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400042
PM 16227971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shelly, DR
   Beroza, GC
   Ide, S
   Nakamula, S
AF Shelly, David R.
   Beroza, Gregory C.
   Ide, Satoshi
   Nakamula, Sho
TI Low-frequency earthquakes in Shikoku, Japan, and their relationship to episodic tremor and slip
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1946 nankai earthquake; bungo channel; silent slip; subduction; southwest; beneath; pressure; events; region
AB Non-volcanic seismic tremor was discovered in the Nankai trough subduction zone in southwest Japan(1) and subsequently identified in the Cascadia subduction zone(2). In both locations, tremor is observed to coincide temporally with large, slow slip events on the plate interface downdip of the seismogenic zone(2-7). The relationship between tremor and aseismic slip remains uncertain, however, largely owing to difficulty in constraining the source depth of tremor. In southwest Japan, a high quality borehole seismic network allows identification of coherent S-wave ( and sometimes P-wave) arrivals within the tremor, whose sources are classified as low-frequency earthquakes. As low-frequency earthquakes comprise at least a portion of tremor, understanding their mechanism is critical to understanding tremor as a whole. Here, we provide strong evidence that these earthquakes occur on the plate interface, coincident with the inferred zone of slow slip. The locations and characteristics of these events suggest that they are generated by shear slip during otherwise aseismic transients, rather than by fluid flow. High pore-fluid pressure in the immediate vicinity, as implied by our estimates of seismic P- and S-wave speeds, may act to promote this transient mode of failure. Low-frequency earthquakes could potentially contribute to seismic hazard forecasting by providing a new means to monitor slow slip at depth.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
C3 Stanford University; University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo
RP Shelly, DR (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, 397 Panama Mall, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM dshelly@pangea.stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 696
Z9 791
U1 0
U2 137
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 188
EP 191
DI 10.1038/nature04931
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700044
PM 16838019
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, BG
   Li, CL
   Qiao, WH
   Mamura, M
   Kasperczak, B
   Anver, M
   Wolfraim, L
   Hong, S
   Mushinski, E
   Potter, M
   Kim, SJ
   Fu, XY
   Deng, CX
   Letterio, JJ
AF Kim, Byung-Gyu
   li, Cuing Li
   Qiao, Wenhui
   Mamura, Mizuko
   Kasperczak, Barbara
   Anver, Miriam
   Wolfraim, Lawrence
   Hong, Suntaek
   Mushinski, Elizabeth
   Potter, Michael
   Kim, Seong-Jin
   Fu, Xin-Yuan
   Deng, Chuxia
   Letterio, John J.
TI Smad4 signalling in T cells is required for suppression of gastrointestinal cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conditional knockout mice; tgf-beta; juvenile polyposis; colon-cancer; transgenic mice; tumor-growth; gene; stat3; il-6; inactivation
AB SMAD4 (MAD homologue 4 (Drosophila)), also known as DPC4 ( deleted in pancreatic cancer), is a tumour suppressor gene that encodes a central mediator of transforming growth factor-beta signalling(1-4). Germline mutations in SMAD4 are found in over 50% of patients with familial juvenile polyposis, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by predisposition to hamartomatous polyps and gastrointestinal cancer(5,6). Dense inflammatory cell infiltrates underlay grossly normal appearing, non-polypoid colonic and gastric mucosa of patients with familial juvenile polyposis(7). This prominent stromal component suggests that loss of SMAD4-dependent signalling in cells within the epithelial microenvironment has an important role in the evolution of intestinal tumorigenesis in this syndrome. Here we show that selective loss of Smad4-dependent signalling in T cells leads to spontaneous epithelial cancers throughout the gastrointestinal tract in mice, whereas epithelial-specific deletion of the Smad4 gene does not. Tumours arising within the colon, rectum, duodenum, stomach and oral cavity are stroma-rich with dense plasma cell infiltrates. Smad4(-/-) T cells produce abundant T(H)2-type cytokines including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6 and IL-13, known mediators of plasma cell and stromal expansion. The results support the concept that cancer, as an outcome, reflects the loss of the normal communication between the cellular constituents of a given organ(8), and indicate that Smad4-deficient T cells ultimately send the wrong message to their stromal and epithelial neighbours.
C1 NCI, Lab Cell Regulat & Carcinogenesis, Ctr Canc Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NIDDKD, Genet Dis & Dev Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   NCI, SAIC, Frederick, MD 21702 USA.
   NIH, Genet Lab, Ctr Canc Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis
RP Letterio, JJ (corresponding author), NCI, Lab Cell Regulat & Carcinogenesis, Ctr Canc Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM john.letterio@cwru.edu
NR 29
TC 264
Z9 318
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 1015
EP 1019
DI 10.1038/nature04846
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300050
PM 16791201
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, M
   Uchida, K
   Do, T
AF Morris, M
   Uchida, K
   Do, T
TI A magnetic torsional wave near the Galactic Centre traced by a 'double helix' nebula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-hydrogen; emission; field; disk; chandra; plasma; east; ring
AB The magnetic field in the central few hundred parsecs of the Milky Way has a dipolar geometry and is substantially stronger than elsewhere in the Galaxy, with estimates ranging up to a milligauss ( refs 1 - 6). Characterization of the magnetic field at the Galactic Centre is important because it can affect the orbits of molecular clouds by exerting a drag on them, inhibit star formation, and could guide a wind of hot gas or cosmic rays away from the central region. Here we report observations of an infrared nebula having the morphology of an intertwined double helix about 100 parsecs from the Galaxy's dynamical centre, with its axis oriented perpendicular to the Galactic plane. The observed segment is about 25 parsecs in length, and contains about 1.25 full turns of each of the two continuous, helically wound strands. We interpret this feature as a torsional Alfven wave propagating vertically away from the Galactic disk, driven by rotation of the magnetized circumnuclear gas disk. The direct connection between the circumnuclear disk and the double helix is ambiguous, but the images show a possible meandering channel that warrants further investigation.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Cornell University
RP Morris, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM morris@astro.ucla.edu
NR 26
TC 63
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 308
EP 310
DI 10.1038/nature04554
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600046
PM 16541066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frydman, HM
   Li, JM
   Robson, DN
   Wieschaus, E
AF Frydman, Horacio M.
   Li, Jennifer M.
   Robson, Drew N.
   Wieschaus, Eric
TI Somatic stem cell niche tropism in Wolbachia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID horizontal transfer; trichogramma-wasps; drosophila ovarian; host; infections; bacteria; behavior; insects
AB Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria found in the reproductive tissue of all major groups of arthropods(1,2). They are transmitted vertically from the female hosts to their offspring, in a pattern analogous to mitochondria inheritance. But Wolbachia phylogeny does not parallel that of the host, indicating that horizontal infectious transmission must also occur(3-5). Insect parasitoids are considered the most likely vectors, but the mechanism for horizontal transfer is largely unknown(4,6,7). Here we show that newly introduced Wolbachia cross several tissues and infect the germline of the adult Drosophila melanogaster female. Through investigation of bacterial migration patterns during the course of infection, we found that Wolbachia reach the germline through the somatic stem cell niche in the D. melanogaster germarium. In addition, our data suggest that Wolbachia are highly abundant in the somatic stem cell niche of long-term infected hosts, implying that this location may also contribute to efficient vertical transmission. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of an intracellular parasite displaying tropism for a stem cell niche.
C1 Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Mol Biol, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
C3 Princeton University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Princeton University
RP Frydman, HM (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA.
EM hfrydman@princeton.edu
NR 27
TC 179
Z9 210
U1 1
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/nature04756
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900050
PM 16724067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohlstein, B
   Spradling, A
AF Ohlstein, B
   Spradling, A
TI The adult Drosophila posterior midgut is maintained by pluripotent stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melanogaster; gut; differentiation; expression; oogenesis; niche
AB Vertebrate and invertebrate digestive systems show extensive similarities in their development, cellular makeup and genetic control(1). The Drosophila midgut is typical: enterocytes make up the majority of the intestinal epithelial monolayer, but are interspersed with hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells(2-4). Human ( and mouse) intestinal cells are continuously replenished by stem cells, the misregulation of which may underlie some common digestive diseases and cancer(5). In contrast, stem cells have not been described in the intestines of flies, and Drosophila intestinal cells have been thought to be relatively stable(6-7). Here we use lineage labelling to show that adult Drosophila posterior midgut cells are continuously replenished by a distinctive population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). As in vertebrates, ISCs are multipotent, and Notch signalling is required to produce an appropriate fraction of enteroendocrine cells(8). Notch is also required for the differentiation of ISC daughter cells, a role that has not been addressed in vertebrates. Unlike previously characterized stem cells, which reside in niches containing a specific partner stromal cell(9,10), ISCs adjoin only the basement membrane, differentiated enterocytes and their most recent daughters. The identification of Drosophila intestinal stem cells with striking similarities to their vertebrate counterparts will facilitate the genetic analysis of normal and abnormal intestinal function.
C1 Carnegie Inst Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst Res Labs, Dept Embryol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Spradling, A (corresponding author), Carnegie Inst Sci, Howard Hughes Med Inst Res Labs, Dept Embryol, 3520 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM spradling@ciwemb.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS [Z01 BC010738] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 866
Z9 1016
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 470
EP 474
DI 10.1038/nature04333
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200046
PM 16340960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Häcker, H
   Redecke, V
   Blagoev, B
   Kratchmarova, I
   Hsu, LC
   Wang, GG
   Kamps, MP
   Raz, E
   Wagner, H
   Häcker, G
   Mann, M
   Karin, M
AF Häcker, H
   Redecke, V
   Blagoev, B
   Kratchmarova, I
   Hsu, LC
   Wang, GG
   Kamps, MP
   Raz, E
   Wagner, H
   Häcker, G
   Mann, M
   Karin, M
TI Specificity in Toll-like receptor signalling through distinct effector functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID interferon-alpha induction; kappa-b activation; pathway; kinase; interleukin-1; complex; cascade; cells; tank; tbk1
AB Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to induce innate immune responses and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferons and anti-inflammatory cytokines(1). TLRs activate downstream effectors through adaptors that contain Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains(2), but the mechanisms accounting for diversification of TLR effector functions are unclear. To dissect biochemically TLR signalling, we established a system for isolating signalling complexes assembled by dimerized adaptors. Using MyD88 as a prototypical adaptor, we identified TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) as a new component of TIR signalling complexes that is recruited along with TRAF6. Using myeloid cells from TRAF3- and TRAF6-deficient mice, we show that TRAF3 is essential for the induction of type I interferons (IFN) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), but is dispensable for expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In fact, TRAF3- deficient cells overproduce pro-inflammatory cytokines owing to defective IL-10 production. Despite their structural similarity, the functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6 are largely distinct. TRAF3 is also recruited to the adaptor TRIF (Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-beta) and is required for marshalling the protein kinase TBK1 ( also called NAK) into TIR signalling complexes, thereby explaining its unique role in activation of the IFN response.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Lab Gene Regulat & Signal Transduct, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Med, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pathol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ So Denmark, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, CEBI, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
   Tech Univ Munich, Inst Med Microbiol Immunol & Hyg, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of Southern Denmark; Technical University of Munich
RP Häcker, H (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM Hans.Haecker@stjude.org
NR 25
TC 775
Z9 1004
U1 2
U2 93
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 204
EP 207
DI 10.1038/nature04369
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400040
PM 16306937
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pastorino, L
   Sun, A
   Lu, PJ
   Zhou, XZ
   Balastik, M
   Finn, G
   Wulf, G
   Lim, J
   Li, SH
   Li, XJ
   Xia, WM
   Nicholson, LK
   Lu, KP
AF Pastorino, L
   Sun, A
   Lu, PJ
   Zhou, XZ
   Balastik, M
   Finn, G
   Wulf, G
   Lim, J
   Li, SH
   Li, XJ
   Xia, WM
   Nicholson, LK
   Lu, KP
TI The prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates amyloid precursor protein processing and amyloid-β production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial alzheimers-disease; in-vivo; transgenic mice; phosphorylation; isomerization; presenilin-1; binding; plaques; cancer
AB Neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease are neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau and neuritic plaques comprising amyloid-beta peptides (A beta) derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), but their exact relationship remains elusive(1-3). Phosphorylation of tau and APP on certain serine or threonine residues preceding proline affects tangle formation and A beta production in vitro(3-5). Phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs in peptides can exist in cis or trans conformations, the conversion of which is catalysed by the Pin1 prolyl isomerase(6,7). Pin1 has been proposed to regulate protein function by accelerating conformational changes(7-10), but such activity has never been visualized and the biological and pathological significance of Pin1 substrate conformations is unknown(7). Notably, Pin1 is downregulated and/or inhibited by oxidation in Alzheimer's disease neurons, Pin1 knockout causes tauopathy and neurodegeneration(8,9,11,12), and Pin1 promoter polymorphisms appear to associate with reduced Pin1 levels and increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease(13,14). However, the role of Pin1 in APP processing and A beta production is unknown. Here we show that Pin1 has profound effects on APP processing and A beta production. We find that Pin1 binds to the phosphorylated Thr 668-Pro motif in APP and accelerates its isomerization by over 1,000-fold, regulating the APP intracellular domain between two conformations, as visualized by NMR. Whereas Pin1 overexpression reduces A beta secretion from cell cultures, knockout of Pin1 increases its secretion. Pin1 knockout alone or in combination with overexpression of mutant APP in mice increases amyloidogenic APP processing and selectively elevates insoluble A beta 42 (a major toxic species) in brains in an age-dependent manner, with A beta 42 being prominently localized to multivesicular bodies of neurons, as shown in Alzheimer's disease before plaque pathology(15). Thus, Pin1-catalysed prolyl isomerization is a novel mechanism to regulate APP processing and A beta production, and its deregulation may link both tangle and plaque pathologies. These findings provide new insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med,Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Kaohsiung Vet Gen Hosp, Dept Med Educ & Res, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
   Emory Univ, Dept Human Genet, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Ctr Neurol Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital; Emory University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Cornell University
RP Lu, KP (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med,Canc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM klu@bidmc.harvard.edu
FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG029385] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 433
Z9 512
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 528
EP 534
DI 10.1038/nature04543
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100056
PM 16554819
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enders, D
   Hüttl, MRM
   Grondal, C
   Raabe, G
AF Enders, Dieter
   Hüettl, Matthias R. M.
   Grondal, Christoph
   Raabe, Gerhard
TI Control of four stereocentres in a triple cascade organocatalytic reaction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID michael additions; multicomponent reactions; domino reactions; aldehydes; nitroalkenes; catalysis; ketones
AB Efficient and elegant syntheses of complex organic molecules with multiple stereogenic centres continue to be important in both academic and industrial laboratories(1). In particular, catalytic asymmetric multi-component 'domino' reactions, used during total syntheses of natural products and synthetic building blocks, are highly desirable(2,3). These reactions avoid time-consuming and costly processes, including the purification of intermediates and steps involving the protection and deprotection of functional groups, and they are environmentally friendly and often proceed with excellent stereoselectivities(4,5). Therefore, the design of new catalytic and stereoselective cascade reactions is a continuing challenge at the forefront of synthetic chemistry(6). In addition, catalytic cascade reactions can be described as biomimetic, as they are reminiscent of tandem reactions that may occur during biosyntheses of complex natural products(7,8). Here we report the development of an asymmetric organocatalytic triple cascade reaction for the synthesis of tetra-substituted cyclohexene carbaldehydes. This three-component domino reaction proceeds by way of a catalysed Michael/Michael/aldol condensation sequence affording the products with good to moderate yields (25-58 per cent). During this sequence, four stereogenic centres are formed with high diastereoselectivity and complete enantioselectivity. In addition, variation of the starting materials can be used to obtain diverse polyfunctional cyclohexene derivatives, which can be used as building blocks in organic synthesis.
C1 Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Organ Chem, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
C3 RWTH Aachen University
RP Enders, D (corresponding author), Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Organ Chem, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
EM Enders@RWTH-Aachen.de
NR 22
TC 829
Z9 882
U1 4
U2 224
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 861
EP 863
DI 10.1038/nature04820
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100039
PM 16778886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Venkataraman, L
   Klare, JE
   Nuckolls, C
   Hybertsen, MS
   Steigerwald, ML
AF Venkataraman, Latha
   Klare, Jennifer E.
   Nuckolls, Colin
   Hybertsen, Mark S.
   Steigerwald, Michael L.
TI Dependence of single-molecule junction conductance on molecular conformation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microscopy; transport
AB Since it was first suggested(1) that a single molecule might function as an active electronic component, a number of techniques have been developed to measure the charge transport properties of single molecules(2-12). Although scanning tunnelling microscopy observations under high vacuum conditions can allow stable measurements of electron transport, most measurements of a single molecule bonded in a metal - molecule - metal junction exhibit relatively large variations in conductance. As a result, even simple predictions about how molecules behave in such junctions have still not been rigorously tested. For instance, it is well known(13,14) that the tunnelling current passing through a molecule depends on its conformation; but although some experiments have verified this effect(15-18), a comprehensive mapping of how junction conductance changes with molecular conformation is not yet available. In the simple case of a biphenyl - a molecule with two phenyl rings linked by a single C - C bond - conductance is expected to change with the relative twist angle between the two rings, with the planar conformation having the highest conductance. Here we use amine link groups to form single-molecule junctions with more reproducible current - voltage characteristics(19). This allows us to extract average conductance values from thousands of individual measurements on a series of seven biphenyl molecules with different ring substitutions that alter the twist angle of the molecules. We find that the conductance for the series decreases with increasing twist angle, consistent with a cosine-squared relation predicted for transport through pi-conjugated biphenyl systems(13).
C1 Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Ctr Electron Transport Mol Nanostruct, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Venkataraman, L (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, 538 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA.
EM latha@phys.columbia.edu; msh2102@columbia.edu
NR 27
TC 1335
Z9 1500
U1 12
U2 515
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 904
EP 907
DI 10.1038/nature05037
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500034
PM 16929295
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scherer, SE
   Muzny, DM
   Buhay, CJ
   Chen, R
   Cree, A
   Ding, Y
   Dugan-Rocha, S
   Gill, R
   Gunaratne, P
   Harris, RA
   Hawes, AC
   Hernandez, J
   Hodgson, AV
   Hume, J
   Jackson, A
   Khan, ZM
   Kovar-Smith, C
   Lewis, LR
   Lozado, RJ
   Metzker, ML
   Milosavljevic, A
   Miner, GR
   Montgomery, KT
   Morgan, MB
   Nazareth, LV
   Scott, G
   Sodergren, E
   Song, XZ
   Steffen, D
   Lovering, RC
   Wheeler, DA
   Worley, KC
   Yuan, Y
   Zhang, ZD
   Adams, CQ
   Ansari-Lari, MA
   Ayele, M
   Brown, MJ
   Chen, G
   Chen, ZJ
   Clerc-Blankenburg, KP
   Davis, C
   Delgado, O
   Dinh, HH
   Draper, H
   Gonzalez-Garay, ML
   Havlak, P
   Jackson, LR
   Jacob, LS
   Kelly, SH
   Li, L
   Li, ZW
   Liu, J
   Liu, W
   Lu, J
   Maheshwari, M
   Nguyen, BV
   Okwuonu, GO
   Pasternak, S
   Perez, LM
   Plopper, FJH
   Santibanez, J
   Shen, H
   Tabor, PE
   Verduzco, D
   Waldron, L
   Wang, QY
   Williams, GA
   Zhang, JK
   Zhou, JL
   Nelson, D
   Kucherlapati, R
   Weinstock, G
   Gibbs, RA
AF Scherer, SE
   Muzny, DM
   Buhay, CJ
   Chen, R
   Cree, A
   Ding, Y
   Dugan-Rocha, S
   Gill, R
   Gunaratne, P
   Harris, RA
   Hawes, AC
   Hernandez, J
   Hodgson, AV
   Hume, J
   Jackson, A
   Khan, ZM
   Kovar-Smith, C
   Lewis, LR
   Lozado, RJ
   Metzker, ML
   Milosavljevic, A
   Miner, GR
   Montgomery, KT
   Morgan, MB
   Nazareth, LV
   Scott, G
   Sodergren, E
   Song, XZ
   Steffen, D
   Lovering, RC
   Wheeler, DA
   Worley, KC
   Yuan, Y
   Zhang, ZD
   Adams, CQ
   Ansari-Lari, MA
   Ayele, M
   Brown, MJ
   Chen, G
   Chen, ZJ
   Clerc-Blankenburg, KP
   Davis, C
   Delgado, O
   Dinh, HH
   Draper, H
   Gonzalez-Garay, ML
   Havlak, P
   Jackson, LR
   Jacob, LS
   Kelly, SH
   Li, L
   Li, ZW
   Liu, J
   Liu, W
   Lu, J
   Maheshwari, M
   Nguyen, BV
   Okwuonu, GO
   Pasternak, S
   Perez, LM
   Plopper, FJH
   Santibanez, J
   Shen, H
   Tabor, PE
   Verduzco, D
   Waldron, L
   Wang, QY
   Williams, GA
   Zhang, JK
   Zhou, JL
   Nelson, D
   Kucherlapati, R
   Weinstock, G
   Gibbs, RA
TI The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-genome; pericentric-inversion; molecular clocks; physical map; evolution; lineages; monkeys; mouse; apes
AB Human chromosome 12 contains more than 1,400 coding genes(1) and 487 loci that have been directly implicated in human disease(2). The q arm of chromosome 12 contains one of the largest blocks of linkage disequilibrium found in the human genome(3). Here we present the finished sequence of human chromosome 12, which has been finished to high quality and spans approximately 132 megabases, representing similar to 4.5% of the human genome. Alignment of the human chromosome 12 sequence across vertebrates reveals the origin of individual segments in chicken, and a unique history of rearrangement through rodent and primate lineages. The rate of base substitutions in recent evolutionary history shows an overall slowing in hominids compared with primates and rodents.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Partners Healthcare Ctr Genet & Genom, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Mass General Brigham; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of London; University College London
RP Scherer, SE (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Human Genome Sequencing Ctr, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM sscherer@bcm.tmc.edu
NR 31
TC 38
Z9 624
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 346
EP 351
DI 10.1038/nature04569
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600055
PM 16541075
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haydon, DT
   Randall, DA
   Matthews, L
   Knobel, DL
   Tallents, LA
   Gravenor, MB
   Williams, SD
   Pollinger, JP
   Cleaveland, S
   Woolhouse, MEJ
   Sillero-Zubiri, C
   Marino, J
   Macdonald, DW
   Laurenson, MK
AF Haydon, D. T.
   Randall, D. A.
   Matthews, L.
   Knobel, D. L.
   Tallents, L. A.
   Gravenor, M. B.
   Williams, S. D.
   Pollinger, J. P.
   Cleaveland, S.
   Woolhouse, M. E. J.
   Sillero-Zubiri, C.
   Marino, J.
   Macdonald, D. W.
   Laurenson, M. K.
TI Low-coverage vaccination strategies for the conservation of endangered species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oral rabies vaccine; ethiopian wolves; mouth epidemic; dynamics; disease; foot; dogs; population; management; wildlife
AB The conventional objective of vaccination programmes is to eliminate infection by reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one(1), which generally requires vaccination of the majority of individuals. In populations of endangered wildlife, the intervention required to deliver such coverage can be undesirable and impractical(2); however, endangered populations are increasingly threatened by outbreaks of infectious disease for which effective vaccines exist(3,4). As an alternative, wildlife epidemiologists could adopt a vaccination strategy that protects a population from the consequences of only the largest outbreaks of disease. Here we provide a successful example of this strategy in the Ethiopian wolf, the world's rarest canid(5), which persists in small subpopulations threatened by repeated outbreaks of rabies introduced by domestic dogs(6). On the basis of data from past outbreaks, we propose an approach that controls the spread of disease through habitat corridors between subpopulations and that requires only low vaccination coverage. This approach reduces the extent of rabies outbreaks and should significantly enhance the long-term persistence of the population. Our study shows that vaccination used to enhance metapopulation persistence through elimination of the largest outbreaks of disease requires lower coverage than the conventional objective of reducing the reproduction number of an infectious agent to less than one(1).
C1 Univ Glasgow, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Oxford, Wildlife Conservat Res Unit, Oxford OX13 5QL, England.
   Ethiopian Wolf Conservat Programme, Robe, Bale, Ethiopia.
   Univ Edinburgh, Easter Bush Vet Ctr, Royal Dick Sch Vet Studies, Wildlife & Emerging Dis Sect, Roslin EH25 9RG, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Swansea Univ, Sch Med, Inst Life Sci, Swansea SA2 8PP, W Glam, Wales.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Conservat Genet Resource Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Infect Dis, Ashworth Labs, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Frankfurt Zool Soc, Arusha, Tanzania.
C3 University of Glasgow; University of Oxford; University of Edinburgh; Swansea University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Edinburgh
RP Haydon, DT (corresponding author), Univ Glasgow, Div Environm & Evolutionary Biol, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland.
EM D.Haydon@bio.gla.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 152
Z9 170
U1 0
U2 104
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 692
EP 695
DI 10.1038/nature05177
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500046
PM 17036003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carlsson, F
   Stålhammar-Carlemalm, M
   Flärdh, K
   Sandin, C
   Carlemalm, E
   Lindahl, G
AF Carlsson, Fredric
   Stalhammar-Carlemalm, Margaretha
   Flaerdh, Klas
   Sandin, Charlotta
   Carlemalm, Eric
   Lindahl, Gunnar
TI Signal sequence directs localized secretion of bacterial surface proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gram-positive bacteria; pyogenes m-protein; streptococcus-pyogenes; cell-wall; staphylococcus-aureus; pathway; translocation; envelope; sortase; peptide
AB All living cells require specific mechanisms that target proteins to the cell surface. In eukaryotes, the first part of this process involves recognition in the endoplasmic reticulum of amino-terminal signal sequences and translocation through Sec translocons, whereas subsequent targeting to different surface locations is promoted by internal sorting signals(1). In bacteria, N-terminal signal sequences promote translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane, which surrounds the entire cell, but some proteins are nevertheless secreted in one part of the cell by poorly understood mechanisms(2,3). Here we analyse localized secretion in the Gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, and show that the signal sequences of two surface proteins, M protein and protein F ( PrtF), direct secretion to different subcellular regions. The signal sequence of M protein promotes secretion at the division septum, whereas that of PrtF preferentially promotes secretion at the old pole. Our work therefore shows that a signal sequence may contain information that directs the secretion of a protein to one subcellular region, in addition to its classical role in promoting secretion. This finding identifies a new level of complexity in protein translocation and emphasizes the potential of bacterial systems for the analysis of fundamental cell-biological problems(4).
C1 Lund Univ, Dept Lab Med, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Lund Univ, Dept Cell & Organism Biol, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
   Lund Univ, Dept Clin Sci, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
C3 Lund University; Lund University; Lund University
RP Lindahl, G (corresponding author), Lund Univ, Dept Lab Med, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden.
EM gunnar.lindahl@med.lu.se
NR 28
TC 104
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 943
EP 946
DI 10.1038/nature05021
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500043
PM 16929299
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holland, RA
   Thorup, K
   Vonhof, MJ
   Cochran, WW
   Wikelski, M
AF Holland, Richard A.
   Thorup, Kasper
   Vonhof, Maarten J.
   Cochran, William W.
   Wikelski, Martin
TI Navigation - Bat orientation using Earth's magnetic field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigeons; cues
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Univ Leeds, Inst Integrat & Comparat Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Copenhagen, Inst Biol, Ctr Macroecol, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Univ Copenhagen, Museum Zool, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Western Michigan Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA.
   Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
C3 Princeton University; University of Leeds; University of Copenhagen; University of Copenhagen; Western Michigan University; Illinois Natural History Survey
RP Holland, RA (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM rahollan@princeton.edu
NR 8
TC 125
Z9 155
U1 1
U2 87
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 702
EP 702
DI 10.1038/444702a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100043
PM 17151656
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Austin, DW
   Allen, MS
   McCollum, JM
   Dar, RD
   Wilgus, JR
   Sayler, GS
   Samatova, NF
   Cox, CD
   Simpson, ML
AF Austin, DW
   Allen, MS
   McCollum, JM
   Dar, RD
   Wilgus, JR
   Sayler, GS
   Samatova, NF
   Cox, CD
   Simpson, ML
TI Gene network shaping of inherent noise spectra
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID exact stochastic simulation; transcriptional regulation; escherichia-coli; single-cell; expression
AB Recent work demonstrates that stochastic fluctuations in molecular populations have consequences for gene regulation(1-10). Previous experiments focused on noise sources or noise propagation through gene networks by measuring noise magnitudes. However, in theoretical analysis, we showed that noise frequency content is determined by the underlying gene circuits, leading to a mapping between gene circuit structure and the noise frequency range(11,12). An intriguing prediction from our previous studies was that negative autoregulation shifts noise to higher frequencies where it is more easily filtered out by gene networks(11) - a property that may contribute to the prevalence of autoregulation motifs ( for example, found in the regulation of similar to 40% of Escherichia coli genes). Here we measure noise frequency content in growing cultures of E. coli, and verify the link between gene circuit structure and noise spectra by demonstrating the negative autoregulation-mediated spectral shift. We further demonstrate that noise spectral measurements provide mechanistic insights into gene regulation, as perturbations of gene circuit parameters are discernible in the measured noise frequency ranges. These results suggest that noise spectral measurements could facilitate the discovery of novel regulatory relationships.
C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Grp, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Math & Comp Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
RP Simpson, ML (corresponding author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Mol Scale Engn & Nanoscale Technol Grp, Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
EM simpsonML1@ornl.gov
NR 25
TC 230
Z9 283
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 608
EP 611
DI 10.1038/nature04194
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900045
PM 16452980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heit, JJ
   Apelqvist, ÅA
   Gu, XY
   Winslow, MM
   Neilson, JR
   Crabtree, GR
   Kim, SK
AF Heit, Jeremy J.
   Apelqvist, Asa A.
   Gu, Xueying
   Winslow, Monte M.
   Neilson, Joel R.
   Crabtree, Gerald R.
   Kim, Seung K.
TI Calcineurin/NFAT signalling regulates pancreatic β-cell growth and function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insulin gene-expression; diabetes-mellitus; glucose; secretion; mice; proliferation; transcription; hyperplasia; progression; activation
AB The growth and function of organs such as pancreatic islets adapt to meet physiological challenges and maintain metabolic balance, but the mechanisms controlling these facultative responses are unclear(1,2). Diabetes in patients treated with calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporin A indicates that calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells ( NFAT) signalling might control adaptive islet responses(3), but the roles of this pathway in beta-cells in vivo are not understood. Here we show that mice with a beta-cell-specific deletion of the calcineurin phosphatase regulatory subunit, calcineurin b1 (Cnb1), develop age-dependent diabetes characterized by decreased beta-cell proliferation and mass, reduced pancreatic insulin content and hypoinsulinaemia. Moreover, beta-cells lacking Cnb1 have a reduced expression of established regulators of beta-cell proliferation(1,4,5). Conditional expression of active NFATc1 in Cnb1-deficient beta-cells rescues these defects and prevents diabetes. In normal adult beta-cells, conditional NFAT activation promotes the expression of cell-cycle regulators and increases beta-cell proliferation and mass, resulting in hyperinsulinaemia. Conditional NFAT activation also induces the expression of genes critical for beta-cell endocrine function, including all six genes mutated in hereditary forms of monogenic type 2 diabetes. Thus, calcineurin/ NFAT signalling regulates multiple factors that control growth and hallmark beta-cell functions, revealing unique models for the pathogenesis and therapy of diabetes.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Program Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Pathol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Div Oncol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford University
RP Kim, SK (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM seungkim@stanford.edu
NR 29
TC 380
Z9 458
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 345
EP 349
DI 10.1038/nature05097
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000048
PM 16988714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Heuverswyn, F
   Li, YY
   Neel, C
   Bailes, E
   Keele, BF
   Liu, WM
   Loul, S
   Butel, C
   Liegeois, F
   Bienvenue, Y
   Ngolle, EM
   Sharp, PM
   Shaw, GM
   Delaporte, E
   Hahn, BH
   Peeters, M
AF Van Heuverswyn, Fran
   Li, Yingying
   Neel, Cecile
   Bailes, Elizabeth
   Keele, Brandon F.
   Liu, Weimin
   Loul, Severin
   Butel, Christelle
   Liegeois, Florian
   Bienvenue, Yanga
   Ngolle, Eitel Mpoudi
   Sharp, Paul M.
   Shaw, George M.
   Delaporte, Eric
   Hahn, Beatrice H.
   Peeters, Martine
TI Human immunodeficiency viruses - SIV infection in wild gorillas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chimpanzees
C1 Univ Montpellier 1, UMR145, Inst Rech Dev, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France.
   Univ Montpellier 1, Dept Int Hlth, F-34394 Montpellier, France.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama, Dept Microbiol, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Nottingham, Inst Genet, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England.
   Projet Prevent Sida Cameroun PRESICA, Yaounde, Cameroon.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Hosp Montpellier, Dept Trop & Infect Dis, F-34295 Montpellier, France.
C3 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Universite de Montpellier; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Nottingham; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Universite de Montpellier; CHU de Montpellier
RP Van Heuverswyn, F (corresponding author), Univ Montpellier 1, UMR145, Inst Rech Dev, F-34394 Montpellier 5, France.
EM martine.peeters@mpl.ird.fr
NR 8
TC 239
Z9 356
U1 0
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 164
EP 164
DI 10.1038/444164a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200031
PM 17093443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helenius, J
   Brouhard, G
   Kalaidzidis, Y
   Diez, S
   Howard, J
AF Helenius, J
   Brouhard, G
   Kalaidzidis, Y
   Diez, S
   Howard, J
TI The depolymerizing kinesin MCAK uses lattice diffusion to rapidly target microtubule ends
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID centromere-associated kinesin; repressor-operator interaction; c-terminus; cytoplasmic dynein; dynamics; protein; tubulin; xkcm1; association; cooperate
AB The microtubule cytoskeleton is a dynamic structure in which the lengths of the microtubules are tightly regulated. One regulatory mechanism is the depolymerization of microtubules by motor proteins in the kinesin-13 family(1). These proteins are crucial for the control of microtubule length in cell division(2-4), neuronal development(5) and interphase microtubule dynamics(6,7). The mechanism by which kinesin-13 proteins depolymerize microtubules is poorly understood. A central question is how these proteins target to microtubule ends at rates exceeding those of standard enzyme-substrate kinetics(8). To address this question we developed a single-molecule microscopy assay for MCAK, the founding member of the kinesin-13 family(9). Here we show that MCAK moves along the microtubule lattice in a one-dimensional (1D) random walk. MCAK-microtubule interactions were transient: the average MCAK molecule diffused for 0.83 s with a diffusion coefficient of 0.38 mu m(2) s(-1). Although the catalytic depolymerization by MCAK requires the hydrolysis of ATP, we found that the diffusion did not. The transient transition from three-dimensional diffusion to 1D diffusion corresponds to a "reduction in dimensionality"(10) that has been proposed as the search strategy by which DNA enzymes find specific binding sites(11). We show that MCAK uses this strategy to target to both microtubule ends more rapidly than direct binding from solution.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, AN Belozersky Inst Physicochem Biol, Moscow 119899, Russia.
C3 Max Planck Society; Lomonosov Moscow State University
RP Howard, J (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM howard@mpi-cbg.de
NR 30
TC 368
Z9 449
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 115
EP 119
DI 10.1038/nature04736
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600044
PM 16672973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Isayama, T
   Alexeev, D
   Makino, CL
   Washington, I
   Nakanishi, K
   Turro, NJ
AF Isayama, T.
   Alexeev, D.
   Makino, C. L.
   Washington, I.
   Nakanishi, K.
   Turro, N. J.
TI An accessory chromophore in red vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dragon fish; chlorophyll
C1 Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary; Columbia University
RP Isayama, T (corresponding author), Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM cmakino@meei.harvard.edu
NR 7
TC 22
Z9 26
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 649
EP 649
DI 10.1038/443649a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500035
PM 17035994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iglev, H
   Schmeisser, M
   Simeonidis, K
   Thaller, A
   Laubereau, A
AF Iglev, H
   Schmeisser, M
   Simeonidis, K
   Thaller, A
   Laubereau, A
TI Ultrafast superheating and melting of bulk ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid water; spectroscopy; pressure; dynamics; amorphization; temperature; defects; pulses
AB The superheating of a solid to a temperature beyond its melting point, without the solid actually melting, is a well-known phenomenon. It occurs with many substances(1-5), particularly those that can readily be produced as high-quality crystals. In principle, ice should also be amenable to superheating. But the complex three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds that holds water molecules together and gives rise to unusual solid and liquid properties(6-11) strongly affects the melting behaviour of ice(12-14); in particular, ice usually contains many defects owing to the directionality of its hydrogen bonds. However, simulations are readily able to 'create' defect- free ice that can be superheated(15,16). Here we show that by exciting the OH stretching mode of water, it is possible to superheat ice. When using an ice sample at an initial temperature of 270 K, we observe an average temperature rise of 20 +/- 2K that persists over the monitored time interval of 250 ps without melting.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Dept Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich
RP Iglev, H (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Dept Phys, James Franck Str, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM higlev@ph.tum.de
NR 30
TC 100
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature04415
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400035
PM 16407948
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ro, DK
   Paradise, EM
   Ouellet, M
   Fisher, KJ
   Newman, KL
   Ndungu, JM
   Ho, KA
   Eachus, RA
   Ham, TS
   Kirby, J
   Chang, MCY
   Withers, ST
   Shiba, Y
   Sarpong, R
   Keasling, JD
AF Ro, DK
   Paradise, EM
   Ouellet, M
   Fisher, KJ
   Newman, KL
   Ndungu, JM
   Ho, KA
   Eachus, RA
   Ham, TS
   Kirby, J
   Chang, MCY
   Withers, ST
   Shiba, Y
   Sarpong, R
   Keasling, JD
TI Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID catalyzes 3 steps; gibberellin biosynthesis; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; expression; malaria; pathway; cytochrome-p450; identification; reductase; oxidase
AB Malaria is a global health problem that threatens 300-500 million people and kills more than one million people annually(1). Disease control is hampered by the occurrence of multi-drug-resistant strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum(2,3). Synthetic antimalarial drugs and malarial vaccines are currently being developed, but their efficacy against malaria awaits rigorous clinical testing(4,5). Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide extracted from Artemisia annua L (family Asteraceae; commonly known as sweet wormwood), is highly effective against multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium spp., but is in short supply and unaffordable to most malaria sufferers(6). Although total synthesis of artemisinin is difficult and costly(7), the semi-synthesis of artemisinin or any derivative from microbially sourced artemisinic acid, its immediate precursor, could be a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, high-quality and reliable source of artemisinin(8,9). Here we report the engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce high titres (up to 100 mg l(-1)) of artemisinic acid using an engineered mevalonate pathway, amorphadiene synthase, and a novel cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AV1) from A. annua that performs a three-step oxidation of amorpha-4,11-diene to artemisinic acid. The synthesized artemisinic acid is transported out and retained on the outside of the engineered yeast, meaning that a simple and inexpensive purification process can be used to obtain the desired product. Although the engineered yeast is already capable of producing artemisinic acid at a significantly higher specific productivity than A. annua, yield optimization and industrial scale-up will be required to raise artemisinic acid production to a level high enough to reduce artemisinin combination therapies to significantly below their current prices.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Calif Inst Quantitat Biomed Res, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Dept Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley Ctr Synth Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Amyris Biotechnol Inc, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Keasling, JD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Calif Inst Quantitat Biomed Res, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM keasling@berkeley.edu
NR 26
TC 2086
Z9 2866
U1 56
U2 1740
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 940
EP 943
DI 10.1038/nature04640
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700042
PM 16612385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Süel, GM
   Garcia-Ojalvo, J
   Liberman, LM
   Elowitz, MB
AF Süel, GM
   Garcia-Ojalvo, J
   Liberman, LM
   Elowitz, MB
TI An excitable gene regulatory circuit induces transient cellular differentiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID competence transcription factor; bacillus-subtilis; feedback loop; expression; noise; cells; systems; module; growth; state
AB Certain types of cellular differentiation are probabilistic and transient(1-3). In such systems individual cells can switch to an alternative state and, after some time, switch back again. In Bacillus subtilis, competence is an example of such a transiently differentiated state associated with the capability for DNA uptake from the environment. Individual genes and proteins underlying differentiation into the competent state have been identified(4,5), but it has been unclear how these genes interact dynamically in individual cells to control both spontaneous entry into competence and return to vegetative growth. Here we show that this behaviour can be understood in terms of excitability in the underlying genetic circuit. Using quantitative fluorescence time-lapse microscopy, we directly observed the activities of multiple circuit components simultaneously in individual cells, and analysed the resulting data in terms of a mathematical model. We find that an excitable core module containing positive and negative feedback loops can explain both entry into, and exit from, the competent state. We further tested this model by analysing initiation in sister cells, and by re-engineering the gene circuit to specifically block exit. Excitable dynamics driven by noise naturally generate stochastic and transient responses(6), thereby providing an ideal mechanism for competence regulation.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, Dept Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, E-08222 Terrassa, Spain.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology; Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
RP Elowitz, MB (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM melowitz@caltech.edu
NR 24
TC 585
Z9 695
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 545
EP 550
DI 10.1038/nature04588
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100059
PM 16554821
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Piccirillo, SGM
   Reynolds, BA
   Zanetti, N
   Lamorte, G
   Binda, E
   Broggi, G
   Brem, H
   Olivi, A
   Dimeco, F
   Vescovi, AL
AF Piccirillo, S. G. M.
   Reynolds, B. A.
   Zanetti, N.
   Lamorte, G.
   Binda, E.
   Broggi, G.
   Brem, H.
   Olivi, A.
   Dimeco, F.
   Vescovi, A. L.
TI Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain tumour-initiating cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural stem-cells; tgf-beta; cns; cancer; differentiation; identification; precursors; apoptosis; smad; bmps
AB Transformed, oncogenic precursors, possessing both defining neural-stem-cell properties and the ability to initiate intracerebral tumours, have been identified in human brain cancers(1). Here we report that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), amongst which BMP4 elicits the strongest effect, trigger a significant reduction in the stem-like, tumour-initiating precursors of human glioblastomas (GBMs). Transient in vitro exposure to BMP4 abolishes the capacity of transplanted GBM cells to establish intracerebral GBMs. Most importantly, in vivo delivery of BMP4 effectively blocks the tumour growth and associated mortality that occur in 100% of mice after intracerebral grafting of human GBM cells. We demonstrate that BMPs activate their cognate receptors (BMPRs) and trigger the Smad signalling cascade in cells isolated from human glioblastomas ( GBMs). This is followed by a reduction in proliferation, and increased expression of markers of neural differentiation, with no effect on cell viability. The concomitant reduction in clonogenic ability, in the size of the CD133(+) population and in the growth kinetics of GBM cells indicates that BMP4 reduces the tumour-initiating cell pool of GBMs. These findings show that the BMP - BMPR signalling system - which controls the activity of normal brain stem cells(2,3) - may also act as a key inhibitory regulator of tumour-initiating, stem-like cells from GBMs and the results also identify BMP4 as a novel, non-cytotoxic therapeutic effector, which may be used to prevent growth and recurrence of GBMs in humans.
C1 Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, StemGen Spa, Unit Canc Stem Cell Biol, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Queensland, Queensland Brain Inst, Lab Neural Stem Cell Biol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
   Hosp San Raffaele, Stem Cell Res Inst, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Natl Neurol Inst C Besta, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurosurg, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
C3 University of Milano-Bicocca; University of Milano-Bicocca; University of Queensland; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta; Johns Hopkins University
RP Vescovi, AL (corresponding author), Univ Milano Bicocca, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
EM vescovi@tin.it
NR 30
TC 963
Z9 1112
U1 1
U2 84
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 761
EP 765
DI 10.1038/nature05349
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100061
PM 17151667
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharpee, TO
   Sugihara, H
   Kurgansky, AV
   Rebrik, SP
   Stryker, MP
   Miller, KD
AF Sharpee, TO
   Sugihara, H
   Kurgansky, AV
   Rebrik, SP
   Stryker, MP
   Miller, KD
TI Adaptive filtering enhances information transmission in visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; contrast gain-control; receptive-fields; natural scenes; spatial scale; v1 neurons; adaptation; statistics; retina; cells
AB Sensory neuroscience seeks to understand how the brain encodes natural environments. However, neural coding has largely been studied using simplified stimuli. In order to assess whether the brain's coding strategy depends on the stimulus ensemble, we apply a new information-theoretic method that allows unbiased calculation of neural filters (receptive fields) from responses to natural scenes or other complex signals with strong multipoint correlations. In the cat primary visual cortex we compare responses to natural inputs with those to noise inputs matched for luminance and contrast. We find that neural filters adaptively change with the input ensemble so as to increase the information carried by the neural response about the filtered stimulus. Adaptation affects the spatial frequency composition of the filter, enhancing sensitivity to under-represented frequencies in agreement with optimal encoding arguments. Adaptation occurs over 40 s to many minutes, longer than most previously reported forms of adaptation.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Sloan Swartz Ctr Theoret Neurobiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Physiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Theoret Neurosci, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Columbia University
RP Sharpee, TO (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sloan Swartz Ctr Theoret Neurobiol, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM sharpee@phy.ucsf.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY013595] Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 254
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 936
EP 942
DI 10.1038/nature04519
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100038
PM 16495990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jackson, A
   Mavoori, J
   Fetz, EE
AF Jackson, Andrew
   Mavoori, Jaideep
   Fetz, Eberhard E.
TI Long-term motor cortex plasticity induced by an electronic neural implant
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortical plasticity; movement representations; dependent plasticity; potentiation; stimulation; activation; induction; recovery
AB It has been proposed that the efficacy of neuronal connections is strengthened when there is a persistent causal relationship between presynaptic and postsynaptic activity. Such activity-dependent plasticity may underlie the reorganization of cortical representations during learning, although direct in vivo evidence is lacking. Here we show that stable reorganization of motor output can be induced by an artificial connection between two sites in the motor cortex of freely behaving primates. An autonomously operating electronic implant used action potentials recorded on one electrode to trigger electrical stimuli delivered at another location. Over one or more days of continuous operation, the output evoked from the recording site shifted to resemble the output from the corresponding stimulation site, in a manner consistent with the potentiation of synaptic connections between the artificially synchronized populations of neurons. Changes persisted in some cases for more than one week, whereas the output from sites not incorporated in the connection was unaffected. This method for inducing functional reorganization in vivo by using physiologically derived stimulus trains may have practical application in neurorehabilitation after injury.
C1 Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Washington Natl Primate Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Fetz, EE (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM fetz@u.washington.edu
NR 34
TC 357
Z9 447
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 56
EP 60
DI 10.1038/nature05226
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500043
PM 17057705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bugreev, DV
   Mazina, OM
   Mazin, AV
AF Bugreev, Dmitry V.
   Mazina, Olga M.
   Mazin, Alexander V.
TI Rad54 protein promotes branch migration of Holliday junctions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; escherichia-coli; genetic-recombination; mammalian-cells; ruvb proteins; dna; chromatin; atpase; yeast; conversion
AB Homologous recombination has a crucial function in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and in faithful chromosome segregation(1-3). The mechanism of homologous recombination involves the search for homology and invasion of the ends of a broken DNA molecule into homologous duplex DNA to form a cross-stranded structure, a Holliday junction (HJ)(4-7). A HJ is able to undergo branch migration along DNA, generating increasing or decreasing lengths of heteroduplex. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the physical evidence for HJs, the key intermediate in homologous recombination, was provided by electron microscopy(8). In bacteria there are specialized enzymes that promote branch migration of HJs(7). However, in eukaryotes the identity of homologous recombination branch-migration protein(s) has remained elusive. Here we show that Rad54, a Swi2/Snf2 protein(9), binds HJ-like structures with high specificity and promotes their bidirectional branch migration in an ATPase-dependent manner. The activity seemed to be conserved in human and yeast Rad54 orthologues. In vitro, Rad54 has been shown to stimulate DNA pairing of Rad51, a key homologous recombination protein(10-12). However, genetic data indicate that Rad54 protein might also act at later stages of homologous recombination, after Rad51 (ref. 13). Novel DNA branch-migration activity is fully consistent with this late homologous recombination function of Rad54 protein.
C1 Drexel Univ, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Chem Biol & Fundamental Med, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
C3 Drexel University; Institute of Chemical Biology & Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the RAS; Russian Academy of Sciences; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Mazin, AV (corresponding author), Drexel Univ, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA.
EM amazin@drexelmed.edu
NR 30
TC 153
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 590
EP 593
DI 10.1038/nature04889
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900049
PM 16862129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bejerano, G
   Lowe, CB
   Ahituv, N
   King, B
   Siepel, A
   Salama, SR
   Rubin, EM
   Kent, WJ
   Haussler, D
AF Bejerano, G
   Lowe, CB
   Ahituv, N
   King, B
   Siepel, A
   Salama, SR
   Rubin, EM
   Kent, WJ
   Haussler, D
TI A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID elements; motor; vertebrate; gene; rnas
AB Hundreds of highly conserved distal cis-regulatory elements have been characterized so far in vertebrate genomes(1). Many thousands more are predicted on the basis of comparative genomics(2,3). However, in stark contrast to the genes that they regulate, in invertebrates virtually none of these regions can be traced by using sequence similarity, leaving their evolutionary origins obscure. Here we show that a class of conserved, primarily non-coding regions in tetrapods originated from a previously unknown short interspersed repetitive element (SINE) retroposon family that was active in the Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes and terrestrial vertebrates) in the Silurian period at least 410 million years ago (ref. 4), and seems to be recently active in the 'living fossil' Indonesian coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis. Using a mouse enhancer assay we show that one copy, 0.5 million bases from the neuro-developmental gene ISL1, is an enhancer that recapitulates multiple aspects of Isl1 expression patterns. Several other copies represent new, possibly regulatory, alternatively spliced exons in the middle of pre-existing Sarcopterygian genes. One of these, a more than 200-base-pair ultraconserved region(5), 100% identical in mammals, and 80% identical to the coelacanth SINE, contains a 31-amino-acid-residue alternatively spliced exon of the messenger RNA processing gene PCBP2 (ref. 6). These add to a growing list of examples(7) in which relics of transposable elements have acquired a function that serves their host, a process termed 'exaptation'(8), and provide an origin for at least some of the many highly conserved vertebrate-specific genomic sequences.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genom Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Bejerano, G (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM jill@soe.ucsc.edu
NR 30
TC 406
Z9 480
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 87
EP 90
DI 10.1038/nature04696
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600038
PM 16625209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, N
   Blasutig, IM
   Eremina, V
   Ruston, JM
   Bladt, F
   Li, HP
   Huang, HM
   Larose, L
   Li, SSC
   Takano, T
   Quaggin, SE
   Pawson, T
AF Jones, N
   Blasutig, IM
   Eremina, V
   Ruston, JM
   Bladt, F
   Li, HP
   Huang, HM
   Larose, L
   Li, SSC
   Takano, T
   Quaggin, SE
   Pawson, T
TI Nck adaptor proteins link nephrin to the actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID congenital nephrotic syndrome; slit diaphragm; mice lacking; family; deficient; disease; kinase; gene; fyn; alpha-actinin-4
AB The glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney is formed in part by a specialized intercellular junction known as the slit diaphragm, which connects adjacent actin-based foot processes of kidney epithelial cells (podocytes)(1). Mutations affecting a number of slit diaphragm proteins, including nephrin ( encoded by NPHS1)(2), lead to renal disease owing to disruption of the filtration barrier and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton(3), although the molecular basis for this is unclear. Here we show that nephrin selectively binds the Src homology 2 (SH2)/SH3 domain-containing Nck adaptor proteins(4), which in turn control the podocyte cytoskeleton in vivo. The cytoplasmic tail of nephrin has multiple YDxV sites that form preferred bindingmotifs for the Nck SH2 domain once phosphorylated by Src-family kinases. We show that this Nck - nephrin interaction is required for nephrin-dependent actin reorganization. Selective deletion of Nck from podocytes of transgenic mice results in defects in the formation of foot processes and in congenital nephrotic syndrome. Together, these findings identify a physiological signalling pathway in which nephrin is linked through phosphotyrosine-based interactions to Nck adaptors, and thus to the underlying actin cytoskeleton in podocytes. Simple and widely expressed SH2/SH3 adaptor proteins can therefore direct the formation of a specialized cellular morphology in vivo.
C1 Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Mol & Med Genet, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Inst Med Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
   McGill Univ Hlth Ctr, Dept Med, Montreal, PQ H3A 2B4, Canada.
   Univ Western Ontario, Dept Biochem, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
   St Michaels Hosp, Div Nephrol, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; McGill University; Western University (University of Western Ontario); University of Toronto; Saint Michaels Hospital Toronto
RP Pawson, T (corresponding author), Mt Sinai Hosp, Samuel Lunenfeld Res Inst, 600 Univ Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
EM pawson@mshri.on.ca
NR 30
TC 385
Z9 464
U1 3
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 818
EP 823
DI 10.1038/nature04662
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400046
PM 16525419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rockenbach, B
   Milinski, M
AF Rockenbach, Bettina
   Milinski, Manfred
TI The efficient interaction of indirect reciprocity and costly punishment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cooperation; evolution; reputation; cues
AB Human cooperation in social dilemmas challenges researchers from various disciplines. Here we combine advances in experimental economics and evolutionary biology that separately have shown that costly punishment and reputation formation, respectively, induce cooperation in social dilemmas. The mechanisms of punishment and reputation, however, substantially differ in their means for 'disciplining' non-cooperators. Direct punishment incurs salient costs for both the punisher and the punished, whereas reputation mechanisms discipline by withholding action, immediately saving costs for the 'punisher'. Consequently, costly punishment may become extinct in environments in which effective reputation building - for example, through indirect reciprocity - provides a cheaper and powerful way to sustain cooperation. Unexpectedly, as we show here, punishment is maintained when a combination with reputation building is available, however, at a low level. Costly punishment acts are markedly reduced although not simply substituted by appreciating reputation. Indeed, the remaining punishment acts are concentrated on free-riders, who are most severely punished in the combination. When given a choice, subjects even prefer a combination of reputation building with costly punishment. The interaction between punishment and reputation building boosts cooperative efficiency. Because punishment and reputation building are omnipresent interacting forces in human societies, costly punishing should appear less destructive without losing its deterring force.
C1 Univ Erfurt, Dept Econ, D-99089 Erfurt, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Limnol, Dept Evolut Ecol, D-24306 Plon, Germany.
C3 University of Erfurt; Max Planck Society
RP Rockenbach, B (corresponding author), Univ Erfurt, Dept Econ, Nordhauser Str 63, D-99089 Erfurt, Germany.
EM bettina.rockenbach@uni-erfurt.de; milinski@mpil-ploen.mpg.de
NR 33
TC 375
Z9 416
U1 2
U2 147
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 718
EP 723
DI 10.1038/nature05229
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100051
PM 17151660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Apesteguía, S
   Zaher, H
AF Apesteguía, S
   Zaher, H
TI A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phylogenetic-relationships; pachyrhachis-problematicus; limblessness; evolution; squamata; legs
AB It has commonly been thought that snakes underwent progressive loss of their limbs by gradual diminution of their use(1). However, recent developmental and palaeontological discoveries suggest a more complex scenario of limb reduction, still poorly documented in the fossil record(2-5). Here we report a fossil snake with a sacrum supporting a pelvic girdle and robust, functional legs outside the ribcage. The new fossil, from the Upper Cretaceous period of Patagonia, fills an important gap in the evolutionary progression towards limblessness because other known fossil snakes with developed hindlimbs, the marine Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis, lack a sacral region. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the new fossil is the most primitive (basal) snake known and that all other limbed fossil snakes are closer to the more advanced macrostomatan snakes, a group including boas, pythons and colubroids. The new fossil retains several features associated with a subterranean or surface dwelling life that are also present in primitive extant snake lineages, supporting the hypothesis of a terrestrial rather than marine origin of snakes.
C1 Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Univ Maimonides, Fdn Hist Nat Felix de Azara CEBBAD, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
   Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, BR-04263000 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
C3 Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN); Universidade de Sao Paulo
RP Apesteguía, S (corresponding author), Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, A Gallardo 470, RA-1405 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
EM paleoninja@yahoo.com.ar; hzaher@ib.usp.br
NR 20
TC 137
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1037
EP 1040
DI 10.1038/nature04413
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000033
PM 16625194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pagani, M
   Pedentchouk, N
   Huber, M
   Sluijs, A
   Schouten, S
   Brinkhuis, H
   Damsté, JSS
   Dickens, GR
AF Pagani, Mark
   Pedentchouk, Nikolai
   Huber, Matthew
   Sluijs, Appy
   Schouten, Stefan
   Brinkhuis, Henk
   Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe
   Dickens, Gerald R.
TI Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipid biomarkers; d/h ratios; carbon; sediments; temperatures; delta; ocean; sea
AB The Palaeocene/ Eocene thermal maximum represents a period of rapid, extreme global warming similar to 55 million years ago, superimposed on an already warm world(1-3). This warming is associated with a severe shoaling of the ocean calcite compensation depth(4) and a > 2.5 per mil negative carbon isotope excursion in marine and soil carbonates(1-4). Together these observations indicate a massive release of C-13- depleted carbon(4) and greenhouse- gas-induced warming. Recently, sediments were recovered from the central Arctic Ocean(5), providing the first opportunity to evaluate the environmental response at the North Pole at this time. Here we present stable hydrogen and carbon isotope measurements of terrestrial- plant- and aquatic- derived n- alkanes that record changes in hydrology, including surface water salinity and precipitation, and the global carbon cycle. Hydrogen isotope records are interpreted as documenting decreased rainout during moisture transport from lower latitudes and increased moisture delivery to the Arctic at the onset of the Palaeocene/ Eocene thermal maximum, consistent with predictions of poleward storm track migrations during global warming(6). The terrestrial- plant carbon isotope excursion ( about -4.5 to -6 per mil) is substantially larger than those of marine carbonates. Previously, this offset was explained by the physiological response of plants to increases in surface humidity(2). But this mechanism is not an effective explanation in this wet Arctic setting, leading us to hypothesize that the true magnitude of the excursion - and associated carbon input was greater than originally surmised. Greater carbon release and strong hydrological cycle feedbacks may help explain the maintenance of this unprecedented warmth.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Inst Environm Biol, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res NIOZ, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Earth Sci, Fac Geosci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
C3 Yale University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); Utrecht University; Rice University
RP Pagani, M (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, POB 208109, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM mark.pagani@yale.edu
NR 31
TC 392
Z9 480
U1 1
U2 154
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 671
EP 675
DI 10.1038/nature05043
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200042
PM 16906647
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Dam, JA
   Nazarov, YV
   Bakkers, EPAM
   De Franceschi, S
   Kouwenhoven, LP
AF Van Dam, Jorden A.
   Nazarov, Yuli V.
   Bakkers, Erik P. A. M.
   De Franceschi, Silvano
   Kouwenhoven, Leo P.
TI Supercurrent reversal in quantum dots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID semiconductor nanowires; josephson current; superconductors; particles; junction; growth; state; gap
AB When two superconductors are electrically connected by a weak link - such as a tunnel barrier - a zero- resistance supercurrent can flow(1,2). This supercurrent is carried by Cooper pairs of electrons with a combined charge of twice the elementary charge, e. The 2e charge quantum is clearly visible in the height of voltage steps in Josephson junctions under microwave irradiation, and in the magnetic flux periodicity of h/ 2e ( where h is Planck's constant) in superconducting quantum interference devices(2). Here we study supercurrents through a quantum dot created in a semiconductor nanowire by local electrostatic gating. Owing to strong Coulomb interaction, electrons only tunnel one- by- one through the discrete energy levels of the quantum dot. This nevertheless can yield a supercurrent when subsequent tunnel events are coherent(3-7). These quantum coherent tunnelling processes can result in either a positive or a negative supercurrent, that is, in a normal or a pi-junction(8-10), respectively. We demonstrate that the supercurrent reverses sign by adding a single electron spin to the quantum dot. When excited states of the quantum dot are involved in transport, the supercurrent sign also depends on the character of the orbital wavefunctions.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
   Philips Res Labs, NL-5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands.
   CNR, INFM, Lab Nazl TASC, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
C3 Delft University of Technology; Philips; Philips Research; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR)
RP Kouwenhoven, LP (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM L.P.Kouwenhoven@TUDelft.nl
NR 29
TC 400
Z9 417
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 667
EP 670
DI 10.1038/nature05018
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200041
PM 16900196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chang, HK
   King, SK
   Liang, JS
   Wu, PS
   Lin, LCC
   Chiu, JL
AF Chang, Hsiang-Kuang
   King, Sun-Kun
   Liang, Jau-Shian
   Wu, Ping-Shien
   Lin, Lupin Chun-Che
   Chiu, Jeng-Lun
TI Occultation of X-rays from Scorpius X-1 by small trans-neptunian objects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-periodic oscillations; kuiper-belt objects; size distribution; discovery
AB Since the discovery(1) of the trans- neptunian objects ( TNOs) in 1992, nearly one thousand new members have been added to our Solar System(2,3), several of which are as big as - or even larger than - Pluto(4,5). The properties of the population of TNOs, such as the size distribution and the total number, are valuable information for understanding the formation of the Solar System, but direct observation is only possible for larger objects with diameters above several tens of kilometres. Smaller objects, which are expected to be more abundant, might be found when they occult background stars(6-10), but hitherto there have been no definite detections. Here we report the discovery of such occultation events at millisecond timescales in the X- ray light curve of Scorpius X- 1. The estimated sizes of these occulting TNOs are <= 100 m. Their abundance is in line with an extrapolation of the distribution(2) of sizes of larger TNOs.
C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
   Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Inst Astron, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
   Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
C3 National Tsing Hua University; National Tsing Hua University; Academia Sinica - Taiwan
RP Chang, HK (corresponding author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
EM hkchang@phys.nthu.edu.tw
NR 25
TC 29
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 660
EP 663
DI 10.1038/nature04941
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200039
PM 16900194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghabrial, AS
   Krasnow, MA
AF Ghabrial, Amin S.
   Krasnow, Mark A.
TI Social interactions among epithelial cells during tracheal branching morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midline glial-cells; drosophila trachea; fgf; gene; activation; encodes; notch; fate; tubulogenesis; breathless
AB Many organs are composed of tubular networks that arise by branching morphogenesis in which cells bud from an epithelium and organize into a tube(1-3). Fibroblast growth factors ( FGFs) and other signalling molecules have been shown to guide branch budding and outgrowth(4-7), but it is not known how epithelial cells coordinate their movements and morphogenesis. Here we use genetic mosaic analysis in Drosophila melanogaster to show that there are two functionally distinct classes of cells in budding tracheal branches: cells at the tip that respond directly to Branchless FGF and lead branch outgrowth, and trailing cells that receive a secondary signal to follow the lead cells and form a tube. These roles are not pre-specified; rather, there is competition between cells such that those with the highest FGF receptor activity take the lead positions, whereas those with less FGF receptor activity assume subsidiary positions and form the branch stalk. Competition appears to involve Notch-mediated lateral inhibition that prevents extra cells from assuming the lead. There may also be cooperation between budding cells, because in a mosaic epithelium, cells that cannot respond to the chemoattractant, or respond only poorly, allow other cells in the epithelium to move ahead of them.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
RP Krasnow, MA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Biochem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM krasnow@cmgm.stanford.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [F32 GM020723] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 178
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 746
EP 749
DI 10.1038/nature04829
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100053
PM 16760977
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferres-Marco, D
   Gutierrez-Garcia, I
   Vallejo, DM
   Bolivar, J
   Gutierrez-Aviño, FJ
   Dominguez, M
AF Ferres-Marco, D
   Gutierrez-Garcia, I
   Vallejo, DM
   Bolivar, J
   Gutierrez-Aviño, FJ
   Dominguez, M
TI Epigenetic silencers and Notch collaborate to promote malignant tumours by Rb silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila eye; methyltransferase activity; pipsqueak protein; lola encodes; btb-domain; histone h3; methylation; cancer; dna; polycomb
AB Cancer is both a genetic and an epigenetic disease. Inactivation of tumour-suppressor genes by epigenetic changes is frequently observed in human cancers, particularly as a result of the modifications of histones and DNA methylation. It is therefore important to understand how these damaging changes might come about. By studying tumorigenesis in the Drosophila eye, here we identify two Polycomb group epigenetic silencers, Pipsqueak and Lola, that participate in this process. When coupled with overexpression of Delta, deregulation of the expression of Pipsqueak and Lola induces the formation of metastatic tumours. This phenotype depends on the histone-modifying enzymes Rpd3 ( a histone deacetylase), Su(var)3-9 and E(z), as well as on the chromodomain protein Polycomb. Expression of the gene Retinoblastoma-family protein (Rbf) is downregulated in these tumours and, indeed, this downregulation is associated with DNA hypermethylation. Together, these results establish a mechanism that links the Notch - Delta pathway, epigenetic silencing pathways and cell-cycle control in the process of tumorigenesis.
C1 CSIC, UMH, Inst Neurosci, Alicante, Spain.
   Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias, Dept Bioquim & Biol Mol, Puerto Real 11510, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche; Universidad de Cadiz
RP Dominguez, M (corresponding author), CSIC, UMH, Inst Neurosci, Campus San Juan,Apartado 18, Alicante, Spain.
EM m.dominguez@umh.es
NR 50
TC 174
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 430
EP 436
DI 10.1038/nature04376
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200037
PM 16437107
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kwok, TCY
   Ricker, N
   Fraser, R
   Chan, AW
   Burns, A
   Stanley, EF
   McCourt, P
   Cutler, SR
   Roy, PJ
AF Kwok, TCY
   Ricker, N
   Fraser, R
   Chan, AW
   Burns, A
   Stanley, EF
   McCourt, P
   Cutler, SR
   Roy, PJ
TI A small-molecule screen in C-elegans yields a new calcium channel antagonist
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nematode caenorhabditis-elegans; egg-laying behavior; serotonin; morphogenesis; imipramine; dopamine; egl-19; states; cca-1
AB Small-molecule inhibitors of protein function are powerful tools for biological analysis(1) and can lead to the development of new drugs. However, a major bottleneck in generating useful small-molecule tools is target identification. Here we show that Caenorhabditis elegans can provide a platform for both the discovery of new bioactive compounds and target identification. We screened 14,100 small molecules for bioactivity in wild-type worms and identified 308 compounds that induce a variety of phenotypes. One compound that we named nemadipine-A induces marked defects in morphology and egg-laying. Nemadipine-A resembles a class of widely prescribed anti-hypertension drugs called the 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) that antagonize the alpha(1)-subunit of L-type calcium channels(2,3). Through a genetic suppressor screen, we identified egl-19 as the sole candidate target of nemadipine-A, a conclusion that is supported by several additional lines of evidence. egl-19 encodes the only L-type calcium channel alpha(1)-subunit in the C. elegans genome(4,5). We show that nemadipine-A can also antagonize vertebrate L-type calcium channels, demonstrating that worms and vertebrates share the orthologous protein target. Conversely, FDA-approved DHPs fail to elicit robust phenotypes, making nemadipine-A a unique tool to screen for genetic interactions with this important class of drugs. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of nemadipine- A by using it to reveal redundancy among three calcium channels in the egg-laying circuit. Our study demonstrates that C. elegans enables rapid identification of new small-molecule tools and their targets.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Ctr Cellular & Biomol Res, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Bot, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Collaborat Program Dev Biol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Physiol, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Toronto Western Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto
RP Roy, PJ (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, 160 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
EM peter.roy@utoronto.ca
NR 28
TC 243
Z9 312
U1 2
U2 45
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 91
EP 95
DI 10.1038/nature04657
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600039
PM 16672971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paton, AW
   Beddoe, T
   Thorpe, CM
   Whisstock, JC
   Wilce, MCJ
   Rossjohn, J
   Talbot, UM
   Paton, JC
AF Paton, Adrienne W.
   Beddoe, Travis
   Thorpe, Cheleste M.
   Whisstock, James C.
   Wilce, Matthew C. J.
   Rossjohn, Jamie
   Talbot, Ursula M.
   Paton, James C.
TI AB5 subtilase cytotoxin inactivates the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxigenic escherichia-coli; cell-death program; er chaperone; shiga toxin; stress; proteins; regulator; strains; family
AB AB(5) toxins are produced by pathogenic bacteria and consist of enzymatic A subunits that corrupt essential eukaryotic cell functions, and pentameric B subunits that mediate uptake into the target cell. AB(5) toxins include the Shiga, cholera and pertussis toxins and a recently discovered fourth family, subtilase cytotoxin, which is produced by certain Shiga toxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. Here we show that the extreme cytotoxicity of this toxin for eukaryotic cells is due to a specific single-site cleavage of the essential endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP/GRP78. The A subunit is a subtilase-like serine protease; structural studies revealed an unusually deep active-site cleft, which accounts for its exquisite substrate specificity. A single amino-acid substitution in the BiP target site prevented cleavage, and coexpression of this resistant protein protected transfected cells against the toxin. BiP is a master regulator of endoplasmic reticulum function, and its cleavage by subtilase cytotoxin represents a previously unknown trigger for cell death.
C1 Univ Adelaide, Sch Mol & Biomed Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Prot Crystallog Unit, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Monash Univ, ARC Ctr Excellence Struct & Funct Microbial Genom, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Geog Med & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Adelaide University; University of Adelaide; Monash University; Monash University; Tufts University; Tufts Medical Center
RP Paton, AW (corresponding author), Univ Adelaide, Sch Mol & Biomed Sci, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
EM adrienne.paton@adelaide.edu.au; james.paton@adelaide.edu.au
NR 24
TC 308
Z9 335
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 548
EP 552
DI 10.1038/nature05124
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200037
PM 17024087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Houstis, N
   Rosen, ED
   Lander, ES
AF Houstis, N
   Rosen, ED
   Lander, ES
TI Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID necrosis-factor-alpha; oxidative stress; tnf-alpha; glut4 translocation; metabolic syndrome; 3t3-l1 adipocytes; obesity; jnk; expression; pregnancy
AB Insulin resistance is a cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes and is characteristic of a wide range of other clinical and experimental settings. Little is known about why insulin resistance occurs in so many contexts. Do the various insults that trigger insulin resistance act through a common mechanism? Or, as has been suggested(1), do they use distinct cellular pathways? Here we report a genomic analysis of two cellular models of insulin resistance, one induced by treatment with the cytokine tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and the other with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Gene expression analysis suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are increased in both models, and we confirmed this through measures of cellular redox state. ROS have previously been proposed to be involved in insulin resistance, although evidence for a causal role has been scant. We tested this hypothesis in cell culture using six treatments designed to alter ROS levels, including two small molecules and four transgenes; all ameliorated insulin resistance to varying degrees. One of these treatments was tested in obese, insulin-resistant mice and was shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Together, our findings suggest that increased ROS levels are an important trigger for insulin resistance in numerous settings.
C1 MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Whitehead Inst Biomed Res, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02214 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Rosen, ED (corresponding author), MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA.
EM erosen@bidmc.harvard.edu; lander@broad.mit.edu
NR 30
TC 2081
Z9 2392
U1 1
U2 365
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 944
EP 948
DI 10.1038/nature04634
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700043
PM 16612386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zelhof, AC
   Hardy, RW
   Becker, A
   Zuker, CS
AF Zelhof, Andrew C.
   Hardy, Robert W.
   Becker, Ann
   Zuker, Charles S.
TI Transforming the architecture of compound eyes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila-melanogaster; gene-function; morphogenesis; chaoptin; photoreceptors; degeneration; glycoprotein; prominin; mutants
AB Eyes differ markedly in the animal kingdom, and are an extreme example of the evolution of multiple anatomical solutions to light detection and image formation. A salient feature of all photoreceptor cells is the presence of a specialized compartment ( disc outer segments in vertebrates, and microvillar rhabdomeres in insects), whose primary role is to accommodate the millions of light receptor molecules required for efficient photon collection. In insects, compound eyes can have very different inner architectures(1-3). Fruitflies and houseflies have an open rhabdom system, in which the seven rhabdomeres of each ommatidium are separated from each other and function as independent light guides. In contrast, bees and various mosquitoes and beetle species have a closed system, in which rhabdomeres within each ommatidium are fused to each other, thus sharing the same visual axis. To understand the transition between open and closed rhabdom systems, we isolated and characterized the role of Drosophila genes involved in rhabdomere assembly. Here we show that Spacemaker, a secreted protein expressed only in the eyes of insects with open rhabdom systems, acts together with Prominin and the cell adhesion molecule Chaoptin to choreograph the partitioning of rhabdomeres into an open system. Furthermore, the complete loss of spacemaker (spam) converts an open rhabdom system to a closed one, whereas its targeted expression to photoreceptors of a closed system markedly reorganizes the architecture of the compound eyes to resemble an open system. Our results provide a molecular atlas for the construction of microvillar assemblies and illustrate the critical effect of differences in a single structural protein in morphogenesis.
C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurobiol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Neurosci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Zuker, CS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Howard Hughes Med Inst, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM azelhof@flyeye.ucsd.edu; charles@flyeye.ucsd.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY006979] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 139
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 696
EP 699
DI 10.1038/nature05128
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500047
PM 17036004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Komatsu, M
   Waguri, S
   Chiba, T
   Murata, S
   Iwata, J
   Tanida, I
   Ueno, T
   Koike, M
   Uchiyama, Y
   Kominami, E
   Tanaka, K
AF Komatsu, Masaaki
   Waguri, Satoshi
   Chiba, Tomoki
   Murata, Shigeo
   Iwata, Jun-ichi
   Tanida, Isei
   Ueno, Takashi
   Koike, Masato
   Uchiyama, Yasuo
   Kominami, Eiki
   Tanaka, Keiji
TI Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes neurodegeneration in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin-proteasome system; cell-death; disease; cardiomyopathy; impairment; pathways; homolog
AB Protein quality-control, especially the removal of proteins with aberrant structures, has an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of non-dividing neural cells(1). In addition to the ubiquitin-proteasome system, emerging evidence points to the importance of autophagy-the bulk protein degradation pathway involved in starvation-induced and constitutive protein turnover-in the protein quality-control process(2,3). However, little is known about the precise roles of autophagy in neurons. Here we report that loss of Atg7 (autophagy-related 7), a gene essential for autophagy, leads to neurodegeneration. We found that mice lacking Atg7 specifically in the central nervous system showed behavioural defects, including abnormal limb-clasping reflexes and a reduction in coordinated movement, and died within 28 weeks of birth. Atg7 deficiency caused massive neuronal loss in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. Notably, polyubiquitinated proteins accumulated in autophagy-deficient neurons as inclusion bodies, which increased in size and number with ageing. There was, however, no obvious alteration in proteasome function. Our results indicate that autophagy is essential for the survival of neural cells, and that impairment of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders involving ubiquitin-containing inclusion bodies.
C1 Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Lab Frontier Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
   Juntendo Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138421, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Neurosci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; Juntendo University; University of Osaka
RP Tanaka, K (corresponding author), Tokyo Metropolitan Inst Med Sci, Lab Frontier Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138613, Japan.
EM tanakak@rinshoken.or.jp
NR 30
TC 3042
Z9 3527
U1 1
U2 334
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 880
EP 884
DI 10.1038/nature04723
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100044
PM 16625205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, JW
   Helmann, JD
AF Lee, JW
   Helmann, JD
TI The PerR transcription factor senses H2O2 by metal-catalysed histidine oxidation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-subtilis; peroxide stress; hydrogen-peroxide; crystal-structure; 2-oxo-histidine; integration; regulator; repressor; proteins; residues
AB The sensing of reactive oxygen species is essential for cellular responses to oxidative stress(1). The sensing of peroxides is typically mediated by redox- active cysteines in sensors such as the bacterial OxyR, OhrR, and Hsp33 proteins(2,3). Bacillus subtilis PerR is the prototype for a widespread family of metal- dependent peroxide sensors that regulate inducible peroxide- defence genes(4). Here we show that PerR senses peroxides by metal- catalysed oxidation. PerR contains two metal- binding sites: a structural Zn2+ site and a regulatory divalent metal ion site that preferentially binds Fe2+ or Mn2+ ( ref. 5). Protein oxidation, catalysed by a bound ferrous ion, leads to the rapid and direct incorporation of one oxygen atom into histidine 37 ( H37) or H91, two of the residues that coordinate the bound Fe2+. This mechanism accounts for the ability of PerR to sense low levels of hydrogen peroxide in vivo. The reduction of hydrogen peroxide by metal ions to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals underlies the genotoxic effects of peroxides(1), and has been shown to contribute to enzyme inactivation, but has not previously been shown to provide a regulatory mechanism for peroxide sensing.
C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Helmann, JD (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM jdh9@cornell.edu
NR 27
TC 457
Z9 539
U1 2
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 363
EP 367
DI 10.1038/nature04537
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600058
PM 16541078
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, SD
   Dai, PC
   Li, SL
   Chi, SX
   Kang, HJ
   Lynn, JW
AF Wilson, Stephen D.
   Dai, Pengcheng
   Li, Shiliang
   Chi, Songxue
   Kang, H. J.
   Lynn, J. W.
TI Resonance in the electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4-δ
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic excitations; spin excitation; cuprate superconductors; neutron-scattering; bi2sr2cacu2o8+delta; yba2cu3o6+x; spectrum; stripes; mode
AB In conventional superconductors, the interaction that pairs the electrons to form the superconducting state is mediated by lattice vibrations(1) (phonons). In high-transition-temperature (high-T-c) copper oxides, it is generally believed that magnetic excitations might play a fundamental role in the superconducting mechanism because superconductivity occurs when mobile 'electrons' or 'holes' are doped into the antiferromagnetic parent compounds(2). Indeed, a sharp magnetic excitation termed 'resonance' has been observed by neutron scattering in a number of hole-doped materials(3-11). The resonance is intimately related to superconductivity(12), and its interaction with charged quasi-particles observed by photoemission(13,14), optical conductivity(15), and tunnelling(16) suggests that it might play a part similar to that of phonons in conventional superconductors. The relevance of the resonance to high-T-c superconductivity, however, has been in doubt because so far it has been found only in hole-doped materials(17). Here we report the discovery of the resonance in electron-doped superconducting Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4-delta (T-c = 24 K). We find that the resonance energy (E-r) is proportional to T-c via E-r approximate to 5.8k(B)T(c) for all high-T-c superconductors irrespective of electron- or hole-doping. Our results demonstrate that the resonance is a fundamental property of the superconducting copper oxides and therefore must be essential in the mechanism of superconductivity.
C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Ctr Neutron Scattering, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Dai, PC (corresponding author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA.
EM daip@ornl.gov
NR 30
TC 114
Z9 127
U1 2
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/nature04857
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500035
PM 16823448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, CJ
   Beis, K
   Nesper, J
   Brunkan-LaMontagne, AL
   Clarke, BR
   Whitfield, C
   Naismith, JH
AF Dong, Changjiang
   Beis, Konstantinos
   Nesper, Jutta
   Brunkan-LaMontagne, Anne L.
   Clarke, Bradley R.
   Whitfield, Chris
   Naismith, James H.
TI Wza the translocon for E-coli capsular polysaccharides defines a new class of membrane protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colanic acid biosynthesis; outer-membrane; crystal-structure; tyrosine autokinase; functional-analysis; group-1 capsules; complex; lipopolysaccharide; phosphorylation; lipoprotein
AB Many types of bacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs). Some are secreted polymers and show only limited association with the cell surface, whereas others are firmly attached to the cell surface and form a discrete structural layer, the capsule, which envelopes the cell and allows the bacteria to evade or counteract the host immune system(1). EPSs have critical roles in bacterial colonization of surfaces(2), such as epithelia and medical implants; in addition some EPSs have important industrial and biomedical applications in their own right(3). Here we describe the 2.26 angstrom resolution structure of the 340 kDa octamer of Wza, an integral outer membrane lipoprotein, which is essential for group 1 capsule export in Escherichia coli. The transmembrane region is a novel alpha-helical barrel. The bulk of the Wza structure is located in the periplasm and comprises three novel domains forming a large central cavity. Wza is open to the extracellular environment but closed to the periplasm. We propose a route and mechanism for translocation of the capsular polysaccharide. This work may provide insight into the export of other large polar molecules such as DNA and proteins.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Ctr Biomol Sci, St Andrews KY16 9RH, Fife, Scotland.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
C3 University of St Andrews; University of Guelph
RP Naismith, JH (corresponding author), Univ St Andrews, Ctr Biomol Sci, St Andrews KY16 9RH, Fife, Scotland.
EM naismith@st-and.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [067305, 081862] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 299
Z9 380
U1 1
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 226
EP 229
DI 10.1038/nature05267
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200045
PM 17086202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeh, JA
   Zeh, DW
AF Zeh, JA
   Zeh, DW
TI Outbred embryos rescue inbred half-siblings in mixed-paternity broods of live-bearing females
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID genetic benefits; inbreeding avoidance; reproductive failure; polyandrous females; field cricket; selection; fitness
AB Females commonly mate with more than one male(1), and polyandry has been shown to increase reproductive success in many species(2-4). Insemination by multiple males shifts the arena for sexual selection from the external environment to the female reproductive tract, where sperm competition or female choice of sperm could bias fertilization against sperm from genetically inferior(5) or genetically incompatible males(6,7). Evidence that polyandry can be a strategy for avoiding incompatibility comes from studies showing that inbreeding cost is reduced in some egg-laying species by postcopulatory mechanisms that favour fertilization by sperm from unrelated males(8-10). In viviparous (live-bearing) species, inbreeding not only reduces offspring genetic quality but might also disrupt feto-maternal interactions that are crucial for normal embryonic development(11-13). Here we show that polyandry in viviparous pseudoscorpions reduces inbreeding cost not through paternity-biasing mechanisms favouring outbred offspring, but rather because outbred embryos exert a rescuing effect on inbred half-siblings in mixed-paternity broods. The benefits of polyandry may thus be more complex for live-bearing females than for females that lay eggs.
C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno
RP Zeh, JA (corresponding author), Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
EM jaz@unr.edu
NR 27
TC 52
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 201
EP 203
DI 10.1038/nature04260
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400039
PM 16407952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wyithe, JSB
   Loeb, A
AF Wyithe, JSB
   Loeb, A
TI Suppression of dwarf galaxy formation by cosmic reionization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ly-alpha emitters; redshift; universe; mass; photoionization; feedback
AB A large number of faint galaxies, born less than a billion years after the Big Bang, have recently been discovered(1-6). Fluctuations in the distribution of these galaxies contributed to a scatter in the ionization fraction of cosmic hydrogen on scales of tens of megaparsecs, as observed along the lines of sight to the earliest known quasars(7-9). Theoretical simulations predict that the formation of dwarf galaxies should have been suppressed after cosmic hydrogen was reionized(10-13), leading to a drop in the cosmic star-formation rate(14). Here we report evidence for this suppression. We show that the post-reionization galaxies that produced most of the ionizing radiation at a redshift z approximate to 5.5 must have had a mass in excess of similar to 10(10.9+/-0.5) solar masses (M-.) or else the aforementioned scatter would have been smaller than observed. This limiting mass is two orders of magnitude larger than the galaxy mass that is thought to have dominated the reionization of cosmic hydrogen (similar to 10(8) M-.). We predict that future surveys with space-based infrared telescopes will detect a population of smaller galaxies that reionized the Universe at an earlier time, before the epoch of dwarf galaxy suppression.
C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University; University of Melbourne
RP Loeb, A (corresponding author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM swyithe@physics.unimelb.edu.au; aloeb@cfa.harvard.edu
NR 33
TC 47
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 322
EP 324
DI 10.1038/nature04748
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200041
PM 16710415
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Razem, FA
   El-Kereamy, A
   Abrams, SR
   Hill, RD
AF Razem, FA
   El-Kereamy, A
   Abrams, SR
   Hill, RD
TI RETRACTED: The RNA-binding protein FCA is an abscisic acid receptor (Retracted Article. See vol 456, pg 824, 2008)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID signal-transduction; biological-activity; autonomous pathway; arabidopsis; modulation; auxin; vernalization; encodes; tir1
AB The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various physiological processes in plants. The molecular mechanisms by which this is achieved are not fully understood. Genetic approaches have characterized several downstream components of ABA signalling, but a receptor for ABA has remained elusive. Although studies indicate that several ABA response genes encode RNA-binding or RNA-processing proteins, none has been found to be functional in binding ABA. Here we show that FCA, an RNA-binding protein involved in flowering, binds ABA with high affinity in an interaction that is stereospecific and follows receptor kinetics. The interaction between FCA and ABA has molecular effects on downstream events in the autonomous floral pathway and, consequently, on the ability of the plant to undergo transition to flowering. We further show that ABA binding exerts a direct control on the FCA-mediated processing of precursor messenger RNA. Our results indicate that FCA is an ABA receptor involved in RNA metabolism and in controlling flowering time.
C1 Univ Manitoba, Dept Plant Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
   Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Plant Biotechnol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada.
C3 University of Manitoba; National Research Council Canada
RP Hill, RD (corresponding author), Univ Manitoba, Dept Plant Sci, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
EM rob_hill@umanitoba.ca
NR 34
TC 255
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 70
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 290
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature04373
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100034
PM 16421562
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ley, RE
   Turnbaugh, PJ
   Klein, S
   Gordon, JI
AF Ley, Ruth E.
   Turnbaugh, Peter J.
   Klein, Samuel
   Gordon, Jeffrey I.
TI Microbial ecology - Human gut microbes associated with obesity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Ley, RE (corresponding author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63108 USA.
EM jgordon@wustl.edu
FU National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [P30DK056341] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30 DK056341] Funding Source: Medline
NR 6
TC 6956
Z9 8477
U1 16
U2 1603
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1022
EP 1023
DI 10.1038/4441022a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100042
PM 17183309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lange, PF
   Wartosch, L
   Jentsch, TJ
   Fuhrmann, JC
AF Lange, PF
   Wartosch, L
   Jentsch, TJ
   Fuhrmann, JC
TI ClC-7 requires Ostm1 as a β-subunit to support bone resorption and lysosomal function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grey-lethal mutation; autosomal recessive osteopetrosis; malignant osteopetrosis; cl-channels; mouse; gene; proteins; disease; atpase; leads
AB Mutations in ClC-7, a late endosomal/lysosomal member of the CLC family of chloride channels and transporters(1,2), cause osteopetrosis(3) and lysosomal storage disease(4) in humans and mice. Severe osteopetrosis is also observed with mutations in the OSTM1 gene, which encodes a membrane protein of unknown function(5). Here we show that both ClC-7 and Ostm1 proteins co-localize in late endosomes and lysosomes of various tissues, as well as in the ruffled border of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Co-immunoprecipitations show that ClC-7 and Ostm1 form a molecular complex and suggest that Ostm1 is a beta-subunit of ClC-7. ClC-7 is required for Ostm1 to reach lysosomes, where the highly glycosylated Ostm1 luminal domain is cleaved. Protein but not RNA levels of ClC-7 are greatly reduced in grey-lethal mice, which lack Ostm1, suggesting that the ClC-7-Ostm1 interaction is important for protein stability. As ClC-7 protein levels in Ostm1-deficient tissues and cells, including osteoclasts, are decreased below 10% of normal levels, Ostm1 mutations probably cause osteopetrosis by impairing the acidification of the osteoclast resorption lacuna, which depends on ClC-7 (ref. 3). The finding that grey-lethal mice, just like ClC-7-deficient mice(4), show lysosomal storage and neurodegeneration in addition to osteopetrosis implies a more general importance for ClC-7-Ostm1 complexes.
C1 Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
C3 University of Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
RP Jentsch, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Hamburg, ZMNH, Zentrum Mol Neurobiol Hamburg, Falkenried 94, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
EM Jentsch@zmnh.uni-hamburg.de
NR 26
TC 291
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 220
EP 223
DI 10.1038/nature04535
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500048
PM 16525474
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foster, DJ
   Wilson, MA
AF Foster, DJ
   Wilson, MA
TI Reverse replay of behavioural sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slow-wave sleep; memory; model; impairment; experience; navigation; lesions; task; rats
AB The hippocampus has long been known to be involved in spatial navigational learning in rodents(1,2), and in memory for events in rodents(3,4), primates(5) and humans(6). A unifying property of both navigation and event memory is a requirement for dealing with temporally sequenced information. Reactivation of temporally sequenced memories for previous behavioural experiences has been reported in sleep in rats(7,8). Here we report that sequential replay occurs in the rat hippocampus during awake periods immediately after spatial experience. This replay has a unique form, in which recent episodes of spatial experience are replayed in a temporally reversed order. This replay is suggestive of a role in the evaluation of event sequences in the manner of reinforcement learning models. We propose that such replay might constitute a general mechanism of learning and memory.
C1 MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Foster, DJ (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Brain & Cognit Sci, Picower Inst Learning & Memory, 77 Massachusetts Ave,46-5223, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM djfoster@mit.edu
NR 24
TC 1183
Z9 1485
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 680
EP 683
DI 10.1038/nature04587
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400046
PM 16474382
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Faulkner, DR
   Mitchell, TM
   Healy, D
   Heap, MJ
AF Faulkner, D. R.
   Mitchell, T. M.
   Healy, D.
   Heap, M. J.
TI Slip on 'weak' faults by the rotation of regional stress in the fracture damage zone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; internal structure; friction; growth; system; mechanics; fluids; rocks
AB Slip on unfavourably oriented faults with respect to a remotely applied stress is well documented and implies that faults such as the San Andreas fault(1) and low- angle normal faults(2) are weak when compared to laboratory-measured frictional strength(3). If high pore pressure within fault zones is the cause of such weakness, then stress reorientation within or close to a fault is necessary to allow sufficient fault weakening without the occurrence of hydrofracture(4). From field observations of a major tectonic fault, and using laboratory experiments and numerical modelling, here we show that stress rotation occurs within the fractured damage zone surrounding faults. In particular, we find that stress rotation is considerable for unfavourably oriented 'weak' faults. In the 'weak' fault case, the damage-induced change in elastic properties provides the necessary stress rotation to allow high pore pressure faulting without inducing hydrofracture.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Rock Deformat Lab, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Faulkner, DR (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Rock Deformat Lab, Liverpool L69 3GP, Merseyside, England.
EM faulkner@liv.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C001117/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 387
Z9 443
U1 3
U2 124
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 922
EP 925
DI 10.1038/nature05353
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400054
PM 17167484
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, DH
   Nakashima, T
   Sanchez, OH
   Kozieradzki, I
   Komarova, SV
   Sarosi, I
   Morony, S
   Rubin, E
   Sarao, R
   Hojilla, CV
   Komnenovic, V
   Kong, YY
   Schreiber, M
   Dixon, SJ
   Sims, SM
   Khokha, R
   Wada, T
   Penninger, JM
AF Jones, DH
   Nakashima, T
   Sanchez, OH
   Kozieradzki, I
   Komarova, SV
   Sarosi, I
   Morony, S
   Rubin, E
   Sarao, R
   Hojilla, CV
   Komnenovic, V
   Kong, YY
   Schreiber, M
   Dixon, SJ
   Sims, SM
   Khokha, R
   Wada, T
   Penninger, JM
TI Regulation of cancer cell migration and bone metastasis by RANKL
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID osteoclast differentiation; osteoprotegerin-ligand; murine model; growth; osteolysis
AB Bone metastases are a frequent complication of many cancers that result in severe disease burden and pain(1-3). Since the late nineteenth century, it has been thought that the microenvironment of the local host tissue actively participates in the propensity of certain cancers to metastasize to specific organs, and that bone provides an especially fertile 'soil' 4. In the case of breast cancers, the local chemokine milieu is now emerging as an explanation for why these tumours preferentially metastasize to certain organs(5). However, as the inhibition of chemokine receptors in vivo only partially blocks metastatic behaviour(6), other factors must exist that regulate the preferential metastasis of breast cancer cells. Here we show that the cytokine RANKL ( receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand)(7,8) triggers migration of human epithelial cancer cells and melanoma cells that express the receptor RANK. RANK is expressed on cancer cell lines and breast cancer cells in patients. In a mouse model of melanoma metastasis(9), in vivo neutralization of RANKL by osteoprotegerin results in complete protection from paralysis and a marked reduction in tumour burden in bones but not in other organs. Our data show that local differentiation factors such as RANKL have an important role in cell migration and the tissue-specific metastatic behaviour of cancer cells.
C1 Austrian Acad Sci, IMBA, Inst Mol Biotechnol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Immunol, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   Univ Hlth Network, Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
   McGill Univ, Fac Dent, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A4, Canada.
   Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA.
   Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Div Mol & Life Sci, Pohang 790784, South Korea.
   Med Univ Vienna, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Western Ontario, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, CIHR Grp Skeletal Dev & Remodeling, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
   Univ Western Ontario, Div Oral Biol, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
C3 Austrian Academy of Sciences; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA); University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; McGill University; Amgen; Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH); Medical University of Vienna; Western University (University of Western Ontario); Western University (University of Western Ontario)
RP Penninger, JM (corresponding author), Austrian Acad Sci, IMBA, Inst Mol Biotechnol, Dr Bohr Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
EM josef.penninger@imba.oeaw.ac.at
NR 22
TC 655
Z9 758
U1 3
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 692
EP 696
DI 10.1038/nature04524
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400049
PM 16572175
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fike, DA
   Grotzinger, JP
   Pratt, LM
   Summons, RE
AF Fike, D. A.
   Grotzinger, J. P.
   Pratt, L. M.
   Summons, R. E.
TI Oxidation of the Ediacaran Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID early animal evolution; atmospheric oxygen; sulfur-isotope; carbon-cycle; sulfate; oman; excursion; rise; ages
AB Oxygenation of the Earth's surface is increasingly thought to have occurred in two steps. The first step, which occurred similar to 2,300 million years (Myr) ago, involved a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen concentrations and oxygenation of the surface ocean(1,2). A further increase in atmospheric oxygen appears to have taken place during the late Neoproterozoic period(3,4) (similar to 800-542 Myr ago). This increase may have stimulated the evolution of macroscopic multicellular animals and the subsequent radiation of calcified invertebrates(4,5), and may have led to oxygenation of the deep ocean(6). However, the nature and timing of Neoproterozoic oxidation remain uncertain. Here we present high-resolution carbon isotope and sulphur isotope records from the Huqf Supergroup, Sultanate of Oman, that cover most of the Ediacaran period (similar to 635 to similar to 548 Myr ago). These records indicate that the ocean became increasingly oxygenated after the end of the Marinoan glaciation, and they allow us to identify three distinct stages of oxidation. When considered in the context of other records from this period(7-15), our data indicate that certain groups of eukaryotic organisms appeared and diversified during the second and third stages of oxygenation. The second stage corresponds with the Shuram excursion in the carbon isotope record(16) and seems to have involved the oxidation of a large reservoir of organic carbon suspended in the deep ocean(6), indicating that this event may have had a key role in the evolution of eukaryotic organisms. Our data thus provide new insights into the oxygenation of the Ediacaran ocean and the stepwise restructuring of the carbon(6,16,17) and sulphur cycles(3,18,19) that occurred during this significant period of Earth's history.
C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Fike, DA (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM dfike@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 839
Z9 1024
U1 2
U2 269
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 744
EP 747
DI 10.1038/nature05345
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100057
PM 17151665
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rando, TA
AF Rando, Thomas A.
TI Stem cells, ageing and the quest for immortality
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID murine hematopoietic stem; life-span extension; age-related-changes; caenorhabditis-elegans; repopulating ability; dietary restriction; satellite cells; dna-repair; muscle; young
AB Adult stem cells reside in most mammalian tissues, but the extent to which they contribute to normal homeostasis and repair varies widely. There is an overall decline in tissue regenerative potential with age, and the question arises as to whether this is due to the intrinsic ageing of stem cells or, rather, to the impairment of stem-cell function in the aged tissue environment. Unravelling these distinct contributions to the aged phenotype will be critical to the success of any therapeutic application of stem cells in the emerging field of regenerative medicine with respect to tissue injury, degenerative diseases or normal functional declines that accompany ageing.
C1 VA Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol & Neurol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); VA Palo Alto Health Care System; Stanford University
RP Rando, TA (corresponding author), VA Palo Alto Hlth Care Syst, Ctr Geriatr Res Educ & Clin, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM rando@stanford.edu
NR 68
TC 560
Z9 662
U1 0
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1080
EP 1086
DI 10.1038/nature04958
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500035
PM 16810243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eggan, K
   Jurga, S
   Gosden, R
   Min, IM
   Wagers, AJ
AF Eggan, Kevin
   Jurga, Sara
   Gosden, Roger
   Min, Irene M.
   Wagers, Amy J.
TI Ovulated oocytes in adult mice derive from non-circulating germ cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem-cells; bone-marrow; follicle number; cyclophosphamide; ovary; blood
AB Decades of research in reproductive biology have led to the generally accepted belief that in female mammals, all surviving germ cells enter meiosis at the end of fetal development and as a result, the postnatal ovary harbours a limited supply of oocytes that cannot be replenished or regenerated if lost to injury or disease. However, recent reports have challenged this view, suggesting instead that oocyte production is maintained through continual seeding of the ovary by circulating, bone-marrow-derived germ cells. To test directly the physiological relevance of circulating cells for female fertility, we established transplantation and parabiotic mouse models to assess the capacity of circulating bone marrow cells to generate ovulated oocytes, both in the steady state and after induced damage. Our studies showed no evidence that bone marrow cells, or any other normally circulating cells, contribute to the formation of mature, ovulated oocytes. Instead, cells that travelled to the ovary through the bloodstream exhibited properties characteristic of committed blood leukocytes.
C1 Joslin Diabet Ctr, Sect Dev & Stem Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Stowers Med Inst, Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Ctr Reprod Med & Infertil, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard University; Stowers Institute for Medical Research; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Cornell University; Weill Cornell Medicine
RP Wagers, AJ (corresponding author), Joslin Diabet Ctr, Sect Dev & Stem Cell Biol, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM amy.wagers@joslin.harvard.edu
NR 21
TC 193
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1109
EP 1114
DI 10.1038/nature04929
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500041
PM 16799565
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fisher, DO
   Double, MC
   Blomberg, SP
   Jennions, MD
   Cockburn, A
AF Fisher, Diana O.
   Double, Michael C.
   Blomberg, Simon P.
   Jennions, Michael D.
   Cockburn, Andrew
TI Post-mating sexual selection increases lifetime fitness of polyandrous females in the wild
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sperm selection; good genes; paternity; success; evolution; benefits; population; cricket; mates; size
AB Females often mate with several males before producing offspring(1). Field studies of vertebrates suggest, and laboratory experiments on invertebrates confirm, that even when males provide no material benefits, polyandry can enhance offspring survival(2,3). This enhancement is widely attributed to genetic benefits that arise whenever paternity is biased towards males that sire more viable offspring(1,4,5). Field studies suggest that post-mating sexual selection biases fertilization towards genetically more compatible males(6,7) and one controlled experiment has shown that, when females mate with close kin, polyandry reduces the relative number of inbred offspring(8). Another potential genetic benefit of polyandry is that it increases offspring survival because males with more competitive ejaculates sire more viable offspring(9). Surprisingly, however, there is no unequivocal evidence for this process(10). Here, by experimentally assigning mates to females, we show that polyandry greatly increases offspring survival in the Australian marsupial Antechinus stuartii. DNA profiling shows that males that gain high paternity under sperm competition sire offspring that are more viable. This beneficial effect occurs in both the laboratory and the wild. Crucially, there are no confounding non-genetic maternal effects that could arise if polyandry increases female investment in a particular reproductive event(10) because A. stuartii is effectively semelparous. Our results therefore show that polyandry improves female lifetime fitness in nature. The threefold increase in offspring survival is not negated by a decline in maternal lifespan and is too large to be offset by an equivalent decline in the reproductive performance of surviving offspring.
C1 Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Australian National University; Australian National University
RP Fisher, DO (corresponding author), Australian Natl Univ, Sch Bot & Zool, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
EM diana.fisher@anu.edu.au
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 97
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 89
EP 92
DI 10.1038/nature05206
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500051
PM 17080089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Howell, DA
   Sullivan, M
   Nugent, PE
   Ellis, RS
   Conley, AJ
   Le Borgne, D
   Carlberg, RG
   Guy, J
   Balam, D
   Basa, S
   Fouchez, D
   Hook, IM
   Hsiao, EY
   Neill, JD
   Pain, R
   Perrett, KM
   Pritchet, CJ
AF Howell, D. Andrew
   Sullivan, Mark
   Nugent, Peter E.
   Ellis, Richard S.
   Conley, Alexander J.
   Le Borgne, Damien
   Carlberg, Raymond G.
   Guy, Julien
   Balam, David
   Basa, Stephane
   Fouchez, Dominique
   Hook, Isobel M.
   Hsiao, Eric Y.
   Neill, James D.
   Pain, Reynald
   Perrett, Kathryn M.
   Pritchet, Christopher J.
TI The type Ia supernova SNLS-03D3bb from a super-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hubble constant; models; physics
AB The accelerating expansion of the Universe, and the need for dark energy, were inferred from observations(1,2) of type Ia supernovae. There is a consensus that type Ia supernovae are thermonuclear explosions that destroy carbon - oxygen white dwarf stars that have accreted matter from a companion star(3), although the nature of this companion remains uncertain. These supernovae are thought to be reliable distance indicators because they have a standard amount of fuel and a uniform trigger: they are predicted to explode when the mass of the white dwarf nears the Chandrase-khar mass(4) of 1.4 solar masses (M-.). Here we show that the high-redshift supernova SNLS-03D3bb has an exceptionally high luminosity and low kinetic energy that both imply a super-Chandrasekhar-mass progenitor. Super-Chandrasekhar-mass supernovae should occur preferentially in a young stellar population, so this may provide an explanation for the observed trend that overluminous type Ia supernovae occur only in 'young' environments(5,6). As this supernova does not obey the relations that allow type Ia supernovae to be calibrated as standard candles, and as no counterparts have been found at low redshift, future cosmology studies will have to consider possible contamination from such events.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CEA Saclay, Serv Astrophys, DAPNIA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 07, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Victoria, Dept Phys & Astron, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
   CNRS, LAM, F-13376 Marseille 12, France.
   CNRS, IN2P3, CPPM, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
   Univ Aix Marseille 2, F-13288 Marseille 9, France.
   Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
C3 University of Toronto; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Cite; University of Victoria; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Aix-Marseille Universite; University of Oxford
RP Howell, DA (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 60 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada.
EM howell@astro.utoronto.ca
NR 30
TC 477
Z9 534
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 308
EP 311
DI 10.1038/nature05103
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000039
PM 16988705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garczarek, F
   Gerwert, K
AF Garczarek, F
   Gerwert, K
TI Functional waters in intraprotein proton transfer monitored by FTIR difference spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hydrogen-bonded network; angstrom resolution; structural-changes; energy-storage; excess proton; ir-spectra; bacteriorhodopsin; dynamics; assignment; molecules
AB Much progress has been made in our understanding of water molecule reactions on surfaces(1), proton solvation in gas-phase water clusters(2,3) and proton transfer through liquids(4). Compared with our advanced understanding of these physico-chemical systems, much less is known about individual water molecules and their cooperative behaviour in heterogeneous proteins during enzymatic reactions. Here we use time-resolved Fourier transform infrared(5) spectroscopy (trFTIR) and in situ H-2 O-18/H-2 O-16 exchange FTIR to determine how the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin(6) uses the interplay among strongly hydrogen-bonded water molecules, a water molecule with a dangling hydroxyl group and a protonated water cluster(7) to transfer protons. The precise arrangement of water molecules in the protein matrix results in a controlled Grotthuss proton transfer, in contrast to the random proton migration that occurs in liquid water. Our findings support the emerging paradigm that intraprotein water molecules are as essential for biological functions as amino acids.
C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Biophys, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
C3 Ruhr University Bochum
RP Gerwert, K (corresponding author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Biophys, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
EM gerwert@bph.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
NR 30
TC 478
Z9 529
U1 4
U2 241
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 109
EP 112
DI 10.1038/nature04231
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700044
PM 16280982
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pessiglione, M
   Seymour, B
   Flandin, G
   Dolan, RJ
   Frith, CD
AF Pessiglione, Mathias
   Seymour, Ben
   Flandin, Guillaume
   Dolan, Raymond J.
   Frith, Chris D.
TI Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens dopamine; basal ganglia; neuronal-activity; primate striatum; representation; expectation; motivation; responses; parallel
AB Theories of instrumental learning are centred on understanding how success and failure are used to improve future decisions(1). These theories highlight a central role for reward prediction errors in updating the values associated with available actions(2). In animals, substantial evidence indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine might have a key function in this type of learning, through its ability to modulate cortico-striatal synaptic efficacy(3). However, no direct evidence links dopamine, striatal activity and behavioural choice in humans. Here we show that, during instrumental learning, the magnitude of reward prediction error expressed in the striatum is modulated by the administration of drugs enhancing (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine; L-DOPA) or reducing ( haloperidol) dopaminergic function. Accordingly, subjects treated with L-DOPA have a greater propensity to choose the most rewarding action relative to subjects treated with haloperidol. Furthermore, incorporating the magnitude of the prediction errors into a standard action-value learning algorithm accurately reproduced subjects' behavioural choices under the different drug conditions. We conclude that dopamine-dependent modulation of striatal activity can account for how the human brain uses reward prediction errors to improve future decisions.
C1 Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, London WC1N 3BG, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Pessiglione, M (corresponding author), Wellcome Dept Imaging Neurosci, 12 Queen Sq, London WC1N 3BG, England.
EM m.pessiglione@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust [078865] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1121
Z9 1286
U1 4
U2 172
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1042
EP 1045
DI 10.1038/nature05051
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000050
PM 16929307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Paton, JJ
   Belova, MA
   Morrison, SE
   Salzman, CD
AF Paton, JJ
   Belova, MA
   Morrison, SE
   Salzman, CD
TI The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orbitofrontal cortex; basolateral amygdala; reward preference; neuronal-activity; macaque monkey; alert monkey; organization; connections; circuitry; responses
AB Visual stimuli can acquire positive or negative value through their association with rewards and punishments, a process called reinforcement learning. Although we now know a great deal about how the brain analyses visual information, we know little about how visual representations become linked with values. To study this process, we turned to the amygdala, a brain structure implicated in reinforcement learning(1-5). We recorded the activity of individual amygdala neurons in monkeys while abstract images acquired either positive or negative value through conditioning. After monkeys had learned the initial associations, we reversed image value assignments. We examined neural responses in relation to these reversals in order to estimate the relative contribution to neural activity of the sensory properties of images and their conditioned values. Here we show that changes in the values of images modulate neural activity, and that this modulation occurs rapidly enough to account for, and correlates with, monkeys' learning. Furthermore, distinct populations of neurons encode the positive and negative values of visual stimuli. Behavioural and physiological responses to visual stimuli may therefore be based in part on the plastic representation of value provided by the amygdala.
C1 Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, WM Keck Ctr Brain Plast & Cognit, New York, NY 10032 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Salzman, CD (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Ctr Neurobiol & Behav, 1051 Riverside Dr,Unit 87, New York, NY 10032 USA.
EM cds2005@columbia.edu
FU NIMH NIH HHS [K01 MH001724] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 697
Z9 872
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 865
EP 870
DI 10.1038/nature04490
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600054
PM 16482160
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Batty, M
AF Batty, Michael
TI Rank clocks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID power laws; zipfs law; city; systems; growth
AB Many objects and events, such as cities, firms and internet hubs, scale with size(1-4) in the upper tails of their distributions. Despite intense interest in using power laws to characterize such distributions, most analyses have been concerned with observations at a single instant of time, with little analysis of objects or events that change in size through time ( notwithstanding some significant exceptions(5-7)). It is now clear that the evident macro-stability in such distributions at different times can mask a volatile and often turbulent micro-dynamics, in which objects can change their position or rank-order rapidly while their aggregate distribution appears quite stable. Here I introduce a graphical representation termed the 'rank clock' to examine such dynamics for three distributions: the size of cities in the US from AD 1790, the UK from AD1901 and the world from 430 BC. Our results destroy any notion that rank - size scaling is universal: at the micro-level, these clocks show cities and civilizations rising and falling in size at many times and on many scales. The conventional model explaining such scaling on the basis of growth by proportionate effect cannot replicate these micro-dynamics, suggesting that such models and explanations are considerably less general than has hitherto been assumed.
C1 UCL, Bartlett Sch, Ctr Adv Spatial Anal, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Batty, M (corresponding author), UCL, Bartlett Sch, Ctr Adv Spatial Anal, 1-19 Torrington Pl, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM m.batty@ucl.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/C513703/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 25
TC 171
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 592
EP 596
DI 10.1038/nature05302
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600042
PM 17136088
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McDonel, P
   Jans, J
   Peterson, BK
   Meyer, BJ
AF McDonel, Patrick
   Jans, Judith
   Peterson, Brant K.
   Meyer, Barbara J.
TI Clustered DNA motifs mark X chromosomes for repression by a dosage compensation complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID condensin subunit; gene; heterochromatin
AB Gene expression in metazoans is regulated not only at the level of individual genes but also in a coordinated manner across large chromosomal domains ( for example centromeres, telomeres and imprinted gene clusters(1-3)) and along entire chromosomes ( for example X-chromosome dosage compensation(4-6)). The primary DNA sequence usually specifies the regulation of individual genes, but the nature of cis-acting information that controls genes over large regions has been elusive: higher-order DNA structure, specific histone modifications, subnuclear compartmentalization and primary DNA sequence are possibilities. One paradigm of chromosome-wide gene regulation is Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation in which a large dosage compensation complex (DCC) is targeted to both X chromosomes of hermaphrodites to repress transcript levels by half(6). This essential process equalizes X-linked gene expression between the sexes (XO males and XX hermaphrodites). Here we report the discovery and dissection of cis-acting sites that mark nematode X chromosomes as targets for gene repression by the DCC. These rex ( recruitment element on X) sites are widely dispersed along X and reside in promoters, exons and intergenic regions. rex sites share at least two distinct motifs that act in combination to recruit the DCC. Mutating these motifs severely reduces or abolishes DCC binding in vivo, demonstrating the importance of primary DNA sequence in chromosome-wide regulation. Unexpectedly, the motifs are not enriched on X, but altering motif numbers within rex sites demonstrates that motif co-occurrence in unusually high densities is essential for optimal DCC recruitment. Thus, X-specific repression is established through sequences not specific to X. The distribution of common motifs provides the foundation for repression along an entire chromosome.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Meyer, BJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM bjmeyer@berkeley.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM030702] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 85
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 614
EP 618
DI 10.1038/nature05338
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600047
PM 17122774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stuber, N
   Forster, P
   Rädel, G
   Shine, K
AF Stuber, N
   Forster, P
   Rädel, G
   Shine, K
TI The importance of the diurnal and annual cycle of air traffic for contrail radiative forcing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upper troposphere; cirrus clouds; parameterization; stratosphere; humidity; aviation; impacts
AB Air traffic condensation trails, or contrails, are believed to have a net atmospheric warming effect(1), although one that is currently small compared to that induced by other sources of human emissions. However, the comparably large growth rate of air traffic requires an improved understanding of the resulting impact of aircraft radiative forcing on climate(2). Contrails have an effect on the Earth's energy balance similar to that of high thin ice clouds(3). Their trapping of outgoing longwave radiation emitted by the Earth and atmosphere (positive radiative forcing) is partly compensated by their reflection of incoming solar radiation (negative radiative forcing). On average, the longwave effect dominates and the net contrail radiative forcing is believed to be positive(1,2,4). Over daily and annual timescales, varying levels of air traffic, meteorological conditions, and solar insolation influence the net forcing effect of contrails. Here we determine the factors most important for contrail climate forcing using a sophisticated radiative transfer model(5,6) for a site in southeast England, located in the entrance to the North Atlantic flight corridor. We find that night-time flights during winter (December to February) are responsible for most of the contrail radiative forcing. Night flights account for only 25 per cent of daily air traffic, but contribute 60 to 80 per cent of the contrail forcing. Further, winter flights account for only 22 per cent of annual air traffic, but contribute half of the annual mean forcing. These results suggest that flight rescheduling could help to minimize the climate impact of aviation.
C1 Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
C3 University of Reading
RP Stuber, N (corresponding author), Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6BB, Berks, England.
EM n.stuber@reading.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 86
Z9 95
U1 2
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 864
EP 867
DI 10.1038/nature04877
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100040
PM 16778887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, L
   Agarwal, AK
   Beebe, DJ
   Jiang, HR
AF Dong, Liang
   Agarwal, Abhishek K.
   Beebe, David J.
   Jiang, Hongrui
TI Adaptive liquid microlenses activated by stimuli-responsive hydrogels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microfluidic channels; polymer gels; lens; arrays; fabrication; light
AB Despite its compactness, the human eye can easily focus on different distances by adjusting the shape of its lens with the help of ciliary muscles(1). In contrast, traditional man-made optical systems achieve focusing by physical displacement of the lenses used. But in recent years, advances in miniaturization technology have led to optical systems that no longer require complicated mechanical systems to tune and adjust optical performance. These systems have found wide use in photonics, displays and biomedical systems. They are either based on arrays of microlenses with fixed focal lengths(2-5), or use external control to adjust the microlens focal length(6-12). An intriguing example is the tunable liquid lens, where electrowetting or external pressure manipulates the shape of a liquid droplet and thereby adjusts its optical properties. Here we demonstrate a liquid lens system that allows for autonomous focusing. The central component is a stimuli-responsive hydrogel(13) integrated into a microfluidic system and serving as the container for a liquid droplet, with the hydrogel simultaneously sensing the presence of stimuli and actuating adjustments to the shape - and hence focal length - of the droplet. By working at the micrometre scale where ionic diffusion and surface tension scale favourably(14), we can use pinned liquid - liquid interfaces to obtain stable devices and realize response times of ten to a few tens of seconds. The microlenses, which can have a focal length ranging from -infinity to +infinity ( divergent and convergent), are also readily integrated into arrays that may find use in applications such as sensing, medical diagnostics and lab-on-a-chip technologies(15-19).
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biomed Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Jiang, HR (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 1415 Johnson Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM hongrui@engr.wisc.edu
NR 30
TC 929
Z9 1071
U1 17
U2 846
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 551
EP 554
DI 10.1038/nature05024
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900040
PM 16885981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tilman, D
   Reich, PB
   Knops, JMH
AF Tilman, David
   Reich, Peter B.
   Knops, Johannes M. H.
TI Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plant-community; productivity; diversity; drought
AB Human-driven ecosystem simplification has highlighted questions about how the number of species in an ecosystem influences its functioning. Although biodiversity is now known to affect ecosystem productivity(1-6), its effects on stability are debated(6-13). Here we present a long-term experimental field test of the diversity - stability hypothesis. During a decade of data collection in an experiment that directly controlled the number of perennial prairie species(4), growing-season climate varied considerably, causing year-to-year variation in abundances of plant species and in ecosystem productivity. We found that greater numbers of plant species led to greater temporal stability of ecosystem annual aboveground plant production. In particular, the decadal temporal stability of the ecosystem, whether measured with intervals of two, five or ten years, was significantly greater at higher plant diversity and tended to increase as plots matured. Ecosystem stability was also positively dependent on root mass, which is a measure of perenniating biomass. Temporal stability of the ecosystem increased with diversity, despite a lower temporal stability of individual species, because of both portfolio ( statistical averaging) and overyielding effects. However, we found no evidence of a covariance effect. Our results indicate that the reliable, efficient and sustainable supply of some foods ( for example, livestock fodder), biofuels and ecosystem services can be enhanced by the use of biodiversity.
C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
   Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Nebraska System; University of Nebraska Lincoln
RP Tilman, D (corresponding author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA.
EM tilman@umn.edu
NR 29
TC 1695
Z9 2187
U1 68
U2 2009
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 629
EP 632
DI 10.1038/nature04742
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800046
PM 16738658
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, TD
   WoldeGabriel, G
   Asfaw, B
   Ambrose, S
   Beyene, Y
   Bernor, RL
   Boisserie, JR
   Currie, B
   Gilbert, H
   Haile-Selassie, Y
   Hart, WK
   Hlusko, LJ
   Howell, FC
   Kono, RT
   Lehmann, T
   Louchart, A
   Lovejoy, CO
   Renne, PR
   Saegusa, H
   Vrba, ES
   Wesselman, H
   Suwa, G
AF White, TD
   WoldeGabriel, G
   Asfaw, B
   Ambrose, S
   Beyene, Y
   Bernor, RL
   Boisserie, JR
   Currie, B
   Gilbert, H
   Haile-Selassie, Y
   Hart, WK
   Hlusko, LJ
   Howell, FC
   Kono, RT
   Lehmann, T
   Louchart, A
   Lovejoy, CO
   Renne, PR
   Saegusa, H
   Vrba, ES
   Wesselman, H
   Suwa, G
TI Asa!Issie, aramis and the origin of Australopithecus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle awash valley; enamel thickness; early hominid; allia bay; isotopic evidence; afar rift; miocene; anamensis; evolution; kanapoi
AB The origin of Australopithecus, the genus widely interpreted as ancestral to Homo, is a central problem in human evolutionary studies. Australopithecus species differ markedly from extant African apes and candidate ancestral hominids such as Ardipithecus, Orrorin and Sahelanthropus. The earliest described Australopithecus species is Au. anamensis, the probable chronospecies ancestor of Au. afarensis. Here we describe newly discovered fossils from the Middle Awash study area that extend the known Au. anamensis range into northeastern Ethiopia. The new fossils are from chronometrically controlled stratigraphic sequences and date to about 4.1-4.2 million years ago. They include diagnostic craniodental remains, the largest hominid canine yet recovered, and the earliest Australopithecus femur. These new fossils are sampled from a woodland context. Temporal and anatomical intermediacy between Ar. ramidus and Au. afarensis suggest a relatively rapid shift from Ardipithecus to Australopithecus in this region of Africa, involving either replacement or accelerated phyletic evolution.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Human Evolut Res Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Hydrol Geochem & Geol Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Rift Valley Res Serv, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Univ Illinois, Dept Anthropol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Minist Youth Sports & Culture, Dept Anthropol & Archaeol, Author Res & Conservat Cultural Heritage, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Howard Univ, Coll Med, Dept Anat, Lab Evolutionary Biol, Washington, DC 20059 USA.
   Museum Natl Hist Nat, Unite Paleobiodivers & Paleoenvironm, CNRS, UMR 5143,Dept Hist Terre,USM 0203, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Poitiers, UMR 6046, Lab Geobiol Biochronol & Paleontol Humaine, F-86022 Poitiers, France.
   Miami Univ, Dept Geol, Oxford, OH 45056 USA.
   Cleveland Museum Nat Hist, Dept Phys Anthropol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
   Museum Nat Sci, Dept Anthropol, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1690073, Japan.
   Transvaal Museum, Palaeontol Sect, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Univ Lyon 1, Lab Paleoenvironm & Paleobiosphere, UMR 5125, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   Kent State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
   Kent State Univ, Div Biomed Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA.
   Berkeley Geochronol Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94709 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Hyogo, Inst Nat & Environm Sci, Yayoigaoka, Sanda 6691546, Japan.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Sierra Coll, Nat Hist Museum, Rocklin, CA 95677 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Univ Museum, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Howard University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Universite de Poitiers; University System of Ohio; Miami University; Cleveland Museum of Natural History; Universite Lyon 1; University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent; University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent; Berkeley Geochronolgy Center; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of Hyogo; Yale University; University of Tokyo
RP White, TD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Human Evolut Res Ctr, 3101 Valley Life Sci Bldg, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM timwhite@berkeley.edu
NR 50
TC 217
Z9 260
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 883
EP 889
DI 10.1038/nature04629
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700030
PM 16612373
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katz, RF
   Spiegelman, M
   Holtzman, B
AF Katz, Richard F.
   Spiegelman, Marc
   Holtzman, Benjamin
TI The dynamics of melt and shear localization in partially molten aggregates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID upwelling mantle; beneath; extraction; segregation; compaction; basalt; rocks; ridge; model; flow
AB The volcanoes that lie along the Earth's tectonic boundaries are fed by melt generated in the mantle. How this melt is extracted and focused to the volcanoes, however, remains an unresolved question. Here we present new theoretical results with implications for melt focusing beneath mid- ocean ridges. By modelling laboratory experiments(1,2), we test a formulation for magma dynamics and provide an explanation for localized bands of high- porosity and concentrated shear deformation observed in experiments. These bands emerge and persist at 15 degrees - 25 degrees to the plane of shear. Past theoretical work on this system predicted the emergence of melt bands(3,4) but at an angle inconsistent with experiments. Our results suggest that the observed band angle results from a balance of porosity- weakening and strain- rate- weakening deformation mechanisms. Lower band angles are predicted for greater strain-rate weakening. From these lower band angles, we estimate the orientation of melt bands beneath mid- ocean ridges and show that they may enhance magma focusing toward the ridge axis.
C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
RP Katz, RF (corresponding author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA.
EM katz@ldeo.columbia.edu
NR 24
TC 227
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 676
EP 679
DI 10.1038/nature05039
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200043
PM 16900197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hochberg, LR
   Serruya, MD
   Friehs, GM
   Mukand, JA
   Saleh, M
   Caplan, AH
   Branner, A
   Chen, D
   Penn, RD
   Donoghue, JP
AF Hochberg, Leigh R.
   Serruya, Mijail D.
   Friehs, Gerhard M.
   Mukand, Jon A.
   Saleh, Maryam
   Caplan, Abraham H.
   Branner, Almut
   Chen, David
   Penn, Richard D.
   Donoghue, John P.
TI Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain-computer interface; motor-cortical activity; spinal-cord-injury; electrode array; direction; patterns; cortex; discharge; signals; system
AB Neuromotor prostheses ( NMPs) aim to replace or restore lost motor functions in paralysed humans by routeing movement-related signals from the brain, around damaged parts of the nervous system, to external effectors. To translate preclinical results from intact animals to a clinically useful NMP, movement signals must persist in cortex after spinal cord injury and be engaged by movement intent when sensory inputs and limb movement are long absent. Furthermore, NMPs would require that intention-driven neuronal activity be converted into a control signal that enables useful tasks. Here we show initial results for a tetraplegic human (MN) using a pilot NMP. Neuronal ensemble activity recorded through a 96-microelectrode array implanted in primary motor cortex demonstrated that intended hand motion modulates cortical spiking patterns three years after spinal cord injury. Decoders were created, providing a 'neural cursor' with which MN opened simulated e-mail and operated devices such as a television, even while conversing. Furthermore, MN used neural control to open and close a prosthetic hand, and perform rudimentary actions with a multi-jointed robotic arm. These early results suggest that NMPs based upon intracortical neuronal ensemble spiking activity could provide a valuable new neurotechnology to restore independence for humans with paralysis.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Spaulding Rehabil Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Brown Univ, Brain Sci Program, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Engn, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Vet Hlth Adm, Dept Vet Affairs, Rehabil Res & Dev Serv, Ctr Restorat & Regenerat Med, Providence, RI 02908 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Clin Neurosci Neurosurg, Providence, RI 02905 USA.
   Rhode Isl Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Providence, RI 02905 USA.
   Brown Univ, Dept Rehabil Med, Providence, RI 02903 USA.
   Sargent Rehabil Ctr, Warwick, RI 02818 USA.
   Cyberkinet Neurotechnol Syst Inc, Foxboro, MA 02035 USA.
   Cyberkinet Neurotechnol Syst Inc, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA.
   Rehabil Inst Chicago, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Univ Chicago Hosp, Dept Neurosurg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 Brown University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; Brown University; Brown University; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Brown University; Lifespan Health Rhode Island; Rhode Island Hospital; Brown University; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab; University of Chicago; University of Chicago Medical Center; University of Illinois System
RP Donoghue, JP (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Neurosci, POB 1953, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM john_donoghue@brown.edu
NR 44
TC 2409
Z9 3025
U1 21
U2 867
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 164
EP 171
DI 10.1038/nature04970
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700039
PM 16838014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klussmann, M
   Iwamura, H
   Mathew, SP
   Wells, DH
   Pandya, U
   Armstrong, A
   Blackmond, DG
AF Klussmann, Martin
   Iwamura, Hiroshi
   Mathew, Suju P.
   Wells, David H., Jr.
   Pandya, Urvish
   Armstrong, Alan
   Blackmond, Donna G.
TI Thermodynamic control of asymmetric amplification in amino acid catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID enantiomeric excess; symmetry-breaking; autocatalysis; origin; mechanism
AB Ever since Pasteur noticed that tartrate crystals exist in two non-superimposable forms that are mirror images of one another - as are left and right hands - the phenomenon of chirality has intrigued scientists. On the molecular level, chirality often has a profound impact on recognition and interaction events and is thus important to biochemistry and pharmacology. In chemical synthesis, much effort has been directed towards developing asymmetric synthesis strategies that yield product molecules with a significant excess of either the left-handed or right-handed enantiomer. This is usually achieved by making use of chiral auxiliaries or catalysts that influence the course of a reaction, with the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product linearly related to the ee of the auxiliary or catalyst used. In recent years, however, an increasing number of asymmetric reactions have been documented where this relationship is nonlinear(1), an effect that can lead to asymmetric amplification. Theoretical models(2,3) have long suggested that autocatalytic processes can result in kinetically controlled asymmetric amplification, a prediction that has now been verified experimentally(4-6) and rationalized mechanistically(7-14) for an autocatalytic alkylation reaction. Here we show an alternative mechanism that gives rise to asymmetric amplification based on the equilibrium solid-liquid phase behaviour of amino acids in solution. This amplification mechanismis robust and can operate in aqueous systems, making it an appealing proposition for explaining one of the most tantalizing examples of asymmetric amplification - the development of high enantiomeric excess in biomolecules from a presumably racemic prebiotic world.
C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn & Chem Technol, London SW7 2AZ, England.
C3 Imperial College London; Imperial College London
RP Blackmond, DG (corresponding author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem, London SW7 2AZ, England.
EM d.blackmond@imperial.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 352
Z9 383
U1 2
U2 211
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 621
EP 623
DI 10.1038/nature04780
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800044
PM 16738656
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Arcizet, O
   Cohadon, PF
   Briant, T
   Pinard, M
   Heidmann, A
AF Arcizet, O.
   Cohadon, P. -F.
   Briant, T.
   Pinard, M.
   Heidmann, A.
TI Radiation-pressure cooling and optomechanical instability of a micromirror
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum; cavity; mirror; noise
AB Recent table-top optical interferometry experiments(1,2) and advances in gravitational-wave detectors(3) have demonstrated the capability of optical interferometry to detect displacements with high sensitivity. Operation at higher powers will be crucial for further sensitivity enhancement, but dynamical effects caused by radiation pressure on the interferometer mirrors must be taken into account, and the appearance of optomechanical instabilities may jeopardize the stable operation of the next generation of interferometers(4-6). These instabilities(7,8) are the result of a nonlinear coupling between the motion of the mirrors and the optical field, which modifies the effective dynamics of the mirror. Such 'optical spring' effects have already been demonstrated for the mechanical damping of an electromagnetic waveguide with a moving wall(9), the resonance frequency of a specially designed flexure oscillator(10), and the optomechanical instability of a silica microtoroidal resonator(11). Here we present an experiment where amicromechanical resonator is used as a mirror in a very high-finesse optical cavity, and its displacements are monitored with unprecedented sensitivity. By detuning the laser frequency with respect to the cavity resonance, we have observed a drastic cooling of the microresonator by intracavity radiation pressure, down to an effective temperature of 10 kelvin. For opposite detuning, efficient heating is observed, as well as a radiation-pressure-induced instability of the resonator. Further experimental progress and cryogenic operation may lead to the experimental observation of the quantum ground state of a micromechanical resonator(12-14), either by passive(15) or active cooling techniques(16-18).
C1 Univ Paris 06, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
C3 Universite PSL; College de France; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite
RP Cohadon, PF (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, Lab Kastler Brossel, Case 74,4 Pl Jussieu, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
EM cohadon@spectro.jussieu.fr
NR 26
TC 814
Z9 913
U1 4
U2 177
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 71
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature05244
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500046
PM 17080085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stankovich, S
   Dikin, DA
   Dommett, GHB
   Kohlhaas, KM
   Zimney, EJ
   Stach, EA
   Piner, RD
   Nguyen, ST
   Ruoff, RS
AF Stankovich, Sasha
   Dikin, Dmitriy A.
   Dommett, Geoffrey H. B.
   Kohlhaas, Kevin M.
   Zimney, Eric J.
   Stach, Eric A.
   Piner, Richard D.
   Nguyen, SonBinh T.
   Ruoff, Rodney S.
TI Graphene-based composite materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-film particles; graphite oxide; electrical applications; carbon nanotubes; nanoplatelets; polymers; gas
AB Graphene sheets - one- atom-thick two-dimensional layers of sp(2)-bonded carbon - are predicted to have a range of unusual properties. Their thermal conductivity and mechanical stiffness may rival the remarkable in-plane values for graphite (similar to 3,000 W m(-1) K-1 and 1,060 GPa, respectively); their fracture strength should be comparable to that of carbon nanotubes for similar types of defects(1-3); and recent studies have shown that individual graphene sheets have extraordinary electronic transport properties(4-8). One possible route to harnessing these properties for applications would be to incorporate graphene sheets in a composite material. The manufacturing of such composites requires not only that graphene sheets be produced on a sufficient scale but that they also be incorporated, and homogeneously distributed, into various matrices. Graphite, inexpensive and available in large quantity, unfortunately does not readily exfoliate to yield individual graphene sheets. Here we present a general approach for the preparation of graphene-polymer composites via complete exfoliation of graphite(9) and molecular-level dispersion of individual, chemically modified graphene sheets within polymer hosts. A polystyrene - graphene composite formed by this route exhibits a percolation threshold(10) of similar to 0.1 volume per cent for room-temperature electrical conductivity, the lowest reported value for any carbon-based composite except for those involving carbon nanotubes(11); at only 1 volume per cent, this composite has a conductivity of similar to 0.1 S m(-1), sufficient for many electrical applications(12). Our bottom-up chemical approach of tuning the graphene sheet properties provides a path to a broad new class of graphene-based materials and their use in a variety of applications.
C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Sch Mat Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Birck Nanotechnol Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 Northwestern University; Northwestern University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Nguyen, ST (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mech Engn, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
EM stn@northwestern.edu; r-ruoff@northwestern.edu
NR 30
TC 11768
Z9 13187
U1 71
U2 12567
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 282
EP 286
DI 10.1038/nature04969
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100034
PM 16855586
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meschke, M
   Guichard, W
   Pekola, JP
AF Meschke, Matthias
   Guichard, Wiebke
   Pekola, Jukka P.
TI Single-mode heat conduction by photons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal conductance; quantum; transport; statistics
AB The thermal conductance of a single channel is limited by its unique quantum value G(Q), as was shown theoretically(1) in 1983. This result closely resembles the well-known quantization of electrical conductance in ballistic one-imensional conductors(2,3). Interestingly, all particles - irrespective of whether they are bosons or fermions - have the same quantized thermal conductance(4,5) when they are confined within dimensions that are small compared to their characteristic wavelength. The single-mode heat conductance is particularly relevant in nanostructures. Quantized heat transport through submicrometre dielectric wires by phonons has been observed(6), and it has been predicted to influence cooling of electrons in metals at very low temperatures due to electromagnetic radiation(7). Here we report experimental results showing that at low temperatures heat is transferred by photon radiation, when electron - phonon(8) as well as normal electronic heat conduction is frozen out. We study heat exchange between two small pieces of normal metal, connected to each other only via superconducting leads, which are ideal insulators against conventional thermal conduction. Each superconducting lead is interrupted by a switch of electromagnetic ( photon) radiation in the form of a DC-SQUID ( a superconducting loop with two Josephson tunnel junctions). We find that the thermal conductance between the two metal islands mediated by photons indeed approaches the expected quantum limit of GQ at low temperatures. Our observation has practical implications - for example, for the performance and design of ultra-sensitive bolometers ( detectors of far-infrared light) and electronic micro-refrigerators(9), whose operation is largely dependent on weak thermal coupling between the device and its environment.
C1 Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, Helsinki 02015, Finland.
   Univ Grenoble 1, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
   LCMI CNRS, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Aalto University; Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Pekola, JP (corresponding author), Helsinki Univ Technol, Low Temp Lab, POB 3500, Helsinki 02015, Finland.
EM jukka.pekola@tkk.fi
NR 20
TC 244
Z9 277
U1 2
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 187
EP 190
DI 10.1038/nature05276
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200036
PM 17093446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohtsuki, H
   Hauert, C
   Lieberman, E
   Nowak, MA
AF Ohtsuki, Hisashi
   Hauert, Christoph
   Lieberman, Erez
   Nowak, Martin A.
TI A simple rule for the evolution of cooperation on graphs and social networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID finite populations; altruism; dynamics; game; stability; emergence
AB A fundamental aspect of all biological systems is cooperation. Cooperative interactions are required for many levels of biological organization ranging from single cells to groups of animals(1-4). Human society is based to a large extent on mechanisms that promote cooperation(5-7). It is well known that in unstructured populations, natural selection favours defectors over cooperators. There is much current interest, however, in studying evolutionary games in structured populations and on graphs(8-17). These efforts recognize the fact that who-meets-whom is not random, but determined by spatial relationships or social networks(18-24). Here we describe a surprisingly simple rule that is a good approximation for all graphs that we have analysed, including cycles, spatial lattices, random regular graphs, random graphs and scale-free networks(25,26): natural selection favours cooperation, if the benefit of the altruistic act, b, divided by the cost, c, exceeds the average number of neighbours, k, which means b/c > k. In this case, cooperation can evolve as a consequence of 'social viscosity' even in the absence of reputation effects or strategic complexity.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Math, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Biol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Appl Math, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Kyushu University; Harvard University
RP Nowak, MA (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Math, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Program Evolutionary Dynam, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM martin_nowak@harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM078986] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1693
Z9 1882
U1 8
U2 612
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 502
EP 505
DI 10.1038/nature04605
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900048
PM 16724065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shi, N
   Ye, S
   Alam, A
   Chen, LP
   Jiang, YX
AF Shi, N
   Ye, S
   Alam, A
   Chen, LP
   Jiang, YX
TI Atomic structure of a Na+- and K+-conducting channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gmp-activated channel; potassium channels; divalent-cations; excised patches; ion channels; selectivity; permeation; blockage
AB Ion selectivity is one of the basic properties that define an ion channel. Most tetrameric cation channels, which include the K+, Ca2+, Na+ and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, probably share a similar overall architecture in their ion-conduction pore, but the structural details that determine ion selection are different. Although K+ channel selectivity has been well studied from a structural perspective(1,2), little is known about the structure of other cation channels. Here we present crystal structures of the NaK channel from Bacillus cereus, a non-selective tetrameric cation channel, in its Na+- and K+-bound states at 2.4 angstrom and 2.8 angstrom resolution, respectively. The NaK channel shares high sequence homology and a similar overall structure with the bacterial KcsA K+ channel, but its selectivity filter adopts a different architecture. Unlike a K+ channel selectivity filter, which contains four equivalent K+-binding sites, the selectivity filter of the NaK channel preserves the two cation-binding sites equivalent to sites 3 and 4 of a K+ channel, whereas the region corresponding to sites 1 and 2 of a K+ channel becomes a vestibule in which ions can diffuse but not bind specifically. Functional analysis using an Rb-86 flux assay shows that the NaK channel can conduct both Na+ and K+ ions. We conclude that the sequence of the NaK selectivity filter resembles that of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel and its structure may represent that of a cyclic nucleotide-gated channel pore.
C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Jiang, YX (corresponding author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Dallas, TX 75390 USA.
EM youxing.jiang@utsouthwestern.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM079179] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 207
Z9 239
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 570
EP 574
DI 10.1038/nature04508
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100064
PM 16467789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gentner, TQ
   Fenn, KM
   Margoliash, D
   Nusbaum, HC
AF Gentner, TQ
   Fenn, KM
   Margoliash, D
   Nusbaum, HC
TI Recursive syntactic pattern learning by songbirds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID european starlings; language; faculty
AB Humans regularly produce new utterances that are understood by other members of the same language community(1). Linguistic theories account for this ability through the use of syntactic rules (or generative grammars) that describe the acceptable structure of utterances(2). The recursive, hierarchical embedding of language units (for example, words or phrases within shorter sentences) that is part of the ability to construct new utterances minimally requires a 'context-free' grammar(2,3) that is more complex than the 'finite-state' grammars thought sufficient to specify the structure of all non-human communication signals. Recent hypotheses make the central claim that the capacity for syntactic recursion forms the computational core of a uniquely human language faculty(4,5). Here we show that European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) accurately recognize acoustic patterns defined by a recursive, self-embedding, context-free grammar. They are also able to classify new patterns defined by the grammar and reliably exclude agrammatical patterns. Thus, the capacity to classify sequences from recursive, centre-embedded grammars is not uniquely human. This finding opens a new range of complex syntactic processing mechanisms to physiological investigation.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Psychol, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Gentner, TQ (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Psychol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
EM tgentner@ucsd.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [F32 DC000389] Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 416
Z9 470
U1 0
U2 91
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1204
EP 1207
DI 10.1038/nature04675
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000048
PM 16641998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rooney, N
   McCann, K
   Gellner, G
   Moore, JC
AF Rooney, Neil
   McCann, Kevin
   Gellner, Gabriel
   Moore, John C.
TI Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trophic interactions; real; dynamics; predator; compartmentation
AB Untangling the influence of human activities on food-web stability and persistence is complex given the large numbers of species and overwhelming number of interactions within ecosystems. Although biodiversity has been associated with stability, the actual structures and processes that confer stability to diverse food webs remain largely unknown. Here we show that real food webs are structured such that top predators act as couplers of distinct energy channels that differ in both productivity and turnover rate. Our theoretical analysis shows that coupled fast and slow channels convey both local and non-local stability to food webs. Alarmingly, the same human actions that have been implicated in the loss of biodiversity also directly erode the very structures and processes that we show to confer stability on food webs.
C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   Univ No Colorado, Sch Biol Sci, Greeley, CO 80639 USA.
C3 University of Guelph; University of Northern Colorado
RP Rooney, N (corresponding author), Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
EM nrooney@uoguelph.ca
NR 41
TC 763
Z9 904
U1 10
U2 387
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 265
EP 269
DI 10.1038/nature04887
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100030
PM 16855582
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt, D
   Jiang, QX
   MacKinnon, R
AF Schmidt, Daniel
   Jiang, Qiu-Xing
   MacKinnon, Roderick
TI Phospholipids and the origin of cationic gating charges in voltage sensors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent k+ channel; crystal-structure; activation; membrane
AB Cells communicate with their external environment through physical and chemical processes that take place in the cell-surrounding membrane. The membrane serves as a barrier as well as a special environment in which membrane proteins are able to carry out important processes. Certain membrane proteins have the ability to detect the membrane voltage and regulate ion conduction or enzyme activity(1,2). Such voltage-dependent processes rely on the action of protein domains known as voltage sensors, which are embedded inside the cell membrane and contain an excess of positively charged amino acids, which react to an electric field. How does the membrane create an environment suitable for voltage sensors? Here we show under a variety of conditions that the function of a voltage-dependent K+ channel is dependent on the negatively charged phosphodiester of phospholipid molecules. A non-voltage-dependent K+ channel does not exhibit the same dependence. The data lead us to propose that the phospholipid membrane, by providing stabilizing interactions between positively charged voltage-sensor arginine residues and negatively charged lipid phosphodiester groups, provides an appropriate environment for the energetic stability and operation of the voltage-sensing machinery. We suggest that the usage of arginine residues in voltage sensors is an adaptation to the phospholipid composition of cell membranes.
C1 Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP MacKinnon, R (corresponding author), Rockefeller Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Lab Mol Neurobiol & Biophys, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM mackinn@rockefeller.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM043949] Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 352
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 775
EP 779
DI 10.1038/nature05416
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100064
PM 17136096
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, JM
   Raymond, J
   Fabian, A
   Steeghs, D
   Homan, J
   Reynolds, C
   van der Klis, M
   Wijnands, R
AF Miller, Jon M.
   Raymond, John
   Fabian, Andy
   Steeghs, Danny
   Homan, Jeroen
   Reynolds, Chris
   van der Klis, Michiel
   Wijnands, Rudy
TI The magnetic nature of disk accretion onto black holes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID driven; winds; mass; simulations; instability; line
AB Although disk accretion onto compact objects - white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes - is central to much of high-energy astrophysics, the mechanisms that enable this process have remained observationally difficult to determine. Accretion disks must transfer angular momentum in order for matter to travel radially inward onto the compact object(1). Internal viscosity from magnetic processes(1-4) and disk winds(5) can both in principle transfer angular momentum, but hitherto we lacked evidence that either occurs. Here we report that an X-ray-absorbing wind discovered in an observation of the stellar-mass black hole binary GRO J1655-40 ( ref. 6) must be powered by a magnetic process that can also drive accretion through the disk. Detailed spectral analysis and modelling of the wind shows that it can only be powered by pressure generated by magnetic viscosity internal to the disk or magnetocentrifugal forces. This result demonstrates that disk accretion onto black holes is a fundamentally magnetic process.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Inst Astron, Cambridge CB3 0HA, England.
   MIT, Kavli Inst Astrophys & Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of Cambridge; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; University of Amsterdam
RP Miller, JM (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Astron, 500 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM jonmm@umich.edu
NR 28
TC 244
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 953
EP 955
DI 10.1038/nature04912
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300035
PM 16791188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seneviratne, SI
   Lüthi, D
   Litschi, M
   Schär, C
AF Seneviratne, Sonia I.
   Luethi, Daniel
   Litschi, Michael
   Schaer, Christoph
TI Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID soil-moisture; temperature variability; change scenarios; model; precipitation; trends; predictability; feedback
AB Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to enhance the interannual variability of summer climate in Europe(1-3) and other mid-latitude regions(4,5), potentially causing more frequent heatwaves(1,3,5,6). Climate models consistently predict an increase in the variability of summer temperatures in these areas, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this increase remain uncertain. Here we explore these mechanisms using regional simulations of recent and future climatic conditions with and without land - atmosphere interactions. Our results indicate that the increase in summer temperature variability predicted in central and eastern Europe is mainly due to feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere. Furthermore, they suggest that land - atmosphere interactions increase climate variability in this region because climatic regimes in Europe shift northwards in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, creating a new transitional climate zone with strong land - atmosphere coupling in central and eastern Europe. These findings emphasize the importance of soil- moisture - temperature feedbacks ( in addition to soil- moisture - precipitation feedbacks(7-10)) in influencing summer climate variability and the potential migration of climate zones with strong land - atmosphere coupling(7,11) as a consequence of global warming. This highlights the crucial role of land atmosphere interactions in future climate change.
C1 ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Seneviratne, SI (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Atmospher & Climate Sci, Univ Str 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM sonia.seneviratne@env.ethz.ch
NR 31
TC 1368
Z9 1530
U1 20
U2 521
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 205
EP 209
DI 10.1038/nature05095
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000045
PM 16971947
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watters, TR
   Leuschen, CJ
   Plaut, JJ
   Picardi, G
   Safaeinili, A
   Clifford, SM
   Farrell, WM
   Ivanov, AB
   Phillips, RJ
   Stofan, ER
AF Watters, Thomas R.
   Leuschen, Carl J.
   Plaut, Jeffrey J.
   Picardi, Giovanni
   Safaeinili, Ali
   Clifford, Stephen M.
   Farrell, William M.
   Ivanov, Anton B.
   Phillips, Roger J.
   Stofan, Ellen R.
TI MARSIS radar sounder evidence of buried basins in the northern lowlands of Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crustal dichotomy; giant impact; mantle; origin
AB A hemispheric dichotomy on Mars is marked by the sharp contrast between the sparsely cratered northern lowland plains and the heavily cratered southern highlands. Mechanisms proposed to remove ancient crust or form younger lowland crust include one or more giant impacts, subcrustal transport by mantle convection, the generation of thinner crust by plate tectonics, and mantle overturn following solidification of an early magma ocean(1-7). The age of the northern lowland crust is a significant constraint on these models. The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) instrument on the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft is providing new constraints on the martian subsurface(8). Here we show evidence of buried impact basins ranging in diameter from about 130 km to 470 km found over 14 per cent of the northern lowlands. The number of detected buried basins >200 km in diameter indicates that the lowland crust is ancient, dating back to the Early Noachian epoch. This crater density is a lower limit because of the likelihood that not all buried basins in the area surveyed by MARSIS have been detected. An Early Noachian age for the lowland crust has been previously suggested on the basis of a large number of quasi-circular topographic depressions interpreted to be evidence of buried basins(9-11). Only a few of these depressions in the area surveyed by MARSIS, however, correlate with the detected subsurface echoes. On the basis of the MARSIS data, we conclude that the northern lowland crust is at least as old as the oldest exposed highland crust. This suggests that the crustal dichotomy formed early in the geologic evolution of Mars.
C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Ctr Remote Sensing Ice Sheets, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA.
   CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ Roma La Sapienza, Infocom Dept, I-00184 Rome, Italy.
   Lunar & Planetary Inst, Houston, TX 77058 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
   Proxemy Res, Laytonville, MD 20882 USA.
C3 Smithsonian Institution; University of Kansas; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Sapienza University Rome; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Watters, TR (corresponding author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Air & Space Museum, Ctr Earth & Planetary Studies, Washington, DC 20560 USA.
EM watterst@si.edu
NR 22
TC 48
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 905
EP 908
DI 10.1038/nature05356
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400050
PM 17167480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghosh, A
   Praefcke, GJK
   Renault, L
   Wittinghofer, A
   Herrmann, C
AF Ghosh, A
   Praefcke, GJK
   Renault, L
   Wittinghofer, A
   Herrmann, C
TI How guanylate-binding proteins achieve assembly-stimulated processive cleavage of GTP to GMP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-binding; crystal-structure; mediated endocytosis; domain; dynamin; identification; inhibition; hydrolysis; activation; receptor
AB Interferons are immunomodulatory cytokines that mediate antipathogenic and anti-proliferative effects in cells(1). Interferon-gamma-inducible human guanylate binding protein 1 ( hGBP1) belongs to the family of dynamin-related large GTP-binding proteins(2), which share biochemical properties not found in other families of GTP-binding proteins such as nucleotide-dependent oligomerization and fast cooperative GTPase activity(3). hGBP1 has an additional property by which it hydrolyses GTP to GMP in two consecutive cleavage reactions(4,5). Here we show that the isolated aminoterminal G domain of hGBP1 retains the main enzymatic properties of the full-length protein and can cleave GDP directly. Crystal structures of the N-terminal G domain trapped at successive steps along the reaction pathway and biochemical data reveal the molecular basis for nucleotide-dependent homodimerization and cleavage of GTP. Similar to effector binding in other GTP-binding proteins, homodimerization is regulated by structural changes in the switch regions. Homodimerization generates a conformation in which an arginine finger and a serine are oriented for efficient catalysis. Positioning of the substrate for the second hydrolysis step is achieved by a change in nucleotide conformation at the ribose that keeps the guanine base interactions intact and positions the beta-phosphates in the gamma-phosphate-binding site.
C1 Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, CNRS, UPR 9063, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, Abt Strukturelle Biol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Max Planck Society
RP Wittinghofer, A (corresponding author), Lab Enzymol & Biochim Struct, CNRS, UPR 9063, Ave Terrasse, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM alfred.wittinghofer@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 175
Z9 201
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 101
EP 104
DI 10.1038/nature04510
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700048
PM 16511497
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Einwögerer, T
   Friesinger, H
   Händel, M
   Neugebauer-Maresch, C
   Simon, U
   Teschler-Nicola, M
AF Einwoegerer, Thomas
   Friesinger, Herwig
   Haendel, Marc
   Neugebauer-Maresch, Christine
   Simon, Ulrich
   Teschler-Nicola, Maria
TI Upper Palaeolithic infant burials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Austrian Acad Sci, Prehist Commiss, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
   Nat Hist Museum Vienna, Dept Anthropol, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
C3 Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Einwögerer, T (corresponding author), Austrian Acad Sci, Prehist Commiss, A-1010 Vienna, Austria.
EM christine.neugebauer-maresch@oeaw.ac
NR 7
TC 99
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 285
EP 285
DI 10.1038/444285a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300029
PM 17108949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gehrels, N
   Norris, JP
   Barthelmy, SD
   Granot, J
   Kaneko, Y
   Kouveliotou, C
   Markwardt, CB
   Mészáros, P
   Nakar, E
   Nousek, JA
   O'Brien, PT
   Page, M
   Palmer, DM
   Parsons, AM
   Roming, PWA
   Sakamoto, T
   Sarazin, CL
   Schady, P
   Stamatikos, M
   Woosley, SE
AF Gehrels, N.
   Norris, J. P.
   Barthelmy, S. D.
   Granot, J.
   Kaneko, Y.
   Kouveliotou, C.
   Markwardt, C. B.
   Meszaros, P.
   Nakar, E.
   Nousek, J. A.
   O'Brien, P. T.
   Page, M.
   Palmer, D. M.
   Parsons, A. M.
   Roming, P. W. A.
   Sakamoto, T.
   Sarazin, C. L.
   Schady, P.
   Stamatikos, M.
   Woosley, S. E.
TI A new γ-ray burst classification scheme from GRB 060614
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host galaxy; grb-050709; afterglow
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are known to come in two duration classes(1), separated at similar to 2 s. Long-duration bursts originate from star-forming regions in galaxies(2), have accompanying supernovae when these are near enough to observe and are probably caused by massive-star collapsars(3). Recent observations(4-10) show that short-duration bursts originate in regions within their host galaxies that have lower star-formation rates, consistent with binary neutron star or neutron star - black hole mergers(11,12). Moreover, although their hosts are predominantly nearby galaxies, no supernovae have been so far associated with short-duration GRBs. Here we report that the bright, nearby GRB 060614 does not fit into either class. Its similar to 102-s duration groups it with long-duration GRBs, while its temporal lag and peak luminosity fall entirely within the short-duration GRB subclass. Moreover, very deep optical observations exclude an accompanying supernova(13-15), similar to short-duration GRBs. This combination of a long-duration event without an accompanying supernova poses a challenge to both the collapsar and the merging-neutron-star interpretations and opens the door to a new GRB classification scheme that straddles both long- and short-duration bursts.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Stanford Univ, KIPAC, Stanford, CA 94309 USA.
   NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, NSSTC, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   NSSTC, USRA, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA.
   Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England.
   UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England.
   Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Oak Ridge Associated Univ, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Dept Astron, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Stanford University; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; California Institute of Technology; University of Leicester; University of London; University College London; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; University of Virginia; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Gehrels, N (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM gehrels@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 27
TC 512
Z9 559
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1044
EP 1046
DI 10.1038/nature05376
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100048
PM 17183315
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, KW
   Liu, ZJ
   Huang, LQ
   Li, LQ
   Chen, LJ
   Tang, GD
AF Liu, Ke-Wei
   Liu, Zhong-Jian
   Huang, LaiQiang
   Li, Li-Qiang
   Chen, Li-Jun
   Tang, Guang-Da
TI Pollination: Self-fertilization strategy in an orchid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reproductive assurance; evolution; plants; systems
AB Mating in flowering plants normally relies on animals, wind, gravity or secretion to convey pollen grains from the male (anther) to the female (stigma) organ. Here we describe a new type of self-pollination mechanism in the tree-living orchid Holcoglossum amesianum, in which the bisexual flower turns its anther against gravity through 360-degrees in order to insert pollen into its own stigma cavity - without the aid of any pollinating agent or medium. This mode of self-pollination, which occurs under windless, drought conditions when insects are scarce, adds to the variety of mechanisms that have evolved in angiosperms to ensure their reproductive success.
C1 Tsing Hua Univ, Grad Sch Shenzhen, Ctr Biotechnol & Biomed, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China.
   Univ Sci & Technol China, Sch Life Sci, Hefei 230027, Peoples R China.
   Natl Orchid Conservat Ctr, Shenzhen 518114, Peoples R China.
   S China Agr Univ, Coll Forestry, Guangzhou 510642, Peoples R China.
C3 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School; Tsinghua University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; South China Agricultural University
RP Huang, LQ (corresponding author), Tsing Hua Univ, Grad Sch Shenzhen, Ctr Biotechnol & Biomed, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China.
EM huanglq@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn
NR 11
TC 75
Z9 92
U1 9
U2 132
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 945
EP 946
DI 10.1038/441945a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300029
PM 16791185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, MA
   Tyznik, AJ
   Bevan, MJ
AF Williams, Matthew A.
   Tyznik, Aaron J.
   Bevan, Michael J.
TI Interleukin-2 signals during priming are required for secondary expansion of CD8+ memory T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; cd8-t-cell memory; immune-responses; cd4-t-cell help; acute infection; il-2; mice; expression; effector; gene
AB Although interleukin-2 (IL-2) was initially characterized as the primary T-cell growth factor following in vitro activation(1), less is known about its role in shaping T-cell responses to acute infections in vivo. The use of IL-2- or IL-2- receptor-deficient mice is problematic owing to their early development of autoimmunity(2-5), attributable to the central role of IL-2 in the generation, maintenance and function of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells(6-9). To bypass these inherent difficulties, we have studied the effect of IL-2 on T-cell responses to acute infections by adopting a mixed chimaera strategy in which T cells lacking the high-affinity IL-2 receptor could be studied in an otherwise healthy mouse containing a full complement of regulatory T cells. Here we show that although IL-2 signalling to pathogen-specific CD8(+) T cells affects the number of developing effector and memory cells very little, it is required for the generation of robust secondary responses. This is not due to an altered T-cell-receptor repertoire development or selection, and does not reflect an acute requirement for IL-2 during secondary activation and expansion. Rather, we demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for IL-2 during primary infection in programming the development of CD8(+) memory T cells capable of full secondary expansion. These results have important implications for the development of vaccination or immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at boosting memory T-cell function.
C1 Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Univ Washington, Dept Immunol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Bevan, MJ (corresponding author), Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
EM mbevan@u.washington.edu
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI019335] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 639
Z9 842
U1 2
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 890
EP 893
DI 10.1038/nature04790
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100046
PM 16778891
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, L
   Ye, KQ
AF Li, Ling
   Ye, Keqiong
TI Crystal structure of an H/ACA box ribonucleoprotein particle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small nucleolar rnas; ribosomal-rna; pseudouridine synthase; dyskeratosis-congenita; snornas; complex; protein; telomerase; nhp2p; cbf5p
AB H/ACA ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) are a family of RNA pseudouridine synthases that specify modification sites through guide RNAs. They also participate in eukaryotic ribosomal RNA processing and are a component of vertebrate telomerases. Here we report the crystal structure, at 2.3 angstrom resolution, of an entire archaeal H/ACA RNP consisting of proteins Cbf5, Nop10, Gar1 and L7ae, and a single-hairpin H/ACA RNA, revealing a modular organization of the complex. The RNA upper stem is bound to a composite surface formed by L7ae, Nop10 and Cbf5, and the RNA lower stem and ACA signature motif are bound to the PUA domain of Cbf5, thereby positioning middle guide sequences so that they are primed to pair with substrate RNA. Furthermore, Gar1 may regulate substrate loading and release. The structure rationalizes the consensus structure of H/ACA RNAs, suggests a functional role of each protein, and provides a framework for understanding the mechanism of RNA-guided pseudouridylation, as well as various cellular functions of H/ACA RNP.
C1 Natl Inst Biol Sci, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China.
C3 National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing
RP Ye, KQ (corresponding author), Natl Inst Biol Sci, 7 Sci Pk Rd,Zhongguancun Life Sci Pk, Beijing 102206, Peoples R China.
EM yekeqiong@nibs.ac.cn
NR 34
TC 186
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 302
EP 307
DI 10.1038/nature05151
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000038
PM 16943774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alemseged, Z
   Spoor, F
   Kimbel, WH
   Bobe, R
   Geraads, D
   Reed, D
   Wynn, JG
AF Alemseged, Zeresenay
   Spoor, Fred
   Kimbel, William H.
   Bobe, Rene
   Geraads, Denis
   Reed, Denne
   Wynn, Jonathan G.
TI A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hadar formation; australopithecus-anamensis; 1974-1977 collections; evolution; morphology; afarensis; primates; remains; context; walking
AB Understanding changes in ontogenetic development is central to the study of human evolution. With the exception of Neanderthals, the growth patterns of fossil hominins have not been studied comprehensively because the fossil record currently lacks specimens that document both cranial and postcranial development at young ontogenetic stages. Here we describe a well-preserved 3.3-million-year-old juvenile partial skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis discovered in the Dikika research area of Ethiopia. The skull of the approximately three-year-old presumed female shows that most features diagnostic of the species are evident even at this early stage of development. The find includes many previously unknown skeletal elements from the Pliocene hominin record, including a hyoid bone that has a typical African ape morphology. The foot and other evidence from the lower limb provide clear evidence for bipedal locomotion, but the gorilla-like scapula and long and curved manual phalanges raise new questions about the importance of arboreal behaviour in the A. afarensis locomotor repertoire.
C1 Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   UCL, Dept Anat & Dev Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Arizona State Univ, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Inst Human Origins, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Anthropol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   CNRS, UPR 2147, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Texas, Dept Anthropol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Geog & Geosci, St Andrews KY16 9AL, Fife, Scotland.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of London; University College London; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of St Andrews
RP Alemseged, Z (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, Deutsch Pl 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
EM zeray@eva.mpg.de
NR 37
TC 283
Z9 356
U1 2
U2 93
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 296
EP 301
DI 10.1038/nature05047
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000037
PM 16988704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gupta, A
   Gartner, JJ
   Sethupathy, P
   Hatzigeorgiou, AG
   Fraser, NW
AF Gupta, A.
   Gartner, J. J.
   Sethupathy, P.
   Hatzigeorgiou, A. G.
   Fraser, N. W.
TI RETRACTED: Anti-apoptotic function of a microRNA encoded by the HSV-1 latency-associated transcript (Retracted Article. See vol 451, pg 600, 2008)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID simplex-virus type-1
AB MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that regulate the stability or the translational efficiency of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs)(1,2). The latency-associated transcript (LAT) of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is the only viral gene expressed during latent infection in neurons(3). LAT inhibits apoptosis and maintains latency by promoting the survival of infected neurons(4). No protein product has been attributed to the LAT gene and the mechanism by which LAT protects cells from apoptosis is not yet known. Here we show that a miRNA encoded by the HSV-1 LAT gene confers resistance to apoptosis. Neuroblastoma cells transfected with a fragment of the LAT gene show reduced susceptibility to cell death. The anti-apoptotic function of LAT has been mapped to a region within the first exon(5,6). We have identified and characterized a microRNA (miR-LAT) generated from the exon 1 region of the HSV-1 LAT gene. The LAT miRNA was found to accumulate in cells transiently transfected with the LAT gene fragment or infected with a wild-type strain of HSV-1. A mutant virus in which a 372-nucleotide fragment encompassing the mature miRNA was deleted neither protected the infected cells from apoptosis nor generated an miRNA. miR-LAT exerts its antiapoptotic effect by downregulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and SMAD3 expression, both of which are functionally linked in the TGF-beta pathway. Our results suggest that the miRNA encoded by the HSV-1 LAT gene regulates the induction of apoptosis in infected cells by modulation of TGF-beta signalling and thus contributes to the persistence of HSV in a latent form in sensory neurons.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Penn Ctr Bioinformat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania
RP Fraser, NW (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM nwfraser@mail.med.upenn.edu
NR 22
TC 214
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 82
EP 85
DI 10.1038/nature04836
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500041
PM 16738545
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brinkhuis, H
   Schouten, S
   Collinson, ME
   Sluijs, A
   Damsté, JSS
   Dickens, GR
   Huber, M
   Cronin, TM
   Onodera, J
   Takahashi, K
   Bujak, JP
   Stein, R
   van der Burgh, J
   Eldrett, JS
   Harding, IC
   Lotter, AF
   Sangiorgi, F
   Cittert, HVV
   de Leeuw, JW
   Matthiessen, J
   Backman, J
   Moran, K
AF Brinkhuis, Henk
   Schouten, Stefan
   Collinson, Margaret E.
   Sluijs, Appy
   Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe
   Dickens, Gerald R.
   Huber, Matthew
   Cronin, Thomas M.
   Onodera, Jonaotaro
   Takahashi, Kozo
   Bujak, Jonathan P.
   Stein, Ruediger
   van der Burgh, Johan
   Eldrett, James S.
   Harding, Ian C.
   Lotter, Andre F.
   Sangiorgi, Francesca
   van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Han
   de Leeuw, Jan W.
   Matthiessen, Jens
   Backman, Jan
   Moran, Kathryn
TI Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon-dioxide; crenarchaeotal membrane-lipids; climate; temperature; circulation; sediments; isotope; proxy
AB It has been suggested, on the basis of modern hydrology and fully coupled palaeoclimate simulations, that the warm greenhouse conditions(1) that characterized the early Palaeogene period (55-45 Myr ago) probably induced an intensified hydrological cycle(2) with precipitation exceeding evaporation at high latitudes(3). Little field evidence, however, has been available to constrain oceanic conditions in the Arctic during this period. Here we analyse Palaeogene sediments obtained during the Arctic Coring Expedition, showing that large quantities of the free-floating fern Azolla grew and reproduced in the Arctic Ocean by the onset of the middle Eocene epoch (similar to 50 Myr ago). The Azolla and accompanying abundant freshwater organic and siliceous microfossils indicate an episodic freshening of Arctic surface waters during an similar to 800,000-year interval. The abundant remains of Azolla that characterize basal middle Eocene marine deposits of all Nordic seas(4-7) probably represent transported assemblages resulting from freshwater spills from the Arctic Ocean that reached as far south as the North Sea(8). The termination of the Azolla phase in the Arctic coincides with a local sea surface temperature rise from similar to 10 degrees C to 13 degrees C, pointing to simultaneous increases in salt and heat supply owing to the influx of waters from adjacent oceans. We suggest that onset and termination of the Azolla phase depended on the degree of oceanic exchange between Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, Inst Environm Biol, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res NIOZ, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Univ London, Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Geol, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Earth Sci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA.
   US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Bujak Res Inst, Blackpool FY3 8NE, England.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Shell UK Explorat & Prod Ltd, Aberdeen AB12 3FY, Scotland.
   Univ Southampton, Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.
   Natl Museum Nat Hist, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol & Geochem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); University of London; Royal Holloway University London; Utrecht University; Rice University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Kyushu University; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Royal Dutch Shell; NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton; Stockholm University; University of Rhode Island
RP Brinkhuis, H (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, Inst Environm Biol, Budapestlaan 4, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM H.Brinkhuis@bio.uu.nl
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 263
Z9 308
U1 1
U2 88
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 606
EP 609
DI 10.1038/nature04692
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800040
PM 16752440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kleckner, D
   Bouwmeester, D
AF Kleckner, Dustin
   Bouwmeester, Dirk
TI Sub-kelvin optical cooling of a micromechanical resonator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum; decoherence
AB Micromechanical resonators, when cooled down to near their ground state, can be used to explore quantum effects such as superposition and entanglement at a macroscopic scale(1-3). Previously, it has been proposed to use electronic feedback to cool a high frequency ( 10 MHz) resonator to near its ground state(4). In other work, a low frequency resonator was cooled from room temperature to 18 K by passive optical feedback(5). Additionally, active optical feedback of atomic force microscope cantilevers has been used to modify their response characteristics(6), and cooling to approximately 2 K has been measured(7). Here we demonstrate active optical feedback cooling to 135 +/- 15 mK of a micromechanical resonator integrated with a high-quality optical resonator. Additionally, we show that the scheme should be applicable at cryogenic base temperatures, allowing cooling to near the ground state that is required for quantum experiments - near 100 nK for a kHz oscillator.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Kleckner, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM dkleckner@physics.ucsb.edu
NR 18
TC 578
Z9 647
U1 2
U2 81
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 75
EP 78
DI 10.1038/nature05231
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500047
PM 17080086
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marris, E
AF Marris, Emma
TI Mothers of invention?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 3
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 973
EP 973
DI 10.1038/442973a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000021
PM 16943814
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dyachok, O
   Isakov, Y
   Sågetorp, J
   Tengholm, A
AF Dyachok, O
   Isakov, Y
   Sågetorp, J
   Tengholm, A
TI Oscillations of cyclic AMP in hormone-stimulated insulin-secreting β-cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glucagon-like peptide-1; protein-kinase-a; pancreatic-islets; nucleotide phosphodiesterases; adenylyl cyclases; cytoplasmic ca2+; camp; glucose; exocytosis; receptors
AB Cyclic AMP is a ubiquitous second messenger that transduces signals from a variety of cell surface receptors to regulate diverse cellular functions, including secretion, metabolism and gene transcription. In pancreatic beta-cells, cAMP potentiates Ca2+-dependent exocytosis(1-3) and mediates the stimulation of insulin release exerted by the hormones glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (refs 4-6). Whereas Ca2+ signals have been extensively characterized and shown to involve oscillations important for the temporal control of insulin secretion(4,7,8), the kinetics of receptor-triggered cAMP signals is unknown. Here we introduce a new ratiometric evanescent-wave-microscopy approach to measure cAMP concentration beneath the plasma membrane, and show that insulin-secreting beta-cells respond to glucagon and GLP-1 with marked cAMP oscillations. Simultaneous measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration revealed that the two messengers are interlinked and reinforce each other. Moreover, cAMP oscillations are capable of inducing rapid on-off Ca2+ responses, but only sustained elevation of cAMP concentration induces nuclear translocation of the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Our results establish a new signalling mode for cAMP and indicate that temporal encoding of cAMP signals might constitute a basis for differential regulation of downstream cellular targets.
C1 Uppsala Univ, BMC, Dept Med Cell Biol, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Kiev T Shevchenko Natl Univ, Dept Biophys, UA-01033 Kiev, Ukraine.
C3 Uppsala University; Ministry of Education & Science of Ukraine; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
RP Tengholm, A (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, BMC, Dept Med Cell Biol, Box 571, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM anders.tengholm@medcellbiol.uu.se
NR 29
TC 216
Z9 265
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 349
EP 352
DI 10.1038/nature04410
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100048
PM 16421574
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JW
   Grindley, JC
   Yin, T
   Jayasinghe, S
   He, XC
   Ross, JT
   Haug, JS
   Rupp, D
   Porter-Westpfahl, KS
   Wiedemann, LM
   Wu, H
   Li, LH
AF Zhang, Jiwang
   Grindley, Justin C.
   Yin, Tong
   Jayasinghe, Sachintha
   He, Xi C.
   Ross, Jason T.
   Haug, Jeffrey S.
   Rupp, Dawn
   Porter-Westpfahl, Kimberly S.
   Wiedemann, Leanne M.
   Wu, Hong
   Li, Linheng
TI PTEN maintains haematopoietic stem cells and acts in lineage choice and leukaemia prevention
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone-marrow niche; self-renewal; progenitor cells; identification; gene; phosphorylation; differentiation; recruitment; quiescence; commitment
AB Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must achieve a balance between quiescence and activation that fulfils immediate demands for haematopoiesis without compromising long-term stem cell maintenance, yet little is known about the molecular events governing this balance(1-3). Phosphatase and tensin homologue ( PTEN) functions as a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)-Akt pathway, which has crucial roles in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration(4,5). Here we show that inactivation of PTEN in bone marrow HSCs causes their short-term expansion, but long-term decline, primarily owing to an enhanced level of HSC activation. PTEN-deficient HSCs engraft normally in recipient mice, but have an impaired ability to sustain haematopoietic reconstitution, reflecting the dysregulation of their cell cycle and decreased retention in the bone marrow niche. Mice with PTEN-mutant bone marrow also have an increased representation of myeloid and T-lymphoid lineages and develop myeloproliferative disorder (MPD)(6). Notably, the cell populations that expand in PTEN mutants match those that become dominant in the acute myeloid/lymphoid leukaemia that develops in the later stages of MPD. Thus, PTEN has essential roles in restricting the activation of HSCs, in lineage fate determination, and in the prevention of leukaemogenesis.
C1 Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Med, Dept Mol & Med Pharmacol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA.
C3 Stowers Institute for Medical Research; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of Kansas; University of Kansas Medical Center
RP Li, LH (corresponding author), Stowers Inst Med Res, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA.
EM lil@stowers-institute.org
NR 30
TC 670
Z9 814
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 518
EP 522
DI 10.1038/nature04747
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900052
PM 16633340
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brunini, A
AF Brunini, A
TI RETRACTED: Origin of the obliquities of the giant planets in mutual interactions in the early Solar System (Retracted Article. See vol 443, pg 1013, 2006)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID uranus great collision; angular-momentum; orbit; planetesimals; accretion; component; rotation
AB The origin of the spin-axis orientations (obliquities) of the giant planets is a fundamental issue because if the obliquities resulted from tangential collisions with primordial Earth-sized protoplanets, then they are related to the masses of the largest planetesimals out of which the planets form(1-7). A problem with this mechanism, however, is that the orbital planes of regular satellites would probably be uncorrelated with the obliquities, contrary to observations(6,7). Alternatively, they could have come from an external twist that affected the orientation of the Solar System plane(2); but in this model, the outer planets must have formed too rapidly, before the event that produced the twist(8). Moreover, the model cannot be quantitatively tested. Here I show that the present obliquities of the giant planets were probably achieved when Jupiter and Saturn crossed the 1:2 orbital resonance(9) during a specific migration process: different migration scenarios cannot account for the large observed obliquities. The existence of the regular satellites of the giant planets does not represent a problem in this model because, although they formed soon after the planetary formation, they can follow the slow evolution of the equatorial plane it produces.
C1 Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Astron & Geofis, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina.
   Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Astrofis La Plata, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina.
C3 National University of La Plata; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET)
RP Brunini, A (corresponding author), Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Astron & Geofis, Paseo Bosque S-N, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina.
EM abrunini@fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar
NR 23
TC 15
Z9 17
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1163
EP 1165
DI 10.1038/nature04577
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000038
PM 16641989
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Regenauer-Lieb, K
   Weinberg, RF
   Rosenbaum, G
AF Regenauer-Lieb, Klaus
   Weinberg, Roberto F.
   Rosenbaum, Gideon
TI The effect of energy feedbacks on continental strength
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID core complexes; localization; thrust; deformation; lithosphere; extension; tectonics; faults
AB The classical strength profile of continents(1,2) is derived from a quasi-static view of their rheological response to stress-one that does not consider dynamic interactions between brittle and ductile layers. Such interactions result in complexities of failure in the brittle-ductile transition and the need to couple energy to understand strain localization. Here we investigate continental deformation by solving the fully coupled energy, momentum and continuum equations. We show that this approach produces unexpected feedback processes, leading to a significantly weaker dynamic strength evolution. In our model, stress localization focused on the brittle-ductile transition leads to the spontaneous development of mid-crustal detachment faults immediately above the strongest crustal layer. We also find that an additional decoupling layer forms between the lower crust and mantle. Our results explain the development of decoupling layers that are observed to accommodate hundreds of kilometres of horizontal motions during continental deformation.
C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Geowissensch, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
   Univ Western Australia, Sch Earth & Geog Sci, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
   CSIRO Explorat & Min, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Sch Phys Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; University of Western Australia; Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Monash University; University of Queensland
RP Regenauer-Lieb, K (corresponding author), Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Geowissensch, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
EM klaus@cyllene.uwa.edu.au
NR 27
TC 128
Z9 137
U1 1
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 67
EP 70
DI 10.1038/nature04868
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500037
PM 16823450
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guido, NJ
   Wang, X
   Adalsteinsson, D
   McMillen, D
   Hasty, J
   Cantor, CR
   Elston, TC
   Collins, JJ
AF Guido, NJ
   Wang, X
   Adalsteinsson, D
   McMillen, D
   Hasty, J
   Cantor, CR
   Elston, TC
   Collins, JJ
TI A bottom-up approach to gene regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID noise-propagation; escherichia-coli; toggle switch; networks; expression
AB The ability to construct synthetic gene networks enables experimental investigations of deliberately simplified systems that can be compared to qualitative and quantitative models(1-23). If simple, well-characterized modules can be coupled together into more complex networks with behaviour that can be predicted from that of the individual components, we may begin to build an understanding of cellular regulatory processes from the 'bottom up'. Here we have engineered a promoter to allow simultaneous repression and activation of gene expression in Escherichia coli. We studied its behaviour in synthetic gene networks under increasingly complex conditions: unregulated, repressed, activated, and simultaneously repressed and activated. We develop a stochastic model that quantitatively captures the means and distributions of the expression from the engineered promoter of this modular system, and show that the model can be extended and used to accurately predict the in vivo behaviour of the network when it is expanded to include positive feedback. The model also reveals the counterintuitive prediction that noise in protein expression levels can increase upon arrest of cell growth and division, which we confirm experimentally. This work shows that the properties of regulatory subsystems can be used to predict the behaviour of larger, more complex regulatory networks, and that this bottom-up approach can provide insights into gene regulation.
C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Biodynam, Bioinformat Program, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Stat & Operat Res, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Math, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Dept Pharmacol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Inst Opt Sci, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Chem & Phys Sci, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Bioengn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Boston University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Collins, JJ (corresponding author), Boston Univ, Ctr Biodynam, Bioinformat Program, Dept Biomed Engn, 44 Cummington St, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
EM jcollins@bu.edu
NR 30
TC 259
Z9 325
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 856
EP 860
DI 10.1038/nature04473
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600052
PM 16482159
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hafner, M
   Schmitz, A
   Grüne, I
   Srivatsan, SG
   Paul, B
   Kolanus, W
   Quast, T
   Kremmer, E
   Bauer, I
   Famulok, M
AF Hafner, Markus
   Schmitz, Anton
   Gruene, Imke
   Srivatsan, Seergazhi G.
   Paul, Bianca
   Kolanus, Waldemar
   Quast, Thomas
   Kremmer, Elisabeth
   Bauer, Inga
   Famulok, Michael
TI Inhibition of cytohesins by SecinH3 leads to hepatic insulin resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forkhead transcription factor; nucleotide-exchange factor; gtp-binding proteins; guanine-nucleotide; brefeldin-a; arf; mice; disruption; activation; mechanism
AB G proteins are an important class of regulatory switches in all living systems. They are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which facilitate the exchange of GDP for GTP(1,2). This activity makes GEFs attractive targets for modulating disease-relevant G-protein-controlled signalling networks(3-5). GEF inhibitors are therefore of interest as tools for elucidating the function of these proteins and for therapeutic intervention; however, only one small molecule GEF inhibitor, brefeldin A (BFA), is currently available(6-9). Here we used an aptamer displacement screen to identify SecinH3, a small molecule antagonist of cytohesins. The cytohesins are a class of BFA-resistant small GEFs for ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), which regulate cytoskeletal organization(10), integrin activation(11) or integrin signalling(12). The application of SecinH3 in human liver cells showed that insulin-receptor-complex-associated cytohesins are required for insulin signalling. SecinH3-treated mice show increased expression of gluconeogenic genes, reduced expression of glycolytic, fatty acid and ketone body metabolism genes in the liver, reduced liver glycogen stores, and a compensatory increase in plasma insulin. Thus, cytohesin inhibition results in hepatic insulin resistance. Because insulin resistance is among the earliest pathological changes in type 2 diabetes, our results show the potential of chemical biology for dissecting the molecular pathogenesis of this disease.
C1 Univ Bonn, Kekule Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, LIMES Program Unit Chem Biol & Med Chem, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Bonn, Lab Mol Immunol, LIMES Program Unit Mol Immune & Cell Biol, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
   GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Inst Mol Immunol, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
C3 University of Bonn; University of Bonn; Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
RP Famulok, M (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Kekule Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, LIMES Program Unit Chem Biol & Med Chem, Gerhard Domagk Str 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
EM m.famulok@uni-bonn.de
NR 30
TC 204
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 941
EP 944
DI 10.1038/nature05415
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400059
PM 17167487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Basch, ML
   Bronner-Fraser, M
   García-Castro, MI
AF Basch, ML
   Bronner-Fraser, M
   García-Castro, MI
TI Specification of the neural crest occurs during gastrulation and requires Pax7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plate; signals; differentiation; induction; epidermis; xenopus; border; chick; cells; fate
AB The neural crest is a stem population critical for development of the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton and peripheral ganglia. Neural crest cells originate along the border between the neural plate and epidermis(1), migrate extensively and generate numerous derivatives, including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, bone and cartilage of the head skeleton(2). Impaired neural crest development is associated with human defects, including cleft palate(3). Classically, the neural crest has been thought to form by interactions at the border between neural and non-neural ectoderm or mesoderm(4-7), and defined factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and Wnt proteins have been postulated as neural crest-inducers(8-13). Although competence to induce crest cells declines after stage 10 ( ref. 14), little is known about when neural crest induction begins in vivo. Here we report that neural crest induction is underway during gastrulation and well before proper neural plate appearance. We show that a restricted region of chick epiblast ( stage 3 - 4) is specified to generate neural crest cells when explanted under non-inducing conditions. This region expresses the transcription factor Pax7 by stage 41 and later contributes to neural folds and migrating neural crest. In chicken embryos, Pax7 is required for neural crest formation in vivo, because blocking its translation inhibits expression of the neural crest markers Slug, Sox9, Sox10 and HNK-1. Our results indicate that neural crest specification initiates earlier than previously assumed, independently of mesodermal and neural tissues, and that Pax7 has a crucial function during neural crest development.
C1 CALTECH, Div Biol 139 74, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Yale Univ, MCDB, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; Yale University
RP García-Castro, MI (corresponding author), CALTECH, Div Biol 139 74, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM martin.garcia-castro@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 310
Z9 381
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 218
EP 222
DI 10.1038/nature04684
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800046
PM 16688176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marshall, L
   Helgadóttir, H
   Mölle, M
   Born, J
AF Marshall, Lisa
   Helgadottir, Halla
   Moelle, Matthias
   Born, Jan
TI Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID consolidation; stimulation; cortex
AB There is compelling evidence that sleep contributes to the long-term consolidation of new memories(1). This function of sleep has been linked to slow (<1 Hz) potential oscillations, which predominantly arise from the prefrontal neocortex and characterize slow wave sleep(2-4). However, oscillations in brain potentials are commonly considered to be mere epiphenomena that reflect synchronized activity arising from neuronal networks, which links the membrane and synaptic processes of these neurons in time(5). Whether brain potentials and their extracellular equivalent have any physiological meaning per se is unclear, but can easily be investigated by inducing the extracellular oscillating potential fields of interest(6-8). Here we show that inducing slow oscillation-like potential fields by transcranial application of oscillating potentials (0.75 Hz) during early nocturnal non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, that is, a period of emerging slow wave sleep, enhances the retention of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories in healthy humans. The slowly oscillating potential stimulation induced an immediate increase in slow wave sleep, endogenous cortical slow oscillations and slow spindle activity in the frontal cortex. Brain stimulation with oscillations at 5 Hz - another frequency band that normally predominates during rapid-eye-movement sleep - decreased slow oscillations and left declarative memory unchanged. Our findings indicate that endogenous slow potential oscillations have a causal role in the sleep-associated consolidation of memory, and that this role is enhanced by field effects in cortical extracellular space.
C1 Univ Lubeck, Dept Neuroendocrinol, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany.
C3 University of Lubeck
RP Marshall, L (corresponding author), Univ Lubeck, Dept Neuroendocrinol, Haus 23A,Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lubeck, Germany.
EM marshall@kfg.uni-luebeck.de; born@kfg.uni-luebeck.de
NR 30
TC 1370
Z9 1633
U1 6
U2 231
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/nature05278
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600046
PM 17086200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jensen, LJ
   Jensen, TS
   de Lichtenberg, U
   Brunak, S
   Bork, P
AF Jensen, Lars Juhl
   Jensen, Thomas Skot
   de Lichtenberg, Ulrik
   Brunak, Soren
   Bork, Peer
TI Co-evolution of transcriptional and posttranslational cell-cycle regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene-expression; dna-replication; identification; phosphorylation; complex; microarray; proteins
AB DNA microarray studies have shown that hundreds of genes are transcribed periodically during the mitotic cell cycle of humans(1), budding yeast(2,3), fission yeast(4-6) and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana(7). Here we show that despite the fact the protein complexes involved in this process are largely the same among all eukaryotes, their regulation has evolved considerably. Our comparative analysis of several large-scale data sets reveals that although the regulated subunits of each protein complex are expressed just before its time of action, the identity of the periodically expressed proteins differs significantly between organisms. Moreover, we show that these changes in transcriptional regulation have co-evolved with post-translational control independently in several lineages; loss or gain of cell-cycle-regulated transcription of specific genes is often mirrored by changes in phosphorylation of the proteins that they encode. Our results indicate that many different solutions have evolved for assembling the same molecular machines at the right time during the cell cycle, involving both transcriptional and post-translational layers that jointly control the dynamics of biological systems.
C1 European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Ctr Biol Sequence Anal, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Max Delbruck Ctr Mol Med, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Technical University of Denmark; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
RP Bork, P (corresponding author), European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM bork@embl.de
NR 26
TC 160
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 594
EP 597
DI 10.1038/nature05186
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200048
PM 17006448
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Costa, S
   Shaw, P
AF Costa, S
   Shaw, P
TI Chromatin organization and cell fate switch respond to positional information in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root epidermis; differentiation; regulator; hypocotyl; protein; glabra2; gene
AB Many types of plant cell retain their developmental plasticity and have the capacity to switch fate when exposed to a new source of positional information. In the root epidermis of Arabidopsis, cells differentiate in alternating files of hair cells and non-hair cells(1,2), in response to positional information and the activity of the homoeodomain transcription factor GLABRA2 (GL2) in future non-hair cells(3-6). Here we show by three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization on intact root epidermal tissue that alternative states of chromatin organization around the GL2 locus are required to control position-dependent cell-type specification. When, as a result of an atypical cell division, a cell is displaced from a hair file into a non-hair file, it switches fate(6). We show that during this event the chromatin state around the GL2 locus is not inherited, but is reorganized in the G1 phase of the cell cycle in response to local positional information. This ability to remodel chromatin organization may provide the basis for the plasticity in plant cell fate changes.
C1 John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Shaw, P (corresponding author), John Innes Ctr Plant Sci Res, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England.
EM peter.shaw@bbsrc.ac.uk
NR 19
TC 120
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 493
EP 496
DI 10.1038/nature04269
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200051
PM 16362059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sluijs, A
   Schouten, S
   Pagani, M
   Woltering, M
   Brinkhuis, H
   Damsté, JSS
   Dickens, GR
   Huber, M
   Reichart, GJ
   Stein, R
   Matthiessen, J
   Lourens, LJ
   Pedentchouk, N
   Backman, J
   Moran, K
AF Sluijs, Appy
   Schouten, Stefan
   Pagani, Mark
   Woltering, Martijn
   Brinkhuis, Henk
   Damste, Jaap S. Sinninghe
   Dickens, Gerald R.
   Huber, Matthew
   Reichart, Gert-Jan
   Stein, Ruediger
   Matthiessen, Jens
   Lourens, Lucas J.
   Pedentchouk, Nikolai
   Backman, Jan
   Moran, Kathryn
TI Subtropical arctic ocean temperatures during the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleocene; isotope; eocene; indicators; greenhouse; paleogene; boundary; marine; lipids; end
AB The Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum, similar to 55 million years ago, was a brief period of widespread, extreme climatic warming(1-3), that was associated with massive atmospheric greenhouse gas input(4). Although aspects of the resulting environmental changes are well documented at low latitudes, no data were available to quantify simultaneous changes in the Arctic region. Here we identify the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum in a marine sedimentary sequence obtained during the Arctic Coring Expedition(5). We show that sea surface temperatures near the North Pole increased from similar to 18 degrees C to over 23 degrees C during this event. Such warm values imply the absence of ice and thus exclude the influence of ice-albedo feedbacks on this Arctic warming. At the same time, sea level rose while anoxic and euxinic conditions developed in the ocean's bottom waters and photic zone, respectively. Increasing temperature and sea level match expectations based on palaeoclimate model simulations(6), but the absolute polar temperatures that we derive before, during and after the event are more than 10 degrees C warmer than those model-predicted. This suggests that higher-than-modern greenhouse gas concentrations must have operated in conjunction with other feedback mechanisms - perhaps polar stratospheric clouds(7) or hurricane-induced ocean mixing(8) - to amplify early Palaeogene polar temperatures.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, Inst Environm Biol, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res NIOZ, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.
   Yale Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Univ Utrecht, Dept Earth Sci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Rice Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA.
   Purdue Univ, Purdue Climate Change Res Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   Stockholm Univ, Dept Geol & Geochem, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Univ Rhode Isl, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); Yale University; Utrecht University; Rice University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Purdue University System; Purdue University; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Stockholm University; University of Rhode Island
RP Sluijs, A (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Palaeobot & Palynol Lab, Inst Environm Biol, Budapestlaan 4, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM a.sluijs@bio.uu.nl; schouten@nioz.nl
NR 29
TC 562
Z9 656
U1 3
U2 195
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/nature04668
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800041
PM 16752441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gore, J
   Bryant, Z
   Stone, MD
   Nöllmann, MN
   Cozzarelli, NR
   Bustamante, C
AF Gore, J
   Bryant, Z
   Stone, MD
   Nöllmann, MN
   Cozzarelli, NR
   Bustamante, C
TI Mechanochemical analysis of DNA gyrase using rotor bead tracking
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-terminal domain; elasticity; binding; topoisomerases; transport; molecules; mechanism; substeps; roles; model
AB DNA gyrase is a molecular machine that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to introduce essential negative supercoils into DNA(1-3). The directionality of supercoiling is ensured by chiral wrapping of the DNA(4,5) around a specialized domain(6-9) of the enzyme before strand passage. Here we observe the activity of gyrase in real time by tracking the rotation of a submicrometre bead attached to the side of a stretched DNA molecule(10). In the presence of gyrase and ATP, we observe bursts of rotation corresponding to the processive, stepwise introduction of negative supercoils in strict multiples of two(11). Changes in DNA tension have no detectable effect on supercoiling velocity, but the enzyme becomes markedly less processive as tension is increased over a range of only a few tenths of piconewtons. This behaviour is quantitatively explained by a simple mechanochemical model in which processivity depends on a kinetic competition between dissociation and rapid, tension-sensitive DNA wrapping. In a high-resolution variant of our assay, we directly detect rotational pauses corresponding to two kinetic substeps: an ATP-independent step at the end of the reaction cycle, and an ATP-binding step in the middle of the cycle, subsequent to DNA wrapping.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 229 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM ncozzare@berkeley.edu; carlos@alice.berkeley.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM071552, R37 GM032543] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 166
Z9 217
U1 1
U2 53
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 100
EP 104
DI 10.1038/nature04319
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700042
PM 16397501
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiesmann, C
   Katschke, KJ
   Yin, JP
   Helmy, KY
   Steffek, M
   Fairbrother, WJ
   McCallum, SA
   Embuscado, L
   DeForge, L
   Hass, PE
   Campagne, MV
AF Wiesmann, Christian
   Katschke, Kenneth J., Jr.
   Yin, JianPing
   Helmy, Karim Y.
   Steffek, Micah
   Fairbrother, Wayne J.
   McCallum, Scott A.
   Embuscado, Lizette
   DeForge, Laura
   Hass, Philip E.
   van Lookeren Campagne, Menno
TI Structure of C3b in complex with CRIg gives insights into regulation of complement activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alternative pathway; component c3; putative thioester; c5 convertase; factor-h; binding; biology; cd35; cr-1; c3-convertase
AB The complement system is a key part of the innate immune system, and is required for clearance of pathogens from the bloodstream(1). After exposure to pathogens, the third component of the complement system, C3, is cleaved to C3b which, after recruitment of factor B, initiates formation of the alternative pathway convertases(2-4). CRIg, a complement receptor expressed on macrophages, binds to C3b and iC3b mediating phagocytosis of the particles 5, but it is unknown how CRIg selectively recognizes proteolytic C3-fragments and whether binding of CRIg to C3b inhibits convertase activation. Here we present the crystal structure of C3b in complex with CRIg and, using CRIg mutants, provide evidence that CRIg acts as an inhibitor of the alternative pathway of complement. The structure shows that activation of C3 induces major structural rearrangements, including a dramatic movement (>80 angstrom) of the thioester-bond-containing domain through which C3b attaches to pathogen surfaces. We show that CRIg is not only a phagocytic receptor, but also a potent inhibitor of the alternative pathway convertases. The structure provides insights into the complex macromolecular structural rearrangements that occur during complement activation and inhibition. Moreover, our structure - function studies relating the structural basis of complement activation and the means by which CRIg inhibits the convertases provide important clues to the development of therapeutics that target complement.
C1 Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Engn, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Chem, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
   Genentech Inc, Dept Assay Technol, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech
RP Wiesmann, C (corresponding author), Genentech Inc, Dept Prot Engn, 1 DNA Way S, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
EM wiesmann.christian@gene.com; menno@gene.com
NR 23
TC 194
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 217
EP 220
DI 10.1038/nature05263
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200043
PM 17051150
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gregory, SG
   Barlow, KF
   Mclay, KE
   Kaul, R
   Swarbreck, D
   Dunham, A
   Scott, CE
   Howe, KL
   Woodfine, K
   Spencer, CCA
   Jones, MC
   Gillson, C
   Searle, S
   Zhou, Y
   Kokocinski, F
   McDonald, L
   Evans, R
   Phillips, K
   Atkinson, A
   Cooper, R
   Jones, C
   Hall, RE
   Andrews, TD
   Lloyd, C
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ambrose, KD
   Anderson, F
   Andrew, RW
   Ashwell, RIS
   Aubin, K
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Beasley, H
   Bethel, G
   Bird, CP
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brown, JY
   Brown, AJ
   Buckley, D
   Burton, J
   Bye, J
   Carder, C
   Chapman, JC
   Clark, SY
   Clarke, G
   Clee, C
   Cobley, V
   Collier, RE
   Corby, N
   Coville, GJ
   Davies, J
   Deadman, R
   Dunn, M
   Earthrowl, M
   Ellington, AG
   Errington, H
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, J
   French, L
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Gay, L
   Ghori, MRJ
   Gibson, R
   Gilby, LM
   Gillett, W
   Glithero, RJ
   Grafham, DV
   Griffiths, C
   Griffiths-Jones, S
   Grocock, R
   Hammond, S
   Harrison, ESI
   Hart, E
   Haugen, E
   Heath, PD
   Holmes, S
   Holt, K
   Howden, PJ
   Hunt, AR
   Hunt, SE
   Hunter, G
   Isherwood, J
   James, R
   Johnson, C
   Johnson, D
   Joy, A
   Kay, M
   Kershaw, JK
   Kibukawa, M
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Knights, AJ
   Lad, H
   Laird, G
   Lawlor, S
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Lloyd, DM
   Loveland, J
   Lovell, J
   Lush, MJ
   Lyne, R
   Martin, S
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   Matthews, NSW
   McLaren, S
   Milne, S
   Mistry, S
   Moore, MJF
   Nickerson, T
   O'Dell, CN
   Oliver, K
   Palmeiri, A
   Palmer, SA
   Parker, A
   Patel, D
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Pelan, S
   Phelps, K
   Phillimore, BJ
   Plumb, R
   Rajan, J
   Raymond, C
   Rouse, G
   Saenphimmachak, C
   Sehra, HK
   Sheridan, E
   Shownkeen, R
   Sims, S
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, M
   Steward, C
   Subramanian, S
   Sycamore, N
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Van Helmond, Z
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   White, S
   Whitehead, SL
   Wilkinson, JE
   Willey, DL
   Williams, H
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Wu, Z
   Coulson, A
   Vaudin, M
   Sulston, JE
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Wooster, R
   Dunham, I
   Carter, NP
   McVean, G
   Ross, MT
   Harrow, J
   Olson, MV
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
AF Gregory, SG
   Barlow, KF
   Mclay, KE
   Kaul, R
   Swarbreck, D
   Dunham, A
   Scott, CE
   Howe, KL
   Woodfine, K
   Spencer, CCA
   Jones, MC
   Gillson, C
   Searle, S
   Zhou, Y
   Kokocinski, F
   McDonald, L
   Evans, R
   Phillips, K
   Atkinson, A
   Cooper, R
   Jones, C
   Hall, RE
   Andrews, TD
   Lloyd, C
   Ainscough, R
   Almeida, JP
   Ambrose, KD
   Anderson, F
   Andrew, RW
   Ashwell, RIS
   Aubin, K
   Babbage, AK
   Bagguley, CL
   Bailey, J
   Beasley, H
   Bethel, G
   Bird, CP
   Bray-Allen, S
   Brown, JY
   Brown, AJ
   Buckley, D
   Burton, J
   Bye, J
   Carder, C
   Chapman, JC
   Clark, SY
   Clarke, G
   Clee, C
   Cobley, V
   Collier, RE
   Corby, N
   Coville, GJ
   Davies, J
   Deadman, R
   Dunn, M
   Earthrowl, M
   Ellington, AG
   Errington, H
   Frankish, A
   Frankland, J
   French, L
   Garner, P
   Garnett, J
   Gay, L
   Ghori, MRJ
   Gibson, R
   Gilby, LM
   Gillett, W
   Glithero, RJ
   Grafham, DV
   Griffiths, C
   Griffiths-Jones, S
   Grocock, R
   Hammond, S
   Harrison, ESI
   Hart, E
   Haugen, E
   Heath, PD
   Holmes, S
   Holt, K
   Howden, PJ
   Hunt, AR
   Hunt, SE
   Hunter, G
   Isherwood, J
   James, R
   Johnson, C
   Johnson, D
   Joy, A
   Kay, M
   Kershaw, JK
   Kibukawa, M
   Kimberley, AM
   King, A
   Knights, AJ
   Lad, H
   Laird, G
   Lawlor, S
   Leongamornlert, DA
   Lloyd, DM
   Loveland, J
   Lovell, J
   Lush, MJ
   Lyne, R
   Martin, S
   Mashreghi-Mohammadi, M
   Matthews, L
   Matthews, NSW
   McLaren, S
   Milne, S
   Mistry, S
   Moore, MJF
   Nickerson, T
   O'Dell, CN
   Oliver, K
   Palmeiri, A
   Palmer, SA
   Parker, A
   Patel, D
   Pearce, AV
   Peck, AI
   Pelan, S
   Phelps, K
   Phillimore, BJ
   Plumb, R
   Rajan, J
   Raymond, C
   Rouse, G
   Saenphimmachak, C
   Sehra, HK
   Sheridan, E
   Shownkeen, R
   Sims, S
   Skuce, CD
   Smith, M
   Steward, C
   Subramanian, S
   Sycamore, N
   Tracey, A
   Tromans, A
   Van Helmond, Z
   Wall, M
   Wallis, JM
   White, S
   Whitehead, SL
   Wilkinson, JE
   Willey, DL
   Williams, H
   Wilming, L
   Wray, PW
   Wu, Z
   Coulson, A
   Vaudin, M
   Sulston, JE
   Durbin, R
   Hubbard, T
   Wooster, R
   Dunham, I
   Carter, NP
   McVean, G
   Ross, MT
   Harrow, J
   Olson, MV
   Beck, S
   Rogers, J
   Bentley, DR
TI The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copy number polymorphism; replication; gene; genome; transcription; chromatin; map; duplications; organization; evolution
AB The reference sequence for each human chromosome provides the framework for understanding genome function, variation and evolution. Here we report the finished sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Chromosome 1 is gene-dense, with 3,141 genes and 991 pseudogenes, and many coding sequences overlap. Rearrangements and mutations of chromosome 1 are prevalent in cancer and many other diseases. Patterns of sequence variation reveal signals of recent selection in specific genes that may contribute to human fitness, and also in regions where no function is evident. Fine-scale recombination occurs in hotspots of varying intensity along the sequence, and is enriched near genes. These and other studies of human biology and disease encoded within chromosome 1 are made possible with the highly accurate annotated sequence, as part of the completed set of chromosome sequences that comprise the reference human genome.
C1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
   Duke Univ, Ctr Human Genet, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
   Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Med Genet, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
   Kings Coll London, Dept Med & Mol Genet, London SE1 9RT, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Stat, Oxford OX1 3TG, England.
   UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, HUGO Gene Nomenclature Comm, London NW1 2HE, England.
   Solexa Ltd, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, Essex, England.
C3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute; Duke University; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of London; King's College London; University of Oxford; University of London; University College London
RP Gregory, SG (corresponding author), Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambs, England.
EM sgregory@chg.duhs.duke.edu
FU MRC [G0000107] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0000107] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 50
TC 176
Z9 2135
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 315
EP 321
DI 10.1038/nature04727
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200040
PM 16710414
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawane, K
   Ohtani, M
   Miwa, K
   Kizawa, T
   Kanbara, Y
   Yoshioka, Y
   Yoshikawa, H
   Nagata, S
AF Kawane, Kohki
   Ohtani, Mayumi
   Miwa, Keiko
   Kizawa, Takuji
   Kanbara, Yoshiyuki
   Yoshioka, Yoshichika
   Yoshikawa, Hideki
   Nagata, Shigekazu
TI Chronic polyarthritis caused by mammalian DNA that escapes from degradation in macrophages
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; rheumatoid-arthritis; factor-alpha; therapy; serum; expression; receptors; beta; mice
AB A large amount of chromosomal DNA is degraded during programmed cell death and definitive erythropoiesis(1). DNase II is an enzyme that digests the chromosomal DNA of apoptotic cells and nuclei expelled from erythroid precursor cells after macrophages have engulfed them(1,2). Here we show that DNase II-/- IFN-IR-/- mice and mice with an induced deletion of the DNase II gene develop a chronic polyarthritis resembling human rheumatoid arthritis. A set of cytokine genes was strongly activated in the affected joints of these mice, and their serum contained high levels of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, rheumatoid factor and matrix metalloproteinase-3. Early in the pathogenesis, expression of the gene encoding tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was upregulated in the bone marrow, and administration of anti-TNF-alpha antibody prevented the development of arthritis. These results indicate that if macrophages cannot degrade mammalian DNA from erythroid precursors and apoptotic cells, they produce TNF-alpha, which activates synovial cells to produce various cytokines, leading to the development of chronic polyarthritis.
C1 Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Frontier Biosci, Integrat Biol Labs, Genet Lab, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Corp, Solut Oriented Res Sci & Technol, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Iwate Med Univ, Adv Med Sci Res Ctr, High Field Magnet Resonance Imaging Res Inst, Takizawa 0200173, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Iwate Medical University
RP Nagata, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
EM nagata@genetic.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 29
TC 380
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 998
EP 1002
DI 10.1038/nature05245
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400056
PM 17066036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walther, TC
   Brickner, JH
   Aguilar, PS
   Bernales, S
   Walter, P
AF Walther, TC
   Brickner, JH
   Aguilar, PS
   Bernales, S
   Walter, P
TI Eisosomes mark static sites of endocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; plasma-membrane; global analysis; protein; actin; localization; internalization; maintenance; metabolism
AB Endocytosis functions to recycle plasma membrane components, to regulate cell-surface expression of signalling receptors and to internalize nutrients in all eukaryotic cells. Internalization of proteins, lipids and other cargo can occur by one of several pathways that have different, but often overlapping, molecular requirements(1-5). To mediate endocytosis, effectors assemble transiently underneath the plasma membrane, carry out the mechanics of membrane deformation, cargo selection and vesicle internalization, and then disassemble. The mechanism by which endocytosis initiates at particular locations on the plasma membrane has remained unknown. Sites of endocytosis might be formed randomly, induced by stochastic protein and/or lipid clustering. Alternatively, endocytosis might initiate at specific locations. Here we describe large immobile protein assemblies at the plasma membrane in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that mark endocytic sites. These structures, termed eisosomes (from the Greek 'eis', meaning into or portal, and 'soma', meaning body), are composed primarily of two cytoplasmic proteins, Pil1 and Lsp1. A plasma membrane protein, Sur7, localizes to eisosomes. These structures colocalize with sites of protein and lipid endocytosis, and their components genetically interact with known endocytic effectors. Loss of Pil1 leads to clustering of eisosome remnants and redirects endocytosis and endocytic effector proteins to these clusters.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Walther, TC (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM twalther@itsa.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 283
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 998
EP 1003
DI 10.1038/nature04472
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100052
PM 16496001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aoki, T
   Dayan, B
   Wilcut, E
   Bowen, WP
   Parkins, AS
   Kippenberg, TJ
   Vahala, KJ
   Kimble, HJ
AF Aoki, Takao
   Dayan, Barak
   Wilcut, E.
   Bowen, W. P.
   Parkins, A. S.
   Kippenberg, T. J.
   Vahala, K. J.
   Kimble, H. J.
TI Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single photons; quantum; dynamics; cavity; generation
AB Over the past decade, strong interactions of light and matter at the single-photon level have enabled a wide set of scientific advances in quantum optics and quantum information science. This work has been performed principally within the setting of cavity quantum electrodynamics(1-4) with diverse physical systems(5), including single atoms in Fabry-Perot resonators(1,6), quantum dots coupled to micropillars and photonic bandgap cavities(7,8) and Cooper pairs interacting with superconducting resonators(9,10). Experiments with single, localized atoms have been at the forefront of these advances(11-15) with the use of optical resonators in high-finesse Fabry-Perot configurations(16). As a result of the extreme technical challenges involved in further improving the multilayer dielectric mirror coatings(17) of these resonators and in scaling to large numbers of devices, there has been increased interest in the development of alternative microcavity systems(5). Here we show strong coupling between individual caesium atoms and the fields of a high-quality toroidal microresonator. From observations of transit events for single atoms falling through the resonator's evanescent field, we determine the coherent coupling rate for interactions near the surface of the resonator. We develop a theoretical model to quantify our observations, demonstrating that strong coupling is achieved, with the rate of coherent coupling exceeding the dissipative rates of the atom and the cavity. Our work opens the way for investigations of optical processes with single atoms and photons in lithographically fabricated microresonators. Applications include the implementation of quantum networks(18,19), scalable quantum logic with photons(20), and quantum information processing on atom chips(21).
C1 CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   CALTECH, TJ Watson Lab Appl Phys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; California Institute of Technology
RP Kimble, HJ (corresponding author), CALTECH, Norman Bridge Lab Phys 12 33, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM hjkimble@caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 687
Z9 882
U1 1
U2 285
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 671
EP 674
DI 10.1038/nature05147
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500041
PM 17035998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heller, RC
   Marians, KJ
AF Heller, RC
   Marians, KJ
TI Replication fork reactivation downstream of a blocked nascent leading strand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; dna-replication; ultraviolet-light; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; postreplication repair; mammalian-cells; helicase; protein; pria; mechanism
AB Unrepaired lesions in the DNA template pose a threat to accurate replication. Several pathways exist in Escherichia coli to reactivate a blocked replication fork. The process of recombination-dependent restart of broken forks is well understood, but the consequence of replication through strand-specific lesions is less well known. Here we show that replication can be restarted and leading-strand synthesis re-initiated downstream of an unrepaired block to leading-strand progression, even when the 3'-OH of the nascent leading strand is unavailable. We demonstrate that the loading by a replication restart system of a single hexamer of the replication fork helicase, DnaB, on the lagging-strand template is sufficient to coordinate priming by the DnaG primase of both the leading and lagging strands. These observations provide a mechanism for damage bypass during fork reactivation, demonstrate how daughter-strand gaps are generated opposite leading-strand lesions during the replication of ultraviolet-light-irradiated DNA, and help to explain the remarkable speed at which even a heavily damaged DNA template is replicated.
C1 Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Med Sci, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Marians, KJ (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Weill Grad Sch Med Sci, Program Mol Biol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM kmarians@sloankettering.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM034557] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 260
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 557
EP 562
DI 10.1038/nature04329
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900033
PM 16452972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saviane, C
   Silver, RA
AF Saviane, C
   Silver, RA
TI Fast vesicle reloading and a large pool sustain high bandwidth transmission at a central synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neocortical pyramidal neurons; cerebellar mossy fiber; granule cell synapses; short-term plasticity; neurotransmitter release; excitatory synapses; transmitter release; rat; calyx; probability
AB What limits the rate at which sensory information can be transmitted across synaptic connections in the brain? High-frequency signalling is restricted to brief bursts at many central excitatory synapses(1,2), whereas graded ribbon-type synapses can sustain release(3) and transmit information(4) at high rates. Here we investigate transmission at the cerebellar mossy fibre terminal, which can fire at over 200 Hz for sustained periods in vivo(5), yet makes few synaptic contacts onto individual granule cells(6). We show that connections between mossy fibres and granule cells can sustain high-frequency signalling at physiological temperature. We use fluctuation analysis(7) and pharmacological block of desensitization to identify the quantal determinants of short-term plasticity and combine these with a short-term plasticity model and cumulative excitatory postsynaptic current analysis to quantify the determinants of sustained high-frequency transmission. We show that release is maintained at each release site by rapid reloading of release-ready vesicles from an unusually large releasable pool of vesicles(8) (similar to 300 per site). Our results establish that sustained vesicular release at high rates is not restricted to graded ribbon-type synapses and that mossy fibres are well suited for transmitting broad-bandwidth rate-coded information to the input layer of the cerebellar cortex.
C1 UCL, Dept Physiol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Silver, RA (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Physiol, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM a.silver@ucl.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 187
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 983
EP 987
DI 10.1038/nature04509
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100049
PM 16496000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Raisbeck, GM
   Yiou, F
   Cattani, O
   Jouzel, J
AF Raisbeck, G. M.
   Yiou, F.
   Cattani, O.
   Jouzel, J.
TI 10Be evidence for the Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic reversal in the EPICA Dome C ice core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID astronomical calibration; field; ages; antarctica; transition; boundary
AB An ice core drilled at Dome C, Antarctica, is the oldest ice core so far retrieved(1). On the basis of ice flow modelling and a comparison between the deuterium signal in the ice with climate records from marine sediment cores, the ice at a depth of 3,190 m in the Dome C core is believed to have been deposited around 800,000 years ago 2, offering a rare opportunity to study climatic and environmental conditions over this time period. However, an independent determination of this age is important because the deuterium profile below a depth of 3,190 m depth does not show the expected correlation with the marine record(2). Here we present evidence for enhanced 10 Be deposition in the ice at 3,160 - 3,170 m, which we interpret as a result of the low dipole field strength during the Matuyama - Brunhes geomagnetic reversal, which occurred about 780,000 years ago. If correct, this provides a crucial tie point between ice cores, marine cores and a radiometric timescale.
C1 Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, IN2P3, Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, CNRS,UVSQ, CEA, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace,Lab Sci Climat & Envrio, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universite Paris Saclay; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA
RP Raisbeck, GM (corresponding author), Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, IN2P3, Ctr Spectrometrie Nucl & Spectrometrie Masse, Bat 108, F-91405 Orsay, France.
EM raisbeck@csnsm.in2p3.fr
NR 24
TC 106
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 82
EP 84
DI 10.1038/nature05266
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500049
PM 17080088
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noubissi, FK
   Elcheva, I
   Bhatia, N
   Shakoori, A
   Ougolkov, A
   Liu, JH
   Minamoto, T
   Ross, J
   Fuchs, SY
   Spiegelman, VS
AF Noubissi, Felicite K.
   Elcheva, Irina
   Bhatia, Neehar
   Shakoori, Abbas
   Ougolkov, Andrei
   Liu, Jianghuai
   Minamoto, Toshinari
   Ross, Jeff
   Fuchs, Serge Y.
   Spiegelman, Vladimir S.
TI CRD-BP mediates stabilization of βTrCP1 and c-myc mRNA in response to β-catenin signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin ligase receptor; nf-kappa-b; binding-protein; coding region; in-vitro; expression; cancer; target; trcp; determinant
AB Although constitutive activation of beta-catenin/Tcf signalling is implicated in the development of human cancers(1), the mechanisms by which the beta-catenin/Tcf pathway promotes tumorigenesis are incompletely understood. Messenger RNA turnover has a major function in regulating gene expression and is responsive to developmental and environmental signals. mRNA decay rates are dictated by cis-acting elements within the mRNA and by trans-acting factors, such as RNA-binding proteins ( reviewed in refs 2, 3). Here we show that beta-catenin stabilizes the mRNA encoding the F-box protein beta TrCP1, and identify the RNA-binding protein CRD-BP ( coding region determinant-binding protein) as a previously unknown target of beta-catenin/Tcf transcription factor. CRD-BP binds to the coding region of bTrCP1 mRNA. Overexpression of CRD-BP stabilizes bTrCP1 mRNA and elevates beta TrCP1 levels ( both in cells and in vivo), resulting in the activation of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box protein (SCF) beta TrCP E3 ubiquitin ligase and in accelerated turnover of its substrates including I kappa B and beta-catenin. CRD-BP is essential for the induction of both beta TrCP1 and c-Myc by beta-catenin signalling in colorectal cancer cells. High levels of CRD-BP that are found in primary human colorectal tumours exhibiting active beta-catenin/Tcf signalling implicates CRD-BP induction in the upregulation of beta TrCP1, in the activation of dimeric transcription factor NF-kappa B and in the suppression of apoptosis in these cancers.
C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med & Publ Hlth, Dept Dermatol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Kanazawa Univ, Div Translat & Clin Oncol, Canc Res Inst, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9200934, Japan.
   Univ Penn, Dept Anim Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med & Publ Hlth, McArdle Lab Canc Res, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Kanazawa University; University of Pennsylvania; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Spiegelman, VS (corresponding author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med & Publ Hlth, Dept Dermatol, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
EM spiegelman@dermatology.wisc.edu
NR 28
TC 206
Z9 244
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 898
EP 901
DI 10.1038/nature04839
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100048
PM 16778892
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gudmundsson, GH
AF Gudmundsson, G. Hilmar
TI Fortnightly variations in the flow velocity of Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radar interferometry; sheet; seismicity; motion
AB Most of the ice lost from the Antarctic ice sheet passes through a few fast-flowing and highly dynamic ice streams(1). Quantifying temporal variations in flow in these ice streams, and understanding their causes, is a prerequisite for estimating the potential contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to global sea-level change(2,3). Here I show that surface velocities on a major West Antarctic Ice Stream, Rutford Ice Stream, vary periodically by about 20 per cent every two weeks as a result of tidal forcing. Tidally induced motion on ice streams has previously been thought to be limited to diurnal or even shorter-term variations(4-9). The existence of strong fortnightly variations in flow demonstrates the potential pitfalls of using repeated velocity measurements over intervals of days to infer long-term change.
C1 British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey
RP Gudmundsson, GH (corresponding author), British Antarctic Survey, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England.
EM ghg@bas.ac.uk
FU NERC [bas010018] Funding Source: UKRI; Natural Environment Research Council [bas010018] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 15
TC 92
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1063
EP 1064
DI 10.1038/nature05430
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100054
PM 17183321
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giampieri, G
   Dougherty, MK
   Smith, EJ
   Russell, CT
AF Giampieri, G
   Dougherty, MK
   Smith, EJ
   Russell, CT
TI A regular period for Saturn's magnetic field that may track its internal rotation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetosphere; voyager-1; radio; orbit
AB The rotation rate of a planet is one of its fundamental properties. Saturn's rotation, however, is difficult to determine because there is no solid surface from which to time it, and the alternative 'clock'-the magnetic field-is nearly symmetrically aligned with the rotation axis(1-7). Radio emissions, thought to provide a proxy measure of the rotation of the magnetic field, have yielded estimates of the rotation period between 10 h 39 min 22 s and 10 h 45 min 45 s (refs 8-10). Because the period determined from radio measurements exhibits large time variations, even on time-scales of months, it has been uncertain whether the radio-emission periodicity coincides with the inner rotation rate of the planet. Here we report magnetic field measurements that revealed a time-stationary magnetic signal with a period of 10 h 47 min 6 s +/-40 s. The signal appears to be stable in period, amplitude and phase over 14 months of observations, pointing to a close connection with the conductive region inside the planet, although its interpretation as the 'true' inner rotation period is still uncertain.
C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2AZ, England.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Imperial College London; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Giampieri, G (corresponding author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.
EM giacomo.giampieri@jpl.nasa.gov
NR 21
TC 103
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 62
EP 64
DI 10.1038/nature04750
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600031
PM 16672964
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aharonian, F
   Akhperjanian, AG
   Bazer-Bachi, AR
   Beilicke, M
   Benbow, W
   Berge, D
   Bernlöhr, K
   Boisson, C
   Bolz, O
   Borrel, V
   Braun, I
   Breitling, F
   Brown, AM
   Chadwick, PM
   Chounet, LM
   Cornils, R
   Costamante, L
   Degrange, B
   Dickinson, HJ
   Djannati-Ataï, A
   Drury, LO
   Dubus, G
   Emmanoulopoulos, D
   Espigat, P
   Feinstein, F
   Fontaine, G
   Fuchs, Y
   Funk, S
   Gallant, YA
   Giebels, B
   Gillessen, S
   Glicenstein, JF
   Goret, P
   Hadjichristidis, C
   Hauser, D
   Hauser, M
   Heinzelmann, G
   Henri, G
   Hermann, G
   Hinton, JA
   Hofmann, W
   Holleran, M
   Horns, D
   Jacholkowska, A
   de Jager, OC
   Khélifi, B
   Klages, S
   Komin, N
   Konopelko, A
   Latham, IJ
   Le Gallou, R
   Lemière, A
   Lemoine-Goumard, M
   Leroy, N
   Lohse, T
   Martin, JM
   Martineau-Huynh, O
   Marcowith, A
   Masterson, C
   McComb, TJL
   de Naurois, M
   Nolan, SJ
   Noutsos, A
   Orford, KJ
   Osborne, JL
   Ouchrif, M
   Panter, M
   Pelletier, G
   Pita, S
   Pühlhofer, G
   Punch, M
   Raubenheimer, BC
   Raue, M
   Raux, J
   Rayner, SM
   Reimer, A
   Reimer, O
   Ripken, J
   Rob, L
   Rolland, L
   Rowell, G
   Sahakian, V
   Saugé, L
   Schlenker, S
   Schlickeiser, R
   Schuster, C
   Schwanke, U
   Siewert, M
   Sol, H
   Spangler, D
   Steenkamp, R
   Stegmann, C
   Tavernet, JP
   Terrier, R
   Théoret, CG
   Tluczykont, M
   van Eldik, C
   Vasileiadis, G
   Venter, C
   Vincent, P
   Völk, HJ
   Wagner, SJ
AF Aharonian, F
   Akhperjanian, AG
   Bazer-Bachi, AR
   Beilicke, M
   Benbow, W
   Berge, D
   Bernlöhr, K
   Boisson, C
   Bolz, O
   Borrel, V
   Braun, I
   Breitling, F
   Brown, AM
   Chadwick, PM
   Chounet, LM
   Cornils, R
   Costamante, L
   Degrange, B
   Dickinson, HJ
   Djannati-Ataï, A
   Drury, LO
   Dubus, G
   Emmanoulopoulos, D
   Espigat, P
   Feinstein, F
   Fontaine, G
   Fuchs, Y
   Funk, S
   Gallant, YA
   Giebels, B
   Gillessen, S
   Glicenstein, JF
   Goret, P
   Hadjichristidis, C
   Hauser, D
   Hauser, M
   Heinzelmann, G
   Henri, G
   Hermann, G
   Hinton, JA
   Hofmann, W
   Holleran, M
   Horns, D
   Jacholkowska, A
   de Jager, OC
   Khélifi, B
   Klages, S
   Komin, N
   Konopelko, A
   Latham, IJ
   Le Gallou, R
   Lemière, A
   Lemoine-Goumard, M
   Leroy, N
   Lohse, T
   Martin, JM
   Martineau-Huynh, O
   Marcowith, A
   Masterson, C
   McComb, TJL
   de Naurois, M
   Nolan, SJ
   Noutsos, A
   Orford, KJ
   Osborne, JL
   Ouchrif, M
   Panter, M
   Pelletier, G
   Pita, S
   Pühlhofer, G
   Punch, M
   Raubenheimer, BC
   Raue, M
   Raux, J
   Rayner, SM
   Reimer, A
   Reimer, O
   Ripken, J
   Rob, L
   Rolland, L
   Rowell, G
   Sahakian, V
   Saugé, L
   Schlenker, S
   Schlickeiser, R
   Schuster, C
   Schwanke, U
   Siewert, M
   Sol, H
   Spangler, D
   Steenkamp, R
   Stegmann, C
   Tavernet, JP
   Terrier, R
   Théoret, CG
   Tluczykont, M
   van Eldik, C
   Vasileiadis, G
   Venter, C
   Vincent, P
   Völk, HJ
   Wagner, SJ
TI A low level of extragalactic background light as revealed by γ-rays from blazars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mkn 501; telescope; space; absorption; spectrum; 2mass; dirbe
AB The diffuse extragalactic background light consists of the sum of the starlight emitted by galaxies through the history of the Universe, and it could also have an important contribution from the 'first stars', which may have formed before galaxy formation began. Direct measurements are difficult and not yet conclusive, owing to the large uncertainties caused by the bright foreground emission associated with zodiacal light(1). An alternative approach(2-5) is to study the absorption features imprinted on the gamma-ray spectra of distant extragalactic objects by interactions of those photons with the background light photons(6). Here we report the discovery of gamma-ray emission from the blazars(7) H 2356-309 and 1ES 1101-232, at redshifts z=0.165 and z=0.186, respectively. Their unexpectedly hard spectra provide an upper limit on the background light at optical/near-infrared wavelengths that appears to be very close to the lower limit given by the integrated light of resolved galaxies(8). The background flux at these wavelengths accordingly seems to be strongly dominated by the direct starlight from galaxies, thus excluding a large contribution from other sources-in particular from the first stars formed(9). This result also indicates that intergalactic space is more transparent to gamma-rays than previously thought.
C1 Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Yerevan Phys Inst, Yerevan 375036, Armenia.
   UPS, CNRS, Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31029 Toulouse 4, France.
   Univ Hamburg, Inst Expt Phys, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany.
   Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
   Observ Paris, Sect Meudon, LUTH, CNRS,UMR 8102, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
   Ecole Polytech, Lab Leprince Ringuet, CNRS, IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
   APC, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
   Dublin Inst Adv Studies, Dublin 2, Ireland.
   Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Montpellier 2, Lab Phys Theor & Astroparticules, CNRS, IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier 5, France.
   Univ Grenoble 1, Lab Astrophys Grenoble, CNRS, INSU, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, CEA, DSM, DAPNIA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   North West Univ, Unit Space Phys, ZA-2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa.
   Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Nucl & Hautes Energies, CNRS, IN2P3, F-75252 Paris 5, France.
   Univ Paris 07, Lab Phys Nucl & Hautes Energies, CNRS, IN2P3, F-75252 Paris 5, France.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Theoret Phys, Lehrstuhl Weltraum & Astrophys 4, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
   Charles Univ Prague, Inst Nucl & Particle Phys, CR-18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
   Univ Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
C3 Max Planck Society; Yerevan Physics Institute; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; University of Hamburg; Humboldt University of Berlin; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris Cite; Durham University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Institut Polytechnique de Paris; Ecole Polytechnique; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; North West University - South Africa; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Universite Paris Cite; Universite Paris Cite; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3); Ruhr University Bochum; Charles University Prague; University of Namibia
RP Costamante, L (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Kernphys, POB 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM luigi.costamante@mpi-hd.mpg.de
NR 30
TC 482
Z9 514
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1018
EP 1021
DI 10.1038/nature04680
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000028
PM 16625189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dupont, E
   Hanganu, IL
   Kilb, W
   Hirsch, S
   Luhmann, HJ
AF Dupont, E
   Hanganu, IL
   Kilb, W
   Hirsch, S
   Luhmann, HJ
TI Rapid developmental switch in the mechanisms driving early cortical columnar networks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat somatosensory cortex; ocular dominance columns; subplate neurons; developing neocortex; cerebral-cortex; visual-cortex; oscillations; receptors; circuits; mouse
AB The immature cerebral cortex self-organizes into local neuronal clusters long before it is activated by patterned sensory inputs1. In the cortical anlage of newborn mammals, neurons coassemble through electrical or chemical synapses either spontaneously(2-4) or by activation of transmitter-gated receptors(5,6). The neuronal network and the cellular mechanisms underlying this cortical self-organization process during early development are not completely understood. Here we show in an intact in vitro preparation of the immature mouse cerebral cortex that neurons are functionally coupled in local clusters by means of propagating network oscillations in the beta frequency range. In the newborn mouse, this activity requires an intact subplate and is strongly synchronized within a cortical column by gap junctions. With the developmental disappearance of the subplate at the end of the first postnatal week(7), activation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors in the immature cortical network is essential to generate this columnar activity pattern. Our findings show that during a brief developmental period the cortical network switches from a subplate-driven, gap-junction-coupled syncytium to a synaptic network acting through NMDA receptors to generate synchronized oscillatory activity, which may function as an early functional template for the development of the cortical columnar architecture.
C1 Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Physiol & Pathophysiol, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
C3 Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz
RP Luhmann, HJ (corresponding author), Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Physiol & Pathophysiol, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
EM luhmann@uni-mainz.de
NR 30
TC 247
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 79
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature04264
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700038
PM 16327778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutchinson, JR
   Gatesy, SM
AF Hutchinson, JR
   Gatesy, SM
TI Dinosaur locomotion - Beyond the bones
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bipedal running ability; sensitivity-analysis; evolution; tyrannosaurus; model; gait
C1 Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Struct & Mot Lab, Dept Vet Basic Sci, London NW1 0TU, England.
   Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
C3 University of London; University of London Royal Veterinary College; Brown University
RP Hutchinson, JR (corresponding author), Univ London Royal Vet Coll, Struct & Mot Lab, Dept Vet Basic Sci, 32 Belgrave Sq, London NW1 0TU, England.
EM jrhutch@rvc.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 51
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 292
EP 294
DI 10.1038/440292a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600040
PM 16541062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niedernhofer, LJ
   Garinis, GA
   Raams, A
   Lalai, AS
   Robinson, AR
   Appeldoorn, E
   Odijk, H
   Oostendorp, R
   Ahmad, A
   Van Leeuwen, W
   Theil, AF
   Vermeulen, W
   van der Horst, GTJ
   Meinecke, P
   Kleijer, WJ
   Vijg, J
   Jaspers, NGJ
   Hoeijmakers, JHJ
AF Niedernhofer, Laura J.
   Garinis, George A.
   Raams, Anja
   Lalai, Astrid S.
   Robinson, Andria Rasile
   Appeldoorn, Esther
   Odijk, Hanny
   Oostendorp, Roos
   Ahmad, Anwaar
   Van Leeuwen, Wibeke
   Theil, Arjan F.
   Vermeulen, Wim
   van der Horst, Gijsbertus T. J.
   Meinecke, Peter
   Kleijer, Wim J.
   Vijg, Jan
   Jaspers, Nicolaas G. J.
   Hoeijmakers, Jan H. J.
TI A new progeroid syndrome reveals that genotoxic stress suppresses the somatotroph axis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pigmentosum group-f; dna-repair defects; xeroderma-pigmentosum; life-span; growth-hormone; nuclear abnormality; genomic instability; caloric restriction; gene; mice
AB XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease is required for repair of helix-distorting DNA lesions and cytotoxic DNA interstrand crosslinks. Mild mutations in XPF cause the cancer-prone syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum. A patient presented with a severe XPF mutation leading to profound crosslink sensitivity and dramatic progeroid symptoms. It is not known how unrepaired DNA damage accelerates ageing or its relevance to natural ageing. Here we show a highly significant correlation between the liver transcriptome of old mice and a mouse model of this progeroid syndrome. Expression data from XPF-ERCC1-deficient mice indicate increased cell death and anti-oxidant defences, a shift towards anabolism and reduced growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signalling, a known regulator of lifespan. Similar changes are seen in wild-type mice in response to chronic genotoxic stress, caloric restriction, or with ageing. We conclude that unrepaired cytotoxic DNA damage induces a highly conserved metabolic response mediated by the IGF1/insulin pathway, which re-allocates resources from growth to somatic preservation and life extension. This highlights a causal contribution of DNA damage to ageing and demonstrates that ageing and end-of-life fitness are determined both by stochastic damage, which is the cause of functional decline, and genetics, which determines the rates of damage accumulation and decline.
C1 Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Biomed Genet Med Genet Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Expt Radiol, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Clin Genet, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
   Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Inst Canc, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Altonaer kinderkrankenhaus, Abt Med Genet, D-22763 Hamburg, Germany.
   Buck Inst Age Res, Novato, CA 94945 USA.
C3 Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; University of Hamburg; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Buck Institute for Research on Aging
RP Hoeijmakers, JHJ (corresponding author), Erasmus Univ, Med Ctr, Ctr Biomed Genet Med Genet Ctr, Dept Cell Biol & Genet, POB 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
EM j.hoeijmakers@erasmusmc.nl
FU NCI NIH HHS [K22 CA111525] Funding Source: Medline
NR 49
TC 565
Z9 636
U1 1
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1038
EP 1043
DI 10.1038/nature05456
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100047
PM 17183314
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, X
   Clark, JM
   Forster, CA
   Norell, MA
   Erickson, GM
   Eberth, DA
   Jia, CK
   Zhao, Q
AF Xu, X
   Clark, JM
   Forster, CA
   Norell, MA
   Erickson, GM
   Eberth, DA
   Jia, CK
   Zhao, Q
TI A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID theropod; anatomy
AB The tyrannosauroid fossil record is mainly restricted to Cretaceous sediments of Laurasia, although some very fragmentary Jurassic specimens have been referred to this group(1,2). Here we report a new basal tyrannosauroid, Guanlong wucaii gen. et sp. nov., from the lower Upper Jurassic of the Junggar Basin(3,4), northwestern China. G. wucaii is the oldest known tyrannosauroid and shows several unexpectedly primitive pelvic features(5,6). Nevertheless, the limbs of G. wucaii share several features with derived coelurosaurs(7-9), and it possesses features shared by other coelurosaurian clades(10). This unusual combination of character states provides an insight into the poorly known early radiation of the Coelurosauria. Notably, the presumed predatory Guanlong has a large, fragile and highly pneumatic cranial crest that is among the most elaborate known in any non-avian dinosaur and could be comparable to some classical exaggerated ornamental traits among vertebrates.
C1 Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
   Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA.
   George Washington Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA.
   SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Anat Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA.
   Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA.
   Royal Tyrrell Museum, Drumheller, AB T0J 0Y0, Canada.
C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS; American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); George Washington University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University
RP Xu, X (corresponding author), Inst Vertebrate Paleontol & Paleoanthropol, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.
EM xingxu@vip.sina.com
NR 28
TC 162
Z9 195
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/nature04511
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100042
PM 16467836
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yeromin, AV
   Zhang, SYL
   Jiang, WH
   Yu, Y
   Safrina, O
   Cahalan, MD
AF Yeromin, Andriy V.
   Zhang, Shenyuan L.
   Jiang, Weihua
   Yu, Ying
   Safrina, Olga
   Cahalan, Michael D.
TI Molecular identification of the CRAC channel by altered ion selectivity in a mutant of Orai
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID operated calcium-channel; activated ca2+ channels; plasma-membrane; t-lymphocytes; mic channels; i-crac; store; cells; stim1; potentiation
AB Recent RNA interference screens have identified several proteins that are essential for store-operated Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ ( CRAC) channel activity in Drosophila and in mammals, including the transmembrane proteins Stim ( stromal interaction molecule)(1,2) and Orai(3-5). Stim probably functions as a sensor of luminal Ca2+ content and triggers activation of CRAC channels in the surface membrane after Ca2+ store depletion(1,6). Among three human homologues of Orai ( also known as olf186-F), ORAI1 on chromosome 12 was found to be mutated in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease, and expression of wild-type Orai1 restored Ca2+ influx and CRAC channel activity in patient T cells(3). The overexpression of Stim and Orai together markedly increases CRAC current(5,7-9). However, it is not yet clear whether Stim or Orai actually forms the CRAC channel, or whether their expression simply limits CRAC channel activity mediated by a different channel-forming subunit. Here we show that interaction between wild-type Stim and Orai, assessed by coimmunoprecipitation, is greatly enhanced after treatment with thapsigargin to induce Ca2+ store depletion. By site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a point mutation from glutamate to aspartate at position 180 in the conserved S1 - S2 loop of Orai transforms the ion selectivity properties of CRAC current from being Ca2+-selective with inward rectification to being selective for monovalent cations and outwardly rectifying. A charge-neutralizing mutation at the same position ( glutamate to alanine) acts as a dominant-negative non-conducting subunit. Other charge-neutralizing mutants in the same loop express large inwardly rectifying CRAC current, and two of these exhibit reduced sensitivity to the channel blocker Gd3+. These results indicate that Orai itself forms the Ca2+-selectivity filter of the CRAC channel.
C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
   Univ Calif Irvine, Ctr Immunol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Cahalan, MD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA.
EM mcahalan@uci.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R37 NS014609] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 681
Z9 801
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 226
EP 229
DI 10.1038/nature05108
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000050
PM 16921385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russell, RJ
   Haire, LF
   Stevens, DJ
   Collins, PJ
   Lin, YP
   Blackburn, GM
   Hay, AJ
   Gamblin, SJ
   Skehel, JJ
AF Russell, Rupert J.
   Haire, Lesley F.
   Stevens, David J.
   Collins, Patrick J.
   Lin, Yi Pu
   Blackburn, G. Michael
   Hay, Alan J.
   Gamblin, Steven J.
   Skehel, John J.
TI The structure of H5N1 avian influenza neuraminidase suggests new opportunities for drug design
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oseltamivir carboxylate; 3-dimensional structure; virus neuraminidase; inhibitors; sensitivity; potent; resistance; complex
AB The worldwide spread of H5N1 avian influenza has raised concerns that this virus might acquire the ability to pass readily among humans and cause a pandemic. Two anti-influenza drugs currently being used to treat infected patients are oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza), both of which target the neuraminidase enzyme of the virus. Reports of the emergence of drug resistance make the development of new anti-influenza molecules a priority. Neuraminidases from influenza type A viruses form two genetically distinct groups: group-1 contains the N1 neuraminidase of the H5N1 avian virus and group-2 contains the N2 and N9 enzymes used for the structure-based design of current drugs. Here we show by X-ray crystallography that these two groups are structurally distinct. Group-1 neuraminidases contain a cavity adjacent to their active sites that closes on ligand binding. Our analysis suggests that it may be possible to exploit the size and location of the group-1 cavity to develop new anti-influenza drugs.
C1 MRC, Natl Inst Med Res, London NW7 1AA, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Chem, Sheffield S3 7HF, S Yorkshire, England.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Sheffield
RP Skehel, JJ (corresponding author), MRC, Natl Inst Med Res, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM mbrenna@nimr.mrc.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117512711, MC_U117584222, MC_U117512708] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [MC_U117584222, MC_U117512708, MC_U117512711] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U117512711, MC_U117584222, MC_U117512708] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 34
TC 700
Z9 833
U1 3
U2 232
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 45
EP 49
DI 10.1038/nature05114
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900035
PM 16915235
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jimenez, R
   Haiman, Z
AF Jimenez, R
   Haiman, Z
TI Significant primordial star formation at redshifts z ∼ 3-4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-iii stars; ly-alpha; 1st stars; ultraviolet-spectra; ionizing fluxes; galaxy; models; metallicity; enrichment; evolution
AB Four recent observational results have challenged our understanding of high-redshift galaxies, as they require the presence of far more ultraviolet photons than should be emitted by normal stellar populations. First, there is significant ultraviolet emission(1) from Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at wavelengths shorter than 912 angstrom. Second, there is strong Lyman alpha emission(2) from extended 'blobs' with little or no associated apparent ionizing continuum. Third, there is a population of galaxies with unusually strong Lyman alpha emission lines(3). And fourth, there is a strong He II (1,640 angstrom) emission line(4) in a composite of LBGs. The proposed explanations for the first three observations are internally inconsistent, and the fourth puzzle has remained hitherto unexplained. Here we show that all four problems are resolved simultaneously if 10-30 per cent of the stars in many galaxies at z approximate to 3-4 are mainly primordial-unenriched by elements heavier than helium ('metals'). Most models of hierarchical galaxy formation assume efficient intragalactic metal mixing, and therefore do not predict(5-9) metal-free star formation at redshifts significantly below z approximate to 5. Our results imply that micromixing of metals within galaxies is inefficient on an approximately gigayear timescale, a conclusion that can be verified with higher-resolution simulations, and future observations of the He II emission line.
C1 Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Columbia University
RP Jimenez, R (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, 209 S 33rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM raulj@physics.upenn.edu; zoltan@astro.columbia.edu
NR 30
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 501
EP 504
DI 10.1038/nature04580
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100049
PM 16554812
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Becker, D
   Selbach, M
   Rollenhagen, C
   Ballmaier, M
   Meyer, TF
   Mann, M
   Bumann, D
AF Becker, D
   Selbach, M
   Rollenhagen, C
   Ballmaier, M
   Meyer, TF
   Mann, M
   Bumann, D
TI Robust Salmonella metabolism limits possibilities for new antimicrobials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complete genome sequence; gene-expression; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; antibiotic-resistance; escherichia-coli; enterica; identification; infection; networks; bacteria
AB New antibiotics are urgently needed to control infectious diseases. Metabolic enzymes could represent attractive targets for such antibiotics, but in vivo target validation is largely lacking. Here we have obtained in vivo information about over 700 Salmonella enterica enzymes from network analysis of mutant phenotypes, genome comparisons and Salmonella proteomes from infected mice. Over 400 of these enzymes are non- essential for Salmonella virulence, reflecting extensive metabolic redundancies and access to surprisingly diverse host nutrients. The essential enzymes identified were almost exclusively associated with a small subgroup of pathways, enabling us to perform a nearly exhaustive screen. Sixty- four enzymes identified as essential in Salmonella are conserved in other important human pathogens, but almost all belong to metabolic pathways that are inhibited by current antibiotics or that have previously been considered for antimicrobial development. Our comprehensive in vivo analysis thus suggests a shortage of new metabolic targets for broad- spectrum antibiotics, and draws attention to some previously known but unexploited targets.
C1 Max Planck Inst Infect Biol, Dept Mol Biol, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biochem, Dept Proteom & Signal Transduct, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany.
   Hannover Med Sch, Flow Cytometry Core Facil, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
   Hannover Med Sch, Inst Immunol, Mucosal Infect Jr Res Grp, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Medical School
RP Bumann, D (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Infect Biol, Dept Mol Biol, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
EM bumann.dirk@mh-hannover.de
NR 33
TC 291
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 303
EP 307
DI 10.1038/nature04616
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600045
PM 16541065
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blundy, J
   Cashman, K
   Humphreys, M
AF Blundy, Jon
   Cashman, Kathy
   Humphreys, Madeleine
TI Magma heating by decompression-driven crystallization beneath andesite volcanoes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mount st-helens; experimental constraints; phase-relations; solution model; hills volcano; ascent rates; ti oxides; eruption; dacite; equilibria
AB Explosive volcanic eruptions are driven by exsolution of H2O-rich vapour from silicic magma(1). Eruption dynamics involve a complex interplay between nucleation and growth of vapour bubbles and crystallization, generating highly nonlinear variation in the physical properties of magma as it ascends beneath a volcano(2). This makes explosive volcanism difficult to model and, ultimately, to predict. A key unknown is the temperature variation in magma rising through the sub-volcanic system, as it loses gas and crystallizes en route(3). Thermodynamic modelling of magma that degasses, but does not crystallize, indicates that both cooling and heating are possible(4). Hitherto it has not been possible to evaluate such alternatives because of the difficulty of tracking temperature variations in moving magma several kilometres below the surface. Here we extend recent work on glassy melt inclusions trapped in plagioclase crystals(5) to develop a method for tracking pressure-temperature-crystallinity paths in magma beneath two active andesite volcanoes. We use dissolved H2O in melt inclusions to constrain the pressure of H2O at the time an inclusion became sealed, incompatible trace element concentrations to calculate the corresponding magma crystallinity and plagioclase-melt geothermometry to determine the temperature. These data are allied to ilmenite-magnetite geothermometry to show that the temperature of ascending magma increases by up to 100 degrees C, owing to the release of latent heat of crystallization. This heating can account for several common textural features of andesitic magmas, which might otherwise be erroneously attributed to pre-eruptive magma mixing.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Univ Oregon, Dept Geol Sci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Oregon
RP Blundy, J (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM Jon.Blundy@bris.ac.uk
NR 32
TC 274
Z9 321
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 76
EP 80
DI 10.1038/nature05100
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900042
PM 16957729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cruts, M
   Gijselinck, I
   van der Zee, J
   Engelborghs, S
   Wils, H
   Pirici, D
   Rademakers, R
   Vandenberghe, R
   Dermaut, B
   Martin, JJ
   van Duijn, C
   Peeters, K
   Sciot, R
   Santens, P
   De Pooter, T
   Mattheijssens, M
   Van den Broeck, M
   Cuijt, I
   Vennekens, K
   De Deyn, PP
   Kumar-Singh, S
   Van Broeckhoven, C
AF Cruts, Marc
   Gijselinck, Ilse
   van der Zee, Julie
   Engelborghs, Sebastiaan
   Wils, Hans
   Pirici, Daniel
   Rademakers, Rosa
   Vandenberghe, Rik
   Dermaut, Bart
   Martin, Jean-Jacques
   van Duijn, Cornelia
   Peeters, Karin
   Sciot, Raf
   Santens, Patrick
   De Pooter, Tim
   Mattheijssens, Maria
   Van den Broeck, Marleen
   Cuijt, Ivy
   Vennekens, Krist'l
   De Deyn, Peter P.
   Kumar-Singh, Samir
   Van Broeckhoven, Christine
TI Null mutations in progranulin cause ubiquitin-positive frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17q21
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID valosin-containing protein; growth-factor; lobar degeneration; picks-disease; tau; inclusions; expression; granulin; family; gene
AB Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with ubiquitin-immunoreactive neuronal inclusions ( both cytoplasmic and nuclear) of unknown nature has been linked to a chromosome 17q21 region (FTDU-17) containing MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau)(1-3). FTDU-17 patients have consistently been shown to lack a tau-immunoreactive pathology(1-3), a feature characteristic of FTD with parkinsonism linked to mutations in MAPT (FTDP-17)(4). Furthermore, in FTDU-17 patients, mutations in MAPT and genomic rearrangements in the MAPT region have been excluded by both genomic sequencing(5) and fluorescence in situ hybridization on mechanically stretched chromosomes(6). Here we demonstrate that FTDU-17 is caused by mutations in the gene coding for progranulin (PGRN), a growth factor involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes including tumorigenesis(7). Besides the production of truncated PGRN proteins due to premature stop codons(8), we identified a mutation within the splice donor site of intron 0 (IVS0+5G> C), indicating loss of the mutant transcript by nuclear degradation. The finding was made within an extensively documented Belgian FTDU-17 founder family(3). Transcript and protein analyses confirmed the absence of the mutant allele and a reduction in the expression of PGRN. We also identified a mutation ( c. 3G>A) in the Met1 translation initiation codon, indicating loss of PGRN due to lack of translation of the mutant allele. Our data provide evidence that PGRN haploinsufficiency leads to neurodegeneration because of reduced PGRN-mediated neuronal survival. Furthermore, in a Belgian series of familial FTD patients, PGRN mutations were 3.5 times more frequent than mutations in MAPT, underscoring a principal involvement of PGRN in FTD pathogenesis.
C1 Univ Antwerp VIB, Dept Mol Genet, Neurodegenerat Brain Dis Grp, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Inst Born Bunge, Neurogenet Lab, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Inst Born Bunge, Lab Neurochem & Behav, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Inst Born Bunge, Neuropathol Lab, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Univ Antwerp, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Middleheim Gen Hosp, Dept Neurol, Memory Clin, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Univ Hosp Gasthuisberg, Dept Pathol, BE-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Katholieke Univ Leuven, Univ Hosp Gasthuisberg, Dept Neurol, BE-3000 Louvain, Belgium.
   Univ Ghent, State Univ Ghent Hosp, Dept Neurol, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
   Erasmus MC, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Genet Epidemiol Grp, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Antwerp; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); University of Antwerp; KU Leuven; University Hospital Leuven; KU Leuven; University Hospital Leuven; Ghent University; Ghent University Hospital; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC
RP Van Broeckhoven, C (corresponding author), Univ Antwerp VIB, Dept Mol Genet, Neurodegenerat Brain Dis Grp, Univ Pl 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
EM christine.vanbroeckhoven@ua.ac.be
NR 28
TC 1250
Z9 1386
U1 0
U2 72
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 920
EP 924
DI 10.1038/nature05017
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500038
PM 16862115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Niemann, H
   Losekann, T
   de Beer, D
   Elvert, M
   Nadalig, T
   Knittel, K
   Amann, R
   Sauter, EJ
   Schlüter, M
   Klages, M
   Foucher, JP
   Boetius, A
AF Niemann, Helge
   Losekann, Tina
   de Beer, Dirk
   Elvert, Marcus
   Nadalig, Thierry
   Knittel, Katrin
   Amann, Rudolf
   Sauter, Eberhard J.
   Schlueter, Michael
   Klages, Michael
   Foucher, Jean Paul
   Boetius, Antje
TI Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as a methane sink
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate-reducing bacteria; anaerobic oxidation; cascadia margin; hydrate ridge; water column; sea; sediments; diversity; archaea; fluxes
AB Mud volcanism is an important natural source of the greenhouse gas methane to the hydrosphere and atmosphere(1,2). Recent investigations show that the number of active submarine mud volcanoes might be much higher than anticipated ( for example, see refs 3 - 5), and that gas emitted from deep-sea seeps might reach the upper mixed ocean(6-8). Unfortunately, global methane emission from active submarine mud volcanoes cannot be quantified because their number and gas release are unknown(9). It is also unclear how efficiently methane-oxidizing microorganisms remove methane. Here we investigate the methane-emitting Haakon Mosby Mud Volcano (HMMV, Barents Sea, 72 degrees N, 14 degrees 44' E; 1,250 m water depth) to provide quantitative estimates of the in situ composition, distribution and activity of methanotrophs in relation to gas emission. The HMMV hosts three key communities: aerobic methanotrophic bacteria (Methylococcales), anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME-2) thriving below siboglinid tubeworms, and a previously undescribed clade of archaea (ANME-3) associated with bacterial mats. We found that the upward flow of sulphate- and oxygen-free mud volcano fluids restricts the availability of these electron acceptors for methane oxidation, and hence the habitat range of methanotrophs. This mechanism limits the capacity of the microbial methane filter at active marine mud volcanoes to <40% of the total flux.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany.
   IFREMER, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France.
   Int Jacobs Univ Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research; Ifremer
RP Boetius, A (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM aboetius@mpi-bremen.de
NR 30
TC 498
Z9 597
U1 3
U2 257
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 854
EP 858
DI 10.1038/nature05227
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700051
PM 17051217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jager, M
   Murienne, J
   Clabaut, C
   Deutsch, J
   Le Guyader, H
   Manuel, M
AF Jager, Muriel
   Murienne, Jerome
   Clabaut, Celine
   Deutsch, Jean
   Le Guyader, Herve
   Manuel, Michael
TI Homology of arthropod anterior appendages revealed by Hox gene expression in a sea spider
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID appendicular origin; nervous-system; segment; head; morphology; chelicerate; phylogeny; evolution; position; antennae
AB Arthropod head segments offer a paradigm for understanding the diversification of form during evolution, as a variety of morphologically diverse appendages have arisen from them. There has been long-running controversy, however, concerning which head appendages are homologous among arthropods, and from which ancestral arrangement they have been derived. This controversy has recently been rekindled by the proposition that the probable ancestral arrangement, with appendages on the first head segment, has not been lost in all extant arthropods as previously thought, but has been retained in the pycnogonids, or sea spiders(1). This proposal was based on the neuroanatomical analysis of larvae from the sea spider Anoplodactylus sp., and suggested that the most anterior pair of appendages, the chelifores, are innervated from the first part of the brain, the protocerebrum. Our examination of Hox gene expression in another sea spider, Endeis spinosa, refutes this hypothesis. The anterior boundaries of Hox gene expression domains place the chelifore appendages as clearly belonging to the second head segment, innervated from the second part of the brain, the deutocerebrum. The deutocerebrum must have been secondarily displaced towards the protocerebrum in pycnogonid ancestors. As anterior-most appendages are also deutocerebral in the other two arthropod groups, the Euchelicerata and the Mandibulata, we conclude that the protocerebral appendages have been lost in all extant arthropods.
C1 Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS UPMC MNHN ENS IRD 7138, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS UPMC 7622, F-75005 Paris, France.
C3 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Sorbonne Universite; Sorbonne Universite
RP Manuel, M (corresponding author), Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS UPMC MNHN ENS IRD 7138, Case 05,9 Quai St Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM Michael.Manuel@snv.jussieu.fr
NR 29
TC 81
Z9 91
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 506
EP 508
DI 10.1038/nature04591
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900049
PM 16724066
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roos, CF
   Chwalla, M
   Kim, K
   Riebe, M
   Blatt, R
AF Roos, C. F.
   Chwalla, M.
   Kim, K.
   Riebe, M.
   Blatt, R.
TI 'Designer atoms' for quantum metrology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID decoherence; frequency; spectroscopy
AB Entanglement is recognized as a key resource for quantum computation(1) and quantum cryptography(2). For quantum metrology, the use of entangled states has been discussed(3-5) and demonstrated(6) as a means of improving the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, entangled states have been used in experiments for efficient quantum state detection(7) and for the measurement of scattering lengths(8). In quantum information processing, manipulation of individual quantum bits allows for the tailored design of specific states that are insensitive to the detrimental influences of an environment(9). Such 'decoherence-free subspaces' ( ref. 10) protect quantum information and yield significantly enhanced coherence times(11). Here we use a decoherence-free subspace with specifically designed entangled states(12) to demonstrate precision spectroscopy of a pair of trapped Ca+ ions; we obtain the electric quadrupole moment, which is of use for frequency standard applications. We find that entangled states are not only useful for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in frequency measurements - a suitably designed pair of atoms also allows clock measurements in the presence of strong technical noise. Our technique makes explicit use of non-locality as an entanglement property and provides an approach for 'designed' quantum metrology.
C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Quantenopt & Quanteninformat, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
C3 University of Innsbruck; Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Roos, CF (corresponding author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
EM christian.roos@uibk.ac.at
NR 27
TC 288
Z9 312
U1 1
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 316
EP 319
DI 10.1038/nature05101
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000041
PM 16988707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU D'Orazio, JA
   Nobuhisa, T
   Cui, RT
   Arya, M
   Spry, M
   Wakamatsu, K
   Igras, V
   Kunisada, T
   Granter, SR
   Nishimura, EK
   Ito, S
   Fisher, DE
AF D'Orazio, John A.
   Nobuhisa, Tetsuji
   Cui, Rutao
   Arya, Michelle
   Spry, Malinda
   Wakamatsu, Kazumasa
   Igras, Vivien
   Kunisada, Takahiro
   Granter, Scott R.
   Nishimura, Emi K.
   Ito, Shosuke
   Fisher, David E.
TI Topical drug rescue strategy and skin protection based on the role of Mc1r in UV-induced tanning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cell factor; human melanocytes; dna-damage; transcription factor; ultraviolet-light; cyclic-amp; expression; gene; keratinocytes; melanogenesis
AB Ultraviolet-light (UV)-induced tanning is defective in numerous 'fair-skinned' individuals, many of whom contain functional disruption of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R)(1-3). Although this suggested a critical role for the MC1R ligand melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) in this response, a genetically controlled system has been lacking in which to determine the precise role of MSH - MC1R. Here we show that ultraviolet light potently induces expression of MSH in keratinocytes, but fails to stimulate pigmentation in the absence of functional MC1R in red/blonde-haired Mc1r(e/e) mice. However, pigmentation could be rescued by topical application of the cyclic AMP agonist forskolin, without the need for ultraviolet light, demonstrating that the pigmentation machinery is available despite the absence of functional MC1R. This chemically induced pigmentation was protective against ultraviolet-light-induced cutaneous DNA damage and tumorigenesis when tested in the cancer-prone, xerodermapigmentosum-complementation-group- C-deficient genetic background. These data emphasize the essential role of intercellular MSH signalling in the tanning response, and suggest a clinical strategy for topical small-molecule manipulation of pigmentation.
C1 Dana Farber Canc Inst, Melanoma Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Pediat Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Childrens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Lucille P Markey Canc Ctr, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
   Univ Kentucky, Coll Med, Grad Ctr Toxicol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA.
   Fujita Hlth Univ, Sch Hlth Sci, Dept Chem, Aichi 4701192, Japan.
   Gifu Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Tissue & Organ Dev, Gifu 501, Japan.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Kanazawa Univ, Dept Stem Cell Med, Canc Res Inst, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9200934, Japan.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky; Fujita Health University; Gifu University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Kanazawa University
RP Fisher, DE (corresponding author), Dana Farber Canc Inst, Melanoma Program, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM david_fisher@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 276
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 340
EP 344
DI 10.1038/nature05098
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000047
PM 16988713
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, SA
   Weaver, HA
   Steffl, AJ
   Mutchler, MJ
   Merline, WJ
   Buie, MW
   Young, EF
   Young, LA
   Spencer, JR
AF Stern, SA
   Weaver, HA
   Steffl, AJ
   Mutchler, MJ
   Merline, WJ
   Buie, MW
   Young, EF
   Young, LA
   Spencer, JR
TI A giant impact origin for Pluto's small moons and satellite multiplicity in the Kuiper belt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID charon; disk
AB The two newly discovered(1) satellites of Pluto (P1 and P2) have masses that are small compared to both Pluto and Charon-that is, between 5x10(-4) and 1x10(-5) of Pluto's mass, and between 5x10(-3) and 1x10(-4) of Charon's mass. This discovery, combined with the constraints on the absence of more distant satellites of Pluto(2), reveal that Pluto and its moons comprise an unusual, highly compact, quadruple system. These facts naturally raise the question of how this puzzling satellite system came to be. Here we show that P1 and P2's proximity to Pluto and Charon, the fact that P1 and P2 are on near-circular orbits in the same plane as Pluto's large satellite Charon(1), along with their apparent locations in or near high-order mean-motion resonances, all probably result from their being constructed from collisional ejecta that originated from the Pluto-Charon formation event. We also argue that dust-ice rings of variable optical depths form sporadically in the Pluto system, and that rich satellite systems may be found-perhaps frequently-around other large Kuiper belt objects.
C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Lowell Observ, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Stern, SA (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, 1050 Walnut St,Suite 400, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM astern@swri.edu
NR 12
TC 77
Z9 82
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 946
EP 948
DI 10.1038/nature04548
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100040
PM 16495992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, W
   Chang, J
   Jakana, J
   Weigele, P
   King, J
   Chiu, W
AF Jiang, W
   Chang, J
   Jakana, J
   Weigele, P
   King, J
   Chiu, W
TI Structure of epsilon15 bacteriophage reveals genome organization and DNA packaging/injection apparatus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particle reconstruction; maturation transition; angstrom resolution; common ancestry; visualization; microscopy; vertex; motor; t7; t4
AB The critical viral components for packaging DNA, recognizing and binding to host cells, and injecting the condensed DNA into the host are organized at a single vertex of many icosahedral viruses. These component structures do not share icosahedral symmetry and cannot be resolved using a conventional icosahedral averaging method. Here we report the structure of the entire infectious Salmonella bacteriophage epsilon15 ( ref. 1) determined from single-particle cryo-electron microscopy, without icosahedral averaging. This structure displays not only the icosahedral shell of 60 hexamers and 11 pentamers, but also the non-icosahedral components at one pentameric vertex. The densities at this vertex can be identified as the 12-subunit portal complex sandwiched between an internal cylindrical core and an external tail hub connecting to six projecting trimeric tailspikes. The viral genome is packed as coaxial coils in at least three outer layers with similar to 90 terminal nucleotides extending through the protein core and the portal complex and poised for injection. The shell protein from icosahedral reconstruction at higher resolution exhibits a similar fold to that of other double-stranded DNA viruses including herpesvirus(2-6), suggesting a common ancestor among these diverse viruses. The image reconstruction approach should be applicable to studying other biological nanomachines with components of mixed symmetries.
C1 Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Natl Ctr Macromol Imaging, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Grad Program Struct & Computat Biol & Mol Biophys, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chiu, W (corresponding author), Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Natl Ctr Macromol Imaging, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM wah@bcm.edu
FU NCRR NIH HHS [P41 RR002250] Funding Source: Medline; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI038469] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM070557] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 256
Z9 301
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 612
EP 616
DI 10.1038/nature04487
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900046
PM 16452981
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blasiak, LC
   Vaillancourt, FH
   Walsh, CT
   Drennan, CL
AF Blasiak, LC
   Vaillancourt, FH
   Walsh, CT
   Drennan, CL
TI Crystal structure of the non-haem iron halogenase SyrB2 in syringomycin biosynthesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase; gene-cluster; mechanism; program; taurine; system; taud
AB Non- haem Fe( II)/ alpha-ketoglutarate ( alpha KG)- dependent enzymes harness the reducing power of alpha KG to catalyse oxidative reactions, usually the hydroxylation of unactivated carbons, and are involved in processes such as natural product biosynthesis, the mammalian hypoxic response, and DNA repair(1,2). These enzymes couple the decarboxylation of alpha KG with the formation of a high- energy ferryl- oxo intermediate that acts as a hydrogen- abstracting species(2-4). All previously structurally characterized mononuclear iron enzymes contain a 2- His, 1- carboxylate motif that coordinates the iron(1,2). The two histidines and one carboxylate, known as the ' facial triad', form one triangular side of an octahedral iron coordination geometry. A subclass of mononuclear iron enzymes has been shown to catalyse halogenation reactions, rather than the more typical hydroxylation reaction(5,6). SyrB2, a member of this subclass, is a non- haem Fe( II)/ alpha KG-dependent halogenase that catalyses the chlorination of threonine in syringomycin E biosynthesis(5). Here we report the structure of SyrB2 with both a chloride ion and alpha KG coordinated to the iron ion at 1.6 angstrom resolution. This structure reveals a previously unknown coordination of iron, in which the carboxylate ligand of the facial triad is replaced by a chloride ion.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Drennan, CL (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM cdrennan@MIT.EDU
NR 29
TC 315
Z9 407
U1 0
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 368
EP 371
DI 10.1038/nature04544
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600059
PM 16541079
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU O'Brien, TJ
   Bode, MF
   Porcas, RW
   Muxlow, TWB
   Eyres, SPS
   Beswick, RJ
   Garrington, ST
   Davis, RJ
   Evans, A
AF O'Brien, T. J.
   Bode, M. F.
   Porcas, R. W.
   Muxlow, T. W. B.
   Eyres, S. P. S.
   Beswick, R. J.
   Garrington, S. T.
   Davis, R. J.
   Evans, A.
TI An asymmetric shock wave in the 2006 outburst of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID symbiotic stars; models
AB Nova outbursts(1) take place in binary star systems comprising a white dwarf and either a low-mass Sun-like star or, as in the case of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi(2), a red giant. Although the cause of these outbursts is known to be thermonuclear explosion of matter transferred from the companion onto the surface of the white dwarf(3), models of the previous ( 1985) outburst of RS Ophiuchi failed to adequately fit the X-ray evolution(4) and there was controversy over a single-epoch high-resolution radio image, which suggested that the remnant was bipolar(5,6) rather than spherical as modelled. Here we report the detection of spatially resolved structure in RS Ophiuchi from two weeks after its 12 February 2006 outburst. We track an expanding shock wave as it sweeps through the red giant wind, producing a remnant similar to that of a type II supernova but evolving over months rather than millennia(7). As in supernova remnants, the radio emission is non-thermal ( synchrotron emission), but asymmetries and multiple emission components clearly demonstrate that contrary to the assumptions of spherical symmetry in models of the 1985 explosion, the ejection is jet-like, collimated by the central binary whose orientation on the sky can be determined from these observations.
C1 Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Sch Phys & Astron, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   Liverpool John Moores Univ, Astrophys Res Inst, Birkenhead CH41 1LD, Merseyside, England.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Univ Cent Lancashire, Ctr Astrophys, Preston PR1 2HE, Lancs, England.
   Keele Univ, Sch Phys & Geog Sci, Astrophys Grp, Keele ST5 5BG, Staffs, England.
C3 University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; Liverpool John Moores University; Max Planck Society; University of Lancashire; Keele University
RP O'Brien, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Sch Phys & Astron, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
EM tim.obrien@manchester.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 155
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 279
EP 281
DI 10.1038/nature04949
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100033
PM 16855585
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schäfer, T
   Maco, B
   Petfalski, E
   Tollervey, D
   Böttcher, B
   Aebi, U
   Hurt, E
AF Schafer, Thorsten
   Maco, Bohumil
   Petfalski, Elisabeth
   Tollervey, David
   Boettcher, Bettina
   Aebi, Ueli
   Hurt, Ed
TI Hrr25-dependent phosphorylation state regulates organization of the pre-40S subunit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pre-ribosomal-rna; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; electron-micrographs; nuclear export; complex; yeast; identification; transcription; biogenesis; maturation
AB The formation of eukaryotic ribosomes is a multistep process that takes place successively in the nucleolar, nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic compartments(1-4). Along this pathway, multiple preribosomal particles are generated, which transiently associate with numerous non-ribosomal factors before mature 60S and 40S subunits are formed(5-12). However, most mechanistic details of ribosome biogenesis are still unknown. Here we identify a maturation step of the yeast pre-40S subunit that is regulated by the protein kinase Hrr25 and involves ribosomal protein Rps3. A high salt concentration releases Rps3 from isolated pre-40S particles but not from mature 40S subunits. Electron microscopy indicates that pre-40S particles lack a structural landmark present in mature 40S subunits, the 'beak'. The beak is formed by the protrusion of 18S ribosomal RNA helix 33, which is in close vicinity to Rps3. Two protein kinases Hrr25 and Rio2 are associated with pre-40S particles. Hrr25 phosphorylates Rps3 and the 40S synthesis factor Enp1. Phosphorylated Rsp3 and Enp1 readily dissociate from the pre-ribosome, whereas subsequent dephosphorylation induces formation of the beak structure and salt-resistant integration of Rps3 into the 40S subunit. In vivo depletion of Hrr25 inhibits growth and leads to the accumulation of immature 40S subunits that contain unstably bound Rps3. We conclude that the kinase activity of Hrr25 regulates the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.
C1 Univ Heidelberg, Zentrum Biochem, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
   Univ Basel, ME Muller Inst Struct Biol, Biozentrum, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
   Univ Edinburgh, Wellcome Trust Ctr Cell Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Midlothian, Scotland.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Basel; University of Edinburgh; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Hurt, E (corresponding author), Univ Heidelberg, Zentrum Biochem, Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM cg5@ix.urz.uni-heidelberg.de
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C516928/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 186
Z9 209
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 651
EP 655
DI 10.1038/nature04840
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800051
PM 16738661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bustarret, E
   Marcenat, C
   Achatz, P
   Kacmarcik, J
   Lévy, F
   Huxley, A
   Ortéga, L
   Bourgeois, E
   Blase, X
   Débarre, D
   Boulmer, J
AF Bustarret, E.
   Marcenat, C.
   Achatz, P.
   Kacmarcik, J.
   Levy, F.
   Huxley, A.
   Ortega, L.
   Bourgeois, E.
   Blase, X.
   Debarre, D.
   Boulmer, J.
TI Superconductivity in doped cubic silicon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultra-shallow; temperature; dependence; films; junctions; diamond; fields; hc2; si
AB Although the local resistivity of semiconducting silicon in its standard crystalline form can be changed by many orders of magnitude by doping with elements, superconductivity has so far never been achieved. Hybrid devices combining silicon's semiconducting properties and superconductivity have therefore remained largely underdeveloped. Here we report that superconductivity can be induced when boron is locally introduced into silicon at concentrations above its equilibrium solubility. For sufficiently high boron doping (typically 100 p.p.m.) silicon becomes metallic(1). We find that at a higher boron concentration of several per cent, achieved by gas immersion laser doping, silicon becomes superconducting. Electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements show that boron-doped silicon (Si:B) made in this way is a superconductor below a transition temperature T-c approximate to 0.35 K, with a critical field of about 0.4 T. Ab initio calculations, corroborated by Raman measurements, strongly suggest that doping is substitutional. The calculated electron-phonon coupling strength is found to be consistent with a conventional phonon-mediated coupling mechanism(2). Our findings will facilitate the fabrication of new silicon-based superconducting nano-structures and mesoscopic devices with high-quality interfaces.
C1 CNRS, Etud Proprietes Elect Solides Lab, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   CNRS, Cristallog Lab, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
   CEA Grenoble, Dept Rech Fondamentale Mat Condensee, SPSMS, F-38054 Grenoble, France.
   Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Expt Phys, SK-04001 Kosice, Slovakia.
   Univ Lyon 1, Lab Phys Mat Condensee & Nanostruct, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   Univ Paris 11, Inst Elect Fondamentale, F-91405 Orsay, France.
   CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); CEA; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Bustarret, E (corresponding author), CNRS, Etud Proprietes Elect Solides Lab, BP166, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
EM etienne.bustarret@grenoble.cnrs.fr; christophe.marcenat@cea.fr
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 258
U1 2
U2 154
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 465
EP 468
DI 10.1038/nature05340
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700041
PM 17122852
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gavin, AC
   Aloy, P
   Grandi, P
   Krause, R
   Boesche, M
   Marzioch, M
   Rau, C
   Jensen, LJ
   Bastuck, S
   Dümpelfeld, B
   Edelmann, A
   Heurtier, MA
   Hoffman, V
   Hoefert, C
   Klein, K
   Hudak, M
   Michon, AM
   Schelder, M
   Schirle, M
   Remor, M
   Rudi, T
   Hooper, S
   Bauer, A
   Bouwmeester, T
   Casari, G
   Drewes, G
   Neubauer, G
   Rick, JM
   Kuster, B
   Bork, P
   Russell, RB
   Superti-Furga, G
AF Gavin, AC
   Aloy, P
   Grandi, P
   Krause, R
   Boesche, M
   Marzioch, M
   Rau, C
   Jensen, LJ
   Bastuck, S
   Dümpelfeld, B
   Edelmann, A
   Heurtier, MA
   Hoffman, V
   Hoefert, C
   Klein, K
   Hudak, M
   Michon, AM
   Schelder, M
   Schirle, M
   Remor, M
   Rudi, T
   Hooper, S
   Bauer, A
   Bouwmeester, T
   Casari, G
   Drewes, G
   Neubauer, G
   Rick, JM
   Kuster, B
   Bork, P
   Russell, RB
   Superti-Furga, G
TI Proteome survey reveals modularity of the yeast cell machinery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cap-binding complex; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; global analysis; identification; purification; annotation; metabolism; networks; proteins; nuclear
AB Protein complexes are key molecular entities that integrate multiple gene products to perform cellular functions. Here we report the first genome-wide screen for complexes in an organism, budding yeast, using affinity purification and mass spectrometry. Through systematic tagging of open reading frames (ORFs), the majority of complexes were purified several times, suggesting screen saturation. The richness of the data set enabled a de novo characterization of the composition and organization of the cellular machinery. The ensemble of cellular proteins partitions into 491 complexes, of which 257 are novel, that differentially combine with additional attachment proteins or protein modules to enable a diversification of potential functions. Support for this modular organization of the proteome comes from integration with available data on expression, localization, function, evolutionary conservation, protein structure and binary interactions. This study provides the largest collection of physically determined eukaryotic cellular machines so far and a platform for biological data integration and modelling.
C1 Cellzome AG, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   European Mol Biol Lab, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
   MPI IB, MPI MG, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Ctr Mol Med, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Cellzome GmbH; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Austrian Academy of Sciences
RP Russell, RB (corresponding author), Cellzome AG, Meyerhofstr 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
EM russell@embl-heidelberg.de
NR 43
TC 2063
Z9 2452
U1 2
U2 164
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 631
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature04532
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400035
PM 16429126
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beltrán, MT
   Cesaroni, R
   Codella, C
   Testi, L
   Furuya, RS
   Olmi, L
AF Beltran, Maria T.
   Cesaroni, Riccardo
   Codella, Claudio
   Testi, Leonardo
   Furuya, Ray S.
   Olmi, Luca
TI Infall of gas as the formation mechanism of stars up to 20 times more massive than the Sun
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultracompact hii-regions; molecular clouds; ammonia observations; disk; g24.78+0.08; g10.6-0.4; protostar; accretion; outflow; cores
AB Theory predicts and observations confirm that low-mass stars ( like the Sun) in their early life grow by accreting gas from the surrounding material. But for stars similar to 10 times more massive than the Sun (similar to 10M(.)), the powerful stellar radiation is expected to inhibit accretion1 and thus limit the growth of their mass. Clearly, stars with masses > 10M(.) exist, so there must be a way for them to form. The problem may be solved by non-spherical accretion(2,3), which allows some of the stellar photons to escape along the symmetry axis where the density is lower. The recent detection of rotating disks(4-6) and toroids(7) around very young massive stars has lent support to the idea that high- mass (greater than or similar to 8M(.)) stars could formin this way. Here we report observations of an ammonia line towards a high- mass star forming region. We conclude that the gas is falling inwards towards a very young star of similar to 20M(.), in line with theoretical predictions of non-spherical accretion.
C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Astron & Meteorol, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
   Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Ist Radioastron, Sez Firenze, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, Subaru Telescope, Hilo, HI 96720 USA.
C3 University of Barcelona; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ)
RP Beltrán, MT (corresponding author), Univ Barcelona, Dept Astron & Meteorol, Av Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
EM mbeltran@am.ub.es
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 427
EP 429
DI 10.1038/nature05074
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800039
PM 17006508
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schawinski, K
   Khochfar, S
   Kaviraj, S
   Yi, SK
   Boselli, A
   Barlow, T
   Conrow, T
   Forster, K
   Friedman, PG
   Martin, DC
   Morrissey, P
   Neff, S
   Schiminovich, D
   Seibert, M
   Small, T
   Wyder, TK
   Bianchi, L
   Donas, J
   Heckman, T
   Lee, YW
   Madore, B
   Milliard, B
   Rich, RM
   Szalay, A
AF Schawinski, Kevin
   Khochfar, Sadegh
   Kaviraj, Sugata
   Yi, Sukyoung K.
   Boselli, Alessandro
   Barlow, Tom
   Conrow, Tim
   Forster, Karl
   Friedman, Peter G.
   Martin, D. Chris
   Morrissey, Patrick
   Neff, Susan
   Schiminovich, David
   Seibert, Mark
   Small, Todd
   Wyder, Ted K.
   Bianchi, Luciana
   Donas, Jose
   Heckman, Tim
   Lee, Young-Wook
   Madore, Barry
   Milliard, Bruno
   Rich, R. Michael
   Szalay, Alex
TI Suppression of star formation in early-type galaxies by feedback from supermassive black holes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID digital sky survey; galactic nuclei; evolution; mergers; colors; origin
AB Detailed high-resolution observations of the innermost regions of nearby galaxies have revealed the presence of supermassive black holes(1-4). These black holes may interact with their host galaxies by means of 'feedback' in the form of energy and material jets; this feedback affects the evolution of the host and gives rise to observed relations between the black hole and the host(5). Here we report observations of the ultraviolet emissions of massive early-type galaxies. We derive an empirical relation for a critical black-hole mass ( as a function of velocity dispersion) above which the outflows from these black holes suppress star formation in their hosts by heating and expelling all available cold gas. Supermassive black holes are negligible in mass compared to their hosts but nevertheless seem to play a critical role in the star formation history of galaxies.
C1 Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3RH, England.
   Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France.
   CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, New York, NY 10027 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Yonsei University; University of Oxford; Aix-Marseille Universite; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Columbia University; Johns Hopkins University; Carnegie Institution for Science; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Yi, SK (corresponding author), Yonsei Univ, Ctr Space Astrophys, Seoul 120749, South Korea.
EM yi@yonsei.ac.kr
NR 25
TC 127
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 888
EP 891
DI 10.1038/nature04934
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500030
PM 16929291
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ducatez, MF
   Olinger, CM
   Owoade, AA
   De Landtsheer, S
   Ammerlaan, W
   Niesters, HGM
   Osterhaus, ADME
   Fouchier, RAM
   Muller, CP
AF Ducatez, M. F.
   Olinger, C. M.
   Owoade, A. A.
   De Landtsheer, S.
   Ammerlaan, W.
   Niesters, H. G. M.
   Osterhaus, A. D. M. E.
   Fouchier, R. A. M.
   Muller, C. P.
TI Multiple introductions of H5N1 in Nigeria - Phylogenetic analysis reveals that this deadly virus first arrived in Africa from different sources
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 Natl Publ Hlth Lab, Inst Immunol, L-1950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
   Univ Ibadan, Dept Vet Med, Ibadan, Nigeria.
   Erasmus Med Ctr, Dept Virol, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Ibadan; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus MC
RP Ducatez, MF (corresponding author), Natl Publ Hlth Lab, Inst Immunol, L-1950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
EM claude.muller@lns.etat.lu
NR 3
TC 132
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 37
EP 37
DI 10.1038/442037a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500028
PM 16823443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diehl, R
   Halloin, H
   Kretschmer, K
   Lichti, GG
   Schönfelder, V
   Strong, AW
   von Kienlin, A
   Wang, W
   Jean, P
   Knödlseder, J
   Roques, JP
   Weidenspointner, G
   Schanne, S
   Hartmann, DH
   Winkler, C
   Wunderer, C
AF Diehl, R
   Halloin, H
   Kretschmer, K
   Lichti, GG
   Schönfelder, V
   Strong, AW
   von Kienlin, A
   Wang, W
   Jean, P
   Knödlseder, J
   Roques, JP
   Weidenspointner, G
   Schanne, S
   Hartmann, DH
   Winkler, C
   Wunderer, C
TI Radioactive 26Al from massive stars in the Galaxy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution
AB Gamma-rays from radioactive Al-26 ( half-life similar to 7.2 x 10(5) years) provide a 'snapshot' view of continuing nucleosynthesis in the Galaxy(1). The Galaxy is relatively transparent to such gamma-rays, and emission has been found concentrated along its plane(2). This led to the conclusion(1) that massive stars throughout the Galaxy dominate the production of Al-26. On the other hand, meteoritic data show evidence for locally produced Al-26, perhaps from spallation reactions in the protosolar disk(3-5). Furthermore, prominent gamma-ray emission from the Cygnus region suggests that a substantial fraction of Galactic Al-26 could originate in localized star-forming regions. Here we report high spectral resolution measurements of Al-26 emission at 1808.65 keV, which demonstrate that the Al-26 source regions corotate with the Galaxy, supporting its Galaxy-wide origin. We determine a present-day equilibrium mass of 2.8 (+/- 0.8) solar masses of Al-26. We use this to determine that the frequency of core collapse ( that is, type Ib/c and type II) supernovae is 1.9 (+/- 1.1) events per century.
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Toulouse 3, F-31028 Toulouse, France.
   Ctr Etud Spatiale Rayonnements, F-31028 Toulouse, France.
   CEA Saclay, DSM, DAPNIA, Serv Astrophys, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634 USA.
   ESA, ESTEC, SCI SD, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, Netherlands.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Clemson University; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Diehl, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM rod@mpe.mpg.de
NR 22
TC 620
Z9 706
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 45
EP 47
DI 10.1038/nature04364
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700029
PM 16397491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, Y
   Creanga, A
   Lum, L
   Beachy, PA
AF Ma, Yong
   Creanga, Adrian
   Lum, Lawrence
   Beachy, Philip A.
TI Prevalence of off-target effects in Drosophila RNA interference screens
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional genomic analysis; signaling pathway; cultured-cells; components; secretion; protein; sirnas
AB RNA interference (RNAi) in both plants and animals is mediated by small RNAs of approximately 21 - 23 nucleotides in length for regulation of target gene expression at multiple levels through partial sequence complementarities(1,2). Combined with widespread genome sequencing, experimental use of RNAi has the potential to interrogate systematically all genes in a given organism with respect to a particular function(3-9). However, owing to a tolerance for mismatches and gaps in base-pairing with targets(10-12), small RNAs could have up to hundreds of potential target sequences in a genome(13,14), and some small RNAs in mammalian systems have been shown to affect the levels of many messenger RNAs besides their intended targets(15,16). The use of long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in Drosophila, where Dicer-mediated processing produces small RNAs inside cells, has been thought to reduce the probability of such 'off-target effects' (OTEs)(5). Here we show, however, that OTEs mediated by short homology stretches within long dsRNAs are prevalent in Drosophila. We have performed a genome-wide RNAi screen for novel components of Wingless (Wg) signal transduction(17) in Drosophila S2R+ cells, and found few, if any, legitimate candidates. Rather, many of the top candidates exert their effects on Wg response through OTEs on known pathway components or through promiscuous OTEs produced by tandem trinucleotide repeats present in many dsRNAs and genes. Genes containing such repeats are overrepresented in candidate lists from published screens, suggesting that they represent a common class of false positives. Our results suggest simple measures to improve the reliability of genome-wide RNAi screens in Drosophila and other organisms.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Oncol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Beachy, PA (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Dev Biol, B300 Beckman Bldg,279 Campus Dr W, W Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM pbeachy@stanford.edu
NR 26
TC 237
Z9 291
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 359
EP 363
DI 10.1038/nature05179
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000051
PM 16964239
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bingol, B
   Schuman, EM
AF Bingol, Baris
   Schuman, Erin M.
TI Activity-dependent dynamics and sequestration of proteasomes in dendritic spines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glr-1 glutamate receptors; ventral nerve cord; c-elegans; protein-degradation; ubiquitin; system; abundance; complex; endocytosis; synapses
AB The regulated degradation of proteins by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway is emerging as an important modulator of synaptic function and plasticity(1-15). The proteasome is a large, multi-subunit cellular machine that recognizes, unfolds and degrades target polyubiquitinated proteins. Here we report NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-dependent redistribution of proteasomes from dendritic shafts to synaptic spines upon synaptic stimulation, providing a mechanism for local protein degradation. Using a proteasome-activity reporter and local perfusion, we show that synaptic stimulation regulates proteasome activity locally in the dendrites. We used restricted photobleaching of individual spines and dendritic shafts to reveal the dynamics that underlie proteasome sequestration, and show that activity modestly enhances the entry rate of proteasomes into spines while dramatically reducing their exit rate. Proteasome sequestration is persistent, reflecting an association with the actin-based cytoskeleton. Together, our data indicate that synaptic activity can promote the recruitment and sequestration of proteasomes to locally remodel the protein composition of synapses.
C1 CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology
RP Schuman, EM (corresponding author), CALTECH, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Biol, 114-96, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
EM schumane@caltech.edu
NR 30
TC 279
Z9 343
U1 1
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1144
EP 1148
DI 10.1038/nature04769
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500049
PM 16810255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stinchcombe, JC
   Majorovits, E
   Bossi, G
   Fuller, S
   Griffiths, GM
AF Stinchcombe, Jane C.
   Majorovits, Endre
   Bossi, Giovanna
   Fuller, Stephen
   Griffiths, Gillian M.
TI Centrosome polarization delivers secretory granules to the immunological synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID microtubule; cytoskeleton; lymphocytes; transport
AB Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) destroy virally infected and tumorigenic cells by releasing the contents of specialized secretory lysosomes - termed 'lytic granules' - at the immunological synapse formed between the CTL and the target(1). On contact with the target cell, the microtubule organizing centre of the CTL polarizes towards the target(2,3) and granules move along microtubules in a minus-end direction towards the polarized microtubule organizing centre. However, the final steps of secretion have remained unclear. Here we show that CTLs do not require actin or plus-end microtubule motors for secretion, but instead the centrosome moves to and contacts the plasma membrane at the central supramolecular activation cluster of the immunological synapse. Actin and IQGAP1 are cleared away from the synapse, and granules are delivered directly to the plasma membrane. These data show that CTLs use a previously unreported mechanism for delivering secretory granules to the immunological synapse, with granule secretion controlled by centrosome delivery to the plasma membrane.
C1 Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
   Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics
RP Griffiths, GM (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Sir William Dunn Sch Pathol, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RE, England.
EM gillian.griffiths@path.ox.ac.uk
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 519
Z9 603
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 462
EP 465
DI 10.1038/nature05071
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800047
PM 17006514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taniyasu, Y
   Kasu, M
   Makimoto, T
AF Taniyasu, Y
   Kasu, M
   Makimoto, T
TI An aluminium nitride light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 210 nanometres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID si-doped aln; photoluminescence; semiconductors; conduction; emission; growth; gan
AB Compact high-efficiency ultraviolet solid-state light sources(1) such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes - are of considerable technological interest as alternatives to large, toxic, low-efficiency gas lasers and mercury lamps. Microelectronic fabrication technologies and the environmental sciences both require light sources with shorter emission wavelengths: the former for improved resolution in photolithography and the latter for sensors that can detect minute hazardous particles. In addition, ultraviolet solid-state light sources are also attracting attention for potential applications in high-density optical data storage, biomedical research, water and air purification, and sterilization. Wide-bandgap materials, such as diamond(2) and III - V nitride semiconductors (GaN, AlGaN and AlN; refs 3 - 10), are potential materials for ultraviolet LEDs and laser diodes, but suffer from difficulties in controlling electrical conduction. Here we report the successful control of both n-type and p-type doping in aluminium nitride ( AlN), which has a very wide direct bandgap(11) of 6 eV. This doping strategy allows us to develop an AlN PIN (p-type/intrinsic/n-type) homojunction LED with an emission wavelength of 210 nm, which is the shortest reported to date for any kind of LED. The emission is attributed to an exciton transition, and represents an important step towards achieving exciton-related light-emitting devices as well as replacing gas light sources with solid-state light sources.
C1 NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
C3 NTT, Inc
RP Taniyasu, Y (corresponding author), NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan.
EM taniyasu@will.brl.ntt.co.jp
NR 23
TC 1665
Z9 1881
U1 20
U2 1034
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 325
EP 328
DI 10.1038/nature04760
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200042
PM 16710416
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Newman, JRS
   Ghaemmaghami, S
   Ihmels, J
   Breslow, DK
   Noble, M
   DeRisi, JL
   Weissman, JS
AF Newman, John R. S.
   Ghaemmaghami, Sina
   Ihmels, Jan
   Breslow, David K.
   Noble, Matthew
   DeRisi, Joseph L.
   Weissman, Jonathan S.
TI Single-cell proteomic analysis of S-cerevisiae reveals the architecture of biological noise
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stochastic gene-expression; messenger-rna; fluorescent protein; eukaryotic genome; global analysis; yeast proteome; system; localization; dynamics; switch
AB A major goal of biology is to provide a quantitative description of cellular behaviour. This task, however, has been hampered by the difficulty in measuring protein abundances and their variation. Here we present a strategy that pairs high-throughput flow cytometry and a library of GFP-tagged yeast strains to monitor rapidly and precisely protein levels at single-cell resolution. Bulk protein abundance measurements of >2,500 proteins in rich and minimal media provide a detailed view of the cellular response to these conditions, and capture many changes not observed by DNA microarray analyses. Our single-cell data argue that noise in protein expression is dominated by the stochastic production/destruction of messenger RNAs. Beyond this global trend, there are dramatic protein-specific differences in noise that are strongly correlated with a protein's mode of transcription and its function. For example, proteins that respond to environmental changes are noisy whereas those involved in protein synthesis are quiet. Thus, these studies reveal a remarkable structure to biological noise and suggest that protein noise levels have been selected to reflect the costs and potential benefits of this variation.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Cellular & Mol Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
   Calif Inst Quantitat Biomed Res, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Newman, JRS (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.
EM weissman@cmp.ucsf.edu
NR 45
TC 1199
Z9 1418
U1 1
U2 238
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 840
EP 846
DI 10.1038/nature04785
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100035
PM 16699522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hsu, HJ
   Liang, MR
   Chen, CT
   Chung, BC
AF Hsu, HJ
   Liang, MR
   Chen, CT
   Chung, BC
TI Pregnenolone stabilizes microtubules and promotes zebrafish embryonic cell movement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yolk syncytial layer; expression; vertebrate; genes; organization; dynamics; mice
AB Embryonic cell movement is essential for morphogenesis and the establishment of body shapes(1,2), but little is known about its mechanism. Here we report that pregnenolone, which is produced from cholesterol by the steroidogenic enzyme Cyp11a1 ( cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc)(3), functions in promoting cell migration during epiboly. Epiboly is a process in which embryonic cells spread from the animal pole to cover the underlying yolk. During epiboly, cyp11a1 is expressed in an extra-embryonic yolk syncytial layer(4). Reducing cyp11a1 expression in zebrafish using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides did not perturb cell fates, but caused epibolic delay. This epibolic defect was partially rescued by the injection of cyp11a1 RNA or the supplementation of pregnenolone. We show that the epibolic delay is accompanied by a decrease in the level of polymerized microtubules, and that pregnenolone can rescue this microtubule defect. Our results indicate that pregnenolone preserves microtubule abundance and promotes cell movement during epiboly.
C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Mol Biol, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
   Natl Def Med Ctr, Grad Inst Life Sci, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
C3 Academia Sinica - Taiwan; National Defense Medical University; National Taiwan University
RP Chung, BC (corresponding author), Acad Sinica, Inst Mol Biol, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
EM mbchung@sinica.edu.tw
NR 28
TC 85
Z9 104
U1 3
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 480
EP 483
DI 10.1038/nature04436
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200048
PM 16437115
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stassun, KG
   Mathieu, RD
   Valenti, JA
AF Stassun, KG
   Mathieu, RD
   Valenti, JA
TI Discovery of two young brown dwarfs in an eclipsing binary system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orion-nebula cluster; low-mass stars; measuring fundamental parameters; main-sequence stars; substellar objects; evolutionary models; stellar property; molecular cloud; rotation; constraints
AB Brown dwarfs are considered to be ' failed stars' in the sense that they are born with masses between the least massive stars ( 0.072 solar masses, M.)(1) and the most massive planets ( similar to 0.013M.)(2); they therefore serve as a critical link in our understanding of the formation of both stars and planets(3). Even the most fundamental physical properties of brown dwarfs remain, however, largely unconstrained by direct measurement. Here we report the discovery of a brown- dwarf eclipsing binary system, in the Orion Nebula star- forming region, from which we obtain direct measurements of mass and radius for these newly formed brown dwarfs. Our mass measurements establish both objects as brown dwarfs, with masses of 0.054 +/- 0.005M. and 0.034 +/- 0.003M. At the same time, with radii relative to the Sun's of 0.669 +/- 0.034R. and 0.511 +/- 0.026R., these brown dwarfs are more akin to low- mass stars in size. Such large radii are generally consistent with theoretical predictions for young brown dwarfs in the earliest stages of gravitational contraction(4,5). Surprisingly, however, we find that the less- massive brown dwarf is the hotter of the pair; this result is contrary to the predictions of all current theoretical models of coeval brown dwarfs.
C1 Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Space Telescope Science Institute
RP Stassun, KG (corresponding author), Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Nashville, TN 37235 USA.
EM keivan.stassun@vanderbilt.edu
NR 30
TC 236
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 311
EP 314
DI 10.1038/nature04570
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600047
PM 16541067
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freeth, T
   Bitsakis, Y
   Moussas, X
   Seiradakis, JH
   Tselikas, A
   Mangou, H
   Zafeiropoulou, M
   Hadland, R
   Bate, D
   Ramsey, A
   Allen, M
   Crawley, A
   Hockley, P
   Malzbender, T
   Gelb, D
   Ambrisco, W
   Edmunds, MG
AF Freeth, T.
   Bitsakis, Y.
   Moussas, X.
   Seiradakis, J. H.
   Tselikas, A.
   Mangou, H.
   Zafeiropoulou, M.
   Hadland, R.
   Bate, D.
   Ramsey, A.
   Allen, M.
   Crawley, A.
   Hockley, P.
   Malzbender, T.
   Gelb, D.
   Ambrisco, W.
   Edmunds, M. G.
TI Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The Antikythera Mechanism is a unique Greek geared device, constructed around the end of the second century BC. It is known(1-9) that it calculated and displayed celestial information, particularly cycles such as the phases of the moon and a luni-solar calendar. Calendars were important to ancient societies(10) for timing agricultural activity and fixing religious festivals. Eclipses and planetary motions were often interpreted as omens, while the calm regularity of the astronomical cycles must have been philosophically attractive in an uncertain and violent world. Named after its place of discovery in 1901 in a Roman shipwreck, the Antikythera Mechanism is technically more complex than any known device for at least a millennium afterwards. Its specific functions have remained controversial(11-14) because its gears and the inscriptions upon its faces are only fragmentary. Here we report surface imaging and high-resolution X-ray tomography of the surviving fragments, enabling us to reconstruct the gear function and double the number of deciphered inscriptions. The mechanism predicted lunar and solar eclipses on the basis of Babylonian arithmetic-progression cycles. The inscriptions support suggestions of mechanical display of planetary positions(9,14,15), now lost. In the second century BC, Hipparchos developed a theory to explain the irregularities of the Moon's motion across the sky caused by its elliptic orbit. We find a mechanical realization of this theory in the gearing of the mechanism, revealing an unexpected degree of technical sophistication for the period.
C1 Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales.
   Images First Ltd, London W5 4SE, England.
   Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Dept Astrophys Astron & Mech, GR-15783 Panepistimiopolis, Zographos, Greece.
   Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Phys, Sect Astrophys Astron & Mech, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
   Natl Bank Greece Cultural Fdn, Ctr Hist & Palaeog, GR-10560 Athens, Greece.
   Natl Archaeol Museum Athens, GR-10682 Athens, Greece.
   X Tek Syst Ltd, Tring Business Ctr, Tring HP23 4JX, Herts, England.
   Hewlett Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
   Foxhollow Technol Inc, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA.
C3 Cardiff University; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Hewlett-Packard
RP Edmunds, MG (corresponding author), Cardiff Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, Queens Bldg, Cardiff CF24 3AA, Wales.
EM mge@astro.cf.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 190
Z9 238
U1 2
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 587
EP 591
DI 10.1038/nature05357
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600041
PM 17136087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foukas, LC
   Claret, M
   Pearce, W
   Okkenhaug, K
   Meek, S
   Peskett, E
   Sancho, S
   Smith, AJH
   Withers, DJ
   Vanhaesebroeck, B
AF Foukas, LC
   Claret, M
   Pearce, W
   Okkenhaug, K
   Meek, S
   Peskett, E
   Sancho, S
   Smith, AJH
   Withers, DJ
   Vanhaesebroeck, B
TI Critical role for the p110α phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase in growth and metabolic regulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; hypothalamic neurons; embryonic lethality; catalytic subunit; induced anorexia; mice lacking; pi 3-kinase; cell-size; insulin; p110-beta
AB The eight catalytic subunits of the mammalian phosphoinositide-3- OH kinase ( PI( 3) K) family form the backbone of an evolutionarily conserved signalling pathway; however, the roles of most PI( 3) K isoforms in organismal physiology and disease are unknown. To delineate the role of p110 alpha, a ubiquitously expressed PI( 3) K involved in tyrosine kinase and Ras signalling, here we generated mice carrying a knockin mutation (D933A) that abrogates p110 alpha kinase activity. Homozygosity for this kinase-dead p110 alpha led to embryonic lethality. Mice heterozygous for this mutation were viable and fertile, but displayed severely blunted signalling via insulin-receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, key mediators of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and leptin action. Defective responsiveness to these hormones led to reduced somatic growth, hyperinsulinaemia, glucose intolerance, hyperphagia and increased adiposity in mice heterozygous for the D933A mutation. This signalling function of p110 alpha derives from its highly selective recruitment and activation to IRS signalling complexes compared to p110 beta, the other broadly expressed PI( 3) K isoform, which did not contribute to IRS-associated PI( 3) K activity. p110 alpha was the principal IRS-associated PI( 3) K in cancer cell lines. These findings demonstrate a critical role for p110 alpha in growth factor and metabolic signalling and also suggest an explanation for selective mutation or overexpression of p110 alpha in a variety of cancers(1,2).
C1 Ludwig Inst Canc Res, London W1W 7BS, England.
   UCL, Rayne Inst, Ctr Diabet & Endocrinol, London WC1E 6JJ, England.
   Univ Edinburgh, Inst Stem Cell Res, Gene Targeting Lab, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ Fribourg, Dept Med, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
   UCL, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
C3 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; University of London; King's College London; University College London; University of Edinburgh; University of Fribourg; University of London; University College London
RP Vanhaesebroeck, B (corresponding author), Ludwig Inst Canc Res, 91 Riding House St, London W1W 7BS, England.
EM bartvanh@ludwig.ucl.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C505659/1] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0300058] Funding Source: Medline; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C505659/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Medical Research Council [G0300058] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [G0300058] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 396
Z9 488
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 366
EP 370
DI 10.1038/nature04694
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200052
PM 16625210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Srivastava, D
   Ivey, KN
AF Srivastava, D
   Ivey, KN
TI Potential of stem-cell-based therapies for heart disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID randomized controlled-trial; myocardial regeneration; infarcted myocardium; differentiation; expression; survival; fusion; migration; mesoderm; repair
AB The use of stem cells to generate replacement cells for damaged heart muscle, valves, vessels and conduction cells holds great potential. Recent identification of multipotent progenitor cells in the heart and improved understanding of developmental processes relevant to pluripotent embryonic stem cells may facilitate the generation of specific types of cell that can be used to treat human heart disease. Secreted factors from circulating progenitor cells that localize to sites of damage may also be useful for tissue protection or neovascularization. The exciting discoveries in basic science will require rigorous testing in animal models to determine those most worthy of future clinical trials.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Srivastava, D (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Gladstone Inst Cardiovasc Dis, 1650 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.
EM dsrivastava@Gladstone.ucsf.edu
NR 35
TC 114
Z9 139
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1097
EP 1099
DI 10.1038/nature04961
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500038
PM 16810246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yao, J
   Munson, KM
   Webb, WW
   Lis, JT
AF Yao, Jie
   Munson, Katherine M.
   Webb, Watt W.
   Lis, John T.
TI Dynamics of heat shock factor association with native gene loci in living cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glucocorticoid-receptor; transcription; architecture; promoter; oligomerization; chromosm; expression; activator; turnover; exchange
AB Direct observation of transcription factor action in the living cell nucleus can provide important insights into gene regulatory mechanisms(1,2). Live-cell imaging techniques have enabled the visualization of a variety of intranuclear activities, from chromosome dynamics(3) to gene expression(4). However, progress in studying transcription regulation of specific native genes has been limited, primarily as a result of difficulties in resolving individual gene loci and in detecting the small number of protein molecules functioning within active transcription units. Here we report that multiphoton microscopy imaging(5) of polytene nuclei in living Drosophila salivary glands allows real-time analysis of transcription factor recruitment and exchange on specific native genes. After heat shock, we have visualized the recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to native hsp70 gene loci 87A and 87C in real time. We show that heat shock factor (HSF), the transcription activator of hsp70, is localized to the nucleus before heat shock and translocates from nucleoplasm to chromosomal loci after heat shock. Assays based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching(6) show a rapid exchange of HSF at chromosomal loci under non-heat-shock conditions but a very slow exchange after heat shock. However, this is not a consequence of a change of HSF diffusibility, as shown here directly by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy(7). Our results provide strong evidence that activated HSF is stably bound to DNA in vivo and that turnover or disassembly of transcription activator is not required for rounds of hsp70 transcription. This and previous studies(8,9) indicate that transcription activators display diverse dynamic behaviours in their associations with targeted loci in living cells. Our method can be applied to study the dynamics of many factors involved in transcription and RNA processing, and in their regulation at native heat shock genes in vivo.
C1 Cornell Univ, Field Biochem Mol & Cell Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
   Cornell Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University; Cornell University; Cornell University
RP Lis, JT (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Field Biochem Mol & Cell Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM www2@cornell.edu; jtl10@cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 168
Z9 201
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1050
EP 1053
DI 10.1038/nature05025
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000052
PM 16929308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bahar, R
   Hartmann, CH
   Rodriguez, KA
   Denny, AD
   Busuttil, RA
   Dollé, MET
   Calder, RB
   Chisholm, GB
   Pollock, BH
   Klein, CA
   Vijg, J
AF Bahar, Rumana
   Hartmann, Claudia H.
   Rodriguez, Karl A.
   Denny, Ashley D.
   Busuttil, Rita A.
   Dolle, Martijn E. T.
   Calder, R. Brent
   Chisholm, Gary B.
   Pollock, Brad H.
   Klein, Christoph A.
   Vijg, Jan
TI Increased cell-to-cell variation in gene expression in ageing mouse heart
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID in-vivo mutations; model; age
AB The accumulation of somatic DNA damage has been implicated as a cause of ageing in metazoa(1,2). One possible mechanism by which increased DNA damage could lead to cellular degeneration and death is by stochastic deregulation of gene expression. Here we directly test for increased transcriptional noise in aged tissue by dissociating single cardiomyocytes from fresh heart samples of both young and old mice, followed by global mRNA amplification and quantification of mRNA levels in a panel of housekeeping and heart-specific genes. Although gene expression levels already varied among cardiomyocytes from young heart, this heterogeneity was significantly elevated at old age. We had demonstrated previously an increased load of genome rearrangements and other mutations in the heart of aged mice(3,4). To confirm that increased stochasticity of gene expression could be a result of increased genome damage, we treated mouse embryonic fibroblasts in culture with hydrogen peroxide. Such treatment resulted in a significant increase in cell-to-cell variation in gene expression, which was found to parallel the induction and persistence of genome rearrangement mutations at a lacZ reporter locus. These results underscore the stochastic nature of the ageing process, and could provide a mechanism for age-related cellular degeneration and death in tissues of multicellular organisms.
C1 Buck Inst Age Res, Novato, CA 94945 USA.
   Univ Munich, Inst Immunol, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
   Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78245 USA.
   Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands.
C3 Buck Institute for Research on Aging; University of Munich; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; Netherlands National Institute for Public Health & the Environment
RP Vijg, J (corresponding author), Buck Inst Age Res, Novato, CA 94945 USA.
EM jvijg@buckinstitute.org
FU NIA NIH HHS [R36 AG033401] Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 466
Z9 550
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 1011
EP 1014
DI 10.1038/nature04844
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300049
PM 16791200
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhao, M
   Song, B
   Pu, J
   Wada, T
   Reid, B
   Tai, GP
   Wang, F
   Guo, AH
   Walczysko, P
   Gu, Y
   Sasaki, T
   Suzuki, A
   Forrester, JV
   Bourne, HR
   Devreotes, PN
   McCaig, CD
   Penninger, JM
AF Zhao, Min
   Song, Bing
   Pu, Jin
   Wada, Teiji
   Reid, Brian
   Tai, Guangping
   Wang, Fei
   Guo, Aihua
   Walczysko, Petr
   Gu, Yu
   Sasaki, Takehiko
   Suzuki, Akira
   Forrester, John V.
   Bourne, Henry R.
   Devreotes, Peter N.
   McCaig, Colin D.
   Penninger, Josef M.
TI Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-γ and PTEN
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemoattractant gradients; in-vivo; chemotaxis; fields; orientation; migration; currents; cells; polarization; regeneration
AB Wound healing is essential for maintaining the integrity of multicellular organisms. In every species studied, disruption of an epithelial layer instantaneously generates endogenous electric fields, which have been proposed to be important in wound healing(1-3). The identity of signalling pathways that guide both cell migration to electric cues and electric-field-induced wound healing have not been elucidated at a genetic level. Here we show that electric fields, of a strength equal to those detected endogenously, direct cell migration during wound healing as a prime directional cue. Manipulation of endogenous wound electric fields affects wound healing in vivo. Electric stimulation triggers activation of Src and inositol - phospholipid signalling, which polarizes in the direction of cell migration. Notably, genetic disruption of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma (PI( 3) K gamma) decreases electric-field-induced signalling and abolishes directed movements of healing epithelium in response to electric signals. Deletion of the tumour suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) enhances signalling and electrotactic responses. These data identify genes essential for electrical-signal-induced wound healing and show that PI(3) K gamma and PTEN control electrotaxis.
C1 Univ Aberdeen, Sch Med Sci, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
   Univ Aberdeen, Dept Ophthalmol, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
   Austrian Acad Sci, Inst Mol Biotechnol, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Akita Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Immunol, Akita 0108543, Japan.
   Akita Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Akita 0108543, Japan.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
C3 University of Aberdeen; University of Aberdeen; Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA); Austrian Academy of Sciences; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Akita University; Akita University; Johns Hopkins University
RP Zhao, M (corresponding author), Univ Aberdeen, Sch Med Sci, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland.
EM m.zhao@abdn.ac.uk; josef.penninger@imba.oeaw.ac.at
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM028007] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 947
Z9 1116
U1 17
U2 393
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 457
EP 460
DI 10.1038/nature04925
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900044
PM 16871217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Spengler, D
   van Roermund, HLM
   Drury, MR
   Ottolini, L
   Mason, PRD
   Davies, GR
AF Spengler, D
   van Roermund, HLM
   Drury, MR
   Ottolini, L
   Mason, PRD
   Davies, GR
TI Deep origin and hot melting of an Archaean orogenic peridotite massif in Norway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western gneiss region; mantle rocks; garnet peridotites; metamorphic rocks; majoritic garnet; high-pressure; rare-earth; lithosphere; exhumation; xenoliths
AB The buoyancy and strength of sub-continental lithospheric mantle is thought to protect the oldest continental crust (cratons) from destruction by plate tectonic processes. The exact origin of the lithosphere below cratons is controversial, but seems clearly to be a residue remaining after the extraction of large amounts of melt(1,2). Models to explain highly melt-depleted but garnet-bearing rock compositions require multi-stage processes with garnet and clinopyroxene possibly of secondary origin(1,3). Here we report on orogenic peridotites (fragments of cratonic mantle incorporated into the crust during continent-continent plate collision(4)) from Otroy, western Norway. We show that the peridotites underwent extensive melting during upwelling from depths of 350 kilometres or more, forming a garnet-bearing cratonic root in a single melting event. These peridotites appear to be the residue after Archaean aluminium depleted komatiite magmatism.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Fac Geowetenschappen, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   IGG Sede Pavia, CNR, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Aarden Levenswetenschappen, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 Utrecht University; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG-CNR); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Spengler, D (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Fac Geowetenschappen, Budapestlaan 4, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM spengler@geo.uu.nl
NR 32
TC 124
Z9 142
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 913
EP 917
DI 10.1038/nature04644
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700036
PM 16612379
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Canup, RM
   Ward, WR
AF Canup, Robin M.
   Ward, William R.
TI A common mass scaling for satellite systems of gaseous planets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density waves; 3-dimensional interaction; orbital evolution; tilting saturn; giant planets; solar nebula; accretion; disk; jupiter; protoplanets
AB The Solar System's outer planets that contain hydrogen gas all host systems of multiple moons, which notably each contain a similar fraction of their respective planet's mass (similar to 10(-4)). This mass fraction is two to three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the largest satellites of the solid planets (such as the Earth's Moon), and its common value for gas planets has been puzzling. Here we model satellite growth and loss as a forming giant planet accumulates gas and rock-ice solids from solar orbit. We find that the mass fraction of its satellite system is regulated to similar to 10(-4) by a balance of two competing processes: the supply of inflowing material to the satellites, and satellite loss through orbital decay driven by the gas. We show that the overall properties of the satellite systems of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus arise naturally, and suggest that similar processes could limit the largest moons of extrasolar Jupiter-mass planets to Moon-to-Mars size.
C1 SW Res Inst, Space Studies Dept, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
RP Canup, RM (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, Space Studies Dept, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM robin@boulder.swri.edu
NR 48
TC 292
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 15
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7095
BP 834
EP 839
DI 10.1038/nature04860
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 052SL
UT WOS:000238254100034
PM 16778883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Efeyan, A
   Garcia-Cao, I
   Herranz, D
   Velasco-Miguel, S
   Serrano, M
AF Efeyan, Alejo
   Garcia-Cao, Isabel
   Herranz, Daniel
   Velasco-Miguel, Susana
   Serrano, Manuel
TI Policing of oncogene activity by p53
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor; p19(arf); locus; product
C1 Spanish Natl Canc Ctr, Madrid 28029, Spain.
C3 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas (CNIO)
RP Efeyan, A (corresponding author), Spanish Natl Canc Ctr, Madrid 28029, Spain.
EM mserrano@cnio.es
NR 10
TC 103
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 159
EP 159
DI 10.1038/443159a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000033
PM 16971940
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilbert, MJ
   Thornton, CR
   Wakley, GE
   Talbot, NJ
AF Gilbert, MJ
   Thornton, CR
   Wakley, GE
   Talbot, NJ
TI A P-type ATPase required for rice blast disease and induction of host resistance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; pathogenicity; penetration; protein; identification; infection
AB To cause diseases in plants, pathogenic microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to deliver proteins directly into plant cells, where they suppress plant defences and facilitate tissue invasion(1-3). How plant pathogenic fungi, which cause many of the world's most serious plant diseases, deliver proteins during plant infection is currently unknown. Here we report the characterization of a P-type ATPase-encoding gene, MgAPT2, in the economically important rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea, which is required for exocytosis during plant infection. Targeted gene replacement showed that MgAPT2 is required for both foliar and root infection by the fungus, and for the rapid induction of host defence responses in an incompatible reaction. Delta Mgapt2 mutants are impaired in the secretion of a range of extracellular enzymes and accumulate abnormal Golgi-like cisternae. However, the loss of MgAPT2 does not significantly affect hyphal growth or sporulation, indicating that the establishment of rice blast disease involves the use of MgApt2-dependent exocytotic processes that operate during plant infection.
C1 Univ Exeter, Sch Biosci, Washington Singer Labs, Exeter EX4 4QG, Devon, England.
C3 University of Exeter
RP Talbot, NJ (corresponding author), Univ Exeter, Sch Biosci, Washington Singer Labs, Perry Rd, Exeter EX4 4QG, Devon, England.
EM n.j.talbot@exeter.ac.uk
NR 28
TC 95
Z9 114
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 535
EP 539
DI 10.1038/nature04567
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100057
PM 16554820
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilson, KA
   McBride, MF
   Bode, M
   Possingham, HP
AF Wilson, KA
   McBride, MF
   Bode, M
   Possingham, HP
TI Prioritizing global conservation efforts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biodiversity; hotspots; costs
AB One of the most pressing issues facing the global conservation community is how to distribute limited resources between regions identified as priorities for biodiversity conservation(1-3). Approaches such as biodiversity hotspots(4), endemic bird areas(5) and ecoregions(6) are used by international organizations to prioritize conservation efforts globally(7). Although identifying priority regions is an important first step in solving this problem, it does not indicate how limited resources should be allocated between regions. Here we formulate how to allocate optimally conservation resources between regions identified as priorities for conservation - the 'conservation resource allocation problem'. Stochastic dynamic programming is used to find the optimal schedule of resource allocation for small problems but is intractable for large problems owing to the " curse of dimensionality"(8). We identify two easy- to- use and easy- to- interpret heuristics that closely approximate the optimal solution. We also show the importance of both correctly formulating the problem and using information on how investment returns change through time. Our conservation resource allocation approach can be applied at any spatial scale. We demonstrate the approach with an example of optimal resource allocation among five priority regions in Wallacea and Sundaland, the transition zone between Asia and Australasia.
C1 Univ Queensland, Ctr Ecol, Sch Integrat Biol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Ctr Ecol, Sch Phys Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 University of Queensland; University of Queensland
RP Wilson, KA (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Ctr Ecol, Sch Integrat Biol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM k.wilson2@uq.edu.au
NR 28
TC 477
Z9 544
U1 1
U2 260
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 337
EP 340
DI 10.1038/nature04366
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600053
PM 16541073
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reznik, D
   Pintschovius, L
   Ito, M
   Iikubo, S
   Sato, M
   Goka, H
   Fujita, M
   Yamada, K
   Gu, GD
   Tranquada, JM
AF Reznik, D
   Pintschovius, L
   Ito, M
   Iikubo, S
   Sato, M
   Goka, H
   Fujita, M
   Yamada, K
   Gu, GD
   Tranquada, JM
TI Electron-phonon coupling reflecting dynamic charge inhomogeneity in copper oxide superconductors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-temperature superconductors; dispersion; magnetism; yba2cu3o7; stripes
AB The attempt to understand copper oxide superconductors is complicated by the presence of multiple strong interactions in these systems. Many believe that antiferromagnetism is important for superconductivity, but there has been renewed interest in the possible role of electron-lattice coupling(1-4). The conventional superconductor MgB2 has a very strong electron-lattice coupling, involving a particular vibrational mode (phonon) that was predicted by standard theory and confirmed quantitatively by experiment(5). Here we present inelastic scattering measurements that show a similarly strong anomaly in the Cu-O bond-stretching phonon in the copper oxide superconductors La2-xSrxCuO4 (with x=0.07, 0.15). Conventional theory does not predict such behaviour. The anomaly is strongest in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 and La1.48Nd0.4Sr0.12CuO4, compounds that exhibit spatially modulated charge and magnetic order, often called stripe order(6); it occurs at a wave vector corresponding to the charge order. These results suggest that this giant electron-phonon anomaly, which is absent in undoped and over-doped non-superconductors, is associated with charge inhomogeneity. It follows that electron-phonon coupling may be important to our understanding of superconductivity, although its contribution is likely to be indirect.
C1 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Festkorperphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
   Ctr Etud Saclay, Leon Brillouin Lab, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Nagoya Univ, Dept Phys, Div Sci Mat, Chikusa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4648602, Japan.
   Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Aoba Ku, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan.
   Brookhaven Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Phys & Mat Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Nagoya University; Tohoku University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
RP Reznik, D (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Festkorperphys, POB 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
EM Reznik@llb.saclay.cea.fr
NR 30
TC 304
Z9 323
U1 1
U2 101
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1170
EP 1173
DI 10.1038/nature04704
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000040
PM 16641991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joiner, WJ
   Crocker, A
   White, BH
   Sehgal, A
AF Joiner, William J.
   Crocker, Amanda
   White, Benjamin H.
   Sehgal, Amita
TI Sleep in Drosophila is regulated by adult mushroom bodies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID short-term-memory; locomotor-activity; rest; expression; ablation
AB Sleep is one of the few major whole-organ phenomena for which no function and no underlying mechanism have been conclusively demonstrated. Sleep could result from global changes in the brain during wakefulness or it could be regulated by specific loci that recruit the rest of the brain into the electrical and metabolic states characteristic of sleep. Here we address this issue by exploiting the genetic tractability of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, which exhibits the hallmarks of vertebrate sleep(1-4). We show that large changes in sleep are achieved by spatial and temporal enhancement of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase ( PKA) activity specifically in the adult mushroom bodies of Drosophila. Other manipulations of the mushroom bodies, such as electrical silencing, increasing excitation or ablation, also alter sleep. These results link sleep regulation to an anatomical locus known to be involved in learning and memory.
C1 Univ Penn, Sch Med, Ctr Sleep & Resp Neurobiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Univ Penn, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   NIMH, Mol Biol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Pennsylvania; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
RP Sehgal, A (corresponding author), Univ Penn, Sch Med, Ctr Sleep & Resp Neurobiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
EM amita@mail.med.upenn.edu
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS072431] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 365
Z9 473
U1 2
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 757
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature04811
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100056
PM 16760980
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hiroi, T
   Abe, M
   Kitazato, K
   Abe, S
   Clark, BE
   Sasaki, S
   Ishiguro, M
   Barnouin-Jha, OS
AF Hiroi, Takahiro
   Abe, Masanao
   Kitazato, Kohei
   Abe, Shinsuke
   Clark, Beth E.
   Sasaki, Sho
   Ishiguro, Masateru
   Barnouin-Jha, Olivier S.
TI Developing space weathering on the asteroid 25143 Itokawa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hayabusa; itokawa
AB Puzzlingly, the parent bodies of ordinary chondrites (the most abundant type of meteorites) do not seem to be abundant among asteroids. One possible explanation is that surfaces of the parent bodies become optically altered, to become the S-type asteroids which are abundant in the main asteroid belt. The process is called 'space weathering' - it makes the visible and near-infrared reflectance spectrum of a body darker and redder(1). A recent survey of small, near-Earth asteroids suggests that the surfaces of small S asteroids may have developing stages of space weathering(2). Here we report that a dark region on a small (550-metre) asteroid-25143 Itokawa-is significantly more space-weathered than a nearby bright region. Spectra of both regions are consistent with those of LL5-6 chondrites after continuum removal(3). A simple calculation(4) suggests that the dark area has a shorter mean optical path length and about 0.04 per cent by volume more nanophase metallic iron particles than the bright area. This clearly shows that space-weathered materials accumulate on small asteroids, which are likely to be the parent bodies of LL chondrites. We conclude that, because LL meteorites are the least abundant of ordinary (H, L, and LL) chondrites, there must be many asteroids with ordinary-chondrite compositions in near-Earth orbits.
C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Technol, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan.
   Ithaca Coll, Ctr Nat Sci 267, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA.
   Natl Astron Observ Japan, RISE Project Off, Mizusawa, Oshu 0230861, Japan.
   Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Nat Sci, Sch Earth Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
C3 Brown University; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); University of Tokyo; Kobe University; Ithaca College; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Seoul National University (SNU); Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
RP Hiroi, T (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM takahiro_hiroi@brown.edu
NR 14
TC 101
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 56
EP 58
DI 10.1038/nature05073
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900037
PM 16957724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murakami, S
   Nakashima, R
   Yamashita, E
   Matsumoto, T
   Yamaguchi, A
AF Murakami, Satoshi
   Nakashima, Ryosuke
   Yamashita, Eiki
   Matsumoto, Takashi
   Yamaguchi, Akihito
TI Crystal structures of a multidrug transporter reveal a functionally rotating mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID efflux pump; protein; acrb; resistance; tolc; refinement; software; system; genes; periplasm
AB AcrB is a principal multidrug efflux transporter in Escherichia coli that cooperates with an outer-membrane channel, TolC, and a membrane-fusion protein, AcrA. Here we describe crystal structures of AcrB with and without substrates. The AcrB - drug complex consists of three protomers, each of which has a different conformation corresponding to one of the three functional states of the transport cycle. Bound substrate was found in the periplasmic domain of one of the three protomers. The voluminous binding pocket is aromatic and allows multi-site binding. The structures indicate that drugs are exported by a three-step functionally rotating mechanism in which substrates undergo ordered binding change.
C1 Osaka Univ, Inst Sci & Ind Res, Dept Cell Membrane Biol, Osaka 5670047, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, CREST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Inst Prot Res, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   Osaka Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
   SOSHO Inc, Osaka 5410053, Japan.
C3 University of Osaka; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Osaka; University of Osaka
RP Murakami, S (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Inst Sci & Ind Res, Dept Cell Membrane Biol, Osaka 5670047, Japan.
EM mura@sanken.osaka-u.ac.jp
NR 43
TC 627
Z9 748
U1 1
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 173
EP 179
DI 10.1038/nature05076
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000038
PM 16915237
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Genzel, R
   Tacconi, LJ
   Eisenhauer, F
   Schreiber, NMF
   Cimatti, A
   Daddi, E
   Bouché, N
   Davies, R
   Lehnert, MD
   Lutz, D
   Nesvadba, N
   Verma, A
   Abuter, R
   Shapiro, K
   Sternberg, A
   Renzini, A
   Kong, X
   Arimoto, N
   Mignoli, M
AF Genzel, R.
   Tacconi, L. J.
   Eisenhauer, F.
   Schreiber, N. M. Foerster
   Cimatti, A.
   Daddi, E.
   Bouche, N.
   Davies, R.
   Lehnert, M. D.
   Lutz, D.
   Nesvadba, N.
   Verma, A.
   Abuter, R.
   Shapiro, K.
   Sternberg, A.
   Renzini, A.
   Kong, X.
   Arimoto, N.
   Mignoli, M.
TI The rapid formation of a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years after the Big Bang
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID integral field spectroscopy; massive galaxy; kinematics; stellar; resolution; sinfoni
AB Observations and theoretical simulations have established a framework for galaxy formation and evolution in the young Universe(1-3). Galaxies formed as baryonic gas cooled at the centres of collapsing dark-matter haloes; mergers of haloes and galaxies then led to the hierarchical build-up of galaxy mass. It remains unclear, however, over what timescales galaxies were assembled and when and how bulges and disks - the primary components of present-day galaxies - were formed. It is also puzzling that the most massive galaxies were more abundant and were forming stars more rapidly at early epochs than expected from models(4-7). Here we report high-angular-resolution observations of a representative luminous star-forming galaxy when the Universe was only 20% of its current age. A large and massive rotating protodisk is channelling gas towards a growing central stellar bulge hosting an accreting massive black hole. The high surface densities of gas, the high rate of star formation and the moderately young stellar ages suggest rapid assembly, fragmentation and conversion to stars of an initially very gas-rich protodisk, with no obvious evidence for a major merger.
C1 Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Ist Nazl Astrofis, Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Osserv Astron Padova, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Sci & Technol China, Ctr Astrophys, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.
   Natl Astron Observ, Tokyo 1818588, Japan.
   Ist Nazl Astrofis, Osservatorio Astron Bologna, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); National Optical Astronomy Observatory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Tel Aviv University; University of Padua; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF)
RP Genzel, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Extraterr Phys, Giessenbachstr 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
EM genzel@mpe.mpg.de
NR 29
TC 428
Z9 456
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 786
EP 789
DI 10.1038/nature05052
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700039
PM 16915282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, M
   Houten, SM
   Mataki, C
   Christoffolete, MA
   Kim, BW
   Sato, H
   Messaddeq, N
   Harney, JW
   Ezaki, O
   Kodama, T
   Schoonjans, K
   Bianco, AC
   Auwerx, J
AF Watanabe, M
   Houten, SM
   Mataki, C
   Christoffolete, MA
   Kim, BW
   Sato, H
   Messaddeq, N
   Harney, JW
   Ezaki, O
   Kodama, T
   Schoonjans, K
   Bianco, AC
   Auwerx, J
TI Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID type-2 iodothyronine deiodinase; nuclear receptor; adaptive thermogenesis; insulin-resistance; brown fat; gene; fxr; identification; biosynthesis; hepatocytes
AB While bile acids (BAs) have long been known to be essential in dietary lipid absorption and cholesterol catabolism, in recent years an important role for BAs as signalling molecules has emerged. BAs activate mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways(1,2), are ligands for the G-protein-coupled receptor ( GPCR) TGR5(3,4) and activate nuclear hormone receptors such as farnesoid X receptor alpha ( FXR-alpha; NR1H4)(5-7). FXR-alpha regulates the enterohepatic recycling and biosynthesis of BAs by controlling the expression of genes such as the short heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2)(8,9) that inhibits the activity of other nuclear receptors. The FXR-alpha-mediated SHP induction also underlies the downregulation of the hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride biosynthesis and very-low-density lipoprotein production mediated by sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein 1c(10). This indicates that BAs might be able to function beyond the control of BA homeostasis as general metabolic integrators. Here we show that the administration of BAs to mice increases energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue, preventing obesity and resistance to insulin. This novel metabolic effect of BAs is critically dependent on induction of the cyclic-AMP-dependent thyroid hormone activating enzyme type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) because it is lost in D2(-/-) mice. Treatment of brown adipocytes and human skeletal myocytes with BA increases D2 activity and oxygen consumption. These effects are independent of FXR-alpha, and instead are mediated by increased cAMP production that stems from the binding of BAs with the G-protein-coupled receptor TGR5. In both rodents and humans, the most thermogenically important tissues are specifically targeted by this mechanism because they coexpress D2 and TGR5. The BA - TGR5 - cAMP - D2 signalling pathway is therefore a crucial mechanism for fine-tuning energy homeostasis that can be targeted to improve metabolic control.
C1 ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Thyroid Sect, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Hypertens, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Natl Inst Hlth & Nutr, Div Clin Nutr, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo 1628636, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, RCAST, Lab Syst Biol & Med, Tokyo 1538904, Japan.
   Inst Clin Souris, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; National Institute of Health & Nutrition - Japan; University of Tokyo
RP Auwerx, J (corresponding author), ULP, CNRS, INSERM, Inst Genet & Biol Mol & Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, F-67404 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France.
EM auwerx@igbmc.u-strasbg.fr
NR 25
TC 1831
Z9 2163
U1 11
U2 309
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 484
EP 489
DI 10.1038/nature04330
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200049
PM 16400329
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vlemmings, WHT
   Diamond, PJ
   Imai, H
AF Vlemmings, WHT
   Diamond, PJ
   Imai, H
TI A magnetically collimated jet from an evolved star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asymptotic-giant-branch; planetary-nebulae; circumstellar envelopes; maser emission; water masers; h2o masers; fields; outflows; bipolar; polarization
AB Planetary nebulae often have asymmetric shapes, even though their progenitor stars were symmetric; this structure could be the result of collimated jets from the evolved stars before they enter the planetary nebula phase(1-3). Theoretical models have shown that magnetic fields could be the dominant source of jet-collimation in evolved stars(4,5), just as these fields are thought to collimate outflows in other astrophysical sources, such as active galactic nuclei(6-9) and proto-stars(10,11). But hitherto there have been no direct observations of both the magnetic field direction and strength in any collimated jet. Here we report measurements of the polarization of water vapour masers that trace the precessing jet emanating from the asymptotic giant branch star W43A ( at a distance of 2.6 kpc from the Sun), which is undergoing rapid evolution into a planetary nebula(2,12). The masers occur in two clusters at opposing tips of the jets, similar to 1,000 AU from the star. We conclude from the data that the magnetic field is indeed collimating the jet.
C1 Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
   Kagoshima Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan.
C3 University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics; Kagoshima University
RP Vlemmings, WHT (corresponding author), Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observ, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, Cheshire, England.
EM wouter@jb.man.ac.uk
NR 30
TC 118
Z9 126
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 58
EP 60
DI 10.1038/nature04466
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700037
PM 16511488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pearson, H
AF Pearson, Helen
TI Physiology: Freaks of nature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene
NR 5
TC 20
Z9 22
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1000
EP 1001
DI 10.1038/4441000a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100024
PM 17183290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liberles, SD
   Buck, LB
AF Liberles, Stephen D.
   Buck, Linda B.
TI A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-coupled receptors; puberty-accelerating pheromones; trace amines; odorant receptors; gene; mouse; identification; family; expression; stress
AB The mammalian olfactory system detects chemicals sensed as odours as well as social cues that stimulate innate responses. Odorants are detected in the nasal olfactory epithelium by the odorant receptor family, whose,1,000 members allow the discrimination of a myriad of odorants. Here we report the discovery of a second family of receptors in the mouse olfactory epithelium. Genes encoding these receptors, called ' trace amine- associated receptors' ( TAARs), are present in human, mouse and fish. Like odorant receptors, individual mouse TAARs are expressed in unique subsets of neurons dispersed in the epithelium. Notably, at least three mouse TAARs recognize volatile amines found in urine: one detects a compound linked to stress, whereas the other two detect compounds enriched in male versus female urine - one of which is reportedly a pheromone. The evolutionary conservation of the TAAR family suggests a chemosensory function distinct from odorant receptors. Ligands identified for TAARs thus far suggest a function associated with the detection of social cues.
C1 Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
C3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Buck, LB (corresponding author), Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Div Basic Sci, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109 USA.
EM lbuck@fhcrc.org
NR 40
TC 587
Z9 718
U1 2
U2 112
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 645
EP 650
DI 10.1038/nature05066
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200036
PM 16878137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bourdon, B
   Ribe, NM
   Stracke, A
   Saal, AE
   Turner, SP
AF Bourdon, Bernard
   Ribe, Neil M.
   Stracke, Andreas
   Saal, Alberto E.
   Turner, Simon P.
TI Insights into the dynamics of mantle plumes from uranium-series geochemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID th-pa-ra; ridge interaction; excess temperature; beneath hawaii; canary-islands; disequilibria; iceland; systematics; generation; constraints
AB The long-standing paradigm that hotspot volcanoes such as Hawaii or Iceland represent the surface expression of mantle plumes - hot, buoyant upwelling regions beneath the Earth's lithosphere - has recently been the focus of controversy. Whether mantle plumes exist or not is pivotal for our understanding of the thermal, dynamic and compositional evolution of the Earth's mantle. Here we show that uranium-series disequilibria measured in hotspot lavas indicate that hotspots are indeed associated with hot and buoyant upwellings and that weaker ( low buoyancy flux) hotspots such as Iceland and the Azores are characterized by lower excess temperatures than stronger hotspots such as Hawaii. This direct link between buoyancy flux and mantle temperature is evidence for the existence of mantle plumes.
C1 CNRS, Inst Phys Globe Paris, Lab Geochim & Cosmochim, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   CNRS, Inst Phys Globe Paris, Lab Dynam Syst Geol, F-75252 Paris 05, France.
   Max Planck Inst Chem, Abt Geochem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.
   Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Macquarie Univ, GEMOC, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Max Planck Society; Brown University; Macquarie University
RP Bourdon, B (corresponding author), ETH, Dept Earth Sci, Inst Isotope Geochem & Mineral Resources, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM bourdon@erdw.ethz.ch
NR 38
TC 44
Z9 51
U1 1
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 713
EP 717
DI 10.1038/nature05341
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100050
PM 17151659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shen, YQ
   Joachimiak, A
   Rosner, MR
   Tang, WJ
AF Shen, Yuequan
   Joachimiak, Andrzej
   Rosner, Marsha Rich
   Tang, Wei-Jen
TI Structures of human insulin-degrading enzyme reveal a new substrate recognition mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amyloid beta-protein; mitochondrial processing peptidase; bud-site selection; alzheimers-disease; in-vivo; degradation; domain; insulysin; glucagon; amylin
AB Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a Zn2+-metalloprotease, is involved in the clearance of insulin and amyloid-beta (refs 1 - 3). Loss-of-function mutations of IDE in rodents cause glucose intolerance and cerebral accumulation of amyloid-beta, whereas enhanced IDE activity effectively reduces brain amyloid-beta ( refs 4 - 7). Here we report structures of human IDE in complex with four substrates ( insulin B chain, amyloid-beta peptide ( 1 - 40), amylin and glucagon). The amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of IDE (IDE-N and IDE-C, respectively) form an enclosed cage just large enough to encapsulate insulin. Extensive contacts between IDE-N and IDE-C keep the degradation chamber of IDE inaccessible to substrates. Repositioning of the IDE domains enables substrate access to the catalytic cavity. IDE uses size and charge distribution of the substrate-binding cavity selectively to entrap structurally diverse polypeptides. The enclosed substrate undergoes conformational changes to form beta-sheets with two discrete regions of IDE for its degradation. Consistent with this model, mutations disrupting the contacts between IDE-N and IDE-C increase IDE catalytic activity 40-fold. The molecular basis for substrate recognition and allosteric regulation of IDE could aid in designing IDE-based therapies to control cerebral amyloid-beta and blood sugar concentrations(1,8,9).
C1 Univ Chicago, Ben May Inst Canc Res, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Midwest Ctr Struct Genom, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory
RP Tang, WJ (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Ben May Inst Canc Res, 929 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM wtang@uchicago.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [U54 GM074942] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 311
Z9 375
U1 0
U2 62
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 870
EP 874
DI 10.1038/nature05143
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700055
PM 17051221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stingl, J
   Eirew, P
   Ricketson, I
   Shackleton, M
   Vaillant, F
   Choi, D
   Li, HYI
   Eaves, CJ
AF Stingl, J
   Eirew, P
   Ricketson, I
   Shackleton, M
   Vaillant, F
   Choi, D
   Li, HYI
   Eaves, CJ
TI Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID identification; gland; progenitors; enrichment
AB Elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that maintain mammary epithelial tissue integrity is of broad interest and paramount to the design of more effective treatments for breast cancer(1). Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo experiments suggests that mammary cell differentiation is a hierarchical process originating in an uncommitted stem cell with self-renewal potential(2-4). However, analysis of the properties and regulation of mammary stem cells has been limited by a lack of methods for their prospective isolation. Here we report the use of multiparameter cell sorting and limiting dilution transplant analysis to demonstrate the purification of a rare subset of adult mouse mammary cells that are able individually to regenerate an entire mammary gland within 6 weeks in vivo while simultaneously executing up to ten symmetrical self-renewal divisions. These mammary stem cells are phenotypically distinct from and give rise to mammary epithelial progenitor cells that produce adherent colonies in vitro. The mammary stem cells are also a rapidly cycling population in the normal adult and have molecular features indicative of a basal position in the mammary epithelium.
C1 British Columbia Canc Agcy, Terry Fox Lab, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
   British Columbia Canc Agcy, Michael Smith Genome Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
   StemCell Technol Inc, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1B3, Canada.
   Royal Melbourne Hosp, Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, WEHI Biotechnol Ctr, Parkville, Vic 3050, Australia.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Med, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
C3 British Columbia Cancer Agency; British Columbia Cancer Agency; STEMCELL Technologies Canada Inc.; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; Melbourne Health; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia; University of British Columbia
RP Eaves, CJ (corresponding author), British Columbia Canc Agcy, Terry Fox Lab, 601 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
EM ceaves@bccrc.ca
NR 29
TC 1249
Z9 1525
U1 0
U2 95
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 993
EP 997
DI 10.1038/nature04496
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100051
PM 16395311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Serganov, A
   Polonskaia, A
   Phan, AT
   Breaker, RR
   Patel, DJ
AF Serganov, Alexander
   Polonskaia, Anna
   Phan, Anh Tuan
   Breaker, Ronald R.
   Patel, Dinshaw J.
TI Structural basis for gene regulation by a thiamine pyrophosphate-sensing riboswitch
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna structure; ribosomal-subunit; expression; binding; bacteria; tetracycline; antibiotics; motif
AB Riboswitches are metabolite-sensing RNAs, typically located in the non-coding portions of messenger RNAs, that control the synthesis of metabolite-related proteins(1-3). Here we describe a 2.05 angstrom crystal structure of a riboswitch domain from the Escherichia coli thiM mRNA(4) that responds to the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP is an active form of vitamin B-1, an essential participant in many protein-catalysed reactions(5). Organisms from all three domains of life(6-9), including bacteria, plants and fungi, use TPP-sensing riboswitches to control genes responsible for importing or synthesizing thiamine and its phosphorylated derivatives, making this riboswitch class themostwidely distributed member of the metabolite-sensing RNA regulatory system. The structure reveals a complex folded RNA in which one subdomain forms an intercalation pocket for the 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine moiety of TPP, whereas another subdomain forms a wider pocket that uses bivalent metal ions and water molecules to make bridging contacts to the pyrophosphate moiety of the ligand. The two pockets are positioned to function as a molecular measuring device that recognizes TPP in an extended conformation. The central thiazole moiety is not recognized by the RNA, which explains why the antimicrobial compound pyrithiamine pyrophosphate targets this riboswitch and downregulates the expression of thiamine metabolic genes. Both the natural ligand and its drug-like analogue stabilize secondary and tertiary structure elements that are harnessed by the riboswitch to modulate the synthesis of the proteins coded by the mRNA. In addition, this structure provides insight into how folded RNAs can form precision binding pockets that rival those formed by protein genetic factors.
C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Serganov, A (corresponding author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Struct Biol Program, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA.
EM serganoa@mskcc.org; pateld@mskcc.org
FU National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM034504] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 368
Z9 508
U1 0
U2 79
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1167
EP 1171
DI 10.1038/nature04740
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500054
PM 16728979
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Graaf, BHJ
   Rudd, JJ
   Wheeler, MJ
   Perry, RM
   Bell, EM
   Osman, K
   Franklin, FCH
   Franklin-Tong, VE
AF de Graaf, Barend H. J.
   Rudd, Jason J.
   Wheeler, Michael J.
   Perry, Ruth M.
   Bell, Elizabeth M.
   Osman, Kim
   Franklin, F. Christopher H.
   Franklin-Tong, Vernonica E.
TI Self-incompatibility in Papaver targets soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases in pollen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; streptococcus-agalactiae; molecular-cloning; escherichia-coli; starch synthesis; protein-kinase; rhoeas; potato; actin; depolymerization
AB In higher plants, sexual reproduction involves interactions between pollen and pistil. A key mechanism to prevent inbreeding is self-incompatibility through rejection of incompatible ('self') pollen(1). In Papaver rhoeas, S proteins encoded by the stigma interact with incompatible pollen, triggering a Ca2+-dependent signalling network(2-5) resulting in pollen tube inhibition and programmed cell death(6). The cytosolic phosphoprotein p26.1, which has been identified in incompatible pollen, shows rapid, self-incompatibility-induced Ca2+-dependent hyperphosphorylation in vivo(3). Here we show that p26.1 comprises two proteins, Pr-p26.1a and Pr-p26.1b, which are soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases (sPPases). These proteins have classic Mg2+-dependent sPPase activity, which is inhibited by Ca2+, and unexpectedly can be phosphorylated in vitro. We show that phosphorylation inhibits sPPase activity, establishing a previously unknown mechanism for regulating eukaryotic sPPases. Reduced sPPase activity is predicted to result in the inhibition of many biosynthetic pathways, suggesting that there may be additional mechanisms of self-incompatibility-mediated pollen tube inhibition. We provide evidence that sPPases are required for growth and that self-incompatibility results in an increase in inorganic pyrophosphate, implying a functional role for Pr-p26.1.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Birmingham
RP Franklin-Tong, VE (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM v.e.franklin-tong@bham.ac.uk
NR 26
TC 76
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 490
EP 493
DI 10.1038/nature05311
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700047
PM 17086195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wynn, JG
   Alemseged, Z
   Bobe, R
   Geraads, D
   Reed, D
   Roman, DC
AF Wynn, Jonathan G.
   Alemseged, Zeresenay
   Bobe, Rene
   Geraads, Denis
   Reed, Denne
   Roman, Diana C.
TI Geological and palaeontological context of a Pliocene juvenile hominin at Dikika, Ethiopia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID middle awash valley; hadar formation; afar; pliopleistocene; aramis; rift; gona; age
AB Since 1999, the Dikika Research Project (DRP; initiated by Z.A.) has conducted surveys and excavations in badlands that expose Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments south of the Awash River in Ethiopia, between surrounding hominin localities at Hadar(1), Gona(2) and the Middle Awash region(3). Here we report our geological mapping and stratigraphic measurement of the DRP area, and the context of a remarkably well-preserved skeleton of the earliest known juvenile hominin at the Dikika DIK-1 locality(4). Our mapping of the DRP area permits a complete definition of the hominin-bearing Hadar Formation and provides a cohesive structural and tectonic framework defining its relationships to adjacent strata. Our findings reveal the basin-scale tectonic, depositional and palaeoenvironmental history of the area, as well as a clear taphonomic and palaeontological context for the juvenile hominin. Such data are crucial for understanding the environmental context of human evolution(5,6), and can be integrated into larger-scale tectonic and palaeoenvironmental studies(7,8). Our basin-scale approach to palaeoenvironments provides a means to elucidate the complex geological history occurring at the scale of temporally and geographically controlled fossil point localities(3,9-11), which occur within the rich tectonic and depositional history of the Awash Valley.
C1 Univ St Andrews, Sch Geog & Geosci, St Andrews KY16 9AL, Fife, Scotland.
   Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, Dept Human Evolut, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Georgia, Dept Anthropol, Athens, GA 30602 USA.
   CNRS, UPR 2147, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Texas, Dept Anthropol, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
   Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.
C3 University of St Andrews; Max Planck Society; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
RP Wynn, JG (corresponding author), Univ S Florida, Dept Geol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA.
EM jwynn@cas.usf.edu
NR 30
TC 74
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 332
EP 336
DI 10.1038/nature05048
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000045
PM 16988711
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, YD
   Chun, MM
AF Xu, YD
   Chun, MM
TI Dissociable neural mechanisms supporting visual short-term memory for objects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID working-memory; activation; capacity; attention; dynamics; storage; cortex; areas
AB Using visual information to guide behaviour requires storage in a temporary buffer, known as visual short-term memory (VSTM)(1), that sustains attended information across saccades and other visual interruptions. There is growing debate on whether VSTM capacity is limited to a fixed number of objects(2,3) or whether it is variable(4,5). Here we report four experiments using functional magnetic resonance imaging that resolve this controversy by dissociating the representation capacities of the parietal and occipital cortices. Whereas representations in the inferior intraparietal sulcus (IPS) are fixed to about four objects at different spatial locations regardless of object complexity, those in the superior IPS and the lateral occipital complex are variable, tracking the number of objects held in VSTM, and representing fewer than four objects as their complexity increases. These neural response patterns were observed during both VSTM encoding and maintenance. Thus, multiple systems act together to support VSTM: whereas the inferior IPS maintains spatial attention over a fixed number of objects at different spatial locations, the superior IPS and the lateral occipital complex encode and maintain a variable subset of the attended objects, depending on their complexity. VSTM capacity is therefore determined both by a fixed number of objects and by object complexity.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Xu, YD (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Psychol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM yaoda.xu@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 772
Z9 931
U1 2
U2 86
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 91
EP 95
DI 10.1038/nature04262
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700046
PM 16382240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scanlon, JD
AF Scanlon, JD
TI Skull of the large non-macrostomatan snake Yurlunggur from the Australian Oligo-Miocene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fossil snake; anatomy; morphology; evolution; squamata; wonambi
AB Understanding the origin and early evolution of snakes from lizards depends on accurate morphological knowledge of the skull in basal lineages, but fossil specimens of archaic snakes have been rare, and either fragmentary or difficult to study as a result of compression by enclosing sediments(1-6). A number of Cenozoic fossil snakes from Australia have vertebral morphology diagnostic of an extinct group, Madtsoiidae, that was widespread in Gondwana from mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) to Eocene times, and also reached Europe in the late Cretaceous period(3,7-11). Despite this long history, only about half the skull is known from the best-known species Wonambi naracoortensis(7,11-13), and the few known cranial elements of other species have added little further evidence for phylogenetic relationships(10,14-19). Conflicting hypotheses have been proposed for their relationships and evolutionary significance, either as basal ophidians with many ancestral (varanoid- or mosasaur-like) features, or advanced (macrostomatan) alethinophidians of little relevance to snake origins(3,4,7,11-15,20). Here I report two partial skeletons referred to Yurlunggur(8), from the late Oligocene and early Miocene of northern Australia, which together represent almost the complete skull and mandible. The exceptionally preserved skulls provide new evidence linking Yurlunggur with Wonambi and other madtsoiids, falsifying predictions of the macrostomatan hypothesis, and supporting the exclusion of Madtsoiidae from the clade including all extant snakes.
C1 Outback Isa, Riversleigh Fossil Ctr, Mt Isa, Qld 4825, Australia.
   S Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
RP Scanlon, JD (corresponding author), Outback Isa, Riversleigh Fossil Ctr, POB 1094, Mt Isa, Qld 4825, Australia.
EM riversleigh@outbackatisa.com.au
NR 30
TC 60
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 839
EP 842
DI 10.1038/nature04137
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600048
PM 16482156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossi, SW
   Jenkinson, WE
   Anderson, G
   Jenkinson, EJ
AF Rossi, Simona W.
   Jenkinson, William E.
   Anderson, Graham
   Jenkinson, Eric J.
TI Clonal analysis reveals a common progenitor for thymic cortical and medullary epithelium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells; differentiation; fate
AB The thymus provides an essential environment for the development of T cells from haemopoietic progenitors. This environment is separated into cortical and medullary regions, each containing functionally distinct epithelial populations that are important at successive stages of T-cell development and selection(1,2). However, the developmental origin and lineage relationships between cortical and medullary epithelial cell types remain controversial(3). Here we describe a clonal assay to investigate the developmental potential of single, individually selected, thymic epithelial progenitors ( marked with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) developing within the normal architecture of the thymus. Using this approach, we show that cortical and medullary epithelial cells share a common origin in bipotent precursors, providing definitive evidence that they have a single rather than dual germ layer origin during embryogenesis. Our findings resolve a long-standing issue in thymus development, and are important in relation to the development of cell-based strategies for thymus disorders and the possibility of restoring function of the atrophied adult thymus.
C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Inst Biomed Res, Div Immun & Infect,MRC,Ctr Immune Regulat, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
C3 University of Birmingham
RP Anderson, G (corresponding author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Med, Inst Biomed Res, Div Immun & Infect,MRC,Ctr Immune Regulat, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
EM g.anderson@bham.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0401620] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G0401620] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0401620] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 23
TC 265
Z9 316
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 988
EP 991
DI 10.1038/nature04813
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300044
PM 16791197
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leake, MC
   Chandler, JH
   Wadhams, GH
   Bai, F
   Berry, RM
   Armitage, JP
AF Leake, Mark C.
   Chandler, Jennifer H.
   Wadhams, George H.
   Bai, Fan
   Berry, Richard M.
   Armitage, Judith P.
TI Stoichiometry and turnover in single, functioning membrane protein complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID green fluorescent protein; escherichia-coli; flagellar motor; bacterial flagella; generating units; plasma-membrane; rotary motor; living cells; molecules; dynamics
AB Many essential cellular processes are carried out by complex biological machines located in the cell membrane. The bacterial flagellar motor is a large membrane-spanning protein complex that functions as an ion-driven rotary motor to propel cells through liquid media(1-3). Within the motor, MotB is a component of the stator that couples ion flow to torque generation and anchors the stator to the cell wall(4,5). Here we have investigated the protein stoichiometry, dynamics and turnover of MotB with single-molecule precision in functioning bacterial flagellar motors in Escherichia coli. We monitored motor function by rotation of a tethered cell body(6), and simultaneously measured the number and dynamics of MotB molecules labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP - MotB) in the motor by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Counting fluorophores by the stepwise photobleaching of single GFP molecules showed that each motor contains similar to 22 copies of GFP - MotB, consistent with similar to 11 stators each containing two MotB molecules. We also observed a membrane pool of similar to 200 GFP - MotB molecules diffusing at similar to 0.008 mu m(2) s(-1). Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence loss in photobleaching showed turnover of GFP MotB between the membrane pool and motor with a rate constant of the order of 0.04 s(-1): the dwell time of a given stator in the motor is only similar to 0.5 min. This is the first direct measurement of the number and rapid turnover of protein subunits within a functioning molecular machine.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Microbiol Unit, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
   Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
RP Armitage, JP (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Dept Biochem, Microbiol Unit, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, England.
EM judith.armitage@bioch.ox.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [GR/R45659/01] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 479
Z9 536
U1 2
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 21
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7109
BP 355
EP 358
DI 10.1038/nature05135
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 085RL
UT WOS:000240622000050
PM 16971952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Juhás, P
   Cherba, DM
   Duxbury, PM
   Punch, WF
   Billinge, SJL
AF Juhás, P
   Cherba, DM
   Duxbury, PM
   Punch, WF
   Billinge, SJL
TI Ab initio determination of solid-state nanostructure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional fourier synthesis; monte-carlo-simulation; geometry optimization; nanoparticles; diffraction; resolution; algorithm; clusters
AB Advances in materials science and molecular biology followed rapidly from the ability to characterize atomic structure using single crystals(1-4). Structure determination is more difficult if single crystals are not available(5). Many complex inorganic materials that are of interest in nanotechnology have no periodic long-range order and so their structures cannot be solved using crystallographic methods(6). Here we demonstrate that ab initio structure solution of these nanostructured materials is feasible using diffraction data in combination with distance geometry methods. Precise, sub-angstrom resolution distance data are experimentally available from the atomic pair distribution function (PDF)(6,7). Current PDF analysis consists of structure refinement from reasonable initial structure guesses(6,7) and it is not clear, a priori, that sufficient information exists in the PDF to obtain a unique structural solution. Here we present and validate two algorithms for structure reconstruction from precise unassigned interatomic distances for a range of clusters. We then apply the algorithms to find a unique, ab initio, structural solution for C-60 from PDF data alone. This opens the door to sub-angstrom resolution structure solution of nanomaterials, even when crystallographic methods fail.
C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Michigan State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
C3 Michigan State University; Michigan State University
RP Billinge, SJL (corresponding author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
EM billinge@pa.msu.edu
NR 29
TC 178
Z9 206
U1 1
U2 97
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 30
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7084
BP 655
EP 658
DI 10.1038/nature04556
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 026OY
UT WOS:000236350400040
PM 16572167
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Badano, JL
   Leitch, CC
   Ansley, SJ
   May-Simera, H
   Lawson, S
   Lewis, RA
   Beales, PL
   Dietz, HC
   Fisher, S
   Katsanis, N
AF Badano, JL
   Leitch, CC
   Ansley, SJ
   May-Simera, H
   Lawson, S
   Lewis, RA
   Beales, PL
   Dietz, HC
   Fisher, S
   Katsanis, N
TI Dissection of epistasis in oligogenic Bardet-Biedl syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human obesity syndrome; human genetic-disease; triallelic inheritance; protein; mutations; bbs1; identification; disorder
AB Epistatic interactions have an important role in phenotypic variability, yet the genetic dissection of such phenomena remains challenging(1). Here we report the identification of a novel locus, MGC1203, that contributes epistatic alleles to Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a pleiotropic, oligogenic disorder(2-9). MGC1203 encodes a pericentriolar protein that interacts and colocalizes with the BBS proteins. Sequencing of two independent BBS cohorts revealed a significant enrichment of a heterozygous C430T mutation in patients, and a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) showed strong over-transmission of this variant. Further analyses showed that the 430T allele enhances the use of a cryptic splice acceptor site, causing the introduction of a premature termination codon (PTC) and the reduction of steady-state MGC1203 messenger RNA levels. Finally, recapitulation of the human genotypes in zebrafish shows that modest suppression of mgc1203 exerts an epistatic effect on the developmental phenotype of BBS morphants. Our data demonstrate how the combined use of biochemical, genetic and in vivo tools can facilitate the dissection of epistatic phenomena, and enhance our appreciation of the genetic basis of phenotypic variability.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Cell Biol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Wilmer Eye Inst, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
   UCL, Inst Child Hlth, Mol Med Unit, London WC1N 1EH, England.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; University of London; University College London; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Katsanis, N (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, McKusick Nathans Inst Genet Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
EM katsanis@jhmi.edu
FU Medical Research Council [G0801843] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 217
Z9 253
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 326
EP 330
DI 10.1038/nature04370
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100043
PM 16327777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitajima, TS
   Sakuno, T
   Ishiguro, K
   Iemura, S
   Natsume, T
   Kawashima, SA
   Watanabe, Y
AF Kitajima, TS
   Sakuno, T
   Ishiguro, K
   Iemura, S
   Natsume, T
   Kawashima, SA
   Watanabe, Y
TI Shugoshin collaborates with protein phosphatase 2A to protect cohesin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meiosis-i; okadaic acid; sister chromatids; kinase cdc5; phosphorylation; centromeres; chromosome; mitosis; maintenance; separation
AB Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by a complex called cohesin, is crucial-particularly at centromeres-for proper chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. In animal mitotic cells, phosphorylation of cohesin promotes its dissociation from chromosomes, but centromeric cohesin is protected by shugoshin until kinetochores are properly captured by the spindle microtubules. However, the mechanism of shugoshin-dependent protection of cohesin is unknown. Here we find a specific subtype of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) associating with human shugoshin. PP2A colocalizes with shugoshin at centromeres and is required for centromeric protection. Purified shugoshin complex has an ability to reverse the phosphorylation of cohesin in vitro, suggesting that dephosphorylation of cohesin is the mechanism of protection at centromeres. Meiotic shugoshin of fission yeast also associates with PP2A, with both proteins collaboratively protecting Rec8-containing cohesin at centromeres. Thus, we have revealed a conserved mechanism of centromeric protection of eukaryotic chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Lab Chromosome Dynam, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Grad Program Biophys & Biochem, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Japan Sci & Technol Agcy, SORST, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Biol Informat Res Ctr, Tokyo 1350064, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Watanabe, Y (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Lab Chromosome Dynam, Inst Mol & Cellular Biosci, Tokyo 1130032, Japan.
EM ywatanab@iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 36
TC 469
Z9 598
U1 4
U2 64
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 46
EP 52
DI 10.1038/nature04663
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600029
PM 16541025
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Markovitsi, D
   Talbot, F
   Gustavsson, T
   Onidas, D
   Lazzarotto, E
   Marguet, S
AF Markovitsi, Dimitra
   Talbot, Francis
   Gustavsson, Thomas
   Onidas, Delphine
   Lazzarotto, Elodie
   Marguet, Sylvie
TI Molecular spectroscopy: Complexity of excited-state dynamics in DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
C1 CEA Saclay, DSM, DRECAM SPAM, Lab Francis Perrin,CNRS,URA 2453, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
C3 CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Markovitsi, D (corresponding author), CEA Saclay, DSM, DRECAM SPAM, Lab Francis Perrin,CNRS,URA 2453, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
EM dimitra.markovitsi@cea.fr
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM064563] Funding Source: Medline
NR 12
TC 127
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 53
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP E7
EP E7
DI 10.1038/nature04903
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100042
PM 16760929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zou, PJ
   Pinotsis, N
   Lange, S
   Song, YH
   Popov, A
   Mavridis, I
   Mayans, OM
   Gautel, M
   Wilmanns, M
AF Zou, PJ
   Pinotsis, N
   Lange, S
   Song, YH
   Popov, A
   Mavridis, I
   Mayans, OM
   Gautel, M
   Wilmanns, M
TI Palindromic assembly of the giant muscle protein titin in the sarcomeric Z-disk
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-linking; t-cap; telethonin; domains; ultrastructure; antibody; mutations; interacts; suggests; complex
AB The Z-disk of striated and cardiac muscle sarcomeres is one of the most densely packed cellular structures in eukaryotic cells(1). It provides the architectural framework for assembling and anchoring the largest known muscle filament systems by an extensive network of protein - protein interactions, requiring an extraordinary level of mechanical stability. Here we show, using X-ray crystallography, how the amino terminus of the longest filament component, the giant muscle protein titin, is assembled into an antiparallel ( 2: 1) sandwich complex by the Z-disk ligand telethonin. The pseudosymmetric structure of telethonin mediates a unique palindromic arrangement of two titin filaments, a type of molecular assembly previously found only in protein DNA-complexes. We have confirmed its unique architecture in vivo by protein complementation assays, and in vitro by experiments using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The model proposed may provide a molecular paradigm of how major sarcomeric filaments are crosslinked, anchored and aligned within complex cytoskeletal networks.
C1 DESY, EMBL Hamburg, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
   Demokritos Natl Ctr Sci Res, Inst Phys Chem, GR-15310 Athens, Greece.
   Kings Coll London, Randall Div Cell & Mol Biophys, London SE1 1UL, England.
   Kings Coll London, Div Cardiovasc, London SE1 1UL, England.
   ETH, Inst Cell Biol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Div Struct Biol, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos"; University of London; King's College London; University of London; King's College London; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Basel
RP Wilmanns, M (corresponding author), DESY, EMBL Hamburg, Notleststr 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany.
EM wilmanns@embl-hamburg.de
FU Medical Research Council [G0200496] Funding Source: Medline; Medical Research Council [G0200496] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 153
Z9 185
U1 1
U2 32
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 229
EP 233
DI 10.1038/nature04343
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400046
PM 16407954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wright, TJ
   Ebinger, C
   Biggs, J
   Ayele, A
   Yirgu, G
   Keir, D
   Stork, A
AF Wright, Tim J.
   Ebinger, Cindy
   Biggs, Juliet
   Ayele, Atalay
   Yirgu, Gezahegn
   Keir, Derek
   Stork, Anna
TI Magma-maintained rift segmentation at continental rupture in the 2005 Afar dyking episode
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plate boundary; surface uplift; 1960 collapse; deformation; volcanism; accumulation; subsidence; accretion; stress; volume
AB Seafloor spreading centres show a regular along-axis segmentation thought to be produced by a segmented magma supply in the passively upwelling mantle(1,2). On the other hand, continental rifts are segmented by large offset normal faults, and many lack magmatism. It is unclear how, when and where the ubiquitous segmented melt zones are emplaced during the continental rupture process. Between 14 September and 4 October 2005, 163 earthquakes (magnitudes greater than 3.9) and a volcanic eruption occurred within the similar to 60-km-long Dabbahu magmatic segment of the Afar rift, a nascent seafloor spreading centre in stretched continental lithosphere(3,4). Here we present a three-dimensional deformation field for the Dabbahu rifting episode derived from satellite radar data, which shows that the entire segment ruptured, making it the largest to have occurred on land in the era of satellite geodesy. Simple elastic modelling shows that the magmatic segment opened by up to 8 m, yet seismic rupture can account for only 8 per cent of the observed deformation. Magma was injected along a dyke between depths of 2 and 9 km, corresponding to a total intrusion volume of similar to 2.5 km(3). Much of the magma appears to have originated from shallow chambers beneath Dabbahu and Gabho volcanoes at the northern end of the segment, where an explosive fissural eruption occurred on 26 September 2005. Although comparable in magnitude to the ten year ( 1975 - 84) Krafla events in Iceland(5), seismic data suggest that most of the Dabbahu dyke intrusion occurred in less than a week. Thus, magma intrusion via dyking, rather than segmented normal faulting, maintains and probably initiated the along-axis segmentation along this sector of the Nubia-Arabia plate boundary.
C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Earth Sci, Oxford OX1 3PR, England.
   Univ London, Royal Holloway & Bedford New Coll, Dept Geol, Egham TW20 0EX, Surrey, England.
   Univ Addis Ababa, Geophys Observ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Univ Addis Ababa, Dept Earth Sci, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
C3 University of Oxford; University of London; Royal Holloway University London; Addis Ababa University; Addis Ababa University
RP Wright, TJ (corresponding author), Univ Leeds, Sch Earth & Environm, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England.
EM t.wright@see.leeds.ac.uk
FU NERC [NE/D01039X/2] Funding Source: UKRI; Natural Environment Research Council [NE/D01039X/2, NE/D01039X/1, NE/D008611/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 27
TC 466
Z9 512
U1 3
U2 82
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 291
EP 294
DI 10.1038/nature04978
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100036
PM 16855588
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Winkowski, DE
   Knudsen, EI
AF Winkowski, DE
   Knudsen, EI
TI Top-down gain control of the auditory space map by gaze control circuitry in the barn owl
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frontal eye field; attentional modulation; optic tectum; microstimulation; monkey; neurons; archistriatum; inactivation; memory
AB High-level circuits in the brain that control the direction of gaze are intimately linked with the control of visual spatial attention(1-5). Immediately before an animal directs its gaze towards a stimulus, both psychophysical sensitivity to that visual stimulus and the responsiveness of high-order neurons in the cerebral cortex that represent the stimulus increase dramatically(3,6,7). Equivalent effects on behavioural sensitivity and neuronal responsiveness to visual stimuli result from focal electrical microstimulation of gaze control centres in monkeys(8-11). Whether the gaze control system modulates neuronal responsiveness in sensory modalities other than vision is unknown. Here we show that electrical microstimulation applied to gaze control circuitry in the forebrain of barn owls regulates the gain of midbrain auditory responses in an attention-like manner. When the forebrain circuit was activated, midbrain responses to auditory stimuli at the location encoded by the forebrain site were enhanced and spatial selectivity was sharpened. The same stimulation suppressed responses to auditory stimuli represented at other locations in the midbrain map. Such space-specific, top-down regulation of auditory responses by gaze control circuitry in the barn owl suggests that the central nervous system uses a common strategy for dynamically regulating sensory gain that applies across modalities, brain areas and classes of vertebrate species. This approach provides a path for discovering mechanisms that underlie top-down gain control in the central nervous system.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Winkowski, DE (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Neurobiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM dwinkows@stanford.edu
FU NIDCD NIH HHS [R01 DC000155, F32 DC006569] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 90
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 336
EP 339
DI 10.1038/nature04411
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100045
PM 16421572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Saur, J
   Mauk, BH
   Mitchell, DG
   Krupp, N
   Khurana, KK
   Livi, S
   Krimigis, M
   Newell, PT
   Williams, DJ
   Brandt, PC
   Lagg, A
   Roussos, E
   Dougherty, MK
AF Saur, J
   Mauk, BH
   Mitchell, DG
   Krupp, N
   Khurana, KK
   Livi, S
   Krimigis, M
   Newell, PT
   Williams, DJ
   Brandt, PC
   Lagg, A
   Roussos, E
   Dougherty, MK
TI Anti-planetward auroral electron beams at Saturn
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID current region; field; emissions; dynamics
AB Strong discrete aurorae on Earth are excited by electrons, which are accelerated along magnetic field lines towards the planet(1). Surprisingly, electrons accelerated in the opposite direction have been recently observed(2-6). The mechanisms and significance of this anti-earthward acceleration are highly uncertain because only earthward acceleration was traditionally considered, and observations remain limited. It is also unclear whether upward acceleration of the electrons is a necessary part of the auroral process or simply a special feature of Earth's complex space environment. Here we report anti-planetward acceleration of electron beams in Saturn's magnetosphere along field lines that statistically map into regions of aurora. The energy spectrum of these beams is qualitatively similar to the ones observed at Earth, and the energy fluxes in the observed beams are comparable with the energies required to excite Saturn's aurora. These beams, along with the observations at Earth(2-6) and the barely understood electron beams in Jupiter's magnetosphere(7,8), demonstrate that anti-planetward acceleration is a universal feature of aurorae. The energy contained in the beams shows that upward acceleration is an essential part of the overall auroral process.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA.
   Max Planck Inst Sonnensyst Forsch, D-37191 Katlenburg Lindau, Germany.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2AZ, England.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Max Planck Society; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Imperial College London
RP Saur, J (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, Albertus Magnus Pl, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
EM saur@geo.uni-koeln.de
NR 29
TC 42
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 699
EP 702
DI 10.1038/nature04401
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100038
PM 16467832
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, EC
   Lewicki, MS
AF Smith, EC
   Lewicki, MS
TI Efficient auditory coding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The auditory neural code must serve a wide range of auditory tasks that require great sensitivity in time and frequency and be effective over the diverse array of sounds present in natural acoustic environments. It has been suggested(1-5) that sensory systems might have evolved highly efficient coding strategies to maximize the information conveyed to the brain while minimizing the required energy and neural resources. Here we show that, for natural sounds, the complete acoustic waveform can be represented efficiently with a nonlinear model based on a population spike code. In this model, idealized spikes encode the precise temporal positions and magnitudes of underlying acoustic features. We find that when the features are optimized for coding either natural sounds or speech, they show striking similarities to time-domain cochlear filter estimates, have a frequency-bandwidth dependence similar to that of auditory nerve fibres, and yield significantly greater coding efficiency than conventional signal representations. These results indicate that the auditory code might approach an information theoretic optimum and that the acoustic structure of speech might be adapted to the coding capacity of the mammalian auditory system.
C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ctr Neural Basis Cognit, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Psychol, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
   Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Carnegie Mellon University; Carnegie Mellon University; Carnegie Mellon University
RP Lewicki, MS (corresponding author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Ctr Neural Basis Cognit, 4400 5th Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA.
EM lewicki@cnbc.cmu.edu
NR 20
TC 410
Z9 529
U1 1
U2 72
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 978
EP 982
DI 10.1038/nature04485
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100048
PM 16495999
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vastenhouw, NL
   Brunschwig, K
   Okihara, KL
   Müller, F
   Tijsterman, M
   Plasterk, RHA
AF Vastenhouw, Nadine L.
   Brunschwig, Karin
   Okihara, Kristy L.
   Mueller, Fritz
   Tijsterman, Marcel
   Plasterk, Ronald H. A.
TI Long-term gene silencing by RNAi
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; interference; inheritance
C1 Hubrecht Lab KNAW, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Utrecht, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Fribourg, Inst Zool, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW); Utrecht University; University of Fribourg
RP Vastenhouw, NL (corresponding author), Hubrecht Lab KNAW, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM plasterk@niob.knaw.nl
NR 6
TC 229
Z9 301
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 882
EP 882
DI 10.1038/442882a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500026
PM 16929289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YC
   Zhang, YJ
   Ha, Y
AF Wang, Yongcheng
   Zhang, Yingjiu
   Ha, Ya
TI Crystal structure of a rhomboid family intramembrane protease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; substrate-specificity; drosophila rhomboid-1; signal peptidase; tnf-alpha; proteolysis; cleavage; mechanism; reveals; serine
AB Escherichia coli GlpG is an integral membrane protein that belongs to the widespread rhomboid protease family. Rhomboid proteases, like site-2 protease (S2P) and gamma-secretase, are unique in that they cleave the transmembrane domain of other membrane proteins. Here we describe the 2.1 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the GlpG core domain. This structure contains six transmembrane segments. Residues previously shown to be involved in catalysis, including a Ser-His dyad, and several water molecules are found at the protein interior at a depth below the membrane surface. This putative active site is accessible by substrate through a large 'V-shaped' opening that faces laterally towards the lipid, but is blocked by a half-submerged loop structure. These observations indicate that, in intramembrane proteolysis, the scission of peptide bonds takes place within the hydrophobic environment of the membrane bilayer. The crystal structure also suggests a gating mechanism for GlpG that controls substrate access to its hydrophilic active site.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University
RP Ha, Y (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM ya.ha@yale.edu
NR 49
TC 312
Z9 371
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 179
EP 183
DI 10.1038/nature05255
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200034
PM 17051161
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bao, SD
   Wu, QL
   McLendon, RE
   Hao, YL
   Shi, Q
   Hjelmeland, AB
   Dewhirst, MW
   Bigner, DD
   Rich, JN
AF Bao, Shideng
   Wu, Qiulian
   McLendon, Roger E.
   Hao, Yueling
   Shi, Qing
   Hjelmeland, Anita B.
   Dewhirst, Mark W.
   Bigner, Darell D.
   Rich, Jeremy N.
TI Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID central-nervous-system; brain-tumors; in-vitro; checkpoints; identification; cancer; repair; unique; atm
AB Ionizing radiation represents the most effective therapy for glioblastoma ( World Health Organization grade IV glioma), one of the most lethal human malignancies(1), but radiotherapy remains only palliative(2) because of radioresistance. The mechanisms underlying tumour radioresistance have remained elusive. Here we show that cancer stem cells contribute to glioma radioresistance through preferential activation of the DNA damage checkpoint response and an increase in DNA repair capacity. The fraction of tumour cells expressing CD133 (Prominin-1), a marker for both neural stem cells and brain cancer stem cells(3-6), is enriched after radiation in gliomas. In both cell culture and the brains of immunocompromised mice, CD133-expressing glioma cells survive ionizing radiation in increased proportions relative to most tumour cells, which lack CD133. CD133-expressing tumour cells isolated from both human glioma xenografts and primary patient glioblastoma specimens preferentially activate the DNA damage checkpoint in response to radiation, and repair radiation-induced DNA damage more effectively than CD133-negative tumour cells. In addition, the radioresistance of CD133-positive glioma stem cells can be reversed with a specific inhibitor of the Chk1 and Chk2 checkpoint kinases. Our results suggest that CD133-positive tumour cells represent the cellular population that confers glioma radioresistance and could be the source of tumour recurrence after radiation. Targeting DNA damage checkpoint response in cancer stem cells may overcome this radioresistance and provide a therapeutic model for malignant brain cancers.
C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
   Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Neurobiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University; Duke University
RP Rich, JN (corresponding author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Durham, NC 27710 USA.
EM rich0001@mc.duke.edu
NR 27
TC 5176
Z9 6018
U1 5
U2 738
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 756
EP 760
DI 10.1038/nature05236
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100060
PM 17051156
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU van Dam, JA
   Aziz, HA
   Sierra, MAA
   Hilgen, FJ
   Ostende, LWVDH
   Lourens, LJ
   Mein, P
   van der Meulen, AJ
   Pelaez-Campomanes, P
AF van Dam, Jan A.
   Abdul Aziz, Hayfaa
   Sierra, M. Angeles Alvarez
   Hilgen, Frederik J.
   Ostende, Lars W. van den Hoek
   Lourens, Lucas J.
   Mein, Pierre
   van der Meulen, Albert J.
   Pelaez-Campomanes, Pablo
TI Long-period astronomical forcing of mammal turnover
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID late miocene; continental sequences; middle miocene; climate; stratigraphy; evolution; record
AB Mammals are among the fastest-radiating groups, being characterized by a mean species lifespan of the order of 2.5 million years (Myr)(1,2). The basis for this characteristic timescale of origination, extinction and turnover is not well understood. Various studies have invoked climate change to explain mammalian species turnover(3,4), but other studies have either challenged or only partly confirmed the climate-turnover hypothesis(5-7). Here we use an exceptionally long (24.5-2.5 Myr ago), dense, and well-dated terrestrial record of rodent lineages from central Spain, and show the existence of turnover cycles with periods of 2.4-2.5 and 1.0 Myr. We link these cycles to low-frequency modulations of Milankovitch oscillations(8), and show that pulses of turnover occur at minima of the 2.37-Myr eccentricity cycle and nodes of the 1.2-Myr obliquity cycle. Because obliquity nodes and eccentricity minima are associated with ice sheet expansion and cooling and affect regional precipitation, we infer that long-period astronomical climate forcing is a major determinant of species turnover in small mammals and probably other groups as well.
C1 Univ Utrecht, Fac Geosci, Dept Earth Sci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Univ Complutense, Fac Geol, Dept Palaeontol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
   Natl Museum Nat Hist, NL-2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Lyon 1, Fac Earth Sci, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   CSIC, Natl Museum Nat Hist, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
C3 Utrecht University; Complutense University of Madrid; Universite Lyon 1; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP van Dam, JA (corresponding author), Univ Utrecht, Fac Geosci, Dept Earth Sci, Budapestlaan 4, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
EM jdam@geo.uu.nl
NR 30
TC 238
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 46
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 687
EP 691
DI 10.1038/nature05163
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500045
PM 17036002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Demokritov, SO
   Demidov, VE
   Dzyapko, O
   Melkov, GA
   Serga, AA
   Hillebrands, B
   Slavin, AN
AF Demokritov, S. O.
   Demidov, V. E.
   Dzyapko, O.
   Melkov, G. A.
   Serga, A. A.
   Hillebrands, B.
   Slavin, A. N.
TI Bose-Einstein condensation of quasi-equilibrium magnons at room temperature under pumping
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coupled quantum-wells; phase-transition; resonance; tlcucl3; atoms; modes; films; gas
AB Bose-Einstein condensation(1,2) is one of the most fascinating phenomena predicted by quantum mechanics. It involves the formation of a collective quantum state composed of identical particles with integer angular momentum (bosons), if the particle density exceeds a critical value. To achieve Bose - Einstein condensation, one can either decrease the temperature or increase the density of bosons. It has been predicted(3,4) that a quasi-equilibrium system of bosons could undergo Bose - Einstein condensation even at relatively high temperatures, if the flow rate of energy pumped into the system exceeds a critical value. Here we report the observation of Bose - Einstein condensation in a gas of magnons at room temperature. Magnons are the quanta of magnetic excitations in a magnetically ordered ensemble of magnetic moments. In thermal equilibrium, they can be described by Bose - Einstein statistics with zero chemical potential and a temperature-dependent density. In the experiments presented here, we show that by using a technique of microwave pumping it is possible to excite additional magnons and to create a gas of quasi-equilibrium magnons with a non-zero chemical potential. With increasing pumping intensity, the chemical potential reaches the energy of the lowest magnon state, and a Bose condensate of magnons is formed.
C1 Univ Munster, Inst Appl Phys, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
   Natl Taras Schevchenko Univ Kiev, Dept Radiophys, UA-01033 Kiev, Ukraine.
   Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Phys, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
   Oakland Univ, Dept Phys, Rochester, MI 48309 USA.
C3 University of Munster; Ministry of Education & Science of Ukraine; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; RPTU University Kaiserslautern; Oakland University
RP Demokritov, SO (corresponding author), Univ Munster, Inst Appl Phys, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
EM demokrit@uni-muenster.de
NR 27
TC 786
Z9 866
U1 2
U2 155
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 430
EP 433
DI 10.1038/nature05117
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800040
PM 17006509
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Savukov, IM
   Lee, SK
   Romalis, MV
AF Savukov, I. M.
   Lee, S. -K.
   Romalis, M. V.
TI Optical detection of liquid-state NMR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; circularly-polarized light; spectroscopy; spectra; gases; hg-199; vapors; vacuum; xe-129; phase
AB Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in liquids and solids is primarily detected by recording the net dipolar magnetic field outside the spin-polarized sample. But the recorded bulk magnetic field itself provides only limited spatial or structural information about the sample. Most NMR applications rely therefore on more elaborate techniques such as magnetic field gradient encoding(1) or spin correlation spectroscopy(2), which enable spatially resolved imaging and molecular structure analysis, respectively. Here we demonstrate a fundamentally different and intrinsically information-richer modality of detecting NMR, based on the rotation of the polarization of a laser beam by the nuclear spins in a liquid sample. Optical NMR detection has in fact a long history in atomic vapours with narrow resonance lines(3,4), but has so far only been applied to highly specialized condensed matter systems such as quantum dots(5). It has been predicted(6) that laser illumination can shift NMR frequencies and thus aid detection, but the effect is very small and has never been observed. In contrast, our measurements on water and liquid Xe-129 show that the complementary effect the rotation of light polarization by nuclear spins - is readily measurable, and that it is enhanced dramatically in samples containing heavy nuclei. This approach to optical NMR detection should allow correlated optical and NMR spectroscopy on complex molecules, and continuous two-dimensional imaging of nuclear magnetization with spatial resolution limited only by light diffraction.
C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Princeton University
RP Romalis, MV (corresponding author), Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
EM romalis@princeton.edu
NR 30
TC 83
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 42
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1021
EP 1024
DI 10.1038/nature05088
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000045
PM 16943834
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schmidt, MW
   Vautravers, MJ
   Spero, HJ
AF Schmidt, Matthew W.
   Vautravers, Maryline J.
   Spero, Howard J.
TI Rapid subtropical North Atlantic salinity oscillations across Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fresh-water balance; thermohaline circulation; oxygen-isotope; transport; ocean
AB Geochemical and sedimentological evidence suggest that the rapid climate warming oscillations of the last ice age, the Dansgaard - Oeschger cycles(1), were coupled to fluctuations in North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation through its regulation of poleward heat flux(2). The balance between cold meltwater from the north and warm, salty subtropical gyre waters from the south influenced the strength and location of North Atlantic overturning circulation during this period of highly variable climate(3-5). Here we investigate how rapid reorganizations of the ocean atmosphere system across these cycles are linked to salinity changes in the subtropical North Atlantic gyre. We combine Mg/Ca palaeothermometry and oxygen isotope ratio measurements on planktonic foraminifera across four Dansgaard - Oeschger cycles (spanning 45.9 - 59.2 kyr ago) to generate a seawater salinity proxy record from a subtropical gyre deep-sea sediment core. We show that North Atlantic gyre surface salinities oscillated rapidly between saltier stadial conditions and fresher interstadials, covarying with inferred shifts in the Tropical Atlantic hydrologic cycle(6) and North Atlantic overturning circulation. These salinity oscillations suggest a reduction in precipitation into the North Atlantic and/or reduced export of deep salty thermohaline waters during stadials. We hypothesize that increased stadial salinities preconditioned the North Atlantic Ocean for a rapid return to deep overturning circulation and high-latitude warming by contributing to increased North Atlantic surface-water density on interstadial transitions.
C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Geol, Davis, CA 95616 USA.
   Univ Cambridge, Godwin Lab Palaeoclimate Res, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, England.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of Cambridge
RP Schmidt, MW (corresponding author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA.
EM mschmidt@eas.gatech.edu
NR 30
TC 73
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 561
EP 564
DI 10.1038/nature05121
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200040
PM 17024090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacDonald, D
   Demarre, G
   Bouvier, M
   Mazel, D
   Gopaul, DN
AF MacDonald, D
   Demarre, G
   Bouvier, M
   Mazel, D
   Gopaul, DN
TI Structural basis for broad DNA-specificity in integron recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific recombination; crystal-structure; mechanism; genome; domain; binds; inti1
AB Lateral DNA transfer-the movement of genetic traits between bacteria-has a profound impact on genomic evolution and speciation. The efficiency with which bacteria incorporate genetic information reflects their capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Integron integrases are proteins that mediate site-specific DNA recombination between a proximal primary site (attI) and a secondary target site (attC) found within mobile gene cassettes encoding resistance or virulence factors. The lack of sequence conservation among attC sites has led to the hypothesis that a sequence-independent structural recognition determinant must exist within attC. Here we report the crystal structure of an integron integrase bound to an attC substrate. The structure shows that DNA target site recognition and high-order synaptic assembly are not dependent on canonical DNA but on the position of two flipped-out bases that interact in cis and in trans with the integrase. These extrahelical bases, one of which is required for recombination in vivo, originate from folding of the bottom strand of attC owing to its imperfect internal dyad symmetry. The mechanism reported here supports a new paradigm for how sequence-degenerate single-stranded genetic material is recognized and exchanged between bacteria.
C1 Inst Pasteur, Dept Biol Struct & Chim, Lab Biochim & Biophys Macromol, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
   Inst Pasteur, CNRS,URA 2171, Dept Struct & Dynam Genomes, Unite Postulante Plast Genome Bacterien, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Gopaul, DN (corresponding author), Inst Pasteur, Dept Biol Struct & Chim, Lab Biochim & Biophys Macromol, F-75724 Paris 15, France.
EM gopauld@pasteur.fr
NR 40
TC 130
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1157
EP 1162
DI 10.1038/nature04643
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000037
PM 16641988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Felzer, KR
   Brodsky, EE
AF Felzer, K. R.
   Brodsky, E. E.
TI Decay of aftershock density with distance indicates triggering by dynamic stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-california; earthquake; sequence; models
AB The majority of earthquakes are aftershocks(1), yet aftershock physics is not well understood. Many studies suggest that static stress changes(2,3) trigger aftershocks, but recent work suggests that shaking ( dynamic stresses) may also play a role(4,5). Here we measure the decay of aftershocks as a function of distance from magnitude 2-6 mainshocks in order to clarify the aftershock triggering process. We find that for short times after the main-shock, when low background seismicity rates allow for good aftershock detection, the decay is well fitted by a single inverse power law over distances of 0.2-50 km. The consistency of the trend indicates that the same triggering mechanism is working over the entire range. As static stress changes at the more distant aftershocks are negligible, this suggests that dynamic stresses may be triggering all of these aftershocks. We infer that the observed aftershock density is consistent with the probability of triggering aftershocks being nearly proportional to seismic wave amplitude. The data are not fitted well by models that combine static stress change with the evolution of frictionally locked faults(3).
C1 US Geol Survey, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Felzer, KR (corresponding author), US Geol Survey, 525 S Wilson, Pasadena, CA 91106 USA.
EM kfelzer@gps.caltech.edu
NR 28
TC 322
Z9 358
U1 0
U2 56
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/nature04799
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100050
PM 16760974
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheng, HW
   Luo, WK
   Alamgir, FM
   Bai, JM
   Ma, E
AF Sheng, HW
   Luo, WK
   Alamgir, FM
   Bai, JM
   Ma, E
TI Atomic packing and short-to-medium-range order in metallic glasses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID total-energy calculations; structural model; molecular-dynamics; simple liquids; arrangements; principles; geometry; symmetry; clusters; defects
AB Unlike the well-defined long-range order that characterizes crystalline metals, the atomic arrangements in amorphous alloys remain mysterious at present. Despite intense research activity on metallic glasses and relentless pursuit of their structural description, the details of how the atoms are packed in amorphous metals are generally far less understood than for the case of network-forming glasses. Here we use a combination of state-of-the-art experimental and computational techniques to resolve the atomic-level structure of amorphous alloys. By analysing a range of model binary systems that involve different chemistry and atomic size ratios, we elucidate the different types of short-range order as well as the nature of the medium-range order. Our findings provide a reality check for the atomic structural models proposed over the years, and have implications for understanding the nature, forming ability and properties of metallic glasses.
C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA.
   Oak Ridge Natl Lab, High Temp Mat Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Sheng, HW (corresponding author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM hwsheng@jhu.edu; ema@jhu.edu
NR 46
TC 1871
Z9 2081
U1 23
U2 1022
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 419
EP 425
DI 10.1038/nature04421
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200035
PM 16437105
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oganesyan, G
   Saha, SK
   Guo, BC
   He, JQ
   Shahangian, A
   Zarnegar, B
   Perry, A
   Cheng, GH
AF Oganesyan, G
   Saha, SK
   Guo, BC
   He, JQ
   Shahangian, A
   Zarnegar, B
   Perry, A
   Cheng, GH
TI Critical role of TRAF3 in the Toll-like receptor-dependent and -independent antiviral response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; interferon-alpha induction; double-stranded-rna; signaling pathway; viral-infection; essential components; immune-responses; activation; kinase; cells
AB Type I interferon (IFN) production is a critical component of the innate defence against viral infections(1). Viral products induce strong type I IFN responses through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and intracellular cytoplasmic receptors such as protein kinase R (PKR)(2-12). Here we demonstrate that cells lacking TRAF3, a member of the TNF receptor-associated factor family, are defective in type I IFN responses activated by several different TLRs. Furthermore, we show that TRAF3 associates with the TLR adaptors TRIF and IRAK1, as well as downstream IRF3/7 kinases TBK1 and IKK-epsilon, suggesting that TRAF3 serves as a critical link between TLR adaptors and downstream regulatory kinases important for IRF activation. In addition to TLR stimulation, we also show that TRAF3-deficient fibroblasts are defective in their type I IFN response to direct infection with vesicular stomatitis virus, indicating that TRAF3 is also an important component of TLR-independent viral recognition pathways. Our data demonstrate that TRAF3 is a major regulator of type I IFN production and the innate antiviral response.
C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Mol Genet & Immunol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Med Sci Training Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehens Canc Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Cheng, GH (corresponding author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Microbiol Mol Genet & Immunol, 609 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
EM genhongc@microbio.ucla.edu
NR 30
TC 719
Z9 926
U1 1
U2 107
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 208
EP 211
DI 10.1038/nature04374
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400041
PM 16306936
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wadman, M
AF Wadman, M
TI Make or break time in Vioxx drama
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 1
TC 13
Z9 14
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 16
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7082
BP 277
EP 277
DI 10.1038/440277a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 021QG
UT WOS:000235997600023
PM 16541045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marlovits, TC
   Kubori, T
   Lara-Tejero, M
   Thomas, D
   Unger, VM
   Galán, JE
AF Marlovits, Thomas C.
   Kubori, Tomoko
   Lara-Tejero, Maria
   Thomas, Dennis
   Unger, Vinzenz M.
   Galan, Jorge E.
TI Assembly of the inner rod determines needle length in the type III secretion injectisome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salmonella-typhimurium; molecular characterization; proteins; cloning; complex; genes
AB Assembly of multi-component supramolecular machines is fundamental to biology, yet in most cases, assembly pathways and their control are poorly understood. An example is the type III secretion machine, which mediates the transfer of bacterial virulence proteins into host cells(1). A central component of this nanomachine is the needle complex or injectisome, an organelle associated with the bacterial envelope that is composed of a multi-ring base, an inner rod, and a protruding needle(2). Assembly of this organelle proceeds in sequential steps that require the reprogramming of the secretion machine. Here we provide evidence that, in Salmonella typhimurium, completion of the assembly of the inner rod determines the size of the needle substructure. Assembly of the inner rod, which is regulated by the InvJ protein, triggers conformational changes on the cytoplasmic side of the injectisome, reprogramming the secretion apparatus to stop secretion of the needle protein.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
   Brandeis Univ, Dept Biochem, Rosenstiel Basic Med Sci Res Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biophys & Biochem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
RP Galán, JE (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Boyer Ctr Mol Med, Sect Microbial Pathogenesis, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06536 USA.
EM jorge.galan@yale.edu
NR 16
TC 169
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 637
EP 640
DI 10.1038/nature04822
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800048
PM 16738660
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sharon, E
   Galun, M
   Sharon, D
   Basri, R
   Brandt, A
AF Sharon, Eitan
   Galun, Meirav
   Sharon, Dahlia
   Basri, Ronen
   Brandt, Achi
TI Hierarchy and adaptivity in segmenting visual scenes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Finding salient, coherent regions in images is the basis for many visual tasks, and is especially important for object recognition. Human observers perform this task with ease, relying on a system in which hierarchical processing seems to have a critical role(1). Despite many attempts, computerized algorithms(2-5) have so far not demonstrated robust segmentation capabilities under general viewing conditions. Here we describe a new, highly efficient approach that determines all salient regions of an image and builds them into a hierarchical structure. Our algorithm, segmentation by weighted aggregation, is derived from algebraic multigrid solvers for physical systems(6), and consists of fine-to-coarse pixel aggregation. Aggregates of various sizes, which may or may not overlap, are revealed as salient, without predetermining their number or scale. Results using this algorithm are markedly more accurate and significantly faster ( linear in data size) than previous approaches.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Radiol, Athinoula A Martinos Ctr Biomed Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, Moross Lab Vis & Motor Control, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Sharon, E (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM eitan.sharon@weizmann.ac.il
NR 17
TC 168
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 810
EP 813
DI 10.1038/nature04977
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700045
PM 16810176
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Caron, JB
   Scheltema, A
   Schander, C
   Rudkin, D
AF Caron, Jean-Bernard
   Scheltema, Amelie
   Schander, Christoffer
   Rudkin, David
TI A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wiwaxia-corrugata matthew; articulated halkieriids; fossil record; life-styles; origin; polyplacophoran; aplacophora; evolution
AB Odontogriphus omalus was originally described as a problematic non-biomineralized lophophorate organism. Here we re-interpret Odontogriphus based on 189 new specimens including numerous exceptionally well preserved individuals from the Burgess Shale collections of the Royal Ontario Museum. This additional material provides compelling evidence that the feeding apparatus in Odontogriphus is a radula of molluscan architecture comprising two primary bipartite tooth rows attached to a radular membrane and showing replacement by posterior addition. Further characters supporting molluscan affinity include a broad foot bordered by numerous ctenidia located in a mantle groove and a stiffened cuticular dorsum. Odontogriphus has a radula similar to Wiwaxia corrugata but lacks a scleritome. We interpret these animals to be members of an early stem-group mollusc lineage that probably originated in the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Period, providing support for the retention of a biomat-based grazing community from the late Precambrian Period until at least the Middle Cambrian.
C1 Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Nat Hist Palaeobiol, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ Bergen, Dept Biol, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
C3 Royal Ontario Museum; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University of Bergen
RP Caron, JB (corresponding author), Royal Ontario Museum, Dept Nat Hist Palaeobiol, 100 Queens Pk, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada.
EM jcaron@rom.on.ca
NR 45
TC 120
Z9 133
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 159
EP 163
DI 10.1038/nature04894
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700038
PM 16838013
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Van Gaal, LF
   Mertens, IL
   De Block, CE
AF Van Gaal, Luc F.
   Mertens, Ilse L.
   De Block, Christophe E.
TI Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coronary-heart-disease; free fatty-acids; c-reactive protein; insulin-resistance; adipose-tissue; metabolic syndrome; physical-activity; risk-factors; myocardial-infarction; oxidative stress
AB Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. Adipose tissue releases a large number of bioactive mediators that influence not only body weight homeostasis but also insulin resistance - the core feature of type 2 diabetes - as well as alterations in lipids, blood pressure, coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. We are now beginning to understand the underlying mechanisms as well as the ways in which smoking and dyslipidaemia increase, and physical activity attenuates, the adverse effects of obesity on cardiovascular health.
C1 Univ Antwerp, Univ Antwerp Hosp, Fac Med, Dept Diabetol Metab & Clin Nutr, B-2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
C3 University of Antwerp
RP Van Gaal, LF (corresponding author), Univ Antwerp, Univ Antwerp Hosp, Fac Med, Dept Diabetol Metab & Clin Nutr, Wilrijkstr 10, B-2650 Antwerp, Belgium.
EM luc.van.gaal@uza.be
NR 81
TC 2202
Z9 2526
U1 1
U2 238
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 875
EP 880
DI 10.1038/nature05487
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400045
PM 17167476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ball, P
AF Ball, Philip
TI Econophysics - Culture crash
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 6
TC 30
Z9 32
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 686
EP 688
DI 10.1038/441686a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100023
PM 16760949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klimanskaya, I
   Chung, Y
   Becker, S
   Lu, SJ
   Lanza, R
AF Klimanskaya, Irina
   Chung, Young
   Becker, Sandy
   Lu, Shi-Jiang
   Lanza, Robert
TI Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse blastomeres; human blastocysts; in-vitro; stage; derivation; expression; diagnosis; biopsy; dna
AB The derivation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells currently requires the destruction of ex utero embryos(1-4). A previous study in mice indicates that it might be possible to generate embryonic stem (ES) cells using a single-cell biopsy similar to that used in preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which does not interfere with the embryo's developmental potential(5). By growing the single blastomere overnight, the resulting cells could be used for both genetic testing and stem cell derivation without affecting the clinical outcome of the procedure. Here we report a series of ten separate experiments demonstrating that hES cells can be derived from single blastomeres. In this proof-of-principle study, multiple biopsies were taken from each embryo using micromanipulation techniques and none of the biopsied embryos were allowed to develop in culture. Nineteen ES-cell-like outgrowths and two stable hES cell lines were obtained. The latter hES cell lines maintained undifferentiated proliferation for more than eight months, and showed normal karyotype and expression of markers of pluri-potency, including Oct-4, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, nanog and alkaline phosphatase. These cells retained the potential to form derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in teratomas. The ability to create new stem cell lines and therapies without destroying embryos would address the ethical concerns of many, and allow the generation of matched tissue for children and siblings born from transferred PGD embryos.
C1 Adv Cell Technol, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
RP Lanza, R (corresponding author), Adv Cell Technol, 381 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM rlanza@advancedcell.com
NR 27
TC 379
Z9 497
U1 1
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 481
EP 485
DI 10.1038/nature05142
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700045
PM 16929302
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilad, Y
   Oshlack, A
   Smyth, GK
   Speed, TP
   White, KP
AF Gilad, Y
   Oshlack, A
   Smyth, GK
   Speed, TP
   White, KP
TI Expression profiling in primates reveals a rapid evolution of human transcription factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-expression; natural-selection; divergence; sequence; patterns; microarray; mutation; rates; model
AB Although it has been hypothesized for thirty years that many human adaptations are likely to be due to changes in gene regulation(1), almost nothing is known about the modes of natural selection acting on regulation in primates. Here we identify a set of genes for which expression is evolving under natural selection. We use a new multi-species complementary DNA array to compare steady-state messenger RNA levels in liver tissues within and between humans, chimpanzees, orangutans and rhesus macaques. Using estimates from a linear mixed model, we identify a set of genes for which expression levels have remained constant across the entire phylogeny (similar to 70 million years), and are therefore likely to be under stabilizing selection. Among the top candidates are five genes with expression levels that have previously been shown to be altered in liver carcinoma. We also find a number of genes with similar expression levels among non-human primates but significantly elevated or reduced expression in the human lineage, features that point to the action of directional selection. Among the gene set with a human-specific increase in expression, there is an excess of transcription factors; the same is not true for genes with increased expression in chimpanzee.
C1 Yale Univ, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
   Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Stat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Program Biostat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Walter & Eliza Hall Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Gilad, Y (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06510 USA.
EM gilad@uchicago.edu; kevin.white@yale.edu
NR 30
TC 240
Z9 305
U1 0
U2 33
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 242
EP 245
DI 10.1038/nature04559
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500053
PM 16525476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sherson, JF
   Krauter, H
   Olsson, RK
   Julsgaard, B
   Hammerer, K
   Cirac, I
   Polzik, ES
AF Sherson, Jacob F.
   Krauter, Hanna
   Olsson, Rasmus K.
   Julsgaard, Brian
   Hammerer, Klemens
   Cirac, Ignacio
   Polzik, Eugene S.
TI Quantum teleportation between light and matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID single photons; state; storage
AB Quantum teleportation(1) is an important ingredient in distributed quantum networks(2), and can also serve as an elementary operation in quantum computers(3). Teleportation was first demonstrated as a transfer of a quantum state of light onto another light beam(4-6); later developments used optical relays(7) and demonstrated entanglement swapping for continuous variables(8). The teleportation of a quantum state between two single material particles ( trapped ions) has now also been achieved(9,10). Here we demonstrate teleportation between objects of a different nature - light and matter, which respectively represent 'flying' and 'stationary' media. A quantum state encoded in a light pulse is teleported onto a macroscopic object (an atomic ensemble containing 10(12) caesium atoms). Deterministic teleportation is achieved for sets of coherent states with mean photon number (n) up to a few hundred. The fidelities are 0.58 +/- 0.02 for n = 20 and 0.60 +/- 0.02 for n = 5 5 - higher than any classical state transfer can possibly achieve(11). Besides being of fundamental interest, teleportation using a macroscopic atomic ensemble is relevant for the practical implementation of a quantum repeater(2). An important factor for the implementation of quantum networks is the teleportation distance between transmitter and receiver; this is 0.5 metres in the present experiment. As our experiment uses propagating light to achieve the entanglement of light and atoms required for teleportation, the present approach should be scalable to longer distances.
C1 Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
C3 University of Copenhagen; Niels Bohr Institute; Max Planck Society; Aarhus University
RP Polzik, ES (corresponding author), Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark.
EM polzik@nbi.dk
NR 25
TC 733
Z9 802
U1 0
U2 169
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/nature05136
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200039
PM 17024089
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bottke, WF
   Nesvorny, D
   Grimm, RE
   Morbidelli, A
   O'Brien, DP
AF Bottke, WF
   Nesvorny, D
   Grimm, RE
   Morbidelli, A
   O'Brien, DP
TI Iron meteorites as remnants of planetesimals formed in the terrestrial planet region
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID asteroid belt; solar nebula; main-belt; al-26; excitation; objects
AB Iron meteorites are core fragments from differentiated and subsequently disrupted planetesimals(1). The parent bodies are usually assumed to have formed in the main asteroid belt, which is the source of most meteorites. Observational evidence, however, does not indicate that differentiated bodies or their fragments were ever common there. This view is also difficult to reconcile with the fact that the parent bodies of iron meteorites were as small as 20 km in diameter(2,3) and that they formed 1-2 Myr earlier than the parent bodies of the ordinary chondrites(4-6). Here we show that the iron-meteorite parent bodies most probably formed in the terrestrial planet region. Fast accretion times there allowed small planetesimals to melt early in Solar System history by the decay of short-lived radionuclides ( such as Al-26, Fe-60)(7-9). The protoplanets emerging from this population not only induced collisional evolution among the remaining planetesimals but also scattered some of the survivors into the main belt, where they stayed for billions of years before escaping via a combination of collisions, Yarkovsky thermal forces, and resonances(10). We predict that some asteroids are main-belt interlopers ( such as ( 4) Vesta). A select few may even be remnants of the long-lost precursor material that formed the Earth.
C1 SW Res Inst, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
   Observ Cote Azur, F-06034 Nice 4, France.
C3 Universite Cote d'Azur; Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur
RP Bottke, WF (corresponding author), SW Res Inst, 1050 Walnut St,Suite 400, Boulder, CO 80302 USA.
EM bottke@boulder.swri.edu
NR 30
TC 249
Z9 270
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 821
EP 824
DI 10.1038/nature04536
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600043
PM 16482151
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barber, DL
   Wherry, EJ
   Masopust, D
   Zhu, BG
   Allison, JP
   Sharpe, AH
   Freeman, GJ
   Ahmed, R
AF Barber, DL
   Wherry, EJ
   Masopust, D
   Zhu, BG
   Allison, JP
   Sharpe, AH
   Freeman, GJ
   Ahmed, R
TI Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; in-vivo; b7 family; pd-1; persistence; tolerance; responses; memory; member; immunotherapy
AB Functional impairment of antigen-specific T cells is a defining characteristic of many chronic infections, but the underlying mechanisms of T-cell dysfunction are not well understood. To address this question, we analysed genes expressed in functionally impaired virus-specific CD8 T cells present in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ( LCMV), and compared these with the gene profile of functional memory CD8 T cells. Here we report that PD-1 ( programmed death 1; also known as Pdcd1) was selectively upregulated by the exhausted T cells, and that in vivo administration of antibodies that blocked the interaction of this inhibitory receptor with its ligand, PD-L1 ( also known as B7-H1), enhanced T-cell responses. Notably, we found that even in persistently infected mice that were lacking CD4 T-cell help, blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitory pathway had a beneficial effect on the 'helpless' CD8 T cells, restoring their ability to undergo proliferation, secrete cytokines, kill infected cells and decrease viral load. Blockade of the CTLA-4 ( cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) inhibitory pathway had no effect on either T-cell function or viral control. These studies identify a specific mechanism of T-cell exhaustion and define a potentially effective immunological strategy for the treatment of chronic viral infections.
C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
   Wistar Inst Anat & Biol, Program Immunol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst,Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Med, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Emory University; Emory University; The Wistar Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Ahmed, R (corresponding author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
EM ra@microbio.emory.edu
NR 30
TC 3323
Z9 4288
U1 9
U2 441
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 682
EP 687
DI 10.1038/nature04444
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100035
PM 16382236
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keightley, PD
   Otto, SP
AF Keightley, Peter D.
   Otto, Sarah P.
TI Interference among deleterious mutations favours sex and recombination in finite populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolutionary advantage; selection; linkage; model
AB Sex and recombination are widespread, but explaining these phenomena has been one of the most difficult problems in evolutionary biology. Recombination is advantageous when different individuals in a population carry different advantageous alleles(1,2). By bringing together advantageous alleles onto the same chromosome, recombination speeds up the process of adaptation(1,3-5) and opposes the fixation of harmful mutations by means of Muller's ratchet(4,5). Nevertheless, adaptive substitutions favour sex and recombination only if the rate of adaptive mutation is high(1,6), and Muller's ratchet operates only in small or asexual populations(7). Here, by tracking the fate of modifier alleles that alter the frequency of sex and recombination, we show that background selection against deleterious mutant alleles provides a stochastic advantage to sex and recombination that increases with population size. The advantage arises because, with low levels of recombination, selection at other loci severely reduces the effective population size and genetic variance in fitness at a focal locus(8) (the Hill-Robertson effect), making a population less able to respond to selection and to rid itself of deleterious mutations. Sex and recombination reveal the hidden genetic variance in fitness by combining chromosomes of intermediate fitness to create chromosomes that are relatively free of (or are loaded with) deleterious mutations. This increase in genetic variance within finite populations improves the response to selection and generates a substantial advantage to sex and recombination that is fairly insensitive to the form of epistatic interactions between deleterious alleles. The mechanism supported by our results offers a robust and broadly applicable explanation for the evolutionary advantage of recombination and can explain the spread of costly sex.
C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Evolutionary Biol, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
   Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of British Columbia
RP Keightley, PD (corresponding author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Evolutionary Biol, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, Midlothian, Scotland.
EM keightley.nature2006@spambob.net
NR 30
TC 291
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 76
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 89
EP 92
DI 10.1038/nature05049
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900045
PM 16957730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Urakawa, I
   Yamazaki, Y
   Shimada, T
   Iijima, K
   Hasegawa, H
   Okawa, K
   Fujita, T
   Fukumoto, S
   Yamashita, T
AF Urakawa, Itaru
   Yamazaki, Yuji
   Shimada, Takashi
   Iijima, Kousuke
   Hasegawa, Hisashi
   Okawa, Katsuya
   Fujita, Toshiro
   Fukumoto, Seiji
   Yamashita, Takeyoshi
TI Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fibroblast growth factor-23; vitamin-d metabolism; phosphate reabsorption; protein; gene; hypophosphatemia; regulator; mice; osteomalacia; suppression
AB FGF23 is a unique member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family because it acts as a hormone that derives from bone and regulates kidney functions, whereas most other family members are thought to regulate various cell functions at a local level(1-5). The renotropic activity of circulating FGF23 indicates the possible presence of an FGF23-specific receptor in the kidney(6). Here we show that a previously undescribed receptor conversion by Klotho, a senescence-related molecule(7), generates the FGF23 receptor. Using a renal homogenate, we found that Klotho binds to FGF23. Forced expression of Klotho enabled the high-affinity binding of FGF23 to the cell surface and restored the ability of a renal cell line to respond to FGF23 treatment. Moreover, FGF23 incompetence was induced by injecting wild-type mice with an anti-Klotho monoclonal antibody. Thus, Klotho is essential for endogenous FGF23 function. Because Klotho alone seemed to be incapable of intracellular signalling, we searched for other components of the FGF23 receptor and found FGFR1(IIIc), which was directly converted by Klotho into the FGF23 receptor. Thus, the concerted action of Klotho and FGFR1( IIIc) reconstitutes the FGF23 receptor. These findings provide insights into the diversity and specificity of interactions between FGF and FGF receptors.
C1 Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Pharmaceut Res Labs, Gunma 3701295, Japan.
   Tokyo Univ Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Div Nephrol & Endocrinol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138655, Japan.
C3 Kirin Brewery Company Limited; University of Tokyo
RP Urakawa, I (corresponding author), Kirin Brewery Co Ltd, Pharmaceut Res Labs, 3 Miyahara, Gunma 3701295, Japan.
EM iurakawa@kirin.co.jp
NR 30
TC 1477
Z9 1739
U1 3
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 770
EP 774
DI 10.1038/nature05315
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100063
PM 17086194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Corma, A
   Díaz-Cabañas, MJ
   Jordá, JL
   Martínez, C
   Moliner, M
AF Corma, Avelino
   Diaz-Cabanas, Maria J.
   Luis Jorda, Jose
   Martinez, Cristina
   Moliner, Manuel
TI High-throughput synthesis and catalytic properties of a molecular sieve with 18-and 10-member rings
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID powder diffraction data; large-pore zeolites; rational design; high-silica; topology; channels; system; itq-7; fcc
AB Crystalline molecular sieves with large pores and high adsorption capacities have many potential applications(1-4). Of these materials, zeolites are of particular interest owing to their stability in a wide range of experimental conditions. An aluminophosphate with very large circular channels(5) containing 18 oxygen atoms (18-ring channels) has been synthesized, but in the search for large-pore zeolites, most of the materials which have been synthesized up to now contain only 14-ring channels; the synthesis of zeolites with larger ring structures has been believed to be hindered by the low Si-O-Si bond angles available. A silicogaloaluminate (ECR-34) with unidirectional 18-ring channels(12) was recently reported, but exhibited low micropore volume, thus rendering the material less attractive for catalytic applications. Here we report the structure and catalytic activity of the silicogermanate zeolite ITQ-33; this material exhibits straight large pore channels with circular openings of 18-rings along the c axis interconnected by a bidirectional system of 10-ring channels, yielding a structure with very large micropore volume. The conditions for synthesis are easily accessible, but are not typical, and were identified using high-throughput techniques.
C1 Univ Politecn Valencia, UPV CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Valencia 46022, Spain.
C3 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); Universitat Politecnica de Valencia; CSIC-UPV - Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica (ITQ)
RP Corma, A (corresponding author), Univ Politecn Valencia, UPV CSIC, Inst Tecnol Quim, Avda Naranjos S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain.
EM acorma@itq.upv.es
NR 30
TC 431
Z9 474
U1 0
U2 277
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 842
EP 845
DI 10.1038/nature05238
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700048
PM 17051215
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bourlat, SJ
   Juliusdottir, T
   Lowe, CJ
   Freeman, R
   Aronowicz, J
   Kirschner, M
   Lander, ES
   Thorndyke, M
   Nakano, H
   Kohn, AB
   Heyland, A
   Moroz, LL
   Copley, RR
   Telford, MJ
AF Bourlat, Sarah J.
   Juliusdottir, Thorhildur
   Lowe, Christopher J.
   Freeman, Robert
   Aronowicz, Jochanan
   Kirschner, Mark
   Lander, Eric S.
   Thorndyke, Michael
   Nakano, Hiroaki
   Kohn, Andrea B.
   Heyland, Andreas
   Moroz, Leonid L.
   Copley, Richard R.
   Telford, Maximilian J.
TI Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; animals; platyhelminthes; enteropneusta; urochordate; characters; flatworms; epidermis; collagen; systems
AB Deuterostomes comprise vertebrates, the related invertebrate chordates (tunicates and cephalochordates) and three other invertebrate taxa: hemichordates, echinoderms and Xenoturbella(1). The relationships between invertebrate and vertebrate deuterostomes are clearly important for understanding our own distant origins. Recent phylogenetic studies of chordate classes and a sea urchin have indicated that urochordates might be the closest invertebrate sister group of vertebrates, rather than cephalochordates, as traditionally believed(2-5). More remarkable is the suggestion that cephalochordates are closer to echinoderms than to vertebrates and urochordates, meaning that chordates are paraphyletic(2). To study the relationships among all deuterostome groups, we have assembled an alignment of more than 35,000 homologous amino acids, including new data from a hemichordate, starfish and Xenoturbella. We have also sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Xenoturbella. We support the clades Olfactores ( urochordates and vertebrates) and Ambulacraria ( hemichordates and echinoderms(6)). Analyses using our new data, however, do not support a cephalochordate and echinoderm grouping and we conclude that chordates are monophyletic. Finally, nuclear and mitochondrial data place Xenoturbella as the sister group of the two ambulacrarian phyla(1). As such, Xenoturbella is shown to be an independent phylum, Xenoturbellida, bringing the number of living deuterostome phyla to four.
C1 UCL, Dept Biol, London WC1E 6BT, England.
   Wellcome Trust Ctr Human Genet, Oxford OX3 7BN, England.
   Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, S-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden.
   Univ Florida, Whitney Lab Marine Biosci, St Augustine, FL 32080 USA.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; University of Chicago; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; State University System of Florida; University of Florida
RP Telford, MJ (corresponding author), UCL, Dept Biol, Darwin Bldg,Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, England.
EM m.telford@ucl.ac.uk
FU Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C509866/1] Funding Source: researchfish; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/C509866/1] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 432
Z9 477
U1 1
U2 102
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/nature05241
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500050
PM 17051155
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janzen, V
   Forkert, R
   Fleming, HE
   Saito, Y
   Waring, MT
   Dombkowski, DM
   Cheng, T
   DePinho, RA
   Sharpless, NE
   Scadden, DT
AF Janzen, Viktor
   Forkert, Randolf
   Fleming, Heather E.
   Saito, Yoriko
   Waring, Michael T.
   Dombkowski, David M.
   Cheng, Tao
   DePinho, Ronald A.
   Sharpless, Norman E.
   Scadden, David T.
TI Stem-cell ageing modified by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem; self-renewal; in-vivo; expression; engraftment; senescence; increases; p19(arf); young; mice
AB Stem-cell ageing is thought to contribute to altered tissue maintenance and repair. Older humans experience increased bone marrow failure and poorer haematologic tolerance of cytotoxic injury. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in older mice have decreased per-cell repopulating activity, self-renewal and homing abilities, myeloid skewing of differentiation, and increased apoptosis with stress. Here we report that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4a), the level of which was previously noted to increase in other cell types with age, accumulates and modulates specific age-associated HSC functions. Notably, in the absence of p16(INK4a), HSC repopulating defects and apoptosis were mitigated, improving the stress tolerance of cells and the survival of animals in successive transplants, a stem- cell-autonomous tissue regeneration model. Inhibition of p16(INK4a) may ameliorate the physiological impact of ageing on stem cells and thereby improve injury repair in aged tissue.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Canc Ctr,Ctr Regenerat Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Appl Canc Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Dept Med Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Genet, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine
RP Scadden, DT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Canc Ctr,Ctr Regenerat Med, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM scadden.david@mgh.harvard.edu
NR 33
TC 880
Z9 1064
U1 3
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 421
EP 426
DI 10.1038/nature05159
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800038
PM 16957735
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kolano, C
   Helbing, J
   Kozinski, M
   Sander, W
   Hamm, P
AF Kolano, Christoph
   Helbing, Jan
   Kozinski, Mariusz
   Sander, Wolfram
   Hamm, Peter
TI Watching hydrogen-bond dynamics in a β-turn by transient two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID picosecond conformational transition; photoswitchable peptide; protein; isotopomers; disulfide; ir
AB X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements provide us with atomically resolved structures of an ever-growing number of biomolecules. These static structural snapshots are important to our understanding of biomolecular function, but real biomolecules are dynamic entities that often exploit conformational changes and transient molecular interactions to perform their tasks. Nuclear magnetic resonance methods can follow such structural changes, but only on millisecond timescales under non-equilibrium conditions. Time-resolved X-ray crystallography has recently been used to monitor the photodissociation of CO from myoglobin on a subnanosecond timescale(1), yet remains challenging to apply more widely. In contrast, two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, which maps vibrational coupling between molecular groups and hence their relative positions and orientations(2-11), is now routinely used to study equilibrium processes on picosecond timescales. Here we show that the extension of this method into the non-equilibrium regime(12,13) allows us to observe in real time in a short peptide the weakening of an intramolecular hydrogen bond and concomitant opening of a beta-turn. We find that the rate of this process is two orders of magnitude faster than the 'folding speed limit' established for contact formation between protein side chains(14).
C1 Univ Zurich, Inst Phys Chem, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Organ Chem 2, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
C3 University of Zurich; Ruhr University Bochum
RP Kolano, C (corresponding author), Univ Zurich, Inst Phys Chem, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM c.kolano@pci.unizh.ch; p.hamm@pci.unizh.ch
NR 28
TC 308
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 170
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 469
EP 472
DI 10.1038/nature05352
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700042
PM 17122853
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xiang, J
   Lu, W
   Hu, YJ
   Wu, Y
   Yan, H
   Lieber, CM
AF Xiang, Jie
   Lu, Wei
   Hu, Yongjie
   Wu, Yue
   Yan, Hao
   Lieber, Charles M.
TI Ge/Si nanowire heterostructures as high-performance field-effect transistors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-nanotube transistors
AB Semiconducting carbon nanotubes(1,2) and nanowires(3) are potential alternatives to planar metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)(4) owing, for example, to their unique electronic structure and reduced carrier scattering caused by one-dimensional quantum confinement effects(1,5). Studies have demonstrated long carrier mean free paths at room temperature in both carbon nanotubes1,6 and Ge/Si core/shell nanowires(7). In the case of carbon nanotube FETs, devices have been fabricated that work close to the ballistic limit(8). Applications of high-performance carbon nanotube FETs have been hindered, however, by difficulties in producing uniform semiconducting nanotubes, a factor not limiting nanowires, which have been prepared with reproducible electronic properties in high yield as required for large-scale integrated systems(3,9,10). Yet whether nanowire field-effect transistors (NWFETs) can indeed outperform their planar counterparts is still unclear(4). Here we report studies on Ge/Si core/shell nanowire heterostructures configured as FETs using high-kappa dielectrics in a top-gate geometry. The clean one-dimensional hole-gas in the Ge/Si nanowire heterostructures(7) and enhanced gate coupling with high-kappa dielectrics give high-performance FETs values of the scaled transconductance (3.3 mS mu m(-1)) and on-current (2.1 mA mu m(-1)) that are three to four times greater than state-of-the-art MOSFETs and are the highest obtained on NWFETs. Furthermore, comparison of the intrinsic switching delay, tau = CV/I, which represents a key metric for device applications(4,11), shows that the performance of Ge/Si NWFETs is comparable to similar length carbon nanotube FETs and substantially exceeds the length-dependent scaling of planar silicon MOSFETs.
C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Lieber, CM (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
EM cml@cmliris.harvard.edu
NR 30
TC 1328
Z9 1600
U1 0
U2 581
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 25
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7092
BP 489
EP 493
DI 10.1038/nature04796
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 045YP
UT WOS:000237778900045
PM 16724062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morrison, SJ
   Kimble, J
AF Morrison, Sean J.
   Kimble, Judith
TI Asymmetric and symmetric stem-cell divisions in development and cancer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating factor; kinase-c-iota; hematopoietic stem; self-renewal; neuronal differentiation; tumor-suppressor; mitotic region; mammalian numb; pie-1 protein; bone-marrow
AB Much has been made of the idea that asymmetric cell division is a defining characteristic of stem cells that enables them to simultaneously perpetuate themselves (self-renew) and generate differentiated progeny. Yet many stem cells can divide symmetrically, particularly when they are expanding in number during development or after injury. Thus, asymmetric division is not necessary for stem-cell identity but rather is a tool that stem cells can use to maintain appropriate numbers of progeny. The facultative use of symmetric or asymmetric divisions by stem cells may be a key adaptation that is crucial for adult regenerative capacity.
C1 Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ctr Stem Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Med Genet, Mol Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
RP Morrison, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM seanjm@umich.edu; jekimble@wisc.edu
NR 88
TC 1039
Z9 1344
U1 0
U2 141
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1068
EP 1074
DI 10.1038/nature04956
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500033
PM 16810241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarillo-Herrero, P
   van Dam, JA
   Kouwenhoven, LP
AF Jarillo-Herrero, P
   van Dam, JA
   Kouwenhoven, LP
TI Quantum supercurrent transistors in carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID superconductors
AB Electronic transport through nanostructures is greatly affected by the presence of superconducting leads(1-3). If the interface between the nanostructure and the superconductors is sufficiently transparent, a dissipationless current (supercurrent) can flow through the device owing to the Josephson effect(4,5). A Josephson coupling, as measured by the zero-resistance supercurrent, has been obtained using tunnel barriers, superconducting constrictions, normal metals and semiconductors. The coupling mechanisms vary from tunnelling to Andreev reflection(5-8). The latter process has hitherto been observed only in normal-type systems with a continuous density of electronic states. Here we investigate a supercurrent flowing through a discrete density of states-that is, the quantized single particle energy states of a quantum dot(9), or 'artificial atom', placed between superconducting electrodes. For this purpose, we exploit the quantum properties of finite-sized carbon nanotubes(10). By means of a gate electrode, successive discrete energy states are tuned on- and off-resonance with the Fermi energy in the superconducting leads, resulting in a periodic modulation of the critical current and a non-trivial correlation between the conductance in the normal state and the supercurrent. We find, in good agreement with existing theory(11), that the product of the critical current and the normal state resistance becomes an oscillating function, in contrast to being constant as in previously explored regimes.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Neurosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Jarillo-Herrero, P (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Neurosci, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM Pablo@qt.tn.tudelft.nl
NR 30
TC 323
Z9 354
U1 0
U2 124
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 953
EP 956
DI 10.1038/nature04550
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100042
PM 16495994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olendorf, R
   Rodd, FH
   Punzalan, D
   Houde, AE
   Hurt, C
   Reznick, DN
   Hughes, KA
AF Olendorf, Robert
   Rodd, F. Helen
   Punzalan, David
   Houde, Anne E.
   Hurt, Carla
   Reznick, David N.
   Hughes, Kimberly A.
TI Frequency-dependent survival in natural guppy populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reticulata-peters pisces; life-history evolution; poecilia-reticulata; sexual selection; female choice; color polymorphism; mate preference; male traits; predation; patterns
AB The maintenance of genetic variation in traits under natural selection is a long-standing paradox in evolutionary biology(1-3). Of the processes capable of maintaining variation, negative frequency-dependent selection ( where rare types are favoured by selection) is the most powerful, at least in theory(1); however, few experimental studies have confirmed that this process operates in nature. One of the most extreme, unexplained genetic polymorphisms is seen in the colour patterns of male guppies ( Poecilia reticulata)(4,5). Here we manipulated the frequencies of males with different colour patterns in three natural populations to estimate survival rates, and found that rare phenotypes had a highly significant survival advantage compared to common phenotypes. Evidence from humans(6,7) and other species(8,9) implicates frequency-dependent survival in the maintenance of molecular, morphological and health-related polymorphisms. As a controlled manipulation in nature, this study provides unequivocal support for frequency-dependent survival - an evolutionary process capable of maintaining extreme polymorphism.
C1 Univ Illinois, Sch Integrat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Illinois, Inst Genome Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
   Lake Forest Coll, Dept Biol, Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA.
   Naos Marine Lab, Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Panama City, Panama.
   Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Toronto; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of California System; University of California Riverside
RP Hughes, KA (corresponding author), Univ Illinois, Sch Integrat Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
EM kahughes@life.uiuc.edu
NR 29
TC 210
Z9 247
U1 1
U2 225
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 1
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7093
BP 633
EP 636
DI 10.1038/nature04646
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 048AU
UT WOS:000237920800047
PM 16738659
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Della Valle, M
   Chincarini, G
   Panagia, N
   Tagliaferri, G
   Malesani, D
   Testa, V
   Fugazza, D
   Campana, S
   Covino, S
   Mangano, V
   Antonelli, LA
   D'Avanzo, P
   Hurley, K
   Mirabel, IF
   Pellizza, LJ
   Piranomonte, S
   Stella, L
AF Della Valle, M.
   Chincarini, G.
   Panagia, N.
   Tagliaferri, G.
   Malesani, D.
   Testa, V.
   Fugazza, D.
   Campana, S.
   Covino, S.
   Mangano, V.
   Antonelli, L. A.
   D'Avanzo, P.
   Hurley, K.
   Mirabel, I. F.
   Pellizza, L. J.
   Piranomonte, S.
   Stella, L.
TI An enigmatic long-lasting γ-ray burst not accompanied by a bright supernova
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are short, intense flashes of soft gamma-rays coming from the distant Universe. Long-duration GRBs ( those lasting more than similar to 2 s) are believed to originate from the deaths of massive stars 1, mainly on the basis of a handful of solid associations between GRBs and supernovae(2-7). GRB 060614, one of the closest GRBs discovered, consisted of a 5-s hard spike followed by softer, brighter emission that lasted for similar to 100 s (refs 8, 9). Here we report deep optical observations of GRB 060614 showing no emerging supernova with absolute visual magnitude brighter than M-V = -13.7. Any supernova associated with GRB 060614 was therefore at least 100 times fainter, at optical wavelengths, than the other supernovae associated with GRBs(10). This demonstrates that some long-lasting GRBs can either be associated with a very faint supernova or produced by different phenomena.
C1 Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
   Univ Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento Fis, I-20126 Milan, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Brera, INAF, I-23807 Merate, Lc, Italy.
   Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Ist Nazl Astrofis, I-00136 Rome, Italy.
   Supernova Ltd, Virgin Gorda, VI USA.
   SISSA, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
   Osserv Astron Roma, INAF, I-00040 Rome, Italy.
   Ist Astrofis Spaziale & Fis Cosm, INAF, I-90146 Palermo, Italy.
   ASI Sci Data Ctr, I-00044 Frascati, Italy.
   Univ Insubria, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis, I-22100 Como, Italy.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   European So Observ, Santiago 19, Chile.
   Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
C3 Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Milano-Bicocca; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Space Telescope Science Institute; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI); University of Insubria; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; European Southern Observatory; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); University of Buenos Aires
RP Della Valle, M (corresponding author), Osserv Astrofis Arcetri, INAF, Largo E Fermi 5, I-50125 Florence, Italy.
EM massimo@arcetri.astro.it
NR 26
TC 391
Z9 404
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1050
EP 1052
DI 10.1038/nature05374
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100050
PM 17183317
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Koppens, FHL
   Buizert, C
   Tielrooij, KJ
   Vink, IT
   Nowack, KC
   Meunier, T
   Kouwenhoven, LP
   Vandersypen, LMK
AF Koppens, F. H. L.
   Buizert, C.
   Tielrooij, K. J.
   Vink, I. T.
   Nowack, K. C.
   Meunier, T.
   Kouwenhoven, L. P.
   Vandersypen, L. M. K.
TI Driven coherent oscillations of a single electron spin in a quantum dot
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID real-time detection; resonance
AB The ability to control the quantum state of a single electron spin in a quantum dot is at the heart of recent developments towards a scalable spin-based quantum computer. In combination with the recently demonstrated controlled exchange gate between two neighbouring spins, driven coherent single spin rotations would permit universal quantum operations. Here, we report the experimental realization of single electron spin rotations in a double quantum dot. First, we apply a continuous-wave oscillating magnetic field, generated on-chip, and observe electron spin resonance in spin-dependent transport measurements through the two dots. Next, we coherently control the quantum state of the electron spin by applying short bursts of the oscillating magnetic field and observe about eight oscillations of the spin state ( so-called Rabi oscillations) during a microsecond burst. These results demonstrate the feasibility of operating single-electron spins in a quantum dot as quantum bits.
C1 Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
C3 Delft University of Technology
RP Vandersypen, LMK (corresponding author), Delft Univ Technol, Kavli Inst Nanosci, POB 5046, NL-2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.
EM f.h.l.koppens@tudelft.nl
NR 50
TC 1224
Z9 1351
U1 7
U2 238
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 766
EP 771
DI 10.1038/nature05065
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700036
PM 16915280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woyke, T
   Teeling, H
   Ivanova, NN
   Huntemann, M
   Richter, M
   Gloeckner, FO
   Boffelli, D
   Anderson, IJ
   Barry, KW
   Shapiro, HJ
   Szeto, E
   Kyrpides, NC
   Mussmann, M
   Amann, R
   Bergin, C
   Ruehland, C
   Rubin, EM
   Dubilier, N
AF Woyke, Tanja
   Teeling, Hanno
   Ivanova, Natalia N.
   Huntemann, Marcel
   Richter, Michael
   Gloeckner, Frank Oliver
   Boffelli, Dario
   Anderson, Iain J.
   Barry, Kerrie W.
   Shapiro, Harris J.
   Szeto, Ernest
   Kyrpides, Nikos C.
   Mussmann, Marc
   Amann, Rudolf
   Bergin, Claudia
   Ruehland, Caroline
   Rubin, Edward M.
   Dubilier, Nicole
TI Symbiosis insights through metagenomic analysis of a microbial consortium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteria; genome; gene; oligochaeta; community; system; worm; sea
AB Symbioses between bacteria and eukaryotes are ubiquitous, yet our understanding of the interactions driving these associations is hampered by our inability to cultivate most host-associated microbes. Here we use a metagenomic approach to describe four co-occurring symbionts from the marine oligochaete Olavius algarvensis, a worm lacking a mouth, gut and nephridia. Shotgun sequencing and metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that the symbionts are sulphur-oxidizing and sulphate-reducing bacteria, all of which are capable of carbon fixation, thus providing the host with multiple sources of nutrition. Molecular evidence for the uptake and recycling of wormwaste products by the symbionts suggests how the worm could eliminate its excretory system, an adaptation unique among annelid worms. We propose a model that describes how the versatile metabolism within this symbiotic consortium provides the host with an optimal energy supply as it shuttles between the upper oxic and lower anoxic coastal sediments that it inhabits.
C1 Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
   DOE Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Genom Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Int Jacobs Univ Bremen, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; United States Department of Energy (DOE); University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Rubin, EM (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
EM EMRubin@lbl.gov; ndubilie@mpi-bremen.de
NR 39
TC 331
Z9 412
U1 1
U2 159
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 950
EP 955
DI 10.1038/nature05192
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400045
PM 16980956
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dawson, RJP
   Locher, KP
AF Dawson, Roger J. P.
   Locher, Kaspar P.
TI Structure of a bacterial multidrug ABC transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmembrane conductance regulator; human p-glycoprotein; binding cassette transporter; catalytic transition-state; atp-binding; closed conformation; maltose transport; escherichia-coli; drug transport; mechanism
AB Multidrug transporters of the ABC family facilitate the export of diverse cytotoxic drugs across cell membranes. This is clinically relevant, as tumour cells may become resistant to agents used in chemotherapy. To understand the molecular basis of this process, we have determined the 3.0 angstrom crystal structure of a bacterial ABC transporter (Sav1866) from Staphylococcus aureus. The homodimeric protein consists of 12 transmembrane helices in an arrangement that is consistent with cross-linking studies and electron microscopic imaging of the human multidrug resistance protein MDR1, but critically different from that reported for the bacterial lipid flippase MsbA. The observed, outward-facing conformation reflects the ATP-bound state, with the two nucleotide-binding domains in close contact and the two transmembrane domains forming a central cavity - presumably the drug translocation pathway - that is shielded from the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer and from the cytoplasm, but exposed to the outer leaflet and the extracellular space.
C1 ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
RP Locher, KP (corresponding author), ETH, Inst Mol Biol & Biophys, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM kaspar.locher@mol.biol.ethz.ch
NR 45
TC 1110
Z9 1331
U1 2
U2 233
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 180
EP 185
DI 10.1038/nature05155
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000039
PM 16943773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molofsky, AV
   Slutsky, SG
   Joseph, NM
   He, SH
   Pardal, R
   Krishnamurthy, J
   Sharpless, NE
   Morrison, SJ
AF Molofsky, Anna V.
   Slutsky, Shalom G.
   Joseph, Nancy M.
   He, Shenghui
   Pardal, Ricardo
   Krishnamurthy, Janakiraman
   Sharpless, Norman E.
   Morrison, Sean J.
TI Increasing p16INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during ageing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural stem-cell; self-renewal; subventricular zone; tumor suppression; adult; proliferation; senescence; growth; mice; tumorigenesis
AB Mammalian ageing is associated with reduced regenerative capacity in tissues that contain stem cells(1,2). It has been proposed that this is at least partially caused by the senescence of progenitors with age(3,4); however, it has not yet been tested whether genes associated with senescence functionally contribute to physiological declines in progenitor activity. Here we show that progenitor proliferation in the subventricular zone and neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb, as well as multipotent progenitor frequency and self-renewal potential, all decline with age in the mouse forebrain. These declines in progenitor frequency and function correlate with increased expression of p16(INK4a), which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor linked to senescence(5). Ageing p16(INK4a)-deficient mice showed a significantly smaller decline in subventricular zone proliferation, olfactory bulb neurogenesis, and the frequency and self-renewal potential of multipotent progenitors. p16(INK4a) deficiency did not detectably affect progenitor function in the dentate gyrus or enteric nervous system, indicating regional differences in the response of neural progenitors to increased p16(INK4a) expression during ageing. Declining subventricular zone progenitor function and olfactory bulb neurogenesis during ageing are thus caused partly by increasing p16(INK4a) expression.
C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Ctr Stem Cell Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Genet, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine
RP Morrison, SJ (corresponding author), Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
EM seanjm@umich.edu
FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG024945] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 797
Z9 951
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 448
EP 452
DI 10.1038/nature05091
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800044
PM 16957738
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hegelich, BM
   Albright, BJ
   Cobble, J
   Flippo, K
   Letzring, S
   Paffett, M
   Ruhl, H
   Schreiber, J
   Schulze, RK
   Fernández, JC
AF Hegelich, BM
   Albright, BJ
   Cobble, J
   Flippo, K
   Letzring, S
   Paffett, M
   Ruhl, H
   Schreiber, J
   Schulze, RK
   Fernández, JC
TI Laser acceleration of quasi-monoenergetic MeV ion beams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fast ignition; plasma; electrons; surfaces; driven; carbon
AB Acceleration of particles by intense laser - plasma interactions represents a rapidly evolving field of interest, as highlighted by the recent demonstration(1-4) of laser-driven relativistic beams of monoenergetic electrons. Ultrahigh-intensity lasers can produce accelerating fields of 10 TV m(-1) (1 TV = 10(12) V), surpassing those in conventional accelerators by six orders of magnitude. Laser-driven ions with energies of several MeV per nucleon have also been produced(5-9). Such ion beams exhibit unprecedented characteristics - short pulse lengths, high currents and low transverse emittance(10) - but their exponential energy spectra have almost 100% energy spread. This large energy spread, which is a consequence of the experimental conditions used to date, remains the biggest impediment to the wider use of this technology. Here we report the production of quasi-monoenergetic laser-driven C5+ ions with a vastly reduced energy spread of 17%. The ions have a mean energy of 3 MeV per nucleon (full-width at half-maximum, similar to 0.5 MeV per nucleon) and a longitudinal emittance of less than 2 x 10(-6) eV s for pulse durations shorter than 1 ps. Such laser-driven, high-current, quasi-monoenergetic ion sources may enable significant advances in the development of compact MeV ion accelerators(11), new diagnostics(12,13), medical physics(14), inertial confinement fusion and fast ignition(15-17).
C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
   Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   Univ Munich, Munich, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; University of Munich; Max Planck Society
RP Hegelich, BM (corresponding author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
EM hegelich@lanl.gov
NR 30
TC 670
Z9 722
U1 2
U2 167
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 26
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7075
BP 441
EP 444
DI 10.1038/nature04400
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 005XH
UT WOS:000234859200039
PM 16437109
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sahu, KC
   Casertano, S
   Bond, HE
   Valenti, J
   Smith, TE
   Minniti, D
   Zoccali, M
   Livio, M
   Panagia, N
   Piskunov, N
   Brown, TM
   Brown, T
   Renzini, A
   Rich, RM
   Clarkson, W
   Lubow, S
AF Sahu, Kailash C.
   Casertano, Stefano
   Bond, Howard E.
   Valenti, Jeff
   Smith, T. Ed
   Minniti, Dante
   Zoccali, Manuela
   Livio, Mario
   Panagia, Nino
   Piskunov, Nikolai
   Brown, Thomas M.
   Brown, Timothy
   Renzini, Alvio
   Rich, R. Michael
   Clarkson, Will
   Lubow, Stephen
TI Transiting extrasolar planetary candidates in the Galactic bulge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gravitational lensing experiment; doppler follow-up; giant planets; proper motions; baades window; m-dwarf; mass; metallicity; search; radius
AB More than 200 extrasolar planets have been discovered around relatively nearby stars, primarily through the Doppler line shifts owing to reflex motions of their host stars, and more recently through transits of some planets across the faces of the host stars. The detection of planets with the shortest known periods, 1.2 - 2.5 days, has mainly resulted from transit surveys which have generally targeted stars more massive than 0.75 M-., where M-. is the mass of the Sun. Here we report the results from a planetary transit search performed in a rich stellar field towards the Galactic bulge. We discovered 16 candidates with orbital periods between 0.4 and 4.2 days, five of which orbit stars of masses in the range 0.44 - 0.75 M-.. In two cases, radial-velocity measurements support the planetary nature of the companions. Five candidates have orbital periods below 1.0 day, constituting a new class of ultra-short-period planets, which occur only around stars of less than 0.88 M-.. This indicates that those orbiting very close to more-luminous stars might be evaporatively destroyed or that jovian planets around stars of lower mass might migrate to smaller radii.
C1 Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago 22, Chile.
   Uppsala Univ, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
   Osserv Astron Padova, INAF, I-35122 Padua, Italy.
   Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
C3 Space Telescope Science Institute; Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Uppsala University; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF); University of Padua; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Sahu, KC (corresponding author), Space Telescope Sci Inst, 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
EM ksahu@stsci.edu
NR 50
TC 113
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 5
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7111
BP 534
EP 540
DI 10.1038/nature05158
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 090XO
UT WOS:000240988200035
PM 17024085
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, J
   Soisson, SM
   Young, K
   Shoop, W
   Kodali, S
   Galgoci, A
   Painter, R
   Parthasarathy, G
   Tang, YS
   Cummings, R
   Ha, S
   Dorso, K
   Motyl, M
   Jayasuriya, H
   Ondeyka, J
   Herath, K
   Zhang, CW
   Hernandez, L
   Allocco, J
   Basilio, A
   Tormo, JR
   Genilloud, O
   Vicente, F
   Pelaez, F
   Colwell, L
   Lee, SH
   Michael, B
   Felcetto, T
   Gill, C
   Silver, LL
   Hermes, JD
   Bartizal, K
   Barrett, J
   Schmatz, D
   Becker, JW
   Cully, D
   Singh, SB
AF Wang, J
   Soisson, SM
   Young, K
   Shoop, W
   Kodali, S
   Galgoci, A
   Painter, R
   Parthasarathy, G
   Tang, YS
   Cummings, R
   Ha, S
   Dorso, K
   Motyl, M
   Jayasuriya, H
   Ondeyka, J
   Herath, K
   Zhang, CW
   Hernandez, L
   Allocco, J
   Basilio, A
   Tormo, JR
   Genilloud, O
   Vicente, F
   Pelaez, F
   Colwell, L
   Lee, SH
   Michael, B
   Felcetto, T
   Gill, C
   Silver, LL
   Hermes, JD
   Bartizal, K
   Barrett, J
   Schmatz, D
   Becker, JW
   Cully, D
   Singh, SB
TI Platensimycin is a selective FabF inhibitor with potent antibiotic properties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fatty-acid biosynthesis; synthase-iii fabh; escherichia-coli; carrier; thiolactomycin; discovery; cerulenin; condensation
AB Bacterial infection remains a serious threat to human lives because of emerging resistance to existing antibiotics. Although the scientific community has avidly pursued the discovery of new antibiotics that interact with new targets, these efforts have met with limited success since the early 1960s(1,2). Here we report the discovery of platensimycin, a previously unknown class of antibiotics produced by Streptomyces platensis. Platensimycin demonstrates strong, broad-spectrum Gram-positive antibacterial activity by selectively inhibiting cellular lipid biosynthesis. We show that this anti-bacterial effect is exerted through the selective targeting of beta-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein(ACP)) synthase I/II (FabF/B) in the synthetic pathway of fatty acids. Direct binding assays show that platensimycin interacts specifically with the acyl-enzyme intermediate of the target protein, and X-ray crystallographic studies reveal that a specific conformational change that occurs on acylation must take place before the inhibitor can bind. Treatment with platensimycin eradicates Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. Because of its unique mode of action, platensimycin shows no cross-resistance to other key antibiotic-resistant strains tested, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Platensimycin is the most potent inhibitor reported for the FabF/ B condensing enzymes, and is the only inhibitor of these targets that shows broad-spectrum activity, in vivo efficacy and no observed toxicity.
C1 Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA.
C3 Merck & Company
RP Wang, J (corresponding author), Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA.
EM jun_wang2@merck.com; stephen_soisson@merck.com; sheo_singh@merck.com
NR 25
TC 717
Z9 834
U1 3
U2 214
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 358
EP 361
DI 10.1038/nature04784
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200050
PM 16710421
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilboa, L
   Lehmann, R
AF Gilboa, Lilach
   Lehmann, Ruth
TI Soma-germline interactions coordinate homeostasis and growth in the Drosophila gonad
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; support cells; ovary; differentiation; morphogenesis; oogenesis; survival; lineage; number
AB The ability of organs such as the liver or the lymphoid system to maintain their original size or regain it after injury is well documented(1,2). However, little is known about how these organs sense that equilibrium is breached, and how they cease changing when homeostasis is reached. Similarly, it remains unclear how, during normal development, different cell types within an organ coordinate their growth. Here we show that during gonad development in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster the proliferation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and survival of the somatic intermingled cells (ICs) that contact them are coordinated by means of a feedback mechanism composed of a positive signal and a negative signal. PGCs express the EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand Spitz, which is required for IC survival. In turn, ICs inhibit PGC proliferation. Thus, homeostasis and coordination of growth between soma and germ line in the larval ovary is achieved by using a sensor of PGC numbers (EGFR-mediated survival of ICs) coupled to a correction mechanism inhibiting PGC proliferation. This feedback loop ensures that sufficient numbers of PGCs exist to fill all the stem-cell niches that form at the end of larval development. We propose that similar feedback mechanisms might be generally used for coordinated growth, regeneration and homeostasis.
C1 NYU, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Skirball Inst, Dev Genet Program, New York, NY 10016 USA.
   NYU, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New York, NY 10016 USA.
C3 New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; New York University; New York University
RP Lehmann, R (corresponding author), NYU, Sch Med, Howard Hughes Med Inst, 540 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA.
EM lehmann@saturn.med.nyu.edu
NR 24
TC 112
Z9 154
U1 3
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 97
EP 100
DI 10.1038/nature05068
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900047
PM 16936717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sampaolesi, M
   Blot, S
   D'Antona, G
   Granger, N
   Tonlorenzi, R
   Innocenzi, A
   Mognol, P
   Thibaud, JL
   Galvez, BG
   Barthélémy, I
   Perani, L
   Mantero, S
   Guttinger, M
   Pansarasa, O
   Rinaldi, C
   De Angelis, MGC
   Torrente, Y
   Bordignon, C
   Bottinelli, R
   Cossu, G
AF Sampaolesi, Maurilio
   Blot, Stephane
   D'Antona, Giuseppe
   Granger, Nicolas
   Tonlorenzi, Rossana
   Innocenzi, Anna
   Mognol, Paolo
   Thibaud, Jean-Laurent
   Galvez, Beatriz G.
   Barthelemy, Ines
   Perani, Laura
   Mantero, Sara
   Guttinger, Maria
   Pansarasa, Orietta
   Rinaldi, Chiara
   De Angelis, M. Gabriella Cusella
   Torrente, Yvan
   Bordignon, Claudio
   Bottinelli, Roberto
   Cossu, Giulio
TI Mesoangioblast stem cells ameliorate muscle function in dystrophic dogs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID duchenne muscular-dystrophy; skeletal-muscle; t-cells; expression; multipotent; therapy; repair; transplantation; population; delivery
AB Duchenne muscular dystrophy remains an untreatable genetic disease that severely limits motility and life expectancy in affected children. The only animal model specifically reproducing the alterations in the dystrophin gene and the full spectrum of human pathology is the golden retriever dog model. Affected animals present a single mutation in intron 6, resulting in complete absence of the dystrophin protein, and early and severe muscle degeneration with nearly complete loss of motility and walking ability. Death usually occurs at about 1 year of age as a result of failure of respiratory muscles. Here we report that intra-arterial delivery of wild-type canine mesoangioblasts (vessel-associated stem cells) results in an extensive recovery of dystrophin expression, normal muscle morphology and function ( confirmed by measurement of contraction force on single fibres). The outcome is a remarkable clinical amelioration and preservation of active motility. These data qualify mesoangioblasts as candidates for future stem cell therapy for Duchenne patients.
C1 Univ Vita & Salute, San Raffaele Sci Inst, Stem Cell Res Inst, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Pavia, Dept Expt Med, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Univ Pavia, Interuniv Inst Myol, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
   Ecole Vet Alfort, Neurobiol Lab, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France.
   Politecn Milan, Dept Bioengn, I-20130 Milan, Italy.
   Inst Cell Biol & Tissue Engn, I-00128 Rome, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Dept Neurol Sci, IRCCS, Fdn Policlin Milano, I-20122 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Dept Biol, I-20130 Milan, Italy.
   Univ Milan, Ctr Stem Cell Res, I-20130 Milan, Italy.
C3 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele; University of Pavia; University of Pavia; Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d'Alfort (ENVA); Polytechnic University of Milan; University of Milan; University of Milan; University of Milan
RP Cossu, G (corresponding author), Univ Vita & Salute, San Raffaele Sci Inst, Stem Cell Res Inst, Via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milan, Italy.
EM roberto.bottinelli@unipv.it; cossu.giulio@hsr.it
FU Telethon [GSP030543] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 579
Z9 653
U1 0
U2 51
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 574
EP 579
DI 10.1038/nature05282
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600039
PM 17108972
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pilot, F
   Philippe, JM
   Lemmers, C
   Lecuit, T
AF Pilot, Fanny
   Philippe, Jean-Marc
   Lemmers, Celine
   Lecuit, Thomas
TI Spatial control of actin organization at adherens junctions by the synaptotagmin-like protein Btsz
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila e-cadherin; epithelial-cells; polarity; morphogenesis; armadillo; adhesion; rearrangement; neuroblasts; mechanisms; oogenesis
AB Epithelial tissues maintain a robust architecture during development. This fundamental property relies on intercellular adhesion through the formation of adherens junctions containing E-cadherin molecules(1,2). Localization of E-cadherin is stabilized through a pathway involving the recruitment of actin filaments by E-cadherin(3-6). Here we identify an additional pathway that organizes actin filaments in the apical junctional region (AJR) where adherens junctions form in embryonic epithelia. This pathway is controlled by Bitesize (Btsz), a synaptotagmin-like protein(7,8) that is recruited in the AJR independently of E-cadherin and is required for epithelial stability in Drosophila embryos. On loss of btsz, E-cadherin is recruited normally to the AJR, but is not stabilized properly and actin filaments fail to form a stable continuous network. In the absence of E-cadherin, actin filaments are stable for a longer time than they are in btsz mutants. We identify two polarized cues that localize Btsz: phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, to which Btsz binds; and Par-3. We show that Btsz binds to the Ezrin - Radixin - Moesin protein Moesin, an F-actin-binding protein that is localized apically(9) and is recruited in the AJR in a btsz-dependent manner. Expression of a dominant-negative form of Ezrin that does not bind F-actin phenocopies the loss of btsz. Thus, our data indicate that, through their interaction, Btsz and Moesin may mediate the proper organization of actin in a local domain, which in turn stabilizes E-cadherin. These results provide a mechanism for the spatial order of actin organization underlying junction stabilization in primary embryonic epithelia.
C1 Univ Mediterrannee, CNRS, UMR 6216, Inst Biol Dev Marseille Luminy, F-13288 Marseille 09, France.
C3 Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Lecuit, T (corresponding author), Univ Mediterrannee, CNRS, UMR 6216, Inst Biol Dev Marseille Luminy, Campus Luminy,Case 907, F-13288 Marseille 09, France.
EM lecuit@ibdm.univ-mrs.fr
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 580
EP 584
DI 10.1038/nature04935
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900047
PM 16862128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Reysenbach, AL
   Liu, YT
   Banta, AB
   Beveridge, TJ
   Kirshtein, JD
   Schouten, S
   Tivey, MK
   Von Damm, KL
   Voytek, MA
AF Reysenbach, Anna-Louise
   Liu, Yitai
   Banta, Amy B.
   Beveridge, Terry J.
   Kirshtein, Julie D.
   Schouten, Stefan
   Tivey, Margaret K.
   Von Damm, Karen L.
   Voytek, Mary A.
TI A ubiquitous thermoacidophilic archaeon from deep-sea hydrothermal vents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diversity; microorganisms; environments; sediments; bacterial; chimney; growth; arc; nov
AB Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are important in global biogeochemical cycles, providing biological oases at the sea floor that are supported by the thermal and chemical flux from the Earth's interior. As hot, acidic and reduced hydrothermal fluids mix with cold, alkaline and oxygenated sea water, minerals precipitate to formporous sulphide - sulphate deposits. These structures provide microhabitats for a diversity of prokaryotes that exploit the geochemical and physical gradients in this dynamic ecosystem(1). It has been proposed that fluid pH in the actively venting sulphide structures is generally low( pH < 4.5)(2), yet no extreme thermoacidophile has been isolated from vent deposits. Culture-independent surveys based on ribosomal RNA genes from deep-sea hydrothermal deposits have identified a widespread euryarchaeotal lineage, DHVE2 (deep-sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeotic 2)(3-6). Despite the ubiquity and apparent deep-sea endemism of DHVE2, cultivation of this group has been unsuccessful and thus its metabolism remains a mystery. Here we report the isolation and cultivation of a member of the DHVE2 group, which is an obligate thermoacidophilic sulphur- or iron-reducing heterotroph capable of growing from pH 3.3 to 5.8 and between 55 and 75 degrees C. In addition, we demonstrate that this isolate constitutes up to 15% of the archaeal population, providing evidence that thermoacidophiles may be key players in the sulphur and iron cycling at deep-sea vents.
C1 Portland State Univ, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
   Univ Guelph, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
   US Geol Survey, Reston, VA USA.
   Royal Netherlands Inst Sea Res, Dept Marine Biogeochem & Toxicol, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands.
   Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA.
   Univ New Hampshire, EOS, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA.
C3 Portland State University; University of Guelph; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; Utrecht University; Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; University System Of New Hampshire; University of New Hampshire
RP Reysenbach, AL (corresponding author), Portland State Univ, Dept Biol, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
EM reysenbacha@pdx.edu
NR 28
TC 186
Z9 220
U1 2
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 444
EP 447
DI 10.1038/nature04921
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900041
PM 16871216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Molinier, J
   Ries, G
   Zipfel, C
   Hohn, B
AF Molinier, Jean
   Ries, Gerhard
   Zipfel, Cyril
   Hohn, Barbara
TI Transgeneration memory of stress in plants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrachromosomal homologous recombination; genome; arabidopsis; frequency; mutations; maize
AB Owing to their sessile nature, plants are constantly exposed to a multitude of environmental stresses to which they react with a battery of responses. The result is plant tolerance to conditions such as excessive or inadequate light, water, salt and temperature, and resistance to pathogens. Not only is plant physiology known to change under abiotic or biotic stress, but changes in the genome have also been identified(1-5). However, it was not determined whether plants from successive generations of the original, stressed plants inherited the capacity for genomic change. Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana plants treated with short-wavelength radiation (ultraviolet-C) or flagellin ( an elicitor of plant defences(6)), somatic homologous recombination of a transgenic reporter is increased in the treated population and these increased levels of homologous recombination persist in the subsequent, untreated generations. The epigenetic trait of enhanced homologous recombination could be transmitted through both the maternal and the paternal crossing partner, and proved to be dominant. The increase of the hyper-recombination state in generations subsequent to the treated generation was independent of the presence of the transgenic allele ( the recombination substrate under consideration) in the treated plant. We conclude that environmental factors lead to increased genomic flexibility even in successive, untreated generations, and may increase the potential for adaptation.
C1 Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research
RP Hohn, B (corresponding author), Friedrich Miescher Inst Biomed Res, Maulbeerstr 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
EM barbara.hohn@fmi.ch
NR 26
TC 513
Z9 607
U1 6
U2 289
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1046
EP 1049
DI 10.1038/nature05022
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000051
PM 16892047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De Wilde, Y
   Formanek, F
   Carminati, R
   Gralak, B
   Lemoine, PA
   Joulain, K
   Mulet, JP
   Chen, Y
   Greffet, JJ
AF De Wilde, Yannick
   Formanek, Florian
   Carminati, Remi
   Gralak, Boris
   Lemoine, Paul-Arthur
   Joulain, Karl
   Mulet, Jean-Philippe
   Chen, Yong
   Greffet, Jean-Jacques
TI Thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field; emission; light; resolution; contrast
AB In standard near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), a subwavelength probe acts as an optical 'stethoscope' to map the near field produced at the sample surface by external illumination(1). This technique has been applied using visible(1,2), infrared(3), terahertz(4) and gigahertz(5,6) radiation to illuminate the sample, providing a resolution well beyond the diffraction limit. NSOM is well suited to study surface waves such as surface plasmons(7) or surface-phonon polaritons(8). Using an aperture NSOM with visible laser illumination, a near-field interference pattern around a corral structure has been observed(9), whose features were similar to the scanning tunnelling microscope image of the electronic waves in a quantum corral(10). Here we describe an infrared NSOM that operates without any external illumination: it is a near-field analogue of a night-vision camera, making use of the thermal infrared evanescent fields emitted by the surface, and behaves as an optical scanning tunnelling microscope(11,12). We therefore term this instrument a 'thermal radiation scanning tunnelling microscope' (TRSTM). We show the first TRSTM images of thermally excited surface plasmons, and demonstrate spatial coherence effects in near-field thermal emission.
C1 CNRS, UPR A0005, Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, Lab Opt Phys, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Ecole Cent Paris, CNRS, Lab EM2C, F-92295 Chatenay Malabry, France.
   Fac Sci & Tech St Jerome, CNRS, Inst Fresnel, F-13397 Marseille 20, France.
   Ecol NAtl Super Mecan & Aerotech, Lab Etud Therm, F-86960 Futuroscope, France.
   CNRS, Lab Photon & Nanostruct, F-91460 Marcoussis, France.
   Ecole Normale Super, Dept Chim, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Poitiers; Ecole Nationale Superieure de Mecanique et d'Aerotechnique (ISAE-ENSMA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS)
RP De Wilde, Y (corresponding author), CNRS, UPR A0005, Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, Lab Opt Phys, F-75005 Paris, France.
EM dewilde@optique.espci.fr
NR 23
TC 468
Z9 524
U1 0
U2 182
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 740
EP 743
DI 10.1038/nature05265
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100056
PM 17151664
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Després, JP
   Lemieux, I
AF Despres, Jean-Pierre
   Lemieux, Isabelle
TI Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coronary-heart-disease; c-reactive protein; american-diabetes-association; visceral adipose-tissue; insulin-resistance; cardiovascular-disease; risk-factors; waist circumference; glucose-tolerance; body-fat
AB Metabolic syndrome is associated with abdominal obesity, blood lipid disorders, inflammation, insulin resistance or full-blown diabetes, and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Proposed criteria for identifying patients with metabolic syndrome have contributed greatly to preventive medicine, but the value of metabolic syndrome as a scientific concept remains controversial. The presence of metabolic syndrome alone cannot predict global cardiovascular disease risk. But abdominal obesity - the most prevalent manifestation of metabolic syndrome - is a marker of 'dysfunctional adipose tissue', and is of central importance in clinical diagnosis. Better risk assessment algorithms are needed to quantify diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk on a global scale.
C1 Hop Laval, Res Ctr, Quebec Heart Inst, Ste Foy, PQ G1V 4G5, Canada.
   Univ Laval, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Div Kinesiol, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada.
C3 Laval University; Laval University Hospital; Laval University
RP Després, JP (corresponding author), Hop Laval, Res Ctr, Quebec Heart Inst, 2725 Chemin St Foy,Pavil Marguerite DYouville,4t, Ste Foy, PQ G1V 4G5, Canada.
EM jean-pierre.despres@crhl.ulaval.ca
NR 94
TC 3461
Z9 3971
U1 7
U2 396
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 881
EP 887
DI 10.1038/nature05488
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400046
PM 17167477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gore, J
   Bryant, Z
   Nöllmann, M
   Le, MU
   Cozzarelli, NR
   Bustamante, C
AF Gore, Jeff
   Bryant, Zev
   Noellmann, Marcelo
   Le, Mai U.
   Cozzarelli, Nicholas R.
   Bustamante, Carlos
TI DNA overwinds when stretched
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID supercoiled dna; single-molecule; elasticity; simulations; mechanics; tweezers
AB DNA is often modelled as an isotropic rod(1-4), but its chiral structure suggests the possible importance of anisotropic mechanical properties, including coupling between twisting and stretching degrees of freedom. Simple physical intuition predicts that DNA should unwind under tension, as it is pulled towards a denatured structure(4-8). We used rotor bead tracking to directly measure twist - stretch coupling in single DNA molecules. Here we show that for small distortions, contrary to intuition, DNA overwinds under tension, reaching a maximum twist at a tension of similar to 30 pN. As tension is increased above this critical value, the DNA begins to unwind. The observed twist - stretch coupling predicts that DNA should also lengthen when overwound under constant tension, an effect that we quantitatively confirm. We present a simple model that explains these unusual mechanical properties, and also suggests a possible origin for the anomalously large torsional rigidity of DNA. Our results have implications for the action of DNA-binding proteins that must stretch and twist DNA to compensate for variability in the lengths of their binding sites(9-11). The requisite coupled DNA distortions are favoured by the intrinsic mechanical properties of the double helix reported here.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Bustamante, C (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM carlos@alice.berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 344
Z9 417
U1 2
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 836
EP 839
DI 10.1038/nature04974
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700051
PM 16862122
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Segall, P
   Desmarais, EK
   Shelly, D
   Miklius, A
   Cervelli, P
AF Segall, Paul
   Desmarais, Emily K.
   Shelly, David
   Miklius, Asta
   Cervelli, Peter
TI Earthquakes triggered by silent slip events on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1975 kalapana; south flank; subduction zone; fault; deformation; beneath
AB Slow-slip events, or 'silent earthquakes', have recently been discovered in a number of subduction zones including the Nankai trough(1-3) in Japan, Cascadia(4,5), and Guerrero(6) in Mexico, but the depths of these events have been difficult to determine from surface deformation measurements. Although it is assumed that these silent earthquakes are located along the plate megathrust, this has not been proved. Slow slip in some subduction zones is associated with non-volcanic tremor(7,8), but tremor is difficult to locate and may be distributed over a broad depth range(9). Except for some events on the San Andreas fault(10), slow-slip events have not yet been associated with high-frequency earthquakes, which are easily located. Here we report on swarms of high-frequency earthquakes that accompany otherwise silent slips on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. For the most energetic event, in January 2005, the slow slip began before the increase in seismicity. The temporal evolution of earthquakes is well explained by increased stressing caused by slow slip, implying that the earthquakes are triggered. The earthquakes, located at depths of 7-8 km, constrain the slow slip to be at comparable depths, because they must fall in zones of positive Coulomb stress change. Triggered earthquakes accompanying slow-slip events elsewhere might go undetected if background seismicity rates are low. Detection of such events would help constrain the depth of slow slip, and could lead to a method for quantifying the increased hazard during slow-slip events, because triggered events have the potential to grow into destructive earthquakes.
C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   USGS Hawaii Volcano Observ, Hawaii Natl Pk, HI 96718 USA.
   USGS Alaska Volcano Observ, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA.
C3 Stanford University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Segall, P (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
EM segall@stanford.edu
NR 27
TC 167
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 71
EP 74
DI 10.1038/nature04938
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500038
PM 16823451
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Potapova, TA
   Daum, JR
   Pittman, BD
   Hudson, JR
   Jones, TN
   Satinover, DL
   Stukenberg, PT
   Gorbsky, GJ
AF Potapova, TA
   Daum, JR
   Pittman, BD
   Hudson, JR
   Jones, TN
   Satinover, DL
   Stukenberg, PT
   Gorbsky, GJ
TI The reversibility of mitotic exit in vertebrate cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclin-a; mitosis; destruction; anaphase; phosphorylation; cytokinesis; hysteresis; drives; cdc2
AB A guiding hypothesis for cell-cycle regulation asserts that regulated proteolysis constrains the directionality of certain cell-cycle transitions(1,2). Here we test this hypothesis for mitotic exit, which is regulated by degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) activator, cyclin B3-5. Application of chemical Cdk1 inhibitors to cells in mitosis induces cytokinesis and other normal aspects of mitotic exit, including cyclin B degradation. However, chromatid segregation fails, resulting in entrapment of chromatin in the midbody. If cyclin B degradation is blocked with a proteasome inhibitor or by expression of non-degradable cyclin B, Cdk inhibitors will nonetheless induce mitotic exit and cytokinesis. However, if after mitotic exit, the Cdk1 inhibitor is washed free from cells in which cyclin B degradation is blocked, the cells can revert back to M phase. This reversal is characterized by chromosome recondensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, assembly of microtubules into a mitotic spindle, and in most cases, dissolution of the midbody, reopening of the cleavage furrow, and realignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate. These findings demonstrate that proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclin B provides directionality for the M phase to G1 transition.
C1 Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Program Mol Cell & Dev Biol, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
   Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Genet, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
C3 Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; University of Virginia
RP Gorbsky, GJ (corresponding author), Oklahoma Med Res Fdn, Program Mol Cell & Dev Biol, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA.
EM GJG@omrf.ouhsc.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM050412] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 161
Z9 196
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 954
EP 958
DI 10.1038/nature04652
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700045
PM 16612388
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramiro, AR
   Jankovic, M
   Callen, E
   Difilippantonio, S
   Chen, HT
   McBride, KM
   Eisenreich, TR
   Chen, JJ
   Dickins, RA
   Lowe, SW
   Nussenzweig, A
   Nussenzweig, MC
AF Ramiro, AR
   Jankovic, M
   Callen, E
   Difilippantonio, S
   Chen, HT
   McBride, KM
   Eisenreich, TR
   Chen, JJ
   Dickins, RA
   Lowe, SW
   Nussenzweig, A
   Nussenzweig, MC
TI Role of genomic instability and p53 in AID-induced c-myc-Igh translocations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-switch recombination; cytidine deaminase aid; uracil-dna glycosylase; chromosomal translocations; somatic hypermutation; deficient mice; b-cells; activation; regions; 53bp1
AB Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin switch region are a hallmark feature of B-cell malignancies(1). However, little is known about the molecular mechanism by which primary B cells acquire or guard against these lesions. Here we find that translocations between c-myc and the IgH locus (Igh) are induced in primary B cells within hours of expression of the catalytically active form of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme that deaminates cytosine to produce uracil in DNA(2,3). Translocation also requires uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG), which removes uracil from DNA to create abasic sites that are then processed to double-strand breaks(4,5). The pathway that mediates aberrant joining of c-myc and Igh differs from intrachromosomal repair during immunoglobulin class switch recombination in that it does not require histone H2AX(6), p53 binding protein 1 ( 53BP1)(7,8) or the non-homologous end-joining protein Ku80(9). In addition, translocations are inhibited by the tumour suppressors ATM, Nbs1, p19 (Arf) and p53, which is consistent with activation of DNA damage- and oncogenic stress-induced checkpoints during physiological class switching. Finally, we demonstrate that accumulation of AID-dependent, IgH-associated chromosomal lesions is not sufficient to enhance c-myc-Igh translocations. Our findings reveal a pathway for surveillance and protection against AID-dependent DNA damage, leading to chromosomal translocations.
C1 NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
   Rockefeller Univ, Lab Mol Immunol, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, New York, NY 10021 USA.
   Mayo Clin, Div Oncol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA.
   Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Mayo Clinic; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RP Nussenzweig, A (corresponding author), NCI, Expt Immunol Branch, NIH, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM andre_nussenzweig@nih.gov; nussen@mail.rockefeller.edu
FU National Cancer Institute [P30CA008748, P01CA013106] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NCI NIH HHS [P01 CA013106, P30 CA008748] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 328
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 105
EP 109
DI 10.1038/nature04495
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700049
PM 16400328
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunten, DM
AF Hunten, D. M.
TI The sequestration of ethane on Titan in smog particles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID probe mass-spectrometer; atmosphere
AB Saturn's largest satellite, Titan, has a dense atmosphere of nitrogen with a few per cent of methane(1). At visible wavelengths its surface is hidden by dense orange-brown smog, which is produced in the stratosphere by photochemical reactions following the dissociation of methane by solar ultraviolet light. The most abundant of the products of these reactions is ethane, and enough of it should have been generated over the life of the Solar System to form a satellite-wide ocean one kilometre deep(2). Radar observations(3) have found specular reflections in 75 per cent of the surface spots observed, but optical searches for a sun-glint off an ocean have been negative(4). Here I explain the mysterious absence or rarity of liquid ethane: it condenses onto the smog particles, instead of into liquid drops, at the cold temperatures in Titan's atmosphere. This dusty combination of smog and ethane, forming deposits several kilometres thick on the surface, including the observed dunes and dark areas, could be named 'smust'. This satellite-wide deposit replaces the ocean long thought to be an important feature of Titan.
C1 Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP Hunten, DM (corresponding author), Univ Arizona, Lunar & Planetary Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA.
EM dhunten@lpl.arizona.edu
NR 12
TC 32
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 669
EP 670
DI 10.1038/nature05157
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500040
PM 17035997
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Feske, S
   Gwack, Y
   Prakriya, M
   Srikanth, S
   Puppel, SH
   Tanasa, B
   Hogan, PG
   Lewis, RS
   Daly, M
   Rao, A
AF Feske, S
   Gwack, Y
   Prakriya, M
   Srikanth, S
   Puppel, SH
   Tanasa, B
   Hogan, PG
   Lewis, RS
   Daly, M
   Rao, A
TI A mutation in Orai1 causes immune deficiency by abrogating CRAC channel function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell-receptor; severe combined immunodeficiency; anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; activated calcium-channel; kappa-b; linkage analysis; pore property; nuclear-factor; ca2+ channels; i-crac
AB Antigen stimulation of immune cells triggers Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) ( CRAC) channels, promoting the immune response to pathogens by activating the transcription factor NFAT. We have previously shown that cells from patients with one form of hereditary severe combined immune deficiency ( SCID) syndrome are defective in store-operated Ca(2+) entry and CRAC channel function. Here we identify the genetic defect in these patients, using a combination of two unbiased genome-wide approaches: a modified linkage analysis with single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, and a Drosophila RNA interference screen designed to identify regulators of store-operated Ca(2+) entry and NFAT nuclear import. Both approaches converged on a novel protein that we call Orai1, which contains four putative transmembrane segments. The SCID patients are homozygous for a single missense mutation in ORAI1, and expression of wild-type Orai1 in SCID T cells restores store-operated Ca(2+) influx and the CRAC current ( I CRAC). We propose that Orai1 is an essential component or regulator of the CRAC channel complex.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Blood Res, Inst Biomed Res, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem & Mol Pharmacol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
   Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.
   Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Human Genet Res, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Broad Inst, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Northwestern University; Feinberg School of Medicine; Stanford University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute; Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Broad Institute
RP Rao, A (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Blood Res, Inst Biomed Res, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM arao@cbr.med.harvard.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM045374] Funding Source: Medline
NR 47
TC 1883
Z9 2172
U1 1
U2 96
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 179
EP 185
DI 10.1038/nature04702
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800037
PM 16582901
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ajees, AA
   Gunasekaran, K
   Volanakis, JE
   Narayana, SVL
   Kotwal, GJ
   Murthy, HMK
AF Ajees, A. Abdul
   Gunasekaran, K.
   Volanakis, John E.
   Narayana, Sthanam. V. L.
   Kotwal, Girish J.
   Krishna Murthy, H. M.
TI RETRACTED: The structure of complement C3b provides insights into complement activation and regulation (Retracted article. See vol. 532,2016)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID factor-h; crystal-structure; control protein; 3rd component; x-ray; binding-site; cr-1; identification; residues; heparin
AB The human complement system is an important component of innate immunity. Complement-derived products mediate functions contributing to pathogen killing and elimination(1). However, inappropriate activation of the system contributes to the pathogenesis of immunological and inflammatory diseases(1). Complement component 3 (C3) occupies a central position because of the manifold biological activities of its activation fragments, including the major fragment, C3b, which anchors the assembly of convertases effecting C3 and C5 activation. C3 is converted to C3b by proteolysis of its anaphylatoxin domain(2), by either of two C3 convertases. This activates a stable thioester bond, leading to the covalent attachment of C3b to cell-surface or protein-surface hydroxyl groups through transesterification(3). The cleavage and activation of C3 exposes binding sites for factors B, H and I, properdin, decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55), membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46), complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35) and viral molecules such as vaccinia virus complement-control protein(4). C3b associates with these molecules in different configurations and forms complexes mediating the activation, amplification and regulation of the complement response(1,4). Structures of C3 and C3c, a fragment derived from the proteolysis of C3b, have revealed a domain configuration, including six macroglobulin domains (MG1 - MG6; nomenclature follows ref. 5) arranged in a ring, termed the beta-ring(5). However, because neither C3 nor C3c is active in complement activation and regulation, questions about function can be answered only through direct observations on C3b. Here we present a structure of C3b that reveals a marked loss of secondary structure in the CUB ( for 'complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1') domain, which together with the resulting translocation of the thioester domain provides a molecular basis for conformational changes accompanying the conversion of C3 to C3b. The total conformational changes make many proposed ligand-binding sites more accessible and create a cavity that shields target peptide bonds from access by factor I. A covalently bound N-acetyl-L-threonine residue demonstrates the geometry of C3b attachment to surface hydroxyl groups.
C1 Univ Alabama Birmingham, Ctr Biophys Sci & Engn, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
   Univ Cape Town, HSC, Div Med Virol, Inst Infect Dis & Mol Med, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Birmingham; University of Cape Town
RP Murthy, HMK (corresponding author), Univ Alabama Birmingham, Ctr Biophys Sci & Engn, 1530 3rd Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
EM murthy@cbse.uab.edu
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 59
Z9 68
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 221
EP 225
DI 10.1038/nature05258
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200044
PM 17051152
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laurie, NA
   Donovan, SL
   Shih, CS
   Zhang, JK
   Mills, N
   Fuller, C
   Teunisse, A
   Lam, S
   Ramos, Y
   Mohan, A
   Johnson, D
   Wilson, M
   Rodriguez-Galindo, C
   Quarto, M
   Francoz, S
   Mendrysa, SM
   Guy, RK
   Marine, JC
   Jochemsen, AG
   Dyer, MA
AF Laurie, Nikia A.
   Donovan, Stacy L.
   Shih, Chie-Schin
   Zhang, Jiakun
   Mills, Nicholas
   Fuller, Christine
   Teunisse, Amina
   Lam, Suzanne
   Ramos, Yolande
   Mohan, Adithi
   Johnson, Dianna
   Wilson, Matthew
   Rodriguez-Galindo, Carlos
   Quarto, Micaela
   Francoz, Sarah
   Mendrysa, Susan M.
   Guy, R. Kiplin
   Marine, Jean-Christophe
   Jochemsen, Aart G.
   Dyer, Michael A.
TI Inactivation of the p53 pathway in retinoblastoma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-suppressor; retinal development; mdm2; cell; cancer; rb; death; amplification; activation; inhibitors
AB Most human tumours have genetic mutations in their Rb and p53 pathways, but retinoblastoma is thought to be an exception. Studies suggest that retinoblastomas, which initiate with mutations in the gene retinoblastoma 1 ( RB1), bypass the p53 pathway because they arise from intrinsically death-resistant cells during retinal development. In contrast to this prevailing theory, here we show that the tumour surveillance pathway mediated by Arf, MDM2, MDMX and p53 is activated after loss of RB1 during retinogenesis. RB1-deficient retinoblasts undergo p53-mediated apoptosis and exit the cell cycle. Subsequently, amplification of the MDMX gene and increased expression of MDMX protein are strongly selected for during tumour progression as a mechanism to suppress the p53 response in RB1-deficient retinal cells. Our data provide evidence that the p53 pathway is inactivated in retinoblastoma and that this cancer does not originate from intrinsically death-resistant cells as previously thought. In addition, they support the idea that MDMX is a specific chemotherapeutic target for treating retinoblastoma.
C1 St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Dev Neurobiol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Chem Biol & Therapeut, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg, Div Ophthalmol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Hematol Oncol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Mol & Cellular Pharmacol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, NL-2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
   Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Ophthalmol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA.
   FIRC Inst Mol Oncol, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   Flanders Interuniv Biotechnol, Lab Mol Canc Biol, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
   Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Leiden University; Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC); Leiden University - Excl LUMC; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Dyer, MA (corresponding author), St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Dev Neurobiol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
EM michael.dyer@stjude.org
NR 36
TC 495
Z9 580
U1 0
U2 41
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 61
EP 66
DI 10.1038/nature05194
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500044
PM 17080083
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bozhevolnyi, SI
   Volkov, VS
   Devaux, E
   Laluet, JY
   Ebbesen, TW
AF Bozhevolnyi, SI
   Volkov, VS
   Devaux, E
   Laluet, JY
   Ebbesen, TW
TI Channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide components including interferometers and ring resonators
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electromagnetic energy-transport; metal-surface; polariton; bends
AB Photonic components are superior to electronic ones in terms of operational bandwidth, but the diffraction limit of light poses a significant challenge to the miniaturization and high-density integration of optical circuits. The main approach to circumvent this problem is to exploit the hybrid nature of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), which are light waves coupled to free electron oscillations in a metal(1,2) that can be laterally confined below the diffraction limit using subwavelength metal structures(3-8). However, the simultaneous realization of strong confinement and a propagation loss sufficiently low for practical applications has long been out of reach. Channel SPP modes-channel plasmon polaritons (CPPs)(8)-are electromagnetic waves that are bound to and propagate along the bottom of V-shaped grooves milled in a metal film. They are expected to exhibit useful subwavelength confinement, relatively low propagation loss(9), single-mode operation(10) and efficient transmission around sharp bends(11). Our previous experiments showed that CPPs do exist and that they propagate over tens of micrometres along straight subwavelength grooves(12). Here we report the design, fabrication and characterization of CPP-based subwavelength waveguide components operating at telecom wavelengths: Y-splitters, Mach-Zehnder interferometers and waveguide-ring resonators. We demonstrate that CPP guides can indeed be used for large-angle bending and splitting of radiation, thereby enabling the realization of ultracompact plasmonic components and paving the way for a new class of integrated optical circuits.
C1 Univ Aalborg, Dept Phys & Nanotechnol, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
   Univ Strasbourg 1, ISIS, CNRS, UMR 7006, F-67083 Strasbourg, France.
C3 Aalborg University; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Chemistry (INC); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg
RP Bozhevolnyi, SI (corresponding author), Univ Aalborg, Dept Phys & Nanotechnol, Skjernvej 4A, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
EM sergey@physics.aau.dk
NR 16
TC 2016
Z9 2247
U1 12
U2 1133
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 508
EP 511
DI 10.1038/nature04594
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100051
PM 16554814
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beugnon, J
   Jones, MPA
   Dingjan, J
   Darquié, B
   Messin, G
   Browaeys, A
   Grangier, P
AF Beugnon, J
   Jones, MPA
   Dingjan, J
   Darquié, B
   Messin, G
   Browaeys, A
   Grangier, P
TI Quantum interference between two single photons emitted by independently trapped atoms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID entanglement
AB When two indistinguishable single photons are fed into the two input ports of a beam splitter, the photons will coalesce and leave together from the same output port. This is a quantum interference effect, which occurs because two possible paths - in which the photons leave by different output ports - interfere destructively. This effect was first observed in parametric downconversion(1) ( in which a nonlinear crystal splits a single photon into two photons of lower energy), then from two separate downconversion crystals(2), as well as with single photons produced one after the other by the same quantum emitter(3-6). With the recent developments in quantum information research, much attention has been devoted to this interference effect as a resource for quantum data processing using linear optics techniques(2,7-11). To ensure the scalability of schemes based on these ideas, it is crucial that indistinguishable photons are emitted by a collection of synchronized, but otherwise independent sources. Here we demonstrate the quantum interference of two single photons emitted by two independently trapped single atoms, bridging the gap towards the simultaneous emission of many indistinguishable single photons by different emitters. Our data analysis shows that the observed coalescence is mainly limited by wavefront matching of the light emitted by the two atoms, and to a lesser extent by the motion of each atom in its own trap.
C1 Ctr Univ Orsay, Lab Charles Fabry Inst Opt, UMR 8501, F-91403 Orsay, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Physics (INP); Universite Paris Saclay
RP Browaeys, A (corresponding author), Ctr Univ Orsay, Lab Charles Fabry Inst Opt, UMR 8501, Batiment 503, F-91403 Orsay, France.
EM antoine.browaeys@iota.u-psud.fr
NR 22
TC 266
Z9 293
U1 2
U2 71
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 779
EP 782
DI 10.1038/nature04628
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400037
PM 16598253
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshikuni, Y
   Ferrin, TE
   Keasling, JD
AF Yoshikuni, Y
   Ferrin, TE
   Keasling, JD
TI Designed divergent evolution of enzyme function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-humulene synthase; delta-selinene synthase; conformational diversity; sesquiterpene synthases; catalytic promiscuity; bacterial expression; trichodiene synthase; crystal-structure; in-vitro; protein
AB It is generally believed that proteins with promiscuous functions divergently evolved to acquire higher specificity and activity(1-5), and that this process was highly dependent on the ability of proteins to alter their functions with a small number of amino acid substitutions (plasticity)(6). The application of this theory of divergent molecular evolution to promiscuous enzymes may allow us to design enzymes with more specificity and higher activity. Many structural and biochemical analyses have identified the active or binding site residues important for functional plasticity (plasticity residues)(6-10). To understand how these residues contribute to molecular evolution, and thereby formulate a design methodology, plasticity residues were probed in the active site of the promiscuous sesquiterpene synthase gamma-humulene synthase(11,12). Identified plasticity residues were systematically recombined based on a mathematical model in order to construct novel terpene synthases, each catalysing the synthesis of one or a few very different sesquiterpenes. Here we present the construction of seven specific and active synthases that use different reaction pathways to produce the specific and very different products. Creation of these enzymes demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting the underlying evolvability of this scaffold, and provides evidence that rational approaches based on these ideas are useful for enzyme design.
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, UCSF UCB Joint Grad Grp Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Calif Inst Quantitat Biomed Res QB3, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Phys Biosci Div, Synthet Biol Dept, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pharmaceut Chem & Biopharmaceut Sci, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Keasling, JD (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, UCSF UCB Joint Grad Grp Bioengn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM keasling@berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 355
Z9 447
U1 1
U2 138
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1078
EP 1082
DI 10.1038/nature04607
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000042
PM 16495946
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kainosho, M
   Torizawa, T
   Iwashita, Y
   Terauchi, T
   Ono, AM
   Güntert, P
AF Kainosho, M
   Torizawa, T
   Iwashita, Y
   Terauchi, T
   Ono, AM
   Güntert, P
TI Optimal isotope labelling for NMR protein structure determinations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maltodextrin-binding-protein; magnetic-resonance spectra; torsion angle dynamics; cell-free synthesis; chemical-shift; multidimensional nmr; heteronuclear nmr; c-13; assignments; resolution
AB Nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy can determine the three-dimensional structure of proteins in solution. However, its potential has been limited by the difficulty of interpreting NMR spectra in the presence of broadened and overlapping resonance lines and low signal-to-noise ratios. Here we present stereo-array isotope labelling ( SAIL), a technique that can overcome many of these problems by applying a complete stereospecific and regiospecific pattern of stable isotopes that is optimal with regard to the quality and information content of the resulting NMR spectra. SAIL uses exclusively chemically and enzymatically synthesized amino acids for cell-free protein expression. We demonstrate for the 17-kDa protein calmodulin and the 41-kDa maltodextrin-binding protein that SAIL offers sharpened lines, spectral simplification without loss of information, and the ability to rapidly collect the structural restraints required to solve a high-quality solution structure for proteins twice as large as commonly solved by NMR. It thus makes a large class of proteins newly accessible to detailed solution structure determination.
C1 JST, CREST, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   Tokyo Metropolitan Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
   RIKEN Genom Sci Ctr, Tatsuo Miyazawa Mem Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300045, Japan.
C3 Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); Tokyo Metropolitan University; RIKEN
RP Kainosho, M (corresponding author), JST, CREST, 1-1 Minami Ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920397, Japan.
EM kainosho@nmr.chem.metro-u.ac.jp
NR 37
TC 410
Z9 472
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 52
EP 57
DI 10.1038/nature04525
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700036
PM 16511487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schlacher, K
   Cox, MM
   Woodgate, R
   Goodman, MF
AF Schlacher, Katharina
   Cox, Michael M.
   Woodgate, Roger
   Goodman, Myron F.
TI RecA acts in trans to allow replication of damaged DNA by DNA polymerase V
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; translesion synthesis; biochemical basis; uv-mutagenesis; lesion bypass; in-vitro; pol v; protein; complex; repair
AB The DNA polymerase V (pol V) and RecA proteins are essential components of a mutagenic translesion synthesis pathway in Escherichia coli designed to cope with DNA damage. Previously, it has been assumed that RecA binds to the DNA template strand being copied. Here we show, however, that pol-V-catalysed translesion synthesis, in the presence or absence of the beta-processivity-clamp, occurs only when RecA nucleoprotein filaments assemble or RecA protomers bind on separate single-stranded ( ss) DNA molecules in trans. A 3'-proximal RecA filament end on trans DNA is essential for stimulation; however, synthesis is strengthened by further pol V - RecA interactions occurring elsewhere along a trans nucleoprotein filament. We suggest that trans-stimulation of pol V by RecA bound to ssDNA reflects a distinctive regulatory mechanism of mutation that resolves the paradox of RecA filaments assembled in cis on a damaged template strand obstructing translesion DNA synthesis despite the absolute requirement of RecA for SOS mutagenesis.
C1 Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci & Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
   Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Madison, WI 53706 USA.
   NICHHD, Sect DNA Replicat Repair & Mutagenesis, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Goodman, MF (corresponding author), Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci & Chem, Univ Pk, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
EM mgoodman@usc.edu
FU National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [R01ES029680] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 78
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 883
EP 887
DI 10.1038/nature05042
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500029
PM 16929290
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Friedman, WE
AF Friedman, WE
TI Embryological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID basal angiosperms; phylogenetic analyses; female gametophyte; floral structures; flowering plants; lineages; genes; austrobaileyales; mitochondrial; origin
AB Recent advances in angiosperm phylogeny reconstruction(1-3), palaeobotany(4,5) and comparative organismic biology(6-8) have provided the impetus for a major re-evaluation of the earliest phases of the diversification of flowering plants. We now know that within the first fifteen million years of angiosperm history, three major lineages of flowering plants - monocotyledons, eumagnoliids and eudicotyledons - were established(5), and that within this window of time, tremendous variation in vegetative and floral characteristics evolved. Here I report on a novel type of embryo sac ( angiosperm female gametophyte or haploid egg-producing structure) in Amborella trichopoda, the sole member of the most ancient extant angiosperm lineage. This is the first new pattern of embryo sac structure to be discovered among angiosperms in well over half a century. This discovery also supports the emerging view(9-12) that the earliest phases of angiosperm evolution were characterized by an extensive degree of developmental experimentation and structural lability, and may provide evidence of a critical link to the gymnospermous ancestors of flowering plants.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Friedman, WE (corresponding author), Univ Colorado, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
EM ned@colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 85
Z9 91
U1 2
U2 47
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 337
EP 340
DI 10.1038/nature04690
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200045
PM 16710419
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grenyer, R
   Orme, CDL
   Jackson, SF
   Thomas, GH
   Davies, RG
   Davies, TJ
   Jones, KE
   Olson, VA
   Ridgely, RS
   Rasmussen, PC
   Ding, TS
   Bennett, PM
   Blackburn, TM
   Gaston, KJ
   Gittleman, JL
   Owens, IPF
AF Grenyer, Richard
   Orme, C. David L.
   Jackson, Sarah F.
   Thomas, Gavin H.
   Davies, Richard G.
   Davies, T. Jonathan
   Jones, Kate E.
   Olson, Valerie A.
   Ridgely, Robert S.
   Rasmussen, Pamela C.
   Ding, Tzung-Su
   Bennett, Peter M.
   Blackburn, Tim M.
   Gaston, Kevin J.
   Gittleman, John L.
   Owens, Ian P. F.
TI Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reserve selection; indicator groups; hotspots; ecoregions; patterns
AB Global conservation strategies commonly assume that different taxonomic groups show congruent geographical patterns of diversity, and that the distribution of extinction-prone species in one group can therefore act as a surrogate for vulnerable species in other groups when conservation decisions are being made(1-4). The validity of these assumptions remains unclear, however, because previous tests have been limited in both geographical and taxonomic extent(5-12). Here we use a database on the global distribution of 19,349 living bird, mammal and amphibian species to show that, although the distribution of overall species richness is very similar among these groups, congruence in the distribution of rare and threatened species is markedly lower. Congruence is especially low among the very rarest species. Cross-taxon congruence is also highly scale dependent, being particularly low at the finer spatial resolutions relevant to real protected areas. 'Hotspots' of rarity and threat are therefore largely non-overlapping across groups, as are areas chosen to maximize species complementarity. Overall, our results indicate that 'silver-bullet' conservation strategies alone will not deliver efficient conservation solutions. Instead, priority areas for biodiversity conservation must be based on high-resolution data from multiple taxa.
C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA.
   Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
   Univ Sheffield, Dept Anim & Plant Sci, Biodivers & Macroecol Grp, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England.
   Univ Birmingham, Sch Biosci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England.
   Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England.
   Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA.
   Michigan State Univ Museum, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Sch Forestry & Resource Conservat, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
   NERC, Ctr Populat Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England.
C3 University of Virginia; Imperial College London; University of Sheffield; University of Birmingham; Zoological Society of London; Drexel University; Michigan State University; National Taiwan University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
RP Grenyer, R (corresponding author), Royal Bot Gardens, Jodrell Lab, Richmond TW9 3AB, Surrey, England.
EM r.grenyer@kew.org; jlg@uga.edu; i.owens@imperial.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/O/S/2001/01230, NE/B503492/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 447
Z9 514
U1 1
U2 271
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 93
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature05237
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500052
PM 17080090
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gramm, F
   Baerlocher, C
   McCusker, LB
   Warrender, SJ
   Wright, PA
   Han, B
   Hong, SB
   Liu, Z
   Ohsuna, T
   Terasaki, O
AF Gramm, Fabian
   Baerlocher, Christian
   McCusker, Lynne B.
   Warrender, Stewart J.
   Wright, Paul A.
   Han, Bada
   Hong, Suk Bong
   Liu, Zheng
   Ohsuna, Tetsu
   Terasaki, Osamu
TI Complex zeolite structure solved by combining powder diffraction and electron microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystallography; resolution
AB Many industrially important materials, ranging from ceramics to catalysts to pharmaceuticals, are polycrystalline and cannot be grown as single crystals. This means that non-conventional methods of structure analysis must be applied to obtain the structural information that is fundamental to the understanding of the properties of these materials. Electron microscopy might appear to be a natural approach, but only relatively simple structures have been solved by this route. Powder diffraction is another obvious option, but the overlap of reflections with similar diffraction angles causes an ambiguity in the relative intensities of those reflections. Various ways of overcoming or circumventing this problem have been developed(1,2), and several of these involve incorporating chemical information into the structure determination process(3-7). For complex zeolite structures, the FOCUS algorithm(8,9) has proved to be effective. Because it operates in both real and reciprocal space, phase information obtained from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images can be incorporated directly into this algorithm in a simple way. Here we show that by doing so, the complexity limit can be extended much further. The power of this approach has been demonstrated with the solution of the structure of the zeolite TNU-9 (\H-9.3\[ Al9.3Si182.7O384]; ref. 10) with 24 topologically distinct ( Si, Al) atoms and 52 such O atoms. For comparison, ITQ-22 ( ref. 11), the most complex zeolite known to date, has 16 topologically distinct (Si, Ge) atoms.
C1 ETH, Crystallog Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
   Univ St Andrews, Sch Chem, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, Scotland.
   Hanbat Natl Univ, Div Appl Chem & Biotechnol, Taejon 305719, South Korea.
   Stockholm Univ, Arrhenius Lab, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
   Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058565, Japan.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of St Andrews; Hanbat National University; Stockholm University; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP McCusker, LB (corresponding author), ETH, Crystallog Lab, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
EM mccusker@mat.ethz.ch
NR 24
TC 183
Z9 198
U1 2
U2 186
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 79
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature05200
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500048
PM 17080087
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jacobsen, RS
   Andersen, KN
   Borel, PI
   Fage-Pedersen, J
   Frandsen, LH
   Hansen, O
   Kristensen, M
   Lavrinenko, AV
   Moulin, G
   Ou, H
   Peucheret, C
   Zsigri, B
   Bjarklev, A
AF Jacobsen, RS
   Andersen, KN
   Borel, PI
   Fage-Pedersen, J
   Frandsen, LH
   Hansen, O
   Kristensen, M
   Lavrinenko, AV
   Moulin, G
   Ou, H
   Peucheret, C
   Zsigri, B
   Bjarklev, A
TI Strained silicon as a new electro-optic material
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave-guides; optical modulator; photonic crystals
AB For decades, silicon has been the material of choice for mass fabrication of electronics. This is in contrast to photonics, where passive optical components in silicon have only recently been realized(1,2). The slow progress within silicon optoelectronics, where electronic and optical functionalities can be integrated into monolithic components based on the versatile silicon platform, is due to the limited active optical properties of silicon(3). Recently, however, a continuous-wave Raman silicon laser was demonstrated(4); if an effective modulator could also be realized in silicon, data processing and transmission could potentially be performed by all-silicon electronic and optical components. Here we have discovered that a significant linear electro-optic effect is induced in silicon by breaking the crystal symmetry. The symmetry is broken by depositing a straining layer on top of a silicon waveguide, and the induced nonlinear coefficient, chi(2) approximate to 15 pm V-1, makes it possible to realize a silicon electro-optic modulator. The strain-induced linear electro-optic effect may be used to remove a bottleneck(5) in modern computers by replacing the electronic bus with a much faster optical alternative.
C1 Tech Univ Denmark, Nano DTU, Dept Commun Opt & Mat, COM DTU, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
   Tech Univ Denmark, Nano DTU, MIC Dept Micro & Nanotechnol, CINF, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
C3 Technical University of Denmark; Technical University of Denmark
RP Jacobsen, RS (corresponding author), Tech Univ Denmark, Nano DTU, Dept Commun Opt & Mat, COM DTU, Bldg 345V, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
EM Rune@com.dtu.dk
NR 26
TC 584
Z9 671
U1 1
U2 210
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature04706
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800041
PM 16688172
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Segal, E
   Fondufe-Mittendorf, Y
   Chen, LY
   Thåström, A
   Field, Y
   Moore, IK
   Wang, JPZ
   Widom, J
AF Segal, Eran
   Fondufe-Mittendorf, Yvonne
   Chen, Lingyi
   Thastroem, AnnChristine
   Field, Yair
   Moore, Irene K.
   Wang, Ji-Ping Z.
   Widom, Jonathan
TI A genomic code for nucleosome positioning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; dna-sequence; expression profiles; gene-expression; yeast; chromatin; promoter; histone; identification; binding
AB Eukaryotic genomes are packaged into nucleosome particles that occlude the DNA from interacting with most DNA binding proteins. Nucleosomes have higher affinity for particular DNA sequences, reflecting the ability of the sequence to bend sharply, as required by the nucleosome structure. However, it is not known whether these sequence preferences have a significant influence on nucleosome position in vivo, and thus regulate the access of other proteins to DNA. Here we isolated nucleosome-bound sequences at high resolution from yeast and used these sequences in a new computational approach to construct and validate experimentally a nucleosome - DNA interaction model, and to predict the genome-wide organization of nucleosomes. Our results demonstrate that genomes encode an intrinsic nucleosome organization and that this intrinsic organization can explain similar to 50% of the in vivo nucleosome positions. This nucleosome positioning code may facilitate specific chromosome functions including transcription factor binding, transcription initiation, and even remodelling of the nucleosomes themselves.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
   Northwestern Univ, Dept Stat, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Northwestern University; Northwestern University
RP Segal, E (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Comp Sci & Appl Math, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM eran.segal@weizmann.ac.il; j-widom@northwestern.edu
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA119176] Funding Source: Medline
NR 44
TC 1219
Z9 1544
U1 0
U2 173
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 772
EP 778
DI 10.1038/nature04979
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700037
PM 16862119
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briscoe, WH
   Titmuss, S
   Tiberg, F
   Thomas, RK
   McGillivray, DJ
   Klein, J
AF Briscoe, Wuge H.
   Titmuss, Simon
   Tiberg, Fredrik
   Thomas, Robert K.
   McGillivray, Duncan J.
   Klein, Jacob
TI Boundary lubrication under water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cationic surfactants; monolayers; adhesion; friction; layers; force; surfaces; solids
AB Boundary lubrication, in which the rubbing surfaces are coated with molecular monolayers, has been studied extensively for over half a century(1-7). Such monolayers generally consist of amphiphilic surfactants anchored by their polar headgroups; sliding occurs at the interface between the layers, greatly reducing friction and especially wear of the underlying substrates. This process, widespread in engineering applications, is also predicted to occur in biological lubrication via phospholipid films(8,9), though few systematic studies on friction between surfactant layers in aqueous environments have been carried out(5,10). Here we show that the frictional stress between two sliding surfaces bearing surfactant monolayers may decrease, when immersed in water, to as little as one per cent or less of its value in air ( or oil). We attribute this to the shift of the slip plane from between the surfactant layers, to the surfactant/ substrate interface. The low friction would then be due to the fluid hydration layers surrounding the polar head groups attached to the substrate. These results may have implications for future technological and biomedical applications.
C1 Univ Oxford, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England.
   Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 University of Oxford; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Klein, J (corresponding author), Univ Oxford, Phys & Theoret Chem Lab, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QZ, England.
EM jacob.klein@chem.ox.ac.uk
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/C535421/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 28
TC 323
Z9 365
U1 11
U2 344
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 191
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature05196
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200037
PM 17093447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ober, EA
   Verkade, H
   Field, HA
   Stainier, DYR
AF Ober, Elke A.
   Verkade, Heather
   Field, Holly A.
   Stainier, Didier Y. R.
TI Mesodermal Wnt2b signalling positively regulates liver specification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wnt/beta-catenin; endoderm; morphogenesis; growth; gene; zebrafish; organogenesis; expression; initiation; induction
AB Endodermal organs such as the lung, liver and pancreas emerge at precise locations along the primitive gut tube. Although several signalling pathways have been implicated in liver formation(1,2), so far no single gene has been identified that exclusively regulates liver specification. In zebrafish, the onset of liver specification is marked by the localized endodermal expression of hhex and prox1 at 22 hours post fertilization. Here we used a screen for mutations affecting endodermal organ morphogenesis to identify a unique phenotype: prometheus ( prt) mutants exhibit profound, though transient, defects in liver specification. Positional cloning reveals that prt encodes a previously unidentified Wnt2b homologue. prt/ wnt2bb is expressed in restricted bilateral domains in the lateral plate mesoderm directly adjacent to the liver- forming endoderm. Mosaic analyses show the requirement for Prt/ Wnt2bb in the lateral plate mesoderm, in agreement with the inductive properties of Wnt signalling. Taken together, these data reveal an unexpected positive role for Wnt signalling in liver specification, and indicate a possible common theme for the localized formation of endodermal organs along the gut tube.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Program Dev Biol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Program Genet & Human Genet, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr Liver, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Ober, EA (corresponding author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Dev Biol, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England.
EM eober@nimr.mrc.ac.uk; didier_stainier@biochem.ucsf.edu
NR 30
TC 294
Z9 343
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 688
EP 691
DI 10.1038/nature04888
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200046
PM 16799568
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JF
   Kaasik, K
   Blackburn, MR
   Lee, CC
AF Zhang, JF
   Kaasik, K
   Blackburn, MR
   Lee, CC
TI Constant darkness is a circadian metabolic signal in mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat; hibernation; 5'-nucleotidase; 5-nucleotidase; adenosine; tissue; torpor; acid
AB Environmental light is the 'zeitgeber' (time-giver) of circadian behaviour(1). Constant darkness is considered a 'free-running' circadian state. Mammals encounter constant darkness during hibernation(2). Ablation of the master clock synchronizer, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, abolishes torpor, a hibernation-like state, implicating the circadian clock in this phenomenon(2,3). Here we report a mechanism by which constant darkness regulates the gene expression of fat catabolic enzymes in mice. Genes for murine procolipase (mClps) and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (mPlrp2) are activated in a circadian manner in peripheral organs during 12 h dark: 12 h dark (DD) but not light-dark (LD) cycles. This mechanism is deregulated in circadian-deficient mPer1(-/-)/mPer2(m/m) mice. We identified circadian-regulated 5'-AMP, which is elevated in the blood of DD mice, as a key mediator of this response. Synthetic 5'-AMP induced torpor and mClps expression in LD animals. Torpor induced by metabolic stress was associated with elevated 5'-AMP levels in DD mice. Levels of glucose and non-esterified fatty acid in the blood are reversed in DD and LD mice. Induction of mClps expression by 5'-AMP in LD mice was reciprocally linked to blood glucose levels. Our findings uncover a circadian metabolic rhythm in mammals.
C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
   Univ Tartu, Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Dept Biotechnol, EE-51010 Tartu, Estonia.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Health Science Center Houston; University of Tartu
RP Lee, CC (corresponding author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
EM cheng.c.lee@uth.tmc.edu
NR 29
TC 174
Z9 203
U1 0
U2 48
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 340
EP 343
DI 10.1038/nature04368
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100046
PM 16421573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Noguera-Troise, I
   Daly, C
   Papadopoulos, NJ
   Coetzee, S
   Boland, P
   Gale, NW
   Lin, HC
   Yancopoulos, GD
   Thurston, G
AF Noguera-Troise, Irene
   Daly, Christopher
   Papadopoulos, Nicholas J.
   Coetzee, Sandra
   Boland, Pat
   Gale, Nicholas W.
   Lin, Hsin Chieh
   Yancopoulos, George D.
   Thurston, Gavin
TI Blockade of Dll4 inhibits tumour growth by promoting non-productive angiogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clinical-trials; vegf-trap; notch; vasculature; mouse; expression; resistance; lethality; therapy; protein
AB Tumour growth requires accompanying expansion of the host vasculature, with tumour progression often correlated with vascular density. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the best-characterized inducer of tumour angiogenesis. We report that VEGF dynamically regulates tumour endothelial expression of Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4), which was previously shown to be absolutely required for normal embryonic vascular development. To define Dll4 function in tumour angiogenesis, we manipulated this pathway in murine tumour models using several approaches. Here we show that blockade resulted in markedly increased tumour vascularity, associated with enhanced angiogenic sprouting and branching. Paradoxically, this increased vascularity was non-productive - as shown by poor perfusion and increased hypoxia, and most importantly, by decreased tumour growth - even for tumours resistant to anti-VEGF therapy. Thus, VEGF-induced Dll4 acts as a negative regulator of tumour angiogenesis; its blockade results in a striking uncoupling of tumour growth from vessel density, presenting a novel therapeutic approach even for tumours resistant to anti-VEGF therapies.
C1 Regeneron Pharmaceut Inc, Res Labs, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA.
C3 Regeneron
RP Thurston, G (corresponding author), Regeneron Pharmaceut Inc, Res Labs, 777 Old Saw Mill River Rd, Tarrytown, NY 10591 USA.
EM Gavin.Thurston@Regeneron.com
NR 34
TC 866
Z9 1112
U1 0
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 1032
EP 1037
DI 10.1038/nature05355
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100046
PM 17183313
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guarente, L
AF Guarente, Leonard
TI Sirtuins as potential targets for metabolic syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-kinase; life-span extension; acetyl-coa synthetase; calorie restriction; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; glucose-homeostasis; coactivator torc2; increased dosage; mammalian sir2; cell-survival
AB Metabolic syndrome threatens health gains made during the past century. Physiological processes degraded by this syndrome are often oppositely affected by calorie restriction, which extends lifespan and prevents disease in rodents. Recent research in the field of ageing has begun to identify important mediators of calorie restriction, offering the hope of new drugs to improve healthspan. Moreover, if metabolic syndrome and calorie restriction are opposite extremes of the same metabolic spectrum, calorie restriction mimetics might provide another therapeutic approach to metabolic syndrome. Sirtuins and other important metabolic pathways that affect calorie restriction may serve as entry points for drugs to treat metabolic syndrome.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Guarente, L (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM leng@mit.edu
NR 76
TC 379
Z9 424
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 868
EP 874
DI 10.1038/nature05486
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400044
PM 17167475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Both, C
   Bouwhuis, S
   Lessells, CM
   Visser, ME
AF Both, C
   Bouwhuis, S
   Lessells, CM
   Visser, ME
TI Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tit parus-major; life-history traits; ficedula-hypoleuca; avian reproduction; winter moth; phenology; temperature; songbirds; responses; migrant
AB Phenological responses to climate change differ across trophic levels(1-3), which may lead to birds failing to breed at the time of maximal food abundance. Here we investigate the population consequences of such mistiming in the migratory pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca(4). In a comparison of nine Dutch populations, we find that populations have declined by about 90% over the past two decades in areas where the food for provisioning nestlings peaks early in the season and the birds are currently mistimed. In areas with a late food peak, early-breeding birds still breed at the right time, and there is, at most, a weak population decline. If food phenology advances further, we also predict population declines in areas with a late food peak, as in these areas adjustment to an advanced food peak is insufficient(4). Mistiming as a result of climate change is probably a widespread phenomenon(1), and here we provide evidence that it can lead to population declines.
C1 NIOO KNAW, Netherlands Inst Ecol, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
   Univ Groningen, Anim Ecol Grp, Ctr Ecol & Evolut Studies, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.
C3 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); University of Groningen
RP Both, C (corresponding author), NIOO KNAW, Netherlands Inst Ecol, POB 40, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands.
EM C.Both@rug.nl
NR 28
TC 1135
Z9 1381
U1 8
U2 840
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 81
EP 83
DI 10.1038/nature04539
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600036
PM 16672969
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahel, I
   Rass, U
   El-Khamisy, SF
   Katyal, S
   Clements, PM
   McKinnon, PJ
   Caldecott, KW
   West, SC
AF Ahel, Ivan
   Rass, Ulrich
   El-Khamisy, Sherif F.
   Katyal, Sachin
   Clements, Paula M.
   McKinnon, Peter J.
   Caldecott, Keith W.
   West, Stephen C.
TI The neurodegenerative disease protein aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand break repair; histidine triad superfamily; amp-lysine hydrolase; ataxia; hint; fhit; mutations; mechanism; binding; damage
AB Ataxia oculomotor apraxia-1 (AOA1) is a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the gene (APTX) encoding aprataxin(1,2). Aprataxin is a member of the histidine triad (HIT) family of nucleotide hydrolases and transferases(3), and inactivating mutations are largely confined to this HIT domain. Aprataxin associates with the DNA repair proteins XRCC1 and XRCC4, which are partners of DNA ligase III and ligase IV, respectively(4-7), suggestive of a role in DNA repair. Consistent with this, APTX-defective cell lines are sensitive to agents that cause single-strand breaks and exhibit an increased incidence of induced chromosomal aberrations(4,5,8). It is not, however, known whether aprataxin has a direct or indirect role in DNA repair, or what the physiological substrate of aprataxin might be. Here we show, using purified aprataxin protein and extracts derived from either APTX-defective chicken DT40 cells or Aptx(-/-) mouse primary neural cells, that aprataxin resolves abortive DNA ligation intermediates. Specifically, aprataxin catalyses the nucleophilic release of adenylate groups covalently linked to 5'-phosphate termini at single-strand nicks and gaps, resulting in the production of 5'-phosphate termini that can be efficiently rejoined. These data indicate that neurological disorders associated with APTX mutations may be caused by the gradual accumulation of unrepaired DNA strand breaks resulting from abortive DNA ligation events.
C1 Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
   Univ Sussex, Genome Damage & Stabil Ctr, Brighton BN1 9RQ, E Sussex, England.
   Fac Pharm, Dept Biochem, Cairo, Egypt.
   St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Dept Genet & Tumor Cell Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of Sussex; St Jude Children's Research Hospital
RP West, SC (corresponding author), Canc Res UK, London Res Inst, Clare Hall Labs, S Mimms EN6 3LD, Herts, England.
EM stephen.west@cancer.org.uk
FU Medical Research Council [G0001259] Funding Source: Medline; MRC [G0001259] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [G0001259, G0300662B] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 316
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/nature05164
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500051
PM 16964241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kutnjak, Z
   Petzelt, J
   Blinc, R
AF Kutnjak, Z.
   Petzelt, J.
   Blinc, R.
TI The giant electromechanical response in ferroelectric relaxors as a critical phenomenon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-diffraction; critical-point
AB The direct conversion of electrical energy to mechanical work by a material is relevant to a number of applications. This is illustrated by ferroelectric 'relaxors'(1-4) such as Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3) O-3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT; refs 5, 6): these materials exhibit a giant electromechanical ( piezoelectric) response that is finding use in ultrasonic(4) and medical applications, as well as in telecommunications. The origins of this effect are, however, still unclear. Here we show that the giant electromechanical response in PMN-PT ( and potentially other ferroelectric relaxors) is the manifestation of critical points that define a line in the phase diagram of this system. Specifically, in the electric-field -temperature-composition phase diagram of PMN-PT ( the composition being varied by changing the PT concentration), a first-order paraelectric ferroelectric phase transition terminates in a line of critical points where the piezoelectric coefficient is maximum. Above this line, supercritical evolution is observed. On approaching the critical point, both the energy cost and the electric field necessary to induce ferroelectric polarization rotations decrease significantly, thus explaining the giant electromechanical response of these relaxors.
C1 Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
   Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Prague, Czech Republic.
C3 Slovenian Academy of Sciences & Arts (SASA); Jozef Stefan Institute; Czech Academy of Sciences; Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
RP Kutnjak, Z (corresponding author), Jozef Stefan Inst, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
EM zdravko.kutnjak@ijs.si
NR 17
TC 657
Z9 689
U1 2
U2 362
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 22
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7096
BP 956
EP 959
DI 10.1038/nature04854
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 055AT
UT WOS:000238422300036
PM 16791189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bardgett, RD
   Smith, RS
   Shiel, RS
   Peacock, S
   Simkin, JM
   Quirk, H
   Hobbs, PJ
AF Bardgett, RD
   Smith, RS
   Shiel, RS
   Peacock, S
   Simkin, JM
   Quirk, H
   Hobbs, PJ
TI Parasitic plants indirectly regulate below-ground properties in grassland ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID functional-role; bartsia-alpina; community; impact; decomposition; restoration; management; dynamics
AB Parasitic plants are one of the most ubiquitous groups of generalist parasites in both natural and managed ecosystems, with over 3,000 known species worldwide(1-3). Although much is known about how parasitic plants influence host peformance(1-4), their role as drivers of community- and ecosystem-level properties remains largely unexplored(5). Parasitic plants have the potential to influence directly the productivity and structure of plant communities because they cause harm to particular host plants, indirectly increasing the competitive status of non-host species(6-10). Such parasite-driven above-ground effects might also have important indirect consequences through altering the quantity and quality of resources that enter soil, thereby affecting the activity of decomposer organisms(3,11-13). Here we show in model grassland communities that the parasitic plant Rhinanthus minor, which occurs widely throughout Europe and North America(14), has strong direct effects on above-ground community properties, increasing plant diversity and reducing productivity. We also show that these direct effects of R. minor on the plant community have marked indirect effects on below-ground properties, ultimately increasing rates of nitrogen cycling. Our study provides evidence that parasitic plants act as a major driver of both above-ground and below-ground properties of grassland ecosystems.
C1 Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Soil & Ecosyst Ecol Lab, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
   Newcastle Univ, Sch Biol & Psychol, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Newcastle Univ, Sch Agr Food & Rural Dev, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England.
   Inst Grassland & Environm Res, N Wyke Res Stn, Okehampton EX20 2SB, Devon, England.
C3 Lancaster University; Newcastle University - UK; Newcastle University - UK
RP Bardgett, RD (corresponding author), Univ Lancaster, Inst Environm & Nat Sci, Soil & Ecosyst Ecol Lab, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England.
EM r.bardgett@lancaster.ac.uk
NR 29
TC 163
Z9 198
U1 3
U2 174
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 23
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7079
BP 969
EP 972
DI 10.1038/nature04197
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 014NE
UT WOS:000235486100046
PM 16495998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Temirov, R
   Soubatch, S
   Luican, A
   Tautz, FS
AF Temirov, R.
   Soubatch, S.
   Luican, A.
   Tautz, F. S.
TI Free-electron-like dispersion in an organic monolayer film on a metal substrate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aromatic-molecules; band dispersion; thin-films; surfaces; ag(111); ptcda; transistors; perylene; states
AB Thin films of molecular organic semiconductors are attracting much interest for use in electronic and optoelectronic applications. The electronic properties of these materials and their interfaces are therefore worth investigating intensively(1 - 3), particularly the degree of electron delocalization that can be achieved (2,4). If the delocalization is appreciable, it should be accompanied by an observable electronic band dispersion. But so far only limited experimental data on the intermolecular dispersion of electronic states in molecular materials is available (5 - 8), and the mechanism( s) of electron delocalization in molecular materials are also not well understood. Here we report scanning tunnelling spectroscopy observations of an organic monolayer film on a silver substrate, revealing a completely delocalized two- dimensional band state that is characterized by a metal- like parabolic dispersion with an effective mass of m* = 0.47m(e), where m(e) is the bare electron mass. This dispersion is far stronger than expected for the organic film alone(7), and arises as a result of strong substrate- mediated coupling between the molecules within the monolayer.
C1 Int Univ Bremen, Sch Sci & Engn, D-28725 Bremen, Germany.
C3 Constructor University
RP Tautz, FS (corresponding author), Int Univ Bremen, Sch Sci & Engn, POB 750561, D-28725 Bremen, Germany.
EM s.tautz@iu-bremen.de
NR 24
TC 245
Z9 268
U1 0
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 350
EP 353
DI 10.1038/nature05270
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300044
PM 17108961
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lowry, AR
AF Lowry, Anthony R.
TI Resonant slow fault slip in subduction zones forced by climatic load stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID episodic tremor; silent slip; earthquakes; model; deformation; events
AB Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements at subduction plate boundaries often record fault movements similar to earthquakes but much slower, occurring over timescales of similar to 1 week to similar to 1 year. These 'slow slip events' have been observed in Japan(1,2), Cascadia(3-7), Mexico(8,9), Alaska(10) and New Zealand(11). The phenomenon is poorly understood, but several observations hint at the processes underlying slow slip. Although slip itself is silent, seismic instruments often record coincident low-amplitude tremor in a narrow ( 1 - 5 cycles per second) frequency range(12). Also, modelling of GPS data(3,7,9) and estimates of tremor location(13) indicate that slip focuses near the transition from unstable('stick-slip') to stable friction at the deep limit of the earthquake-producing seismogenic zone. Perhaps most intriguingly, slow slip is periodic at several locations, with recurrence varying from 6 to 18 months depending on which subduction zone ( or even segment) is examined(4-6,9). Here I show that such periodic slow fault slip may be a resonant response to climate-driven stress perturbations. Fault slip resonance helps to explain why slip events are periodic, why periods differ from place to place, and why slip focuses near the base of the seismogenic zone. Resonant slip should initiate within the rupture zone of future great earthquakes, suggesting that slow slip may illuminate fault properties that control earthquake slip.
C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Lowry, AR (corresponding author), Utah State Univ, Dept Geol, Logan, UT 84322 USA.
EM arlowry@himalaya.colorado.edu
NR 30
TC 72
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 17
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7104
BP 802
EP 805
DI 10.1038/nature05055
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 074DK
UT WOS:000239792700043
PM 16915286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Valiullin, R
   Naumov, S
   Galvosas, P
   Kärger, J
   Woo, HJ
   Porcheron, F
   Monson, PA
AF Valiullin, Rustem
   Naumov, Sergej
   Galvosas, Petrik
   Kaerger, Joerg
   Woo, Hyung-June
   Porcheron, Fabien
   Monson, Peter A.
TI Exploration of molecular dynamics during transient sorption of fluids in mesoporous materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; dependent self-diffusion; small-angle scattering; field ising systems; capillary condensation; adsorption-desorption; porous-glass; microstructure; reconstruction; hysteresis
AB In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the development of novel porous materials with controlled architectures and pore sizes in the mesoporous range(1-4). An important feature of these materials is the phenomenon of adsorption hysteresis: for certain ranges of applied pressure, the amount of a molecular species adsorbed by the mesoporous host is higher on desorption than on adsorption, indicating a failure of the system to equilibrate. Although this phenomenon has been known for over a century, the underlying internal dynamics responsible for the hysteresis remain poorly understood(5-9). Here we present a combined experimental and theoretical study in which microscopic and macroscopic aspects of the relaxation dynamics associated with hysteresis are quantified by direct measurement and computer simulations of molecular models. Using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques(10-14) and Vycor porous glass(15,16) as a model mesoporous system, we have explored the relationship between molecular self-diffusion and global uptake dynamics. For states outside the hysteresis region, the relaxation process is found to be essentially diffusive in character; within the hysteresis region, the dynamics slow down dramatically and, at long times, are dominated by activated rearrangement of the adsorbate density within the host material.
C1 Univ Leipzig, Fak Phys & Geowissensch, Abt Granzflachenphys, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA.
C3 Leipzig University; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst
RP Valiullin, R (corresponding author), Univ Leipzig, Fak Phys & Geowissensch, Abt Granzflachenphys, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
EM valiullin@uni-leipzig.de
NR 30
TC 216
Z9 227
U1 1
U2 115
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 965
EP 968
DI 10.1038/nature05183
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400048
PM 17066029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lovis, C
   Mayor, M
   Pepe, F
   Alibert, Y
   Benz, W
   Bouchy, F
   Correia, ACM
   Laskar, J
   Mordasini, C
   Queloz, D
   Santos, NC
   Udry, S
   Bertaux, JL
   Sivan, JP
AF Lovis, C
   Mayor, M
   Pepe, F
   Alibert, Y
   Benz, W
   Bouchy, F
   Correia, ACM
   Laskar, J
   Mordasini, C
   Queloz, D
   Santos, NC
   Udry, S
   Bertaux, JL
   Sivan, JP
TI An extrasolar planetary system with three Neptune-mass planets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar planets; harps search; coralie survey; models; jupiter; stars
AB Over the past two years, the search for low-mass extrasolar planets has led to the detection of seven so-called 'hot Neptunes' or 'super-Earths' around Sun-like stars. These planets have masses 5 - 20 times larger than the Earth and are mainly found on close-in orbits with periods of 2 - 15 days. Here we report a system of three Neptune-mass planets with periods of 8.67, 31.6 and 197 days, orbiting the nearby star HD 69830. This star was already known to show an infrared excess possibly caused by an asteroid belt within 1 AU ( the Sun - Earth distance). Simulations show that the system is in a dynamically stable configuration. Theoretical calculations favour a mainly rocky composition for both inner planets, while the outer planet probably has a significant gaseous envelope surrounding its rocky/icy core; the outer planet orbits within the habitable zone of this star.
C1 Observ Geneva, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland.
   Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
   Observ Haute Provence, F-04870 St Michel lObservatoire, France.
   Inst Astrophys, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Aveiro, Dept Fis, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
   IMCCE, CNRS, UMR 8028, F-75014 Paris, France.
   Univ Lisbon, Ctr Astron & Astrofis, Observ Astron Lisboa, P-1349018 Lisbon, Portugal.
   Colegio Luis Verney, Ctr Geofis Evora, P-7002554 Evora, Portugal.
   CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France.
   Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13013 Marseille, France.
C3 University of Geneva; University of Bern; Sorbonne Universite; Universidade de Aveiro; Sorbonne Universite; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Earth Sciences & Astronomy (INSU); Universidade de Lisboa; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Aix-Marseille Universite
RP Lovis, C (corresponding author), Observ Geneva, 51 Ch Maillettes, CH-1290 Sauverny, Switzerland.
EM christophe.lovis@obs.unige.ch; michel.mayor@obs.unige.ch
NR 30
TC 311
Z9 346
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 18
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7091
BP 305
EP 309
DI 10.1038/nature04828
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 043IB
UT WOS:000237593200038
PM 16710412
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pan, XJ
   Eathiraj, S
   Munson, M
   Lambright, DG
AF Pan, Xiaojing
   Eathiraj, Sudharshan
   Munson, Mary
   Lambright, David G.
TI TBC-domain GAPs for Rab GTPases accelerate GTP hydrolysis by a dual-finger mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transition-state analog; activating protein; biochemical-characterization; crystal-structure; structural basis; yeast; family; gyp1p; identification; g(i-alpha-1)
AB Rab GTPases regulate membrane trafficking by cycling between inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) conformations(1). The duration of the active state is limited by GTPase-activating proteins ( GAPs), which accelerate the slow intrinsic rate of GTP hydrolysis. Proteins containing TBC (Tre-2, Bub2 and Cdc16) domains are broadly conserved in eukaryotic organisms and function as GAPs for Rab GTPases as well as GTPases that control cytokinesis(2). An exposed arginine residue is a critical determinant of GAP activity in vitro and in vivo(3-5). It has been expected that the catalytic mechanism of TBC domains would parallel that of Ras and Rho family GAPs. Here we report crystallographic, mutational and functional analyses of complexes between Rab GTPases and the TBC domain of Gyp1p. In the crystal structure of a TBC-domain-Rab-GTPase-aluminium fluoride complex, which approximates the transition-state intermediate for GTP hydrolysis, the TBC domain supplies two catalytic residues in trans, an arginine finger analogous to Ras/Rho family GAPs and a glutamine finger that substitutes for the glutamine in the DxxGQ motif of the GTPase. The glutamine from the Rab GTPase does not stabilize the transition state as expected but instead interacts with the TBC domain. Strong conservation of both catalytic fingers indicates that most TBC-domain GAPs may accelerate GTP hydrolysis by a similar dual-finger mechanism.
C1 UMASS Med Sch, Program Mol Med, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
   UMASS Med Sch, Dept Mol Pharmacol & Biochem, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
RP Lambright, DG (corresponding author), UMASS Med Sch, Program Mol Med, 2 Biotech,373 Plantat St, Worcester, MA 01605 USA.
EM david.lambright@umassmed.edu
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 334
U1 0
U2 59
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 20
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7100
BP 303
EP 306
DI 10.1038/nature04847
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 064WT
UT WOS:000239122100039
PM 16855591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krishnamurthy, J
   Ramsey, MR
   Ligon, KL
   Torrice, C
   Koh, A
   Bonner-Weir, S
   Sharpless, NE
AF Krishnamurthy, Janakiraman
   Ramsey, Matthew R.
   Ligon, Keith L.
   Torrice, Chad
   Koh, Angela
   Bonner-Weir, Susan
   Sharpless, Norman E.
TI p16INK4a induces an age-dependent decline in islet regenerative potential
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pancreatic beta-cells; premature senescence; transgenic mice; diabetic mice; expression; cdk4; streptozotocin; growth; adult; differentiation
AB The p16(INK4a) tumour suppressor accumulates in many tissues as a function of advancing age(1-3). p16(INK4a) is an effector of senescence(4,5) and a potent inhibitor of the proliferative kinase Cdk4 (ref. 6), which is essential for pancreatic beta-cell proliferation in adult mammals(7,8). Here we show that p16(INK4a) constrains islet proliferation and regeneration in an age-dependent manner. Expression of the p16(INK4a) transcript is enriched in purified islets compared with the exocrine pancreas, and islet-specific expression of p16(INK4a), but not other cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, increases markedly with ageing. To determine the physiological significance of p16(INK4a) accumulation on islet function, we assessed the impact of p16(INK4a) deficiency and overexpression with increasing age and in the regenerative response after exposure to a specific beta-cell toxin. Transgenic mice that overexpress p16(INK4a) to a degree seen with ageing demonstrated decreased islet proliferation. Similarly, islet proliferation was unaffected by p16(INK4a) deficiency in young mice, but was relatively increased in p16(INK4a)-deficient old mice. Survival after toxin-mediated ablation of beta-cells, which requires islet proliferation, declined with advancing age; however, mice lacking p16(INK4a) demonstrated enhanced islet proliferation and survival after beta-cell ablation. These genetic data support the view that an age-induced increase of p16(INK4a) expression limits the regenerative capacity of beta-cells with ageing.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Genet, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Joslin Diabet Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard Medical School
RP Sharpless, NE (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Lineberger Comprehens Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM NES@med.unc.edu
NR 32
TC 777
Z9 932
U1 0
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 453
EP 457
DI 10.1038/nature05092
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800045
PM 16957737
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schrope, M
AF Schrope, Mark
TI Oceanography: Creating the perfect wave
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 3
Z9 3
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 21
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7122
BP 997
EP 999
DI 10.1038/444997a
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 118VH
UT WOS:000242971100023
PM 17183289
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamaguchi, A
   Kobayashi, S
   Ishimoto, H
   Kojima, H
AF Yamaguchi, A.
   Kobayashi, S.
   Ishimoto, H.
   Kojima, H.
TI Minority spin condensate in the spin-polarized superfluid 3He A1 phase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID magnetic-fields; relaxation; liquid-he-3; dynamics; resonance
AB The magnetic properties of He-3 in its various phases originate from the interactions among the nuclear spins(1). The spin-polarized 'ferromagnetic' superfluid He-3 A(1) phase(2) ( which forms below 3 mK between two transition temperatures, T-c1 and T-c2, in an external magnetic field) serves as a material in which theories of fundamental magnetic processes and macroscopic quantum spin phenomena may be tested. Conventionally, the superfluid component of the A(1) phase is understood(3-6) to contain only the majority spin condensate, having energetically favoured paired spins directed along the external field and no minority spin condensate having paired spins in the opposite direction. Because of difficulties in satisfying both the ultralow temperature and high magnetic field required to produce a substantial phase space, there exist few studies of spin dynamics phenomena that could be used to test the conventional view of the A(1) phase. Here we develop a mechanical spin density detector that operates in the required regime, enabling us to perform measurements of spin relaxation in the A(1) phase as a function of temperature, pressure and magnetic field. Our mechanical spin detector is based in principle on the magnetic fountain effect(7); spin-polarized superfluid motion can be induced both magnetically and mechanically, and we demonstrate the feasibility of increasing spin polarization by a mechanical spin filtering process. In the high temperature range of the A(1) phase near T-c1, the measured spin relaxation time is long, as expected(2,8,9). Unexpectedly, the spin relaxation rate increases rapidly as the temperature is decreased towards T-c2. Our measurements, together with Leggett - Takagi theory(5), demonstrate that a minute presence of minority spin pairs is responsible for this unexpected spin relaxation behaviour. Thus, the long-held conventional view(2) that the A(1) phase contains only the majority spin condensate is inadequate.
C1 Rutgers State Univ, Serin Phys Lab, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
   Univ Tokyo, Inst Solid State Phys, Chiba 2778581, Japan.
C3 Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; University of Tokyo
RP Kojima, H (corresponding author), Rutgers State Univ, Serin Phys Lab, POB 849, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.
EM kojima@physics.rutgers.edu
NR 22
TC 12
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 909
EP 912
DI 10.1038/nature05391
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400051
PM 17167481
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kemp, AIS
   Hawkesworth, CJ
   Paterson, BA
   Kinny, PD
AF Kemp, AIS
   Hawkesworth, CJ
   Paterson, BA
   Kinny, PD
TI Episodic growth of the Gondwana supercontinent from hafnium and oxygen isotopes in zircon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID u-pb zircon; detrital zircons; continental-crust; lu-hf; mantle; evolution; rocks; ages; australia/; chondrites
AB It is thought that continental crust existed as early as 150 million years after planetary accretion(1), but assessing the rates and processes of subsequent crustal growth requires linking the apparently contradictory information from the igneous and sedimentary rock records. For example, the striking global peaks in juvenile igneous activity 2.7, 1.9 and 1.2 Gyr ago imply rapid crustal generation in response to the emplacement of mantle 'super-plumes', rather than by the continuous process of subduction(2-4). Yet uncertainties persist over whether these age peaks are artefacts of selective preservation(5), and over how to reconcile episodic crust formation with the smooth crustal evolution curves inferred from neodymium isotope variations of sedimentary rocks(6,7). Detrital zircons encapsulate a more representative record of igneous events than the exposed geology(1,8,9) and their hafnium isotope ratios reflect the time since the source of the parental magmas separated from the mantle. These 'model' ages are only meaningful if the host magma lacked a mixed or sedimentary source component(10), but the latter can be diagnosed by oxygen isotopes, which are strongly fractionated by rock-hydrosphere interactions. Here we report the first study that integrates hafnium and oxygen isotopes, all measured in situ on the same, precisely dated detrital zircon grains. The data reveal that crust generation in part of Gondwana was limited to major pulses at 1.9 and 3.3 Gyr ago, and that the zircons crystallized during repeated reworking of crust formed at these times. The implication is that the mechanisms of crust formation differed from those of crustal differentiation in ancient orogenic belts.
C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
   Curtin Univ Technol, Dept Appl Geol, Tecton Special Res Ctr, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
C3 University of Bristol; Curtin University
RP Kemp, AIS (corresponding author), Univ Bristol, Dept Earth Sci, Wills Mem Bldg, Bristol BS8 1RJ, Avon, England.
EM tony.kemp@geo.sc.niigata-u.ac.jp
NR 32
TC 679
Z9 745
U1 1
U2 169
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 580
EP 583
DI 10.1038/nature04505
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900039
PM 16452978
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tokano, T
   Mckay, CP
   Neubauer, FM
   Atreya, SK
   Ferri, F
   Fulchignoni, M
   Niemann, HB
AF Tokano, Tetsuya
   McKay, Christopher P.
   Neubauer, Fritz M.
   Atreya, Sushil K.
   Ferri, Francesca
   Fulchignoni, Marcello
   Niemann, Hasso B.
TI Methane drizzle on Titan
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midlatitude clouds; south-pole; troposphere; atmosphere; abundances; surface; winds; rain
AB Saturn's moon Titan shows landscapes with fluvial features(1) suggestive of hydrology based on liquid methane. Recent efforts in understanding Titan's methane hydrological cycle have focused on occasional cloud outbursts near the south pole(2-4) or cloud streaks at southern mid-latitudes(5,6) and the mechanisms of their formation. It is not known, however, if the clouds produce rain or if there are also non-convective clouds, as predicted by several models(7-11). Here we show that the in situ data on the methane concentration and temperature profile in Titan's troposphere point to the presence of layered optically thin stratiform clouds. The data indicate an upper methane ice cloud and a lower, barely visible, liquid methane-nitrogen cloud, with a gap in between. The lower, liquid, cloud produces drizzle that reaches the surface. These non-convective methane clouds are quasi-permanent features supported by the global atmospheric circulation, indicating that methane precipitation occurs wherever there is slow upward motion. This drizzle is a persistent component of Titan's methane hydrological cycle and, by wetting the surface on a global scale, plays an active role in the surface geology of Titan.
C1 Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
   NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Padua, CISAS G Colombo, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
   Observ Paris, LESIA, F-92195 Meudon, France.
   Univ Paris 07, UFR Phys, F-75006 Paris, France.
   NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20742 USA.
C3 University of Cologne; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Padua; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Universite Paris Cite; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
RP Tokano, T (corresponding author), Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, Albertus Magnus Pl, D-50923 Cologne, Germany.
EM tokano@geo.uni-koeln.de
NR 30
TC 139
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 27
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7101
BP 432
EP 435
DI 10.1038/nature04948
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 067CI
UT WOS:000239278900038
PM 16871213
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burtsev, M
   Turchin, P
AF Burtsev, M
   Turchin, P
TI Evolution of cooperative strategies from first principles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kin-selection; strong reciprocity; populations; altruism; game
AB One of the greatest challenges in the modern biological and social sciences is to understand the evolution of cooperative behaviour. General outlines of the answer to this puzzle are currently emerging as a result of developments in the theories of kin selection(1-7), reciprocity(8-10), multilevel selection(11-15) and cultural group selection(16,17). The main conceptual tool used in probing the logical coherence of proposed explanations has been game theory, including both analytical models and agent-based simulations(6,7,9,18-24). The game-theoretic approach yields clear-cut results but assumes, as a rule, a simple structure of payoffs and a small set of possible strategies. Here we propose a more stringent test of the theory by developing a computer model with a considerably extended spectrum of possible strategies. In our model, agents are endowed with a limited set of receptors, a set of elementary actions and a neural net in between. Behavioural strategies are not predetermined; instead, the process of evolution constructs and reconstructs them from elementary actions. Two new strategies of cooperative attack and defence emerge in simulations, as well as the well-known dove, hawk and bourgeois strategies. Our results indicate that cooperative strategies can evolve even under such minimalist assumptions, provided that agents are capable of perceiving heritable external markers of other agents.
C1 RAS, MV Keldysh Appl Math Inst, Dept Nonlinear Dynam, Moscow 125047, Russia.
   Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics; University of Connecticut
RP Burtsev, M (corresponding author), RAS, MV Keldysh Appl Math Inst, Dept Nonlinear Dynam, Moscow 125047, Russia.
EM mbur@narod.ru
NR 29
TC 52
Z9 66
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1041
EP 1044
DI 10.1038/nature04470
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000034
PM 16625195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohmoto, H
   Watanabe, Y
   Ikemi, H
   Poulson, SR
   Taylor, BE
AF Ohmoto, Hiroshi
   Watanabe, Yumiko
   Ikemi, Hiroaki
   Poulson, Simon R.
   Taylor, Bruce E.
TI Sulphur isotope evidence for an oxic Archaean atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fractionation; microprobe; rise
AB The presence of mass-independently fractionated sulphur isotopes (MIF-S) in many sedimentary rocks older than similar to 2.4 billion years (Gyr), and the absence of MIF-S in younger rocks, has been considered the best evidence for a dramatic change from an anoxic to oxic atmosphere around 2.4 Gyr ago(1-9). This is because the only mechanism known to produce MIF-S has been ultraviolet photolysis of volcanic sulphur dioxide gas in an oxygen-poor atmosphere. Here we report the absence of MIF-S throughout similar to 100-m sections of 2.76-Gyr-old lake sediments and 2.92-Gyr-old marine shales in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. We propose three possible interpretations of the MIF-S geologic record: ( 1) the level of atmospheric oxygen fluctuated greatly during the Archaean era; ( 2) the atmosphere has remained oxic since similar to 3.8 Gyr ago, and MIF-S in sedimentary rocks represents times and regions of violent volcanic eruptions that ejected large volumes of sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere; or ( 3) MIF-S in rocks was mostly created by non-photochemical reactions during sediment diagenesis, and thus is not linked to atmospheric chemistry.
C1 Penn State Univ, NASA Astrobiol Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
   Kyushu Univ, Inst Technol, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan.
   Univ Nevada, Dept Geol Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA.
   Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Kyushu University; Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Reno; Natural Resources Canada; Lands & Minerals Sector - Natural Resources Canada; Geological Survey of Canada
RP Ohmoto, H (corresponding author), Penn State Univ, NASA Astrobiol Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
EM ohmoto@geosc.psu.edu
NR 28
TC 191
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 94
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 908
EP 911
DI 10.1038/nature05044
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500035
PM 16929296
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muraoka, T
   Kinbara, K
   Aida, T
AF Muraoka, T
   Kinbara, K
   Aida, T
TI Mechanical twisting of a guest by a photoresponsive host
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID conformational dynamics; molecular machines; rotation; chirality; systems; motion; rotor
AB Molecular analogues of a variety of mechanical devices such as shuttles, brakes, unidirectional rotors and tweezers have been created(1-11). But these 'molecular machines' have not yet been used to mechanically manipulate a second molecule in a controlled and reversible manner. Here we show that light-induced scissor-like conformational changes of one molecule(5) can give rise to mechanical twisting of a non-covalently bound guest molecule. To realize this coupling of molecular motions, we use a previously designed system(5): a ferrocene moiety with an azobenzene strap, each end of which is attached to one of the two cyclopentadienyl rings of the ferrocene unit, acts as a pivot so that photoisomerization of the strap rotates the ferrocene rings relative to each other and thereby also changes the relative position of two 'pedal' moieties attached to the ferrocene rings. We translate this effect into intermolecular coupling of motion by endowing the pedals with binding sites, which allow the host system to form a stable complex with a bidentate rotor molecule. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we show that the photoinduced conformational changes of the host are indeed transmitted and induce mechanical twisting of the rotor molecule. This design concept, which significantly extends the successful coupling of motion beyond the intramolecular level seen in synthetic allosteric receptors(12), might allow for the remote control of molecular events in larger interlocked molecular systems.
C1 Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Univ Tokyo, Ctr NanoBio Integrat, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
   Japan Sci Technol Agcy, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 3320012, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo; University of Tokyo; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
RP Kinbara, K (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Sch Engn, Dept Chem & Biotechnol, Bunkyo Ku, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan.
EM kinbara@macro.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 22
TC 625
Z9 666
U1 6
U2 317
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/nature04635
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100052
PM 16554815
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Singh, SK
   Hora, R
   Belrhali, H
   Chitnis, CE
   Sharma, A
AF Singh, SK
   Hora, R
   Belrhali, H
   Chitnis, CE
   Sharma, A
TI Structural basis for Duffy recognition by the malaria parasite Duffy-binding-like domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID red-cell invasion; plasmodium-vivax; erythrocyte invasion; crystal-structures; protein; falciparum; residues; knowlesi; association; pathway
AB Molecular processes that govern pathogenic features of erythrocyte invasion and cytoadherence in malaria are reliant on Plasmodium-specific Duffy-binding-like domains (DBLs)(1). These cysteine-rich modules recognize diverse host cell-surface receptors during pathogenesis. DBLs of parasite erythrocyte-binding proteins mediate invasion, and those from the antigenically variant P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 ( PfEMP1) have been implicated in cytoadherence. The simian and human malarial parasites, P. knowlesi and P. vivax, invade human erythrocytes exclusively through the host DARC receptor ( Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines)(2,3). Here we present the crystal structure of the P. knowlesi DBL domain (Pk alpha-DBL), which binds to DARC during invasion of human erythrocytes. Pk alpha-DBL retains the overall fold observed in DBLs from P. falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen (EBA)- 175 (ref. 4). Mapping the residues that have previously been implicated in binding(5-7) highlights a fairly flat but exposed site for DARC recognition in subdomain 2 of Pk alpha-DBL; this is in sharp contrast to receptor recognition by EBA- 175 ( ref. 4). In Pk alpha-DBL, the residues that contact DARC and the clusters of residues under immune pressure map to opposite surfaces of the DBL, and suggest a possible mechanism for immune evasion by P. vivax. Our comparative structural analysis of Pk alpha-DBL and P. falciparum EBA- 175 provides a framework for the understanding of malaria parasite DBLs, and may affect the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
C1 ICGEB, Struct & Computat Biol Grp, New Delhi 110067, India.
   ICGEB, Malaria Res Grp, New Delhi 110067, India.
   European Mol Biol Lab, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France.
C3 Department of Biotechnology (DBT) India; International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi; Department of Biotechnology (DBT) India; International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB); International Center for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Sharma, A (corresponding author), ICGEB, Struct & Computat Biol Grp, Aruna Asaf Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
EM asharma@icgeb.res.in
NR 31
TC 204
Z9 236
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 9
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7077
BP 741
EP 744
DI 10.1038/nature04443
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 010KH
UT WOS:000235193100048
PM 16372020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wernet, MF
   Mazzoni, EO
   Çelik, A
   Duncan, DM
   Duncan, I
   Desplan, C
AF Wernet, MF
   Mazzoni, EO
   Çelik, A
   Duncan, DM
   Duncan, I
   Desplan, C
TI Stochastic spineless expression creates the retinal mosaic for colour vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoreceptor cells; tarsal development; antennal identity; opsin gene; drosophila; rhodopsin; r7; receptor; aristapedia; rh3
AB Drosophila colour vision is achieved by R7 and R8 photoreceptor cells present in every ommatidium. The fly retina contains two types of ommatidia, called 'pale' and 'yellow', defined by different rhodopsin pairs expressed in R7 and R8 cells. Similar to the human cone photoreceptors, these ommatidial subtypes are distributed stochastically in the retina. The choice between pale versus yellow ommatidia is made in R7 cells, which then impose their fate onto R8. Here we report that the Drosophila dioxin receptor Spineless is both necessary and sufficient for the formation of the ommatidial mosaic. A short burst of spineless expression at mid-pupation in a large subset of R7 cells precedes rhodopsin expression. In spineless mutants, all R7 and most R8 cells adopt the pale fate, whereas overexpression of spineless is sufficient to induce the yellow R7 fate. Therefore, this study suggests that the entire retinal mosaic required for colour vision is defined by the stochastic expression of a single transcription factor, Spineless.
C1 NYU, Dept Biol, Ctr Dev Genet, New York, NY 10003 USA.
   Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA.
C3 New York University; Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Desplan, C (corresponding author), NYU, Dept Biol, Ctr Dev Genet, 100 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003 USA.
EM claude.desplan@nyu.edu
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY013010] Funding Source: Medline; National Eye Institute [R01EY013010] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 42
TC 303
Z9 376
U1 0
U2 27
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 9
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7081
BP 174
EP 180
DI 10.1038/nature04615
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 019MC
UT WOS:000235839500037
PM 16525464
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Iwahara, J
   Clore, GM
AF Iwahara, J
   Clore, GM
TI Detecting transient intermediates in macromolecular binding by paramagnetic NMR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeodomain-dna complex; relaxation enhancement; antennapedia homeodomain; association; proteins; refinement; rates
AB Macromolecular complex formation is governed by two opposing constraints of specificity and speed(1,2). Kinetic(3-6) and theoretical considerations suggest that significant rate enhancement can be achieved either by reducing the dimensionality of the search process(1,7) or by the creation of a short-range attractive potential around the target site(2). This implies the existence of transient intermediates involving non-specific binding modes. Here we show that intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) provides a means of directly detecting the presence of, and investigating the nature of, low population transient intermediates under equilibrium conditions. Applying this approach, we characterize the search process whereby a sequence-specific transcription factor (the homeodomain of HOXD9) binds to non-cognate DNA sites as a means of enhancing the rate of specific association. The PRE data in the fast exchange regime reveal the presence of transient intermediates formed in a stochastic manner at non-cognate sites whose structure is similar to that of the specific complex. Two distinct search processes involving intra- as well as intermolecular translocations can be delineated. The intermolecular PRE method is general and can be readily applied to investigations of transient intermediates in many other macromolecular binding processes.
C1 NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
RP Clore, GM (corresponding author), NIDDKD, Chem Phys Lab, NIH, Bldg 2, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM mariusc@intra.niddk.nih.gov
FU Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline; NIH Office of the Director; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [ZIADK029023] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
NR 27
TC 326
Z9 370
U1 0
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1227
EP 1230
DI 10.1038/nature04673
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000053
PM 16642002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, KG
   Bloom, SR
AF Murphy, Kevin G.
   Bloom, Stephen R.
TI Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inhibits food-intake; placebo-controlled trial; glucagon-like peptide-1; gastric bypass-surgery; body-weight gain; pancreatic-polypeptide; exenatide exendin-4; glycemic control; obese subjects; short-term
AB Food intake, energy expenditure and body adiposity are homeostatically regulated. Central and peripheral signals communicate information about the current state of energy balance to key brain regions, including the hypothalamus and brainstem. Hunger and satiety represent coordinated responses to these signals, which include neural and hormonal messages from the gut. In recent years our understanding of how neural and hormonal brain - gut signalling regulates energy homeostasis has advanced considerably. Gut hormones have various physiological functions that include specifically targeting the brain to regulate appetite. New research suggests that gut hormones can be used to specifically regulate energy homeostasis in humans, and offer a target for anti-obesity drugs.
C1 Imperial Coll Fac Med, Dept Metab Med, London W12 0NN, England.
C3 Imperial College London
RP Bloom, SR (corresponding author), Imperial Coll Fac Med, Dept Metab Med, Hammersmith Campus,Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, England.
EM s.bloom@imperial.ac.uk
NR 95
TC 582
Z9 710
U1 2
U2 110
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 854
EP 859
DI 10.1038/nature05484
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400042
PM 17167473
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Risgaard-Petersen, N
   Langezaal, AM
   Ingvardsen, S
   Schmid, MC
   Jetten, MSM
   Op den Camp, HJM
   Derksen, JWM
   Piña-Ochoa, E
   Eriksson, SP
   Nielsen, LP
   Revsbech, NP
   Cedhagen, T
   van der Zwaan, GJ
AF Risgaard-Petersen, Nils
   Langezaal, Alexandra M.
   Ingvardsen, Signe
   Schmid, Markus C.
   Jetten, Mike S. M.
   Op den Camp, Huub J. M.
   Derksen, Jan W. M.
   Pina-Ochoa, Elisa
   Eriksson, Susanne P.
   Nielsen, Lars Peter
   Revsbech, Niels Peter
   Cedhagen, Tomas
   van der Zwaan, Gijsbert J.
TI Evidence for complete denitrification in a benthic foraminifer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID anaerobic ammonium oxidation; oxygen minimum zone; sulfur bacteria; n-2 production; nitrate; anammox; thioploca; nitrite
AB Benthic foraminifera are unicellular eukaryotes found abundantly in many types of marine sediments. Many species survive and possibly reproduce in anoxic habitats(1), but sustainable anaerobic metabolism has not been previously described. Here we demonstrate that the foraminifer Globobulimina pseudospinescens accumulates intracellular nitrate stores and that these can be respired to dinitrogen gas. The amounts of nitrate detected are estimated to be sufficient to support respiration for over a month. In a Swedish fjord sediment where G. pseudospinescens is the dominant foraminifer, the intracellular nitrate pool in this species accounted for 20% of the large, cell-bound, nitrate pool present in an oxygen-free zone. Similarly high nitrate concentrations were also detected in foraminifera Nonionella cf. stella and a Stainforthia species, the two dominant benthic taxa occurring within the oxygen minimum zone of the continental shelf off Chile. Given the high abundance of foraminifera in anoxic marine environments(1-3), these new findings suggest that foraminifera may play an important role in global nitrogen cycling and indicate that our understanding of the complexity of the marine nitrogen cycle is far from complete.
C1 Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
   Univ Utrecht, Fac Geosci, Dept Earth Sci, NL-3584 CD Utrecht, Netherlands.
   Aarhus Univ, Dept Biol Sci, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IWWR, Dept Plant Cell Biol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
   CSIC, Ctr Environm Sci, Dept Aquat Ecol, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
   Univ Gothenburg, Kristineberg Marine Res Stn, Dept Marine Ecol, S-45034 Fiskebackskil, Sweden.
   Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IWWR, Dept Microbiol, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands.
C3 Aarhus University; Danish National Environmental Research Institute; Utrecht University; Aarhus University; Radboud University Nijmegen; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); University of Gothenburg; Radboud University Nijmegen
RP Risgaard-Petersen, N (corresponding author), Natl Environm Res Inst, Dept Marine Ecol, Vejlsovej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
EM nri@dmu.dk
NR 26
TC 352
Z9 409
U1 7
U2 209
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 93
EP 96
DI 10.1038/nature05070
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900046
PM 16957731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shubin, NH
   Daeschler, EB
   Jenkins, FA
AF Shubin, NH
   Daeschler, EB
   Jenkins, FA
TI The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID devonian tetrapod; polyodon-spathula; north-america; paired fins; evolution; sarcopterygii; osteichthyes; expression; skeleton; fossils
AB Wrists, ankles and digits distinguish tetrapod limbs from fins, but direct evidence on the origin of these features has been unavailable. Here we describe the pectoral appendage of a member of the sister group of tetrapods, Tiktaalik roseae, which is morphologically and functionally transitional between a fin and a limb. The expanded array of distal endochondral bones and synovial joints in the fin of Tiktaalik is similar to the distal limb pattern of basal tetrapods. The fin of Tiktaalik was capable of a range of postures, including a limb-like substrate-supported stance in which the shoulder and elbow were flexed and the distal skeleton extended. The origin of limbs probably involved the elaboration and proliferation of features already present in the fins of fish such as Tiktaalik.
C1 Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
   Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolut Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; Drexel University; Harvard University; Harvard University
RP Shubin, NH (corresponding author), Univ Chicago, Dept Organismal Biol & Anat, 1025 E 57Th St, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
EM nshubin@uchicago.edu
NR 32
TC 270
Z9 328
U1 10
U2 428
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 764
EP 771
DI 10.1038/nature04637
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400034
PM 16598250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Korn, AJ
   Grundahl, F
   Richard, O
   Barklem, PS
   Mashonkina, L
   Collet, R
   Piskunov, N
   Gustafsson, B
AF Korn, A. J.
   Grundahl, F.
   Richard, O.
   Barklem, P. S.
   Mashonkina, L.
   Collet, R.
   Piskunov, N.
   Gustafsson, B.
TI A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID metal-poor stars; radiative accelerations; li abundance; nucleosynthesis; subgiants; evolution; plateau; models; light
AB The measurement of the cosmic microwave background has strongly constrained the cosmological parameters of the Universe(1). When the measured density of baryons ( ordinary matter) is combined with standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis calculations(2,3), the amounts of hydrogen, helium and lithium produced shortly after the Big Bang can be predicted with unprecedented precision(1,4). The predicted primordial lithium abundance is a factor of two to three higher than the value measured in the atmospheres of old stars(5,6). With estimated errors of 10 to 25%, this cosmological lithium discrepancy seriously challenges our understanding of stellar physics, Big Bang nucleosynthesis or both. Certain modifications to nucleosynthesis have been proposed(7), but found experimentally not to be viable(8). Diffusion theory, however, predicts atmospheric abundances of stars to vary with time(9), which offers a possible explanation of the discrepancy. Here we report spectroscopic observations of stars in the metal-poor globular cluster NGC6397 that reveal trends of atmospheric abundance with evolutionary stage for various elements. These element- specific trends are reproduced by stellar- evolution models with diffusion and turbulent mixing(10). We thus conclude that diffusion is predominantly responsible for the low apparent stellar lithium abundance in the atmospheres of old stars by transporting the lithium deep into the star.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Space Phys & Astron, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Aarhus, Dept Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
   Univ Montpellier 2, CNRS, ISTEEM, UMR5024,GRAAL, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
   Russian Acad Sci, Inst Astron, Moscow 119017, Russia.
C3 Uppsala University; Aarhus University; Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Korn, AJ (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Space Phys & Astron, Box 515, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
EM akorn@astro.uu.se
NR 30
TC 255
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 657
EP 659
DI 10.1038/nature05011
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200038
PM 16900193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moukhametzianov, R
   Klare, JP
   Efremov, R
   Baeken, C
   Göppner, A
   Labahn, J
   Engelhard, M
   Büldt, G
   Gordeliy, VI
AF Moukhametzianov, R
   Klare, JP
   Efremov, R
   Baeken, C
   Göppner, A
   Labahn, J
   Engelhard, M
   Büldt, G
   Gordeliy, VI
TI Development of the signal in sensory rhodopsin and its transfer to the cognate transducer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natronobacterium-pharaonis; transient movement; structural-changes; helix f; photocycle; phoborhodopsin; receptor; temperature; diffraction; insights
AB The microbial phototaxis receptor sensory rhodopsin II ( NpSRII, also named phoborhodopsin) mediates the photophobic response of the haloarchaeon Natronomonas pharaonis(1,2) by modulating the swimming behaviour of the bacterium(3). After excitation by blue-green light NpSRII triggers, by means of a tightly bound transducer protein ( NpHtrII), a signal transduction chain homologous with the two-component system of eubacterial chemotaxis(4). Two molecules of NpSRII and two molecules of NpHtrII form a 2: 2 complex in membranes as shown by electron paramagnetic resonance(5) and X-ray structure analysis(6). Here we present X-ray structures of the photocycle intermediates K and late M (M-2) explaining the evolution of the signal in the receptor after retinal isomerization and the transfer of the signal to the transducer in the complex. The formation of late M has been correlated with the formation of the signalling state(2,7). The observed structural rearrangements allow us to propose the following mechanism for the light-induced activation of the signalling complex. On excitation by light, retinal isomerization leads in the K state to a rearrangement of a water cluster that partly disconnects two helices of the receptor. In the transition to late M the changes in the hydrogen bond network proceed further. Thus, in late M state an altered tertiary structure establishes the signalling state of the receptor. The transducer responds to the activation of the receptor by a clockwise rotation of about 158 of helix TM2 and a displacement of this helix by 0.9 angstrom at the cytoplasmic surface.
C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Struct Biol IBI2, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   MIPT, Ctr Biophys & Phys Chem Supramol Struct, Dolgoprudnyi 141700, Russia.
   Max Planck Inst Mol Physiol, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre; Moscow Institute of Physics & Technology; Max Planck Society
RP Engelhard, M (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Struct Biol IBI2, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM martin.engelhard@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de
NR 27
TC 151
Z9 170
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 2
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7080
BP 115
EP 119
DI 10.1038/nature04520
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 017HW
UT WOS:000235685700051
PM 16452929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberge, A
   Feldman, PD
   Weinberger, AJ
   Deleuil, M
   Bouret, JC
AF Roberge, Aki
   Feldman, Paul D.
   Weinberger, Alycia J.
   Deleuil, Magali
   Bouret, Jean-Claude
TI Stabilization of the disk around β Pictoris by extremely carbon-rich gas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID circumstellar disk
AB The edge-on disk surrounding the nearby young star beta Pictoris is the archetype of `debris disks', which are composed of dust and gas produced by collisions between - and evaporation of - planetesimals, analogues of Solar System comets and asteroids. These disks may provide insight into the formation and early evolution of terrestrial planets. Previous work on beta Pic concluded that the disk gas has roughly solar abundances of elements(1), but this poses a problem because such gas should rapidly be blown away from the star, contrary to observations showing a stable gas disk in keplerian rotation(1,2). Here we report the detection of singly and doubly ionized carbon ( C II, C III) and neutral atomic oxygen ( O I) gas in the beta Pic disk. Carbon is extremely overabundant relative to every other measured element. This appears to solve the problem of the stable gas disk, because the carbon overabundance should keep the gas disk in keplerian rotation(3). The overabundance may indicate that the gas is produced from material more carbon-rich than expected of Solar System analogues.
C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
   Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA.
   Carnegie Inst Sci, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA.
   Lab Astrophys Marseille, F-13376 Marseille 12, France.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Johns Hopkins University; Carnegie Institution for Science; Aix-Marseille Universite
RP Roberge, A (corresponding author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Exoplanets & Stellar Astrophys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.
EM akir@milkyway.gsfc.nasa.gov
NR 18
TC 115
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 8
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7094
BP 724
EP 726
DI 10.1038/nature04832
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 050NL
UT WOS:000238095100047
PM 16760971
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freedman, B
   Bartal, G
   Segev, M
   Lifshitz, R
   Christodoulides, DN
   Fleischer, JW
AF Freedman, B
   Bartal, G
   Segev, M
   Lifshitz, R
   Christodoulides, DN
   Fleischer, JW
TI Wave and defect dynamics in nonlinear photonic quasicrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solitons; dislocations; phasons
AB Quasicrystals are unique structures with long-range order but no periodicity. Their properties have intrigued scientists ever since their discovery(1) and initial theoretical analysis(2,3). The lack of periodicity excludes the possibility of describing quasicrystal structures with well-established analytical tools, including common notions like Brillouin zones and Bloch's theorem. New and unique features such as fractal-like band structures(4-7) and 'phason' degrees of freedom(8) are introduced. In general, it is very difficult to directly observe the evolution of electronic waves in solid-state atomic quasicrystals, or the dynamics of the structure itself. Here we use optical induction(9-11) to create two-dimensional photonic quasicrystals, whose macroscopic nature allows us to explore wave transport phenomena. We demonstrate that light launched at different quasicrystal sites travels through the lattice in a way equivalent to quantum tunnelling of electrons in a quasiperiodic potential. At high intensity, lattice solitons are formed. Finally, we directly observe dislocation dynamics when crystal sites are allowed to interact with each other. Our experimental results apply not only to photonics, but also to other quasiperiodic systems such as matter waves in quasiperiodic traps(12), generic pattern-forming systems as in parametrically excited surface waves(13), liquid quasicrystals(14), and the more familiar atomic quasicrystals.
C1 Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Technion Israel Inst Technol, Inst Solid State, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
   Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Phys & Astron, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
   Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Orlando, FL 32816 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Princeton Inst Sci & Technol Mat, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
   Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Technion Israel Institute of Technology; Tel Aviv University; State University System of Florida; University of Central Florida; Princeton University; Princeton University
RP Segev, M (corresponding author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel.
EM msegev@techunix.technion.ac.il
NR 30
TC 247
Z9 259
U1 3
U2 99
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1166
EP 1169
DI 10.1038/nature04722
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000039
PM 16641990
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouwens, RJ
   Illingworth, GD
AF Bouwens, Rychard J.
   Illingworth, Garth D.
TI Rapid evolution of the most luminous galaxies during the first 900 million years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID near-infrared camera; hubble deep field; data reduction; drop galaxy; z-approximate-to-6; z-similar-to-6; reionization; universe; model
AB The first 900 million years (Myr) to redshift z approximate to 6 ( the first seven per cent of the age of the Universe) remains largely unexplored for the formation of galaxies. Large samples of galaxies have been found at z approximate to 6 (refs 1 - 4) but detections at earlier times are uncertain and unreliable. It is not at all clear how galaxies built up from the first stars when the Universe was about 300 Myr old ( z approximate to 12 - 15) to z approximate to 6, just 600 Myr later. Here we report the results of a search for galaxies at z approximate to 7 - 8, about 700 Myr after the Big Bang, using the deepest near-infrared and optical images ever taken. Under conservative selection criteria we find only one candidate galaxy at z approximate to 7 - 8, where ten would be expected if there were no evolution in the galaxy population between z approximate to 7 - 8 and z approximate to 6. Using less conservative criteria, there are four candidates, where 17 would be expected with no evolution. This demonstrates that very luminous galaxies are quite rare 700 Myr after the Big Bang. The simplest explanation is that the Universe is just too young to have built up many luminous galaxies at z approximate to 7 - 8 by the hierarchical merging of small galaxies.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
   Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Astron, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Bouwens, RJ (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Univ Calif Observ, Lick Observ, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA.
EM bouwens@ucolick.org
NR 32
TC 87
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 14
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7108
BP 189
EP 192
DI 10.1038/nature05156
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 083OB
UT WOS:000240467000041
PM 16971943
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Padoa-Schioppa, C
   Assad, JA
AF Padoa-Schioppa, C
   Assad, JA
TI Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orbital prefrontal cortex; reward preference; expected reward; monkeys; signals; cingulate; responses; behavior; lesions
AB Economic choice is the behaviour observed when individuals select one among many available options. There is no intrinsically 'correct' answer: economic choice depends on subjective preferences. This behaviour is traditionally the object of economic analysis(1) and is also of primary interest in psychology(2). However, the underlying mental processes and neuronal mechanisms are not well understood. Theories of human and animal choice(1-3) have a cornerstone in the concept of 'value'. Consider, for example, a monkey offered one raisin versus one piece of apple: behavioural evidence suggests that the animal chooses by assigning values to the two options(4). But where and how values are represented in the brain is unclear. Here we show that, during economic choice, neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex(5-18) (OFC) encode the value of offered and chosen goods. Notably, OFC neurons encode value independently of visuospatial factors and motor responses. If a monkey chooses between A and B, neurons in the OFC encode the value of the two goods independently of whether A is presented on the right and B on the left, or vice versa. This trait distinguishes the OFC from other brain areas in which value modulates activity related to sensory or motor processes(19-25). Our results have broad implications for possible psychological models, suggesting that economic choice is essentially choice between goods rather than choice between actions. In this framework, neurons in the OFC seem to be a good candidate network for value assignment underlying economic choice.
C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Padoa-Schioppa, C (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurobiol, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM camillo@alum.mit.edu
FU NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA032758] Funding Source: Medline; NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS041000] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1147
Z9 1381
U1 0
U2 90
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 223
EP 226
DI 10.1038/nature04676
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800047
PM 16633341
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Earle, MJ
   Esperança, JMSS
   Gilea, MA
   Lopes, JNC
   Rebelo, LPN
   Magee, JW
   Seddon, KR
   Widegren, JA
AF Earle, MJ
   Esperança, JMSS
   Gilea, MA
   Lopes, JNC
   Rebelo, LPN
   Magee, JW
   Seddon, KR
   Widegren, JA
TI The distillation and volatility of ionic liquids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vapor-pressure; temperature
AB It is widely believed that a defining characteristic of ionic liquids ( or low-temperature molten salts) is that they exert no measurable vapour pressure, and hence cannot be distilled(1,2.) Here we demonstrate that this is unfounded, and that many ionic liquids can be distilled at low pressure without decomposition. Ionic liquids represent matter solely composed of ions, and so are perceived as non-volatile substances. During the last decade, interest in the field of ionic liquids has burgeoned(3), producing a wealth of intellectual and technological challenges and opportunities for the production of new chemical and extractive processes(4-6), fuel cells and batteries(7), and new composite materials(8,9). Much of this potential is underpinned by their presumed involatility. This characteristic, however, can severely restrict the attainability of high purity levels for ionic liquids ( when they contain poorly volatile components) in recycling schemes, as well as excluding their use in gas-phase processes. We anticipate that our demonstration that some selected families of commonly used aprotic ionic liquids can be distilled at 200 - 300 degrees C and low pressure, with concomitant recovery of significant amounts of pure substance, will permit these currently excluded applications to be realized.
C1 Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol, P-2780901 Oeiras, Portugal.
   Queens Univ Belfast, QUILL Ctr, Belfast BT9 5AG, Antrim, North Ireland.
   Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.
C3 Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Queens University Belfast; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
RP Rebelo, LPN (corresponding author), Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol, Av Republ,Apartado 127, P-2780901 Oeiras, Portugal.
EM luis.rebelo@itqb.unl.pt
FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/D029538/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 21
TC 1896
Z9 2171
U1 5
U2 748
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 16
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7078
BP 831
EP 834
DI 10.1038/nature04451
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 012JA
UT WOS:000235333600046
PM 16482154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stengel, M
   Spaldin, NA
AF Stengel, Massimiliano
   Spaldin, Nicola A.
TI Origin of the dielectric dead layer in nanoscale capacitors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; thickness; constant; size; ferroelectricity
AB Capacitors are a mainstay of electronic integrated circuits and devices, where they perform essential functions such as storing electrical charge, and blocking direct current while allowing alternating currents to propagate. Because they are often the largest components in circuits, extensive efforts are directed at reducing their size through the use of high-permittivity insulators such as perovskite-structure SrTiO3 (refs 1, 2), which should provide more capacitance per unit area of device. Unfortunately, most experiments on thin-film SrTiO3 capacitors have yielded capacitance values that are orders of magnitude smaller than expected(3). The microscopic origin of this reduced capacitance, which is often discussed in terms of a low-permittivity interfacial 'dead layer'(4), is not well understood. Whether such a dead layer exists at all, and if so, whether it is an intrinsic property of an ideal metal-insulator interface or a result of processing issues such as defects and strains, are controversial questions. Here we present fully ab initio calculations of the dielectric properties of realistic SrRuO3/SrTiO3/SrRuO3 nanocapacitors, and show that the observed dramatic capacitance reduction is indeed an intrinsic effect. We demonstrate the existence of a dielectric dead layer by calculating the dielectric profile across the interface and analyse its origin by extracting the ionic and electronic contributions to the electrostatic screening. We establish a correspondence between the dead layer and the hardening of the collective SrTiO3 zone-centre polar modes, and determine the influence of the electrode by repeating our calculations for Pt/SrTiO3/Pt capacitors. Our results provide practical guidelines for minimizing the deleterious effects of the dielectric dead layer in nanoscale devices.
C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Stengel, M (corresponding author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA.
EM stengel@mrl.ucsb.edu
NR 29
TC 516
Z9 572
U1 6
U2 322
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 679
EP 682
DI 10.1038/nature05148
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500043
PM 17036000
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lunin, VV
   Dobrovetsky, E
   Khutoreskaya, G
   Zhang, RG
   Joachimiak, A
   Doyle, DA
   Bochkarev, A
   Maguire, ME
   Edwards, AM
   Koth, CM
AF Lunin, VV
   Dobrovetsky, E
   Khutoreskaya, G
   Zhang, RG
   Joachimiak, A
   Doyle, DA
   Bochkarev, A
   Maguire, ME
   Edwards, AM
   Koth, CM
TI Crystal structure of the CorA Mg2+ transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gated ion channels; magnesium transport; salmonella-typhimurium; transmembrane helices; potassium channel; conduction; membrane; proteins; receptor; homolog
AB The magnesium ion, Mg2+, is essential for myriad biochemical processes and remains the only major biological ion whose transport mechanisms remain unknown. The CorA family of magnesium transporters is the primary Mg2+ uptake system of most prokaryotes(1-3) and a functional homologue of the eukaryotic mitochondrial magnesium transporter(4). Here we determine crystal structures of the full-length Thermotoga maritima CorA in an apparent closed state and its isolated cytoplasmic domain at 3.9 angstrom and 1.85 angstrom resolution, respectively. The transporter is a funnel-shaped homopentamer with two transmembrane helices per monomer. The channel is formed by an inner group of five helices and putatively gated by bulky hydrophobic residues. The large cytoplasmic domain forms a funnel whose wide mouth points into the cell and whose walls are formed by five long helices that are extensions of the transmembrane helices. The cytoplasmic neck of the pore is surrounded, on the outside of the funnel, by a ring of highly conserved positively charged residues. Two negatively charged helices in the cytoplasmic domain extend back towards the membrane on the outside of the funnel and abut the ring of positive charge. An apparent Mg2+ ion was bound between monomers at a conserved site in the cytoplasmic domain, suggesting a mechanism to link gating of the pore to the intracellular concentration of Mg2+.
C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Banting & Best Dept Med Res, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Univ Toronto, Dept Med Genet & Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Struct Biol Ctr, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Argonne Natl Lab, Midwest Ctr Struct Genom, Biosci Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
   Botnar Res Ctr, Struct Genom Consortium, Oxford OX3 7LD, England.
   Banting & Best Inst, Struct Genom Consortium, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada.
   Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pharmacol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Argonne National Laboratory; University of Oxford; University of Toronto; Structural Genomics Consortium; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
RP Maguire, ME (corresponding author), Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, 112 Coll St, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada.
EM mem6@cwru.edu; aled.edwards@utoronto.ca
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [U54 GM074942] Funding Source: Medline
NR 25
TC 212
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 36
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 6
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7085
BP 833
EP 837
DI 10.1038/nature04642
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 029GH
UT WOS:000236548400049
PM 16598263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gross, O
   Gewies, A
   Finger, K
   Schäfer, M
   Sparwasser, T
   Peschel, C
   Forster, I
   Ruland, J
AF Gross, Olaf
   Gewies, Andreas
   Finger, Katrin
   Schaefer, Martin
   Sparwasser, Tim
   Peschel, Christian
   Forster, Irmgard
   Ruland, Juergen
TI Card9 controls a non-TLR signalling pathway for innate anti-fungal immunity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; toll-like receptor-2; beta-glucans; myd88-deficient mice; t-cell; activation; carma1; recognition; malt1; induction
AB Fungal infections are increasing worldwide due to the marked rise in immunodeficiencies including AIDS; however, immune responses to fungi are poorly understood. Dectin- 1 is the major mammalian pattern recognition receptor for the fungal component zymosan. Dectin- 1 represents the prototype of innate non- Toll- like receptors ( TLRs) containing immunoreceptor tyrosine- based activation motifs ( ITAMs) related to those of adaptive antigen receptors. Here we identify Card9 as a key transducer of Dectin- 1 signalling. Although being dispensable for TLR/ MyD88- induced responses, Card9 controls Dectin- 1- mediated myeloid cell activation, cytokine production and innate anti- fungal immunity. Card9 couples to Bcl10 and regulates Bcl10 - Malt1- mediated NF- kappa B activation induced by zymosan. Yet, Card9 is dispensable for antigen receptor signalling that uses Carma1 as a link to Bcl10 - Malt1. Thus, our results define a novel innate immune pathway and indicate that evolutionarily distinct ITAM receptors in innate and adaptive immune cells use diverse adaptor proteins to engage selectively the conserved Bcl10 - Malt1 module.
C1 Tech Univ Munich, Klinikum Rechts Isar, Med Klin 3, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
   Tech Univ Munich, Inst Med Mikrobiol Immunol & Hyg, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
C3 Technical University of Munich; Technical University of Munich
RP Ruland, J (corresponding author), Tech Univ Munich, Klinikum Rechts Isar, Med Klin 3, Ismaninger Str 22, D-81675 Munich, Germany.
EM jruland@lrz.tum.de
NR 30
TC 725
Z9 834
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 10
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7103
BP 651
EP 656
DI 10.1038/nature04926
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 071UU
UT WOS:000239630200037
PM 16862125
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herzberg, RD
   Greenlees, PT
   Butler, PA
   Jones, GD
   Venhart, M
   Darby, IG
   Eeckhaudt, S
   Eskola, K
   Grahn, T
   Gray-Jones, C
   Hessberger, FP
   Jones, P
   Julin, R
   Juutinen, S
   Ketelhut, S
   Korten, W
   Leino, M
   Leppänen, AP
   Moon, S
   Nyman, M
   Page, RD
   Pakarinen, J
   Pritchard, A
   Rahkila, P
   Sarén, J
   Scholey, C
   Steer, A
   Sun, Y
   Theisen, C
   Uusitalo, J
AF Herzberg, R. -D.
   Greenlees, P. T.
   Butler, P. A.
   Jones, G. D.
   Venhart, M.
   Darby, I. G.
   Eeckhaudt, S.
   Eskola, K.
   Grahn, T.
   Gray-Jones, C.
   Hessberger, F. P.
   Jones, P.
   Julin, R.
   Juutinen, S.
   Ketelhut, S.
   Korten, W.
   Leino, M.
   Leppanen, A. -P.
   Moon, S.
   Nyman, M.
   Page, R. D.
   Pakarinen, J.
   Pritchard, A.
   Rahkila, P.
   Saren, J.
   Scholey, C.
   Steer, A.
   Sun, Y.
   Theisen, Ch.
   Uusitalo, J.
TI Nuclear isomers in superheavy elements as stepping stones towards the island of stability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID states; fm-250; bands
AB A long-standing prediction of nuclear models is the emergence of a region of long-lived, or even stable, superheavy elements beyond the actinides. These nuclei owe their enhanced stability to closed shells in the structure of both protons and neutrons(1-3). However, theoretical approaches to date do not yield consistent predictions of the precise limits of the 'island of stability'; experimental studies are therefore crucial. The bulk of experimental effort so far has been focused on the direct creation of superheavy elements in heavy ion fusion reactions, leading to the production of elements up to proton number Z = 118 ( refs 4, 5). Recently, it has become possible to make detailed spectroscopic studies(6,7) of nuclei beyond fermium (Z = 100), with the aim of understanding the underlying single-particle structure of superheavy elements. Here we report such a study of the nobelium isotope 254 No, with 102 protons and 152 neutrons - the heaviest nucleus studied in this manner to date. We find three excited structures, two of which are isomeric (metastable). One of these structures is firmly assigned to a two-proton excitation. These states are highly significant as their location is sensitive to single-particle levels above the gap in shell energies predicted at Z = 114, and thus provide a microscopic benchmark for nuclear models of the superheavy elements.
C1 Univ Liverpool, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England.
   Univ Jyvaskyla, Dept Phys, FI-40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
   Comenius Univ, Dept Nucl Phys & Biophys, Bratislava 84248, Slovakia.
   Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys Sci, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
   Gesell Schwerionenforsch GSI, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
   CEA Saclay, DAPNIA SPhN, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
   Univ Notre Dame, Joint Inst Nucl Astrophys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
C3 University of Liverpool; University of Jyvaskyla; Comenius University Bratislava; University of Helsinki; Helmholtz Association; GSI Helmholtz-Center for Heavy Ion Research; CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; University of Notre Dame; University of Notre Dame
RP Herzberg, RD (corresponding author), Univ Liverpool, Dept Phys, Liverpool L69 7ZE, Merseyside, England.
EM rdh@ns.ph.liv.ac.uk
FU STFC [EP/D002257/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Science and Technology Facilities Council [EP/D002257/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 30
TC 205
Z9 225
U1 1
U2 33
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 24
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7105
BP 896
EP 899
DI 10.1038/nature05069
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 076LT
UT WOS:000239960500032
PM 16929293
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qian, SB
   McDonough, H
   Boellmann, F
   Cyr, DM
   Patterson, C
AF Qian, SB
   McDonough, H
   Boellmann, F
   Cyr, DM
   Patterson, C
TI CHIP-mediated stress recovery by sequential ubiquitination of substrates and Hsp70
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heat-shock factor-1; transcriptional activity; chaperone; protein; ligase; degradation; activation; protection; thermotolerance; identification
AB Exposure of cells to various stresses often leads to the induction of a group of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs, molecular chaperones)(1,2). Hsp70 is one of the most highly inducible molecular chaperones, but its expression must be maintained at low levels under physiological conditions to permit constitutive cellular activities to proceed(3,4). Heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is the transcriptional regulator of HSP gene expression(5), but it remains poorly understood how newly synthesized HSPs return to basal levels when HSF1 activity is attenuated. CHIP (carboxy terminus of Hsp70-binding protein), a dual-function co-chaperone/ubiquitin ligase, targets a broad range of chaperone substrates for proteasomal degradation(6-11). Here we show that CHIP not only enhances Hsp70 induction during acute stress but also mediates its turnover during the stress recovery process. Central to this dual-phase regulation is its substrate dependence: CHIP preferentially ubiquitinates chaperone-bound substrates, whereas degradation of Hsp70 by CHIP-dependent targeting to the ubiquitin-proteasome system occurs when misfolded substrates have been depleted. The sequential catalysis of the CHIP-associated chaperone adaptor and its bound substrate provides an elegant mechanism for maintaining homeostasis by tuning chaperone levels appropriately to reflect the status of protein folding within the cytoplasm.
C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Carolina Cardiovasc Biol Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
   Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina School of Medicine
RP Patterson, C (corresponding author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Carolina Cardiovasc Biol Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA.
EM cpatters@med.unc.edu
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM061728] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 317
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 551
EP 555
DI 10.1038/nature04600
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100060
PM 16554822
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Son, YW
   Cohen, ML
   Louie, SG
AF Son, Young-Woo
   Cohen, Marvin L.
   Louie, Steven G.
TI Half-metallic graphene nanoribbons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribbons; edge; ferromagnetism; electronics; graphite; systems; chains; state; gas
AB Electrical current can be completely spin polarized in a class of materials known as half- metals, as a result of the coexistence of metallic nature for electrons with one spin orientation and insulating nature for electrons with the other. Such asymmetric electronic states for the different spins have been predicted for some ferromagnetic metals - for example, the Heusler compounds(1) and were first observed in a manganese perovskite (2). In view of the potential for use of this property in realizing spin- based electronics, substantial efforts have been made to search for half-metallic materials(3,4). However, organic materials have hardly been investigated in this context even though carbon- based nanostructures hold significant promise for future electronic devices (5). Here we predict half- metallicity in nanometre- scale graphene ribbons by using first- principles calculations. We show that this phenomenon is realizable if in- plane homogeneous electric fields are applied across the zigzag- shaped edges of the graphene nanoribbons, and that their magnetic properties can be controlled by the external electric fields. The results are not only of scientific interest in the interplay between electric fields and electronic spin degree of freedom in solids 6,7 but may also open a new path to explore spintronics(3) at the nanometre scale, based on graphene(8 - 11).
C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Louie, SG (corresponding author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
EM sglouie@berkeley.edu
NR 30
TC 3869
Z9 4203
U1 9
U2 1535
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 347
EP 349
DI 10.1038/nature05180
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300043
PM 17108960
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU De La Rocha, CL
AF De La Rocha, Christina L.
TI Palaeoceanography - In hot water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID oxygen-isotope geochemistry; stable-isotopes; temperature; silicon; cherts
C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Columbusstr, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar & Marine Research
RP De La Rocha, CL (corresponding author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Columbusstr, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.
EM crocha@awi-bremerhaven.de
NR 11
TC 4
Z9 5
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 920
EP 921
DI 10.1038/443920a
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400034
PM 17066020
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frazao, C
   Mcvey, CE
   Amblar, M
   Barbas, A
   Vonrhein, C
   Arraiano, CM
   Carrondo, MA
AF Frazao, Carlos
   McVey, Colin E.
   Amblar, Monica
   Barbas, Ana
   Vonrhein, Clemens
   Arraiano, Cecilia M.
   Carrondo, Maria A.
TI Unravelling the dynamics of RNA degradation by ribonuclease II and its RNA-bound complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rnas; exosome; superfamily; mechanism; recognition; proteins; program; density; binding; domain
AB RNA degradation is a determining factor in the control of gene expression. The maturation, turnover and quality control of RNA is performed by many different classes of ribonucleases(1). Ribonuclease II (RNase II) is a major exoribonuclease that intervenes in all of these fundamental processes(1); it can act independently or as a component of the exosome, an essential RNA-degrading multiprotein complex(2). RNase II-like enzymes are found in all three kingdoms of life, but there are no structural data for any of the proteins of this family(1-5). Here we report the X-ray crystallographic structures of both the ligand-free (at 2.44 angstrom resolution) and RNA-bound (at 2.74 angstrom resolution) forms of Escherichia coli RNase II. In contrast to sequence predictions, the structures show that RNase II is organized into four domains: two cold-shock domains, one RNB catalytic domain, which has an unprecedented alpha beta-fold, and one S1 domain. The enzyme establishes contacts with RNA in two distinct regions, the 'anchor' and the 'catalytic' regions, which act synergistically to provide catalysis(6). The active site is buried within the RNB catalytic domain, in a pocket formed by four conserved sequence motifs. The structure shows that the catalytic pocket is only accessible to single-stranded RNA, and explains the specificity for RNA versus DNA cleavage. It also explains the dynamic mechanism of RNA degradation by providing the structural basis for RNA translocation and enzyme processivity. We propose a reaction mechanism for exonucleolytic RNA degradation involving key conserved residues. Our three-dimensional model corroborates all existing biochemical data for RNase II, and elucidates the general basis for RNA degradation. Moreover, it reveals important structural features that can be extrapolated to other members of this family.
C1 Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol, Div Biol Chem, P-2781901 Oeiras, Portugal.
   Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol, Div Biol, P-2781901 Oeiras, Portugal.
   Global Phasing Ltd, Cambridge CB3 0AX, England.
C3 Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Global Phasing Limited
RP Carrondo, MA (corresponding author), Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol, Div Biol Chem, Apt 127, P-2781901 Oeiras, Portugal.
EM cecilia@itqb.unl.pt; carrondo@itqb.unl.pt
NR 30
TC 197
Z9 234
U1 1
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 7
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7107
BP 110
EP 114
DI 10.1038/nature05080
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 081JM
UT WOS:000240313900050
PM 16957732
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kupfer, A
   Müller, H
   Antoniazzi, MM
   Jared, C
   Greven, H
   Nussbaum, RA
   Wilkinson, M
AF Kupfer, A
   Müller, H
   Antoniazzi, MM
   Jared, C
   Greven, H
   Nussbaum, RA
   Wilkinson, M
TI Parental investment by skin feeding in a caecilian amphibian
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reproductive modes; gymnophiona; biology; balance
AB Although the initial growth and development of most multicellular animals depends on the provision of yolk, there are many varied contrivances by which animals provide additional or alternative investment in their offspring(1). Providing offspring with additional nutrition should be favoured by natural selection when the consequent increased fitness of the young offsets any corresponding reduction in fecundity(2). Alternative forms of nutrition may allow parents to delay and potentially redirect their investment. Here we report a remarkable form of parental care and mechanism of parent-offspring nutrient transfer in a caecilian amphibian. Boulengerula taitanus is a direct-developing, oviparous caecilian(3), the skin of which is transformed in brooding females to provide a rich supply of nutrients for the developing offspring. Young animals are equipped with a specialized dentition, which they use to peel and eat the outer layer of their mother's modified skin. This new form of parental care provides a plausible intermediate stage in the evolution of viviparity in caecilians. At independence, offspring of viviparous and of oviparous dermatotrophic caecilians are relatively large despite being provided with relatively little yolk. The specialized dentition of skin-feeding (dermatophagous) caecilians may constitute a pre-adaptation to the fetal feeding on the oviduct lining of viviparous caecilians.
C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, London SW7 5BD, England.
   Leiden Univ, Inst Biol, NL-2311 GP Leiden, Netherlands.
   Inst Butantan, Lab Biol Celular, BR-05503900 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
   Univ Dusseldorf, Inst Zoomorphol & Zellbiol, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany.
   Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
   Univ Michigan, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
C3 Natural History Museum London; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; Leiden University; Instituto Butantan; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Wilkinson, M (corresponding author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Zool, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England.
EM mw@bmnh.org
NR 28
TC 96
Z9 112
U1 2
U2 75
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 926
EP 929
DI 10.1038/nature04403
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700039
PM 16612382
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McHardy, IM
   Koerding, E
   Knigge, C
   Uttley, P
   Fender, RP
AF McHardy, I. M.
   Koerding, E.
   Knigge, C.
   Uttley, P.
   Fender, R. P.
TI Active galactic nuclei as scaled-up Galactic black holes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray variability; long-term variability; seyfert 1 galaxy; power spectra; cygnus x-1; states; luminosity; evolution; ngc-5506; rxte
AB A long-standing question is whether active galactic nuclei (AGN) vary like Galactic black hole systems when appropriately scaled up by mass(1-3). If so, we can then determine how AGN should behave on cosmological timescales by studying the brighter and much faster varying Galactic systems. As X-ray emission is produced very close to the black holes, it provides one of the best diagnostics of their behaviour. A characteristic timescale - which potentially could tell us about the mass of the black hole - is found in the X-ray variations from both AGN and Galactic black holes(1-6), but whether it is physically meaningful to compare the two has been questioned(7). Here we report that, after correcting for variations in the accretion rate, the timescales can be physically linked, revealing that the accretion process is exactly the same for small and large black holes. Strong support for this linkage comes, perhaps surprisingly, from the permitted optical emission lines in AGN whose widths ( in both broad-line AGN and narrow-emission-line Seyfert 1 galaxies) correlate strongly with the characteristic X-ray timescale, exactly as expected from the AGN black hole masses and accretion rates. So AGN really are just scaled-up Galactic black holes.
C1 Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
   Univ Amsterdam, Astron Inst Anton Pannekoek, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
C3 University of Southampton; University of Amsterdam
RP McHardy, IM (corresponding author), Univ Southampton, Sch Phys & Astron, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England.
EM imh@astro.soton.ac.uk
FU Science and Technology Facilities Council [PP/D001013/1] Funding Source: researchfish; STFC [PP/D001013/1] Funding Source: UKRI
NR 30
TC 557
Z9 592
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 730
EP 732
DI 10.1038/nature05389
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100053
PM 17151661
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Aury, JM
   Jaillon, O
   Duret, L
   Noel, B
   Jubin, C
   Porcel, BM
   Ségurens, B
   Daubin, V
   Anthouard, V
   Aiach, N
   Arnaiz, O
   Billaut, A
   Beisson, J
   Blanc, I
   Bouhouche, K
   Câmara, F
   Duharcourt, S
   Guigo, R
   Gogendeau, D
   Katinka, M
   Keller, AM
   Kissmehl, R
   Klotz, C
   Koll, F
   Le Mouël, A
   Lepère, G
   Malinsky, S
   Nowacki, M
   Nowak, JK
   Plattner, H
   Poulain, J
   Ruiz, F
   Serrano, V
   Zagulski, M
   Dessen, P
   Bétermier, M
   Weissenbach, J
   Scarpelli, C
   Schächter, V
   Sperling, L
   Meyer, E
   Cohen, J
   Wincker, P
AF Aury, Jean-Marc
   Jaillon, Olivier
   Duret, Laurent
   Noel, Benjamin
   Jubin, Claire
   Porcel, Betina M.
   Segurens, Beatrice
   Daubin, Vincent
   Anthouard, Veronique
   Aiach, Nathalie
   Arnaiz, Olivier
   Billaut, Alain
   Beisson, Janine
   Blanc, Isabelle
   Bouhouche, Khaled
   Camara, Francisco
   Duharcourt, Sandra
   Guigo, Roderic
   Gogendeau, Delphine
   Katinka, Michael
   Keller, Anne-Marie
   Kissmehl, Roland
   Klotz, Catherine
   Koll, France
   Le Mouel, Anne
   Lepere, Gersende
   Malinsky, Sophie
   Nowacki, Mariusz
   Nowak, Jacek K.
   Plattner, Helmut
   Poulain, Julie
   Ruiz, Francoise
   Serrano, Vincent
   Zagulski, Marek
   Dessen, Philippe
   Betermier, Mireille
   Weissenbach, Jean
   Scarpelli, Claude
   Schaechter, Vincent
   Sperling, Linda
   Meyer, Eric
   Cohen, Jean
   Wincker, Patrick
TI Global trends of whole-genome duplications revealed by the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; phylogenetic analysis; maximum-likelihood; yeast genome; gene; evolution; arabidopsis; eukaryotes; sequences; elimination
AB The duplication of entire genomes has long been recognized as having great potential for evolutionary novelties, but the mechanisms underlying their resolution through gene loss are poorly understood. Here we show that in the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium tetraurelia, a ciliate, most of the nearly 40,000 genes arose through at least three successive whole-genome duplications. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the most recent duplication coincides with an explosion of speciation events that gave rise to the P. aurelia complex of 15 sibling species. We observed that gene loss occurs over a long timescale, not as an initial massive event. Genes from the same metabolic pathway or protein complex have common patterns of gene loss, and highly expressed genes are over-retained after all duplications. The conclusion of this analysis is that many genes are maintained after whole-genome duplication not because of functional innovation but because of gene dosage constraints.
C1 Genoscope, F-91057 Evry, France.
   CNRS, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.
   Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, Lab Biometrie & Biol Evolut, UMR 5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
   CNRS, Ctr Genet Mol, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
   Ecole Normale Super, Genet Mol Lab, CNRS, UMR 8541, F-75005 Paris, France.
   Univ Pompeu Fabra, Ctr Genom Regulat, Inst Municipal Invest Med, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
   Univ Konstanz, Dept Biol, D-78457 Constance, Germany.
   Polish Acad Sci, Inst Biochem & Biophys, DNA Sequencing Lab, PL-02106 Warsaw, Poland.
   Inst Gustave Roussy, Lab Genomes & Canc, FRE 2939, CNRS, F-94805 Villejuif, France.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - National Institute for Biology (INSB); CEA; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); VetAgro Sup; Universite Lyon 1; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS); Barcelona Institute of Science & Technology; Pompeu Fabra University; Centre de Regulacio Genomica (CRG); University of Konstanz; Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics - Polish Academy of Sciences; UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Wincker, P (corresponding author), Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux,CP5706, F-91057 Evry, France.
EM pwincker@genoscope.cns.fr
NR 48
TC 670
Z9 838
U1 1
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 171
EP 178
DI 10.1038/nature05230
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200033
PM 17086204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Low, HH
   Löwe, J
AF Low, Harry H.
   Loewe, Jan
TI A bacterial dynamin-like protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent conformational-changes; mechanochemical enzyme dynamin; gtp-binding proteins; crystal-structure; mitochondrial fusion; domain; homology; constriction; morphology; assembles
AB Dynamins form a superfamily of large mechano-chemical GTPases that includes the classical dynamins and dynamin-like proteins (DLPs)(1). They are found throughout the Eukarya, functioning in core cellular processes such as endocytosis and organelle division(1). Many bacteria are predicted by sequence to possess large GTPases with the same multidomain architecture that is found in DLPs(2). Mechanistic dissection of dynamin family members has been impeded by a lack of high-resolution structural data currently restricted to the GTPase(3,4) and pleckstrin homology(5) domains, and the dynamin-related human guanylate-binding protein(6). Here we present the crystal structure of a cyanobacterial DLP in both nucleotide-free and GDP-associated conformation. The bacterial DLP shows dynamin-like qualities, such as helical self-assembly and tubulation of a lipid bilayer. In vivo, it localizes to the membrane in a manner reminiscent of FZL(7), a chloroplast-specific dynamin-related protein with which it shares sequence similarity. Our results provide structural and mechanistic insight that may be relevant across the dynamin superfamily. Concurrently, we show compelling similarity between a cyanobacterial and chloroplast DLP that, given the endosymbiotic ancestry of chloroplasts(8), questions the evolutionary origins of dynamins.
C1 MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
RP Löwe, J (corresponding author), MRC, Mol Biol Lab, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England.
EM jyl@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105184326] Funding Source: researchfish; MRC [MC_U105184326] Funding Source: UKRI; Medical Research Council [MC_U105184326] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 189
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 7
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7120
BP 766
EP 769
DI 10.1038/nature05312
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 113EL
UT WOS:000242581100062
PM 17122778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schultz, PH
   Staid, MI
   Pieters, CM
AF Schultz, Peter H.
   Staid, Matthew I.
   Pieters, Carle M.
TI Lunar activity from recent gas release
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID clementine data; surface; maturity; craters; basalts; soils; moon; feo
AB Samples of material returned from the Moon have established that widespread lunar volcanism ceased about 3.2 Gyr ago. Crater statistics and degradation models indicate that last-gasp eruptions of thin basalt flows continued until less than 1.0 Gyr ago(1), but the Moon is now considered to be unaffected by internal processes today, other than weak tidally driven moonquakes(2) and young fault systems(3). It is therefore widely assumed that only impact craters have reshaped the lunar landscape over the past billion years. Here we report that patches of the lunar regolith in the Ina structure(2-5) were recently removed. The preservation state of relief, the number of superimposed small craters, and the 'freshness' ( spectral maturity) of the regolith together indicate that features within this structure must be as young as 10 Myr, and perhaps are still forming today. We propose that these features result from recent, episodic out-gassing from deep within the Moon. Such out-gassing probably contributed to the radiogenic gases detected during past lunar missions. Future monitoring ( including Earth-based observations) should reveal the composition of the gas, yielding important clues to volatiles archived at great depth over the past 4 - 4.5 Gyr.
C1 Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
   Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA.
C3 Brown University
RP Schultz, PH (corresponding author), Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
EM peter_schultz@brown.edu
NR 29
TC 76
Z9 82
U1 1
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 184
EP 186
DI 10.1038/nature05303
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200035
PM 17093445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maier, WD
   Andreoli, MAG
   McDonald, I
   Higgins, MD
   Boyce, AJ
   Shukolyukov, A
   Lugmair, GW
   Ashwal, LD
   Gräser, P
   Ripley, EM
   Hart, RJ
AF Maier, WD
   Andreoli, MAG
   McDonald, I
   Higgins, MD
   Boyce, AJ
   Shukolyukov, A
   Lugmair, GW
   Ashwal, LD
   Gräser, P
   Ripley, EM
   Hart, RJ
TI Discovery of a 25-cm asteroid clast in the giant Morokweng impact crater, South Africa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isotopic evidence; chicxulub; components; meteorite; melt
AB Meteorites provide a sample of Solar System bodies and so constrain the types of objects that have collided with Earth over time. Meteorites analysed to date, however, are unlikely to be representative of the entire population and it is also possible that changes in their nature have occurred with time(1). Large objects are widely believed to be completely melted or vaporized during high-angle impact with the Earth(2,3). Consequently, identification of large impactors relies on indirect chemical tracers, notably the platinum-group elements(4). Here we report the discovery of a large (25-cm), unaltered, fossil meteorite, and several smaller fragments within the impact melt of the giant (> 70 km diameter), 145-Myr-old Morokweng crater, South Africa. The large fragment ( clast) resembles an LL6 chondrite breccia, but contains anomalously iron-rich silicates, Fe-Ni sulphides, and no troilite or metal. It has chondritic chromium isotope ratios and identical platinum-group element ratios to the bulk impact melt. These features allow the unambiguous characterization of an impactor at a large crater. Furthermore, the unusual composition of the meteorite suggests that the Morokweng asteroid incorporated part of the LL chondrite parent body not represented by objects at present reaching the Earth.
C1 Univ Quebec Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, PQ G7H 2B1, Canada.
   Univ Pretoria, Dept Geol, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa.
   S African Nucl Energy Corp, ZA-0001 Pretoria, South Africa.
   Univ Witwatersrand, Sch Geosci, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Cardiff Univ, Sch Earth Ocean & Planetary Sci, Cardiff CF10 3YE, Wales.
   Scottish Univ Environm Res Ctr, E Kilbride G75 0QF, Lanark, Scotland.
   Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA.
   Indiana Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
   Ithemba LABS Gauteng, ZA-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
C3 University of Quebec; University of Quebec Chicoutimi; University of Pretoria; The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation SOC Limited (Necsa); University of Witwatersrand; Cardiff University; Scottish Universities Research & Reactor Center; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; National Research Foundation - South Africa; iThemba LABS
RP Maier, WD (corresponding author), Univ Quebec Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, PQ G7H 2B1, Canada.
EM wolfgang_maier@uqac.ca
FU NERC [icsf010001] Funding Source: UKRI; Natural Environment Research Council [icsf010001] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 33
TC 63
Z9 66
U1 3
U2 22
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 203
EP 206
DI 10.1038/nature04751
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800042
PM 16688173
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pelletier, L
   O'Toole, E
   Schwager, A
   Hyman, AA
   Müller-Reichert, T
AF Pelletier, Laurence
   O'Toole, Eileen
   Schwager, Anne
   Hyman, Anthony A.
   Mueller-Reichert, Thomas
TI Centriole assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; centrosome duplication; protein spd-2; cell-division; cycle; recruitment; genes; roles; sas-4; rnai
AB Centrioles are necessary for flagella and cilia formation(1,2), cytokinesis(3,4), cell-cycle control(5) and centrosome organization/ spindle assembly(6). They duplicate once per cell cycle, but the mechanisms underlying their duplication remain unclear. Here we show using electron tomography of staged C. elegans one-cell embryos that daughter centriole assembly begins with the formation and elongation of a central tube followed by the peripheral assembly of nine singlet microtubules. Tube formation and elongation is dependent on the SAS-5 and SAS-6 proteins, whereas the assembly of singlet microtubules onto the central tube depends on SAS-4. We further show that centriole assembly is triggered by an upstream signal mediated by SPD-2 and ZYG-1. These results define a structural pathway for the assembly of a daughter centriole and should have general relevance for future studies on centriole assembly in other organisms.
C1 Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
   Univ Colorado, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, Boulder Lab 3D Electron Microscopy Cells, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Pelletier, L (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Mol Cell Biol & Genet, Pfotenhauerstr 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
EM pelletie@mpi-cbg.de
NR 29
TC 323
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 619
EP 623
DI 10.1038/nature05318
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600048
PM 17136092
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miroshnychenko, Y
   Alt, W
   Dotsenko, I
   Förster, L
   Khudaverdyan, M
   Meschede, D
   Schrader, D
   Rauschenbeutel, A
AF Miroshnychenko, Yevhen
   Alt, Wolfgang
   Dotsenko, Igor
   Foerster, Leonid
   Khudaverdyan, Mkrtych
   Meschede, Dieter
   Schrader, Dominik
   Rauschenbeutel, Arno
TI An atom-sorting machine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scanning tunneling microscope; controlled collisions; single atoms; entanglement; manipulation
C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
C3 University of Bonn
RP Miroshnychenko, Y (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
EM arno.rauschenbeutel@iap.uni-bonn.de
NR 13
TC 109
Z9 124
U1 1
U2 20
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 151
EP 151
DI 10.1038/442151a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700034
PM 16838011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Srinivasan, M
   Ruina, A
AF Srinivasan, M
   Ruina, A
TI Computer optimization of a minimal biped model discovers walking and running
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotion; energetics; gaits; transition; speed
AB Although people's legs are capable of a broad range of muscle-use and gait patterns, they generally prefer just two. They walk, swinging their body over a relatively straight leg with each step, or run, bouncing up off a bent leg between aerial phases. Walking feels easiest when going slowly, and running feels easiest when going faster. More unusual gaits seem more tiring. Perhaps this is because walking and running use the least energy(1-7). Addressing this classic(1) conjecture with experiments(2,3) requires comparing walking and running with many other strange and unpractised gaits. As an alternative, a basic understanding of gait choice might be obtained by calculating energy cost by using mechanics-based models. Here we use a minimal model that can describe walking and running as well as an infinite variety of other gaits. We use computer optimization to find which gaits are indeed energetically optimal for this model. At low speeds the optimization discovers the classic inverted-pendulum walk(8-13), at high speeds it discovers a bouncing run(12,13), even without springs, and at intermediate speeds it finds a new pendular-running gait that includes walking and running as extreme cases.
C1 Cornell Univ, Biorobot & Locomot Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
C3 Cornell University
RP Srinivasan, M (corresponding author), Cornell Univ, Biorobot & Locomot Lab, 306 Kimball Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.
EM ms285@cornell.edu
NR 30
TC 431
Z9 550
U1 0
U2 116
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 5
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7072
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/nature04113
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 999HA
UT WOS:000234378700036
PM 16155564
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vignuzzi, M
   Stone, JK
   Arnold, JJ
   Cameron, CE
   Andino, R
AF Vignuzzi, M
   Stone, JK
   Arnold, JJ
   Cameron, CE
   Andino, R
TI Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent rna-polymerase; error catastrophe; virus; poliovirus; mutations; extinction; ribavirin; evolution; fidelity; mutants
AB An RNA virus population does not consist of a single genotype; rather, it is an ensemble of related sequences, termed quasispecies(1-4). Quasispecies arise from rapid genomic evolution powered by the high mutation rate of RNA viral replication(5-8). Although a high mutation rate is dangerous for a virus because it results in nonviable individuals, it has been hypothesized that high mutation rates create a 'cloud' of potentially beneficial mutations at the population level, which afford the viral quasispecies a greater probability to evolve and adapt to new environments and challenges during infection(4,9-11). Mathematical models predict that viral quasispecies are not simply a collection of diverse mutants but a group of interactive variants, which together contribute to the characteristics of the population(4,12). According to this view, viral populations, rather than individual variants, are the target of evolutionary selection(4,12). Here we test this hypothesis by examining the consequences of limiting genomic diversity on viral populations. We find that poliovirus carrying a high-fidelity polymerase replicates at wild-type levels but generates less genomic diversity and is unable to adapt to adverse growth conditions. In infected animals, the reduced viral diversity leads to loss of neurotropism and an attenuated pathogenic phenotype. Notably, using chemical mutagenesis to expand quasispecies diversity of the high-fidelity virus before infection restores neurotropism and pathogenesis. Analysis of viruses isolated from brain provides direct evidence for complementation between members in the quasispecies, indicating that selection indeed occurs at the population level rather than on individual variants. Our study provides direct evidence for a fundamental prediction of the quasispecies theory and establishes a link between mutation rate, population dynamics and pathogenesis.
C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
   Penn State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Andino, R (corresponding author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
EM andino@itsa.ucsf.edu
FU National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [R01AI045818] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; NIAID NIH HHS [N01 AI040085, R01 AI036178, R01 AI040085, U01 AI054776, R01 AI045818] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 857
Z9 1021
U1 1
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 19
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7074
BP 344
EP 348
DI 10.1038/nature04388
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 003LA
UT WOS:000234682100047
PM 16327776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bershtein, S
   Segal, M
   Bekerman, R
   Tokuriki, N
   Tawfik, DS
AF Bershtein, Shimon
   Segal, Michal
   Bekerman, Roy
   Tokuriki, Nobuhiko
   Tawfik, Dan S.
TI Robustness-epistasis link shapes the fitness landscape of a randomly drifting protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sexual reproduction; tolerance; evolution; substitutions; mutations; stability; view
AB The distribution of fitness effects of protein mutations is still unknown(1,2). Of particular interest is whether accumulating deleterious mutations interact, and how the resulting epistatic effects shape the protein's fitness landscape. Here we apply a model system in which bacterial fitness correlates with the enzymatic activity of TEM-1 beta-lactamase ( antibiotic degradation). Subjecting TEM-1 to random mutational drift and purifying selection ( to purge deleterious mutations) produced changes in its fitness landscape indicative of negative epistasis; that is, the combined deleterious effects of mutations were, on average, larger than expected from the multiplication of their individual effects. As observed in computational systems(3-5), negative epistasis was tightly associated with higher tolerance to mutations ( robustness). Thus, under a low selection pressure, a large fraction of mutations was initially tolerated ( high robustness), but as mutations accumulated, their fitness toll increased, resulting in the observed negative epistasis. These findings, supported by FoldX stability computations of the mutational effects(6), prompt a new model in which the mutational robustness ( or neutrality) observed in proteins, and other biological systems, is due primarily to a stability margin, or threshold, that buffers the deleterious physico-chemical effects of mutations on fitness. Threshold robustness is inherently epistatic - once the stability threshold is exhausted, the deleterious effects of mutations become fully pronounced, thereby making proteins far less robust than generally assumed.
C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Tawfik, DS (corresponding author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel.
EM tawfik@weizmann.ac.il
NR 22
TC 337
Z9 406
U1 1
U2 57
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 14
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7121
BP 929
EP 932
DI 10.1038/nature05385
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 116LW
UT WOS:000242805400056
PM 17122770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hochedlinger, K
   Jaenisch, R
AF Hochedlinger, Konrad
   Jaenisch, Rudolf
TI Nuclear reprogramming and pluripotency
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; primordial germ-cells; somatic-cells; cloned mice; gene-expression; mouse embryos; es cells; developmental regulators; enucleated oocytes; hybrid-cells
AB The cloning of mammals from differentiated donor cells has refuted the old dogma that development is an irreversible process. It has demonstrated that the oocyte can reprogramme an adult nucleus into an embryonic state that can direct development of a new organism. The prospect of deriving patient-specific embryonic stem cells by nuclear transfer underscores the potential use of this technology in regenerative medicine. The future challenge will be to study alternatives to nuclear transfer in order to recapitulate reprogramming in a Petri dish without the use of oocytes.
C1 MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   Whitehead Inst, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Jaenisch, R (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Biol, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA.
EM jaenisch@wi.mit.edu
NR 100
TC 367
Z9 496
U1 0
U2 37
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1061
EP 1067
DI 10.1038/nature04955
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500032
PM 16810240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Di Micco, R
   Fumagalli, M
   Cicalese, A
   Piccinin, S
   Gasparini, P
   Luise, C
   Schurra, C
   Garre, M
   Nuciforo, PG
   Bensimon, A
   Maestro, R
   Pelicci, PG
   di Fagagna, FD
AF Di Micco, Raffaella
   Fumagalli, Marzia
   Cicalese, Angelo
   Piccinin, Sara
   Gasparini, Patrizia
   Luise, Chiara
   Schurra, Catherine
   Garre, Massimiliano
   Nuciforo, Paolo Giovanni
   Bensimon, Aaron
   Maestro, Roberta
   Pelicci, Pier Giuseppe
   di Fagagna, Fabrizio d'Adda
TI Oncogene-induced senescence is a DNA damage response triggered by DNA hyper-replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-cells; genomic instability; genetic instability; cellular senescence; ha-ras; p53; cycle; cdc6; rereplication; tumorigenesis
AB Early tumorigenesis is associated with the engagement of the DNA-damage checkpoint response(DDR)(1,2). Cell proliferation and transformation induced by oncogene activation are restrained by cellular senescence(3-6). It is unclear whether DDR activation and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) are causally linked. Here we show that senescence, triggered by the expression of an activated oncogene (H-RasV12) in normal human cells, is a consequence of the activation of a robust DDR. Experimental inactivation of DDR abrogates OIS and promotes cell transformation. DDR and OIS are established after a hyper-replicative phase occurring immediately after oncogene expression. Senescent cells arrest with partly replicated DNA and with DNA replication origins having fired multiple times. In vivo DNA labelling and molecular DNA combing reveal that oncogene activation leads to augmented numbers of active replicons and to alterations in DNA replication fork progression. We also show that oncogene expression does not trigger a DDR in the absence of DNA replication. Last, we show that oncogene activation is associated with DDR activation in a mouse model in vivo. We propose that OIS results from the enforcement of a DDR triggered by oncogene-induced DNA hyper-replication.
C1 IFOM Fdn, FIRC Inst Mol Oncol Fdn, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
   European Inst Oncol, Dept Expt Oncol, I-20141 Milan, Italy.
   Ctr Riferimento Oncol, IRCCS, I-33081 Aviano, Italy.
   Inst Pasteur, Genome Stabil Unit, F-75724 Paris, France.
   Genom Vis, F-75724 Paris, France.
C3 IFOM - FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; IRCCS European Institute of Oncology (IEO); IRCCS Aviano (CRO); Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
RP di Fagagna, FD (corresponding author), IFOM Fdn, FIRC Inst Mol Oncol Fdn, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
EM fabrizio.dadda@ifom-ieo-campus.it
NR 29
TC 1480
Z9 1753
U1 1
U2 99
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 30
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7119
BP 638
EP 642
DI 10.1038/nature05327
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 110KK
UT WOS:000242377600052
PM 17136094
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Satoh-Nagasawa, N
   Nagasawa, N
   Malcomber, S
   Sakai, H
   Jackson, D
AF Satoh-Nagasawa, N
   Nagasawa, N
   Malcomber, S
   Sakai, H
   Jackson, D
TI A trehalose metabolic enzyme controls inflorescence architecture in maize
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; trehalose-6-phosphate; genes; growth; shoot; identification; biosynthesis; accumulation; phosphatases; 6-phosphate
AB Inflorescence branching is a major yield trait in crop plants controlled by the developmental fate of axillary shoot meristems(1). Variations in branching patterns lead to diversity in flower-bearing architectures ( inflorescences) and affect crop yield by influencing seed number or harvesting ability(2,3). Several growth regulators such as auxins, cytokinins and carotenoid derivatives regulate branching architectures(4). Inflorescence branching in maize is regulated by three RAMOSA genes(5). Here we show that one of these genes, RAMOSA3 (RA3), encodes a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase expressed in discrete domains subtending axillary inflorescence meristems. Genetic and molecular data indicate that RA3 functions through the predicted transcriptional regulator RAMOSA1 (RA1)(5). We propose that RA3 regulates inflorescence branching by modification of a sugar signal that moves into axillary meristems. Alternatively, the fact that RA3 acts upstream of RA1 supports a hypothesis that RA3 itself may have a transcriptional regulatory function.
C1 Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
   DuPont Crop Genet Expt Stn E353, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA.
   Univ Missouri, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63121 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; DuPont; DuPont USA; University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Saint Louis
RP Jackson, D (corresponding author), Cold Spring Harbor Lab, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA.
EM jacksond@cshl.edu
NR 27
TC 366
Z9 441
U1 3
U2 140
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 11
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7090
BP 227
EP 230
DI 10.1038/nature04725
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 040YP
UT WOS:000237418800048
PM 16688177
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ma, KF
   Tanaka, H
   Song, SR
   Wang, CY
   Hung, JH
   Tsai, YB
   Mori, J
   Song, YF
   Yeh, EC
   Soh, W
   Sone, H
   Kuo, LW
   Wu, HY
AF Ma, Kuo-Fong
   Tanaka, Hidemi
   Song, Sheng-Rong
   Wang, Chien-Ying
   Hung, Jih-Hao
   Tsai, Yi-Ben
   Mori, Jim
   Song, Yen-Fang
   Yeh, Eh-Chao
   Soh, Wonn
   Sone, Hiroki
   Kuo, Li-Wei
   Wu, Hung-Yu
TI Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1999 chi-chi; seismic slip; gouge; lubrication; rupture
AB Determining the seismic fracture energy during an earthquake and understanding the associated creation and development of a fault zone requires a combination of both seismological and geological field data(1). The actual thickness of the zone that slips during the rupture of a large earthquake is not known and is a key seismological parameter in understanding energy dissipation, rupture processes and seismic efficiency. The 1999 magnitude 7.7 earthquake in Chi-Chi, Taiwan, produced large slip (8 to 10 metres) at or near the surface(2), which is accessible to borehole drilling and provides a rare opportunity to sample a fault that had large slip in a recent earthquake. Here we present the retrieved cores from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project and identify the main slip zone associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake. The surface fracture energy estimated from grain sizes in the gouge zone of the fault sample was directly compared to the seismic fracture energy determined from near-field seismic data(3,4). From the comparison, the contribution of gouge surface energy to the earthquake breakdown work is quantified to be 6 per cent.
C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan.
   Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Tokyo 1130033, Japan.
   Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Geosci, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
   Kyoto Univ, Disaster Prevent Res Inst, Kyoto 6110011, Japan.
   Natl Synchrotron Radiat Res Ctr, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.
   Agcy Marine Earth Sci & Technol, Kochi Inst Core Sample Res, Kochi 7838502, Japan.
   Kyoto Univ, Dept Geol & Mineraol, Kyoto 6068501, Japan.
C3 National Central University; University of Tokyo; National Taiwan University; Kyoto University; National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science & Technology (JAMSTEC); Kyoto University
RP Ma, KF (corresponding author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Chungli 32054, Taiwan.
EM fong@earth.ncu.edu.tw
NR 30
TC 211
Z9 248
U1 3
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 23
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7118
BP 473
EP 476
DI 10.1038/nature05253
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 108BQ
UT WOS:000242215700043
PM 17122854
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, JL
   Rao, S
   Chu, JL
   Shen, XH
   Levasseur, DN
   Theunissen, TW
   Orkin, SH
AF Wang, Jianlong
   Rao, Sridhar
   Chu, Jianlin
   Shen, Xiaohua
   Levasseur, Dana N.
   Theunissen, Thorold W.
   Orkin, Stuart H.
TI A protein interaction network for pluripotency of embryonic stem cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factors; poz/btb protein; mouse embryos; es cells; nanog; gene; expression; complex; differentiation; cultures
AB Embryonic stem ( ES) cells are pluripotent(1,2) and of therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine(3,4). Understanding pluripotency at the molecular level should illuminate fundamental properties of stem cells and the process of cellular reprogramming. Through cell fusion the embryonic cell phenotype can be imposed on somatic cells, a process promoted by the homeodomain protein Nanog(5), which is central to the maintenance of ES cell pluripotency(6,7). Nanog is thought to function in concert with other factors such as Oct4 ( ref. 8) and Sox2 ( ref. 9) to establish ES cell identity. Here we explore the protein network in which Nanog operates in mouse ES cells. Using affinity purification of Nanog under native conditions followed by mass spectrometry, we have identified physically associated proteins. In an iterative fashion we also identified partners of several Nanog- associated proteins ( including Oct4), validated the functional relevance of selected newly identified components and constructed a protein interaction network. The network is highly enriched for nuclear factors that are individually critical for maintenance of the ES cell state and co- regulated on differentiation. The network is linked to multiple co- repressor pathways and is composed of numerous proteins whose encoding genes are putative direct transcriptional targets of its members. This tight protein network seems to function as a cellular module dedicated to pluripotency.
C1 Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Harvard Stem Cell Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
   Howard Hughes Med Inst, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Orkin, SH (corresponding author), Childrens Hosp, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
EM stuart_orkin@dfci.harvard.edu
NR 28
TC 896
Z9 1093
U1 0
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 16
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7117
BP 364
EP 368
DI 10.1038/nature05284
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 105GL
UT WOS:000242018300048
PM 17093407
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scadden, DT
AF Scadden, DT
TI The stem-cell niche as an entity of action
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hematopoietic stem; bone-marrow; self-renewal; drosophila ovary; progenitor cells; peripheral-blood; vascular niche; beta-catenin; tenascin-c; germ-cells
AB Stem-cell populations are established in 'niches'-specific anatomic locations that regulate how they participate in tissue generation, maintenance and repair. The niche saves stem cells from depletion, while protecting the host from over-exuberant stem-cell proliferation. It constitutes a basic unit of tissue physiology, integrating signals that mediate the balanced response of stem cells to the needs of organisms. Yet the niche may also induce pathologies by imposing aberrant function on stem cells or other targets. The interplay between stem cells and their niche creates the dynamic system necessary for sustaining tissues, and for the ultimate design of stem-cell therapeutics.
C1 Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Regenerat Med, Stem Cell Inst, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
RP Scadden, DT (corresponding author), Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Ctr Regenerat Med, Stem Cell Inst, 185 Cambridge St,CPZN-4265A, Boston, MA 02114 USA.
EM scadden.david@mgh.harvard.edu
NR 55
TC 1452
Z9 1787
U1 0
U2 199
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 28
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7097
BP 1075
EP 1079
DI 10.1038/nature04957
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 057SM
UT WOS:000238615500034
PM 16810242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loose, C
   Jensen, K
   Rigoutsos, I
   Stephanopoulos, G
AF Loose, Christopher
   Jensen, Kyle
   Rigoutsos, Isidore
   Stephanopoulos, Gregory
TI A linguistic model for the rational design of antimicrobial peptides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequences; membrane; database
AB Antimicrobial peptides (AmPs) are small proteins that are used by the innate immune system to combat bacterial infection in multicellular eukaryotes(1). There is mounting evidence that these peptides are less susceptible to bacterial resistance than traditional antibiotics and could form the basis for a new class of therapeutic agents(2). Here we report the rational design of new AmPs that show limited homology to naturally occurring proteins but have strong bacteriostatic activity against several species of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. These peptides were designed using a linguistic model of natural AmPs: we treated the amino-acid sequences of natural AmPs as a formal language and built a set of regular grammars to describe this language. We used this set of grammars to create new, unnatural AmP sequences. Our peptides conform to the formal syntax of natural antimicrobial peptides but populate a previously unexplored region of protein sequence space.
C1 MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Harvard MIT Div Hlth Sci & Technol, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   Agrivida, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   IBM Corp, Div Res, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA
RP Stephanopoulos, G (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM gregstep@mit.edu
NR 19
TC 199
Z9 245
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 19
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7113
BP 867
EP 869
DI 10.1038/nature05233
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 096FJ
UT WOS:000241362700054
PM 17051220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Willig, KI
   Rizzoli, SO
   Westphal, V
   Jahn, R
   Hell, SW
AF Willig, KI
   Rizzoli, SO
   Westphal, V
   Jahn, R
   Hell, SW
TI STED microscopy reveals that synaptotagmin remains clustered after synaptic vesicle exocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog neuromuscular junction; hippocampal synapses; fluorescence microscopy; stimulated-emission; endocytosis; resolution; membrane; transmitter; release; domain
AB Synaptic transmission is mediated by neurotransmitters that are stored in synaptic vesicles and released by exocytosis upon activation. The vesicle membrane is then retrieved by endocytosis, and synaptic vesicles are regenerated and re-filled with neurotransmitter(1). Although many aspects of vesicle recycling are understood, the fate of the vesicles after fusion is still unclear. Do their components diffuse on the plasma membrane, or do they remain together? This question has been difficult to answer because synaptic vesicles are too small (similar to 40 nm in diameter) and too densely packed to be resolved by available fluorescence microscopes. Here we use stimulated emission depletion (STED)(2) to reduce the focal spot area by about an order of magnitude below the diffraction limit, thereby resolving individual vesicles in the synapse. We show that synaptotagmin I, a protein resident in the vesicle membrane, remains clustered in isolated patches on the presynaptic membrane regardless of whether the nerve terminals are mildly active or intensely stimulated. This suggests that at least some vesicle constituents remain together during recycling. Our study also demonstrates that questions involving cellular structures with dimensions of a few tens of nanometres can be resolved with conventional far-field optics and visible light.
C1 Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Neurobiol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Nanobiophoton, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
RP Jahn, R (corresponding author), Max Planck Inst Biophys Chem, Dept Neurobiol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany.
EM rjahn@gwdg.de
NR 26
TC 948
Z9 1117
U1 19
U2 505
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 13
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7086
BP 935
EP 939
DI 10.1038/nature04592
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 031WU
UT WOS:000236736700041
PM 16612384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonetta, L
AF Bonetta, L
TI An expression of interest
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 5
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 27
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7088
BP 1233
EP +
DI 10.1038/4401233a
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 036OG
UT WOS:000237080000054
PM 16642003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bertoldi, F
   Altenhoff, W
   Weiss, A
   Menten, KM
   Thum, C
AF Bertoldi, F
   Altenhoff, W
   Weiss, A
   Menten, KM
   Thum, C
TI The trans-neptunian object UB313 is larger than Pluto
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The most distant known object in the Solar System, 2003 UB313 ( 97 AU from the Sun), was recently discovered near its aphelion(1). Its high eccentricity and inclination to the ecliptic plane, along with its perihelion near the orbit of Neptune, identify it as a member of the 'scattered disk'. This disk of bodies probably originates in the Kuiper belt objects, which orbit near the ecliptic plane in circular orbits between 30 and 50 AU, and may include Pluto as a member. The optical brightness of 2003 UB313, if adjusted to Pluto's distance, is greater than that of Pluto, which suggested that it might be larger than Pluto(2). The actual size, however, could not be determined from the optical measurements because the surface reflectivity ( albedo) was unknown. Here we report observations of the thermal emission of 2003 UB313 at a wavelength of 1.2 mm, which in combination with the measured optical brightness leads to a diameter of 3,000 +/- 300 +/- 100 km. Here the first error reflects measurement uncertainties, while the second derives from the unknown object orientation. This makes 2003 UB313 the largest known trans-neptunian object, even larger than Pluto ( 2,300 km)(3). The albedo is 0.60 +/- 0.10 +/- 0.05, which is strikingly similar to that of Pluto, suggesting that the methane seen in the optical spectrum(2) causes a highly reflective icy surface.
C1 Univ Bonn, Argelander Inst Astron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
   Inst Radio Astron Millimetr, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France.
C3 University of Bonn; Max Planck Society
RP Bertoldi, F (corresponding author), Univ Bonn, Argelander Inst Astron, Hugel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
EM bertoldi@astro.uni-bonn.de
NR 13
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 2
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7076
BP 563
EP 564
DI 10.1038/nature04494
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 008IO
UT WOS:000235033900034
PM 16452973
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chávez, AE
   Singer, JH
   Diamond, JS
AF Chavez, Andres E.
   Singer, Joshua H.
   Diamond, Jeffrey S.
TI Fast neurotransmitter release triggered by Ca influx through AMPA-type glutamate receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammalian ribbon synapse; rod bipolar cells; amacrine cells; rat retina; accumulating neurons; rabbit retina; calcium; a17; inhibition; terminals
AB Feedback inhibition at reciprocal synapses between A17 amacrine cells and rod bipolar cells (RBCs) shapes light-evoked responses in the retina(1-3). Glutamate-mediated excitation of A17 cells elicits GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-mediated inhibitory feedback onto RBCs4-6, but the mechanisms that underlie GABA release from the dendrites of A17 cells are unknown. If, as observed at all other synapses studied, voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) couple membrane depolarization to neurotransmitter release(7), feedforward excitatory postsynaptic potentials could spread through A17 dendrites to elicit 'surround' feedback inhibitory transmission at neighbouring synapses. Here we show, however, that GABA release from A17 cells in the rat retina does not depend on VGCCs or membrane depolarization. Instead, calcium-permeable AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid) receptors (AMPARs), activated by glutamate released from RBCs, provide the calcium influx necessary to trigger GABA release from A17 cells. The AMPAR-mediated calcium signal is amplified by calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) from intracellular calcium stores. These results describe a fast synapse that operates independently of VGCCs and membrane depolarization and reveal a previously unknown form of feedback inhibition within a neural circuit.
C1 NINDS, Synapt Physiol Unit, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Diamond, JS (corresponding author), NINDS, Synapt Physiol Unit, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
EM diamondj@ninds.nih.gov
FU NINDS NIH HHS [K22 NS043365] Funding Source: Medline; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 705
EP 708
DI 10.1038/nature05123
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500049
PM 17036006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chin, JK
   Miller, DE
   Liu, Y
   Stan, C
   Setiawan, W
   Sanner, C
   Xu, K
   Ketterle, W
AF Chin, J. K.
   Miller, D. E.
   Liu, Y.
   Stan, C.
   Setiawan, W.
   Sanner, C.
   Xu, K.
   Ketterle, W.
TI Evidence for superfluidity of ultracold fermions in an optical lattice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bose-einstein condensate; gas; atoms; interference; pairs
AB The study of superfluid fermion pairs in a periodic potential has important ramifications for understanding superconductivity in crystalline materials. By using cold atomic gases, various models of condensed matter can be studied in a highly controllable environment. Weakly repulsive fermions in an optical lattice could undergo d-wave pairing(1) at low temperatures, a possible mechanism for high temperature superconductivity in the copper oxides(2). The lattice potential could also strongly increase the critical temperature for s-wave superfluidity. Recent experimental advances in bulk atomic gases include the observation of fermion-pair condensates and high-temperature superfluidity(3-8). Experiments with fermions(9-11) and bosonic bound pairs(12,13) in optical lattices have been reported but have not yet addressed superfluid behaviour. Here we report the observation of distinct interference peaks when a condensate of fermionic atom pairs is released from an optical lattice, implying long-range order ( a property of a superfluid). Conceptually, this means that s-wave pairing and coherence of fermion pairs have now been established in a lattice potential, in which the transport of atoms occurs by quantum mechanical tunnelling and not by simple propagation. These observations were made for interactions on both sides of a Feshbach resonance. For larger lattice depths, the coherence was lost in a reversible manner, possibly as a result of a transition from superfluid to insulator. Such strongly interacting fermions in an optical lattice can be used to study a new class of hamiltonians with interband and atom - molecule couplings(14).
C1 MIT, Dept Phys, MIT Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atom, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Chin, JK (corresponding author), MIT, Dept Phys, MIT Harvard Ctr Ultracold Atom, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA.
EM jitkee@mit.edu
NR 30
TC 336
Z9 373
U1 2
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 961
EP 964
DI 10.1038/nature05224
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400047
PM 17066028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rohrer, F
   Berresheim, H
AF Rohrer, Franz
   Berresheim, Harald
TI Strong correlation between levels of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals and solar ultraviolet radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-induced fluorescence; atmospheric chemistry; boundary-layer; oh; ho2; ozone
AB The most important chemical cleaning agent of the atmosphere is the hydroxyl radical(1,2), OH. It determines the oxidizing power of the atmosphere, and thereby controls the removal of nearly all gaseous atmospheric pollutants(3,4). The atmospheric supply of OH is limited, however, and could be overcome by consumption due to increasing pollution and climate change(4-6), with detrimental feedback effects. To date, the high variability of OH concentrations has prevented the use of local observations to monitor possible trends in the concentration of this species. Here we present and analyse long-term measurements of atmospheric OH concentrations, which were taken between 1999 and 2003 at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg in southern Germany. We find that the concentration of OH can be described by a surprisingly linear dependence on solar ultraviolet radiation throughout the measurement period, despite the fact that OH concentrations are influenced by thousands of reactants. A detailed numerical model of atmospheric reactions and measured trace gas concentrations indicates that the observed correlation results from compensations between individual processes affecting OH, but that a full understanding of these interactions may not be possible on the basis of our current knowledge of atmospheric chemistry. As a consequence of the stable relationship between OH concentrations and ultraviolet radiation that we observe, we infer that there is no long-term trend in the level of OH in the Hohenpeissenberg data set.
C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst ICG Troposphare 2, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
   German Natl Meteorol Serv, DWD, MOHp, D-82383 Hohenpeissenberg, Germany.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Julich Research Centre
RP Rohrer, F (corresponding author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst ICG Troposphare 2, Postfach 1913, D-52425 Julich, Germany.
EM f.rohrer@fz-juelich.de; harald.berresheim@dwd.de
NR 29
TC 304
Z9 345
U1 9
U2 232
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 13
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7099
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/nature04924
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 062XJ
UT WOS:000238979700043
PM 16838018
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qvarnström, A
   Brommer, JE
   Gustafsson, L
AF Qvarnström, A
   Brommer, JE
   Gustafsson, L
TI Testing the genetics underlying the co-evolution of mate choice and ornament in the wild
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID secondary sexual character; collared flycatcher; mating preferences; female preference; male competition; badge size; selection; evolution; fitness; heritability
AB One of the most debated questions in evolutionary biology is whether female choice of males with exaggerated sexual displays can evolve as a correlated response to selection acting on genes coding for male attractiveness or high overall viability. To date, empirical studies have provided support for parts of this scenario(1), but evidence for all key genetic components in a natural population is lacking. Here we use animal-model quantitative genetic analysis(2,3) on data from over 8,500 collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) followed for 24 years to quantify all of the key genetic requirements of both fisherian(4,5) and 'good-genes' models(6,7) on sexual selection in the wild. We found significant additive genetic variances of all the main components: male ornament (forehead patch size), female mate choice for this ornament, male fitness and female fitness. However, when the necessary genetic correlations between these components were taken into account, the estimated strength of indirect sexual selection on female mate choice was negligible. Our results show that the combined effect of environmental influences on several components reduces the potential for indirect sexual selection in the wild. This study provides insight into the field of sexual selection by showing that genes coding for mate choice for an ornament probably evolve by their own pathways instead of 'hitchhiking' with genes coding for the ornament.
C1 Uppsala Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
   Univ Helsinki, Bird Ecol Unit, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
C3 Uppsala University; University of Helsinki
RP Qvarnström, A (corresponding author), Uppsala Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
NR 30
TC 177
Z9 191
U1 1
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 4
PY 2006
VL 441
IS 7089
BP 84
EP 86
DI 10.1038/nature04564
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 038TB
UT WOS:000237248600037
PM 16672970
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tarlinton, RE
   Meers, J
   Young, PR
AF Tarlinton, Rachael E.
   Meers, Joanne
   Young, Paul R.
TI Retroviral invasion of the koala genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germ-line integration; endogenous retrovirus; identification; provirus
AB Endogenous retroviruses are a common ancestral feature of mammalian genomes with most having been inactivated over time through mutation and deletion(1). A group of more intact endogenous retroviruses are considered to have entered the genomes of some species more recently, through infection by exogenous viruses(2), but this event has never been directly proved. We have previously reported koala retrovirus (KoRV) to be a functional virus that is associated with neoplasia(3). Here we show that KoRV also shows features of a recently inserted endogenous retrovirus that is vertically transmitted. The finding that some isolated koala populations have not yet incorporated KoRV into their genomes, combined with its high level of activity and variability in individual koalas, suggests that KoRV is a virus in transition between an exogenous and endogenous element. This ongoing dynamic interaction with a wild species provides an exciting opportunity to study the process and consequences of retroviral endogenization in action, and is an attractive model for studying the evolutionary event in which a retrovirus invades a mammalian genome.
C1 Univ Queensland, Sch Mol & Microbial Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
   Univ Queensland, Sch Vet Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
C3 University of Queensland; University of Queensland
RP Young, PR (corresponding author), Univ Queensland, Sch Mol & Microbial Sci, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
EM p.young@uq.edu.au
NR 21
TC 287
Z9 317
U1 1
U2 91
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 6
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7098
BP 79
EP 81
DI 10.1038/nature04841
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 059HS
UT WOS:000238724500040
PM 16823453
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Karbowski, M
   Norris, KL
   Cleland, MM
   Jeong, SY
   Youle, RJ
AF Karbowski, Mariusz
   Norris, Kristi L.
   Cleland, Megan M.
   Jeong, Seon-Yong
   Youle, Richard J.
TI Role of Bax and Bak in mitochondrial morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-survival; apoptosis; fusion; dynamics; division; fission; death; activation; protein; absence
AB Bcl-2 family proteins are potent regulators of programmed cell death. Although their intracellular localization to mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum has focused research on these organelles, how they function remains unknown. Two members of the Bcl-2 family, Bax and Bak, change intracellular location early in the promotion of apoptosis to concentrate in focal clusters at sites of mitochondrial division. Here we report that in healthy cells Bax or Bak is required for normal fusion of mitochondria into elongated tubules. Bax seems to induce mitochondrial fusion by activating assembly of the large GTPase Mfn2 and changing its submitochondrial distribution and membrane mobility properties that correlate with different GTP-bound states of Mfn2. Our results show that Bax and Bak regulate mitochondrial dynamics in healthy cells and indicate that Bcl-2 family members may also regulate apoptosis through organelle morphogenesis machineries.
C1 NINCDS, Biochem Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
RP Karbowski, M (corresponding author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Med Biotechnol, UMBI Bldg,725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
EM karbowsm@ninds.nih.gov; youler@ninds.nih.gov
FU National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [ZIANS002859] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER; Intramural NIH HHS Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 541
Z9 654
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 12
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7112
BP 658
EP 662
DI 10.1038/nature05111
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 093HX
UT WOS:000241160500038
PM 17035996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yoshino, T
   Matsuzaki, T
   Yamashita, S
   Katsura, T
AF Yoshino, Takashi
   Matsuzaki, Takuya
   Yamashita, Shigeru
   Katsura, Tomoo
TI Hydrous olivine unable to account for conductivity anomaly at the top of the asthenosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electrical-conductivity; peridotite klb-1; partial-melt; water; mantle; solubility; wadsleyite; diffusion; storage; gpa
AB The oceanic asthenosphere is observed to have high electrical conductivity, which is highly anisotropic in some locations(1,2). In the directions parallel and normal to the plate motion, the conductivity is of the order of 10(-1) and 10(-2) Sm-1, respectively, which cannot be explained by the conductivity of anhydrous olivine(2). But because hydrogen can be incorporated in olivine at mantle pressures(3-5), this observation has been attributed to olivine hydration, which might cause anisotropically high conductivity by proton migration(1,2,6,7). To examine this hypothesis, here we report the effect of water on electrical conductivity and its anisotropy for hydrogen-doped and undoped olivine at 500 - 1,500 K and 3 GPa. The hydrous olivine has much higher conductivity and lower activation energy than anhydrous olivine in the investigated temperature range. Nevertheless, extrapolation of the experimental results suggests that conductivity of hydrous olivine at the top of the asthenosphere should be nearly isotropic and only of the order of 10(-2) Sm-1. Our data indicate that the hydration of olivine cannot account for the geophysical observations(2), which instead may be explained by the presence of partial melt elongated in the direction of plate motion.
C1 Okayama Univ, Inst Study Earths Interior, Tottori 6820193, Japan.
C3 Okayama University
RP Yoshino, T (corresponding author), Okayama Univ, Inst Study Earths Interior, Tottori 6820193, Japan.
EM tyoshino@misasa.okayama-u.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 244
Z9 278
U1 0
U2 71
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 26
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7114
BP 973
EP 976
DI 10.1038/nature05223
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 098LZ
UT WOS:000241523400050
PM 17066031
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakamaki, T
   Suzuki, A
   Ohtani, E
AF Sakamaki, T
   Suzuki, A
   Ohtani, E
TI Stability of hydrous melt at the base of the Earth's upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-pressure; olivine flotation; peridotite melt; elastic-moduli; 25 gpa; density; liquid; h2o; temperature; diamond
AB Seismological observations have revealed the existence of low-velocity and high-attenuation zones above the discontinuity at 410 km depth, at the base of the Earth's upper mantle(1,2). It has been suggested that a small amount of melt could be responsible for such anomalies(3-5). The density of silicate melt under dry conditions has been measured at high pressure(4,6-13) and found to be denser than the surrounding solid, thereby allowing the melt to remain at depth. But no experimental investigation of the density of hydrous melt has yet been carried out. Here we present data constraining the density of hydrous basaltic melt under pressure to examine the stability of melt above the 410-km discontinuity. We infer that hydrous magma formed by partial melting above the 410-km discontinuity may indeed be gravitationally stable, thereby supporting the idea that low-velocity or high-attentuation regions just above the mantle transition zone may result from the presence of melt.
C1 Tohoku Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Mat Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
C3 Tohoku University
RP Suzuki, A (corresponding author), Tohoku Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Mat Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808578, Japan.
EM a-suzuki@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp
NR 28
TC 153
Z9 185
U1 1
U2 77
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 12
PY 2006
VL 439
IS 7073
BP 192
EP 194
DI 10.1038/nature04352
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 001MT
UT WOS:000234538400037
PM 16407950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eisenstein, M
AF Eisenstein, Michael
TI Standards and practices
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 30
Z9 38
U1 1
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 31
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7106
BP 1067
EP 1067
DI 10.1038/4421067b
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 078YF
UT WOS:000240142000057
PM 16943838
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Furukawa, A
   Tanaka, H
AF Furukawa, Akira
   Tanaka, Hajime
TI Violation of the incompressibility of liquid by simple shear flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymer-solutions; stress rheology; high-pressure; lubricants; viscosity; fluctuations; state; temperature; dependence; fluids
AB In standard fluid dynamics(1,2), the density change associated with flow is often assumed to be negligible, implying that the fluid is incompressible. For example, this has been established for simple shear flows, where no pressure change is associated with flow: there is no volume deformation due to viscous stress and inertial effects can be neglected. Accordingly, any flow-induced instabilities ( such as cavitation) are unexpected for simple shear flows. Here we demonstrate that the incompressibility condition can be violated even for simple shear flows, by taking into account the coupling between the flow and density fluctuations, which arises owing to the density dependence of the viscosity. We show that a liquid can become mechanically unstable above a critical shear rate that is given by the inverse of the derivative of viscosity with respect to pressure. Our model predicts that, for very viscous liquids, this shear-induced instability should occur at moderate shear rates that are experimentally accessible. Our results explain the unusual shear-induced instability observed in viscous lubricants(3-5), and may illuminate other poorly understood phenomena associated with mechanical instability of liquids at low Reynolds number; for example, shear-induced cavitation and bubble growth(6), and shear-banding of very viscous liquids such as metallic glasses(7) and the Earth's mantle(8).
C1 Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Furukawa, A (corresponding author), Univ Tokyo, Inst Ind Sci, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo 1538505, Japan.
EM furu@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
NR 30
TC 53
Z9 57
U1 2
U2 74
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 28
PY 2006
VL 443
IS 7110
BP 434
EP 438
DI 10.1038/nature05119
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 088FY
UT WOS:000240798800041
PM 17006510
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shin, JS
   Ebersold, M
   Pypaert, M
   Delamarre, L
   Hartley, A
   Mellman, I
AF Shin, Jeoung-Sook
   Ebersold, Melanie
   Pypaert, Marc
   Delamarre, Lelia
   Hartley, Adam
   Mellman, Ira
TI Surface expression of MHC class II in dendritic cells is controlled by regulated ubiquitination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor tyrosine kinases; invariant chain; down-regulation; antigen presentation; in-vivo; endocytosis; complex; protein; degradation; transport
AB Dendritic cells have a unique function in the immune response owing to their ability to stimulate immunologically naive T lymphocytes(1). In response to microbial and inflammatory stimuli, dendritic cells enhance their capacity for antigen presentation by a process of terminal differentiation, termed maturation(2,3). The conversion of immature to mature dendritic cells is accompanied by a marked cellular reorganization, including the redistribution of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC II) from late endosomal and lysosomal compartments to the plasma membrane(4-7) and the downregulation of some forms of endocytosis, which has been thought to slow the clearance of MHC II from the surface(8-11). The relative extent to which these or other mechanisms contribute to the regulation of surface MHC II remains unclear, however. Here we find that the MHC II beta-chain cytoplasmic tail is ubiquitinated in mouse immature dendritic cells. Although only partly required for the sequestration of MHC II in multivesicular bodies, this modification is essential for endocytosis. Notably, ubiquitination of MHC II ceased upon maturation, resulting in the accumulation of MHC II at the cell surface. Dendritic cells thus exhibit a unique ability to regulate MHC II surface expression by selectively controlling MHC II ubiquitination.
C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
   Yale Univ, Sch Med, Ludwig Inst Canc Res, Immunobiol Sect, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
C3 Yale University; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research; Yale University
RP Mellman, I (corresponding author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol, 333 Cedar St,POB 208002, New Haven, CT 06520 USA.
EM ira.mellman@yale.edu
NR 29
TC 217
Z9 288
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 2
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7115
BP 115
EP 118
DI 10.1038/nature05261
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 100WS
UT WOS:000241701500057
PM 17051151
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leonard, DC
   Filippenko, AV
   Ganeshalingam, M
   Serduke, FJD
   Li, WD
   Swift, BJ
   Gal-Yam, A
   Foley, RJ
   Fox, DB
   Park, S
   Hoffman, JL
   Wong, DS
AF Leonard, DC
   Filippenko, AV
   Ganeshalingam, M
   Serduke, FJD
   Li, WD
   Swift, BJ
   Gal-Yam, A
   Foley, RJ
   Fox, DB
   Park, S
   Hoffman, JL
   Wong, DS
TI A non-spherical core in the explosion of supernova SN 2004dj
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iip supernova; spectropolarimetry; 1999em; spectroscopy; polarization; progenitor; photometry; spectra; light
AB An important and perhaps critical clue to the mechanism driving the explosion of massive stars as supernovae is provided by the accumulating evidence for asymmetry in the explosion. Indirect evidence comes from high pulsar velocities(1), associations of supernovae with long-soft gamma-ray bursts(2,3), and asymmetries in late-time emission-line profiles(4). Spectropolarimetry provides a direct probe of young supernova geometry, with higher polarization generally indicating a greater departure from spherical symmetry(5,6). Large polarizations have been measured for 'stripped-envelope' (that is, type Ic; ref. 7) supernovae, which confirms their non-spherical morphology(8,9); but the explosions of massive stars with intact hydrogen envelopes(7,10) (type II-P supernovae) have shown only weak polarizations at the early times observed(11,12). Here we report multi-epoch spectropolarimetry of a classic type II-P supernova that reveals the abrupt appearance of significant polarization when the inner core is first exposed in the thinning ejecta (similar to 90 days after explosion). We infer a departure from spherical symmetry of at least 30 per cent for the inner ejecta. Combined with earlier results, this suggests that a strongly non-spherical explosion may be a generic feature of core-collapse supernovae of all types, where the asphericity in type II-P supernovae is cloaked at early times by the massive, opaque, hydrogen envelope.
C1 CALTECH, Dept Astron, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
   Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Astron, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Leonard, DC (corresponding author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Astron, San Diego, CA 92182 USA.
EM leonard@sciences.sdsu.edu
NR 30
TC 166
Z9 181
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 23
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7083
BP 505
EP 507
DI 10.1038/nature04558
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 024DV
UT WOS:000236176100050
PM 16554813
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dyer, AG
   Whitney, HM
   Arnold, SEJ
   Glover, BJ
   Chittka, L
AF Dyer, Adrian G.
   Whitney, Heather M.
   Arnold, Sarah E. J.
   Glover, Beverley J.
   Chittka, Lars
TI Bees associate warmth with floral colour
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pollination; reward; heat
C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
   Univ London, Queen Mary Coll, London E1 4NS, England.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Dyer, AG (corresponding author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Plant Sci, Cambridge CB2 3EA, England.
EM l.chittka@qmul.ac.uk
FU Natural Environment Research Council [NE/C000552/1] Funding Source: researchfish
NR 10
TC 144
Z9 164
U1 1
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 3
PY 2006
VL 442
IS 7102
BP 525
EP 525
DI 10.1038/442525a
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 069NQ
UT WOS:000239455900032
PM 16885975
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stellwagen, D
   Malenka, RC
AF Stellwagen, D
   Malenka, RC
TI Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantal amplitude; ampa receptors; homeostatic plasticity; neocortical synapses; deficient mice; requirement; redistribution; trafficking; astrocytes; responses
AB Two general forms of synaptic plasticity that operate on different timescales are thought to contribute to the activity-dependent refinement of neural circuitry during development: (1) long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which involve rapid adjustments in the strengths of individual synapses in response to specific patterns of correlated synaptic activity, and (2) homeostatic synaptic scaling, which entails uniform adjustments in the strength of all synapses on a cell in response to prolonged changes in the cell's electrical activity(1,2). Without homeostatic synaptic scaling, neural networks can become unstable and perform suboptimally(1-3). Although much is known about the mechanisms underlying LTP and LTD4, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for synaptic scaling except that such scaling is due, at least in part, to alterations in receptor content at synapses(5-7). Here we show that synaptic scaling in response to prolonged blockade of activity is mediated by the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Using mixtures of wild-type and TNF-alpha-deficient neurons and glia, we also show that glia are the source of the TNF-alpha that is required for this form of synaptic scaling. We suggest that by modulating TNF-alpha levels, glia actively participate in the homeostatic activity-dependent regulation of synaptic connectivity.
C1 Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Nancy Pritzker Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
C3 Stanford University
RP Malenka, RC (corresponding author), Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Nancy Pritzker Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA.
EM malenka@stanford.edu
NR 30
TC 1396
Z9 1695
U1 0
U2 83
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 20
PY 2006
VL 440
IS 7087
BP 1054
EP 1059
DI 10.1038/nature04671
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 034DL
UT WOS:000236906000037
PM 16547515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Long, JA
   Young, GC
   Holland, T
   Senden, TJ
   Fitzgerald, EMG
AF Long, John A.
   Young, Gavin C.
   Holland, Tim
   Senden, Tim J.
   Fitzgerald, Erich M. G.
TI An exceptional Devonian fish from Australia sheds light on tetrapod origins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paleontology
AB The transition from fishes to tetrapods was one of the most dramatic events in the evolution of vertebrates, but many pivotal fossils are incomplete, resulting in gaps in the data that are used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Here we present new observations from the most complete, acid-prepared Devonian tetrapodomorph fish yet discovered, Gogonasus(1,2), which was previously placed just crownward of Kenichthys and rhizodontids(3,4), the most primitive taxa on the tetrapod lineage. Unexpectedly, Gogonasus shows a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived tetrapod-like features. Whereas the braincase and dermal cranial skeleton exhibit generalized morphologies with respect to Eusthenopteron(5) or Panderichthys(6), taxa that are traditionally considered to be phyletically close to tetrapods(7,8), the presence of a deeply invaginated, wide spiracle, advanced internal spiracular architecture and near-horizontal hyomandibula are specialized features that are absent from Eusthenopteron(9). Furthermore, the pectoral fin skeleton of Gogonasus shares several features with that of Tiktaalik, the most tetrapod-like fish(10). A new phylogenetic analysis places Gogonasus crownward of Eusthenopteron as the sister taxon to the Elpistostegalia. Aspects of the basic tetrapod limb skeleton and middle ear architecture can now be traced further back within the tetrapodomorph radiation.
C1 Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Dept Earth & Marine Sci, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
   Monash Univ, Sch Geosci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia.
   Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Phys Sci, Dept Appl Math, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
C3 Museum Victoria; Australian National University; Monash University; Australian National University
RP Long, JA (corresponding author), Museum Victoria, POB 666, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia.
EM jlong@museum.vic.gov.au
NR 24
TC 91
Z9 107
U1 1
U2 85
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 9
PY 2006
VL 444
IS 7116
BP 199
EP 202
DI 10.1038/nature05243
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA 103DZ
UT WOS:000241867200039
PM 17051154
DA 2026-03-09
ER

